英语词汇学第七章

英语专业词汇学第7章

• •
More Examples:
Feature deletion can also be applied to verbs. e.g.
such verbs as kill yields die, teach yields learn, feed yields eat, show yields see, etc. The deletion of the feature [+Volitive] from the verb listen yields hear, look yields see respectively. It should be noted that feature-deletion takes precedence over feature-additon.
Other frequent single-feature contrasts include:
B. The Feature-deletion and Feature-addition Rules
These are rules that either delete features from, or add features to, the end of the feature list. e.g. Deletion of features generally produces superordinates, like fruit from apple, Addition of features produces subordinates, like apple from fruit.
• On the lexical level, paradigmatic contrasts indicate which words

第七章词汇：modes n. 模式elevation 提高shrinking v. 萎缩amelioration n. 改进humble adj. 谦逊的；简陋的；（级别或地位）低下的；不大的pejoration n. 恶化；堕落；语义的转贬derogatory adj. 贬损的Analogy 比拟要点：一.Vocabulary is the most unstable element of a language as it isunder-going constant changes both in form and content.The content is even more unstable than the forms.Word-meaning changes by modes isextension, narrowing, degradation, elevation and transfer. of these, extensionand narrowing are by far the most common.二.1.Extension (generalization)--is a term referring to the widening of meaning. It is a pro cess by which a word,which originally had a specialized meaning, has now become generalized.(Word old meaning now meaningManuscript handwriting :any author‘s writing whether written by hand or typed with a type-writer or a word-processorFabulous resembling:a fable incredible, marvelousBarn :a place for storing only barley storeroomPicture painting include "drawings" and even "photographs".Mill place for grinding into flour place where things are ma deJournal daily paper periodicalButcher one who kills goats one who kills animalsCompanion one who shares bread a company·. A large proportion of polysemic words of modern English have their meanings extended sometimes in the course of development. Some words are generalized to such an extent that they can mean almost anything.Word old meaning now meaningThing a public assembly or a council anythingBusiness, concern, condition, matter, article, circumstance ·.Technical termsWord old meaning now meaningAlibi (a legal term) plea that the accused is not at the place excuseWhen the crime is committedAllergic (a medical term) too sensitive to medicine averse or disinclined toFeedback (computer term) response ·.From proper nounsWord old meaning now meaningLynch the Lynch‘s Law kill without lawful trialSandwish a gambler‘s name to denote a kind of fast place or squeeze betweenFood Vandal a member of an East Germanic tribe malicious destruction of a thingA person of such behaviourV. vandalize Adj. Vandalic/vandalistic n. vandalization/vandalism2. Narrowing (specialization) --is a term referring to the shrinking of meaning. It is a proc ess by which a word ofwide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.Word old meaning now meaningDeer animal Corn grain maize Garage any safe place a place for storing carsLiquor liquid alcoholic drinkDisease discomfort illnessPoison drink poisonous drinkWife woman a married womanAccident event unfortunate eventGirl young person of either sex female young person.Turn into a proper nounsThe City business center of LondonThe Peninsula Iberian PeninsulaThe Prophet Mohammed.For economy, some phrases are shortened and only one element of the original is left t o retain the meaning ofthe whole.e.g. a private = a private solidera general = a general officeran editorial = an editorial article.Material nounsWord old meaning now meaningSilver silver dollarsGlass cup-like container or mirrorIron device for smoothing clothes3.Elevation or amelioration--refers to the process by which words rise from humble beg innings to positions ofimportance.Word old meaning now meaningNice ignorant --- foolish delightful, pleasantMarshal / constable keeper of horses high-ranking army officer / policemenAngle messenger messenger of GodKnight servant rank below baronetEarl men countGovernor pilot head of a stateFond foolish affectionateMinister servant head of ministryShrewd evil, wickedness smartNimble be good at taking things without permission smartChamberlain servant high official of royal courtsSuccess result4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning --It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation ornon-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.Word old meaning now meaningBoor peasant rude, ill-mannered personChurl peasant / free man uncultivated or mean personWench country girl prostituteHussy housewife woman of low moralsVillain person who worked in a villa evil or wicked person or scoundrelSilly happy foolishKnave boy dishonest personLewd ignorant lecherousCriticize appraise find fault withLust pleasure sexual desire5. Transfer- words which were used to designate on thing but later changed to meansomething else.Word old meaning now meaningPaper an African plant papyrus·Associated transferE.g. the lip of a woundThe tongue of a bellThe nose of a planePurse for money, dish for food, glass for cup·Between abstract and concrete meaningWord old meaning now meaningAftermath second crop of grass after mowing consequence, resultHope e.g. Clinton is the hope of the family.·Between subject and objective meaningWord old meaning now meaningPitiful full of pity deserving pityDreadful / hateful subject meaning objective meaningFearful/ doubtful / suspicious subject and objective meaning·Transfer of sensationsE.g. clear-sounding (from sight to hearing)Loud colours (from hearing to sight)Sweet music (from taste to hearing)三.1. Extra-linguistic Factors1). Historical reason·A word is retained for a name though the meaning has changed because the reference has changed.Word old meaning now meaningPen featherCar two-wheel cart drown by horses and used automobile in warComputer person who computes electronic machine·Increased scientific knowledge and discovery are also important factorsWord old meaning now meaningSun the luminous heavenly body-one of the star around which the earth and other p lanets revolveseven planets revolving around the earthAtom any of the indivisible particles not the smallest and can be divided into evensmaller particles2). Class reaso n. Language is just like a mirror, reflecting everything that exists inhuman society. It records the speech and attitude of different social classes.As a result, different social varieties of language have come into being.Word old meaning now meaningChurl, hussy, wench, villain ill-mannered or bad peopleDemocracy, revolution, liberalism, human rights, communism different meaning in different societies and to different people3). Psychological reason. The associated transfer of meaning and euphemistic use of words are often due to psychological factors. people change word-meaning owingto various psychological(slang). Religious influence isanother kind psychological need.Word old meaning now meaningCopperhead a venomous snake2. Linguistic factors1). ShorteningGold for gold medalGas for coal gasBulb for light bulbPrivate for private solider2).BorrowingDeer / animal / beastPig / pork, sheep / mutton, cattle / beefBird / fowl, dog / hound, boy / knave, chair / stool3). AnalogyFortuitous happening by chance, accident fortunateFruition a pleasure obtaining from using or possessing something。

英语词汇学课件 Unit 7

7.1 Synonymy & synonym
7.1.1 Definition synonymy: the relation between two lexical units with a shared meaning. synonym: A word that is equivalent in sense to another word (in a particular context or contexts) E.g. select/choose • Will you help me choose a new suit? • I don’t choose to wait.
7.1.2 Classification
perfect/absolute synonyms Partial/relative synonyms
同义关系不仅存在于单个词之间，还可能存在于成语之间
decide to/make up one’s mind to/be determined to
7.1.3 Source of synonyms
7.1.4 Differentiation
denotative/conceptual meaning extend, increase, expand rich, wealthy; want, desire • • • • associative meaning answer / respond cop / policeman He is one of the greatest/biggest lyric poets in the world. Look at that lovely little/small/tiny boy.
E.g. rich/poor, big/small, husband/wife

英语词汇学Chapter 7dictionaries

7.1 Introduction
• • • • 3)内容安排 The organization The types The importance of corpora in dictionary making • Some English dictionaries
7.2 organization of the entry
7.5 types of dictionaries
• • • • • • 三大类： General and specialized dictionaries Monolingual and bilingual dictionaries Electronic and printed dictionaries 3) 其他的分类标准 On the basis of size, users and function
7.2.4 etymology
• 4) the use of abbreviation and signs • MD: middle English • ＜ : derived from
7.2.5 definition
• • • • • 1) importance The heart of a dictionary 2) forms A) Description A sentence with less frequently used words • Limit the vocabulary in the description
• 1) 简介 • Corpus work in English began in the 1960’s with the development of the Survey of English Usage and the Brown University Corpus • By the 1990’s lexicographers could draw on massive resources such as the British National Corpus, the International Corpus of English, and the Bank of English.

7.现代英语词汇学(第七章)

with the stimulus. Stated in terms of semantic features, the rule would go as follows: “Change the sign of only one feature.” The word man, for example, hason with the word woman: [+Noun], [+Human], [+Adult]. But these two words differ in the last feature [+ Male]. If [+Male] is changed to [- Male], the stimulus man yields the response woman. The antonymous adjectives longshort elicit each other with a change of the feature [+ Polar]. Other frequent single-feature contrasts include [+ Plural] in verbs (is - are, was – were, has – have, etc.); [ + Past] among strong verbs (is – was, are- were, has- had, take- took, etc.) [+ Nominative] among pronouns (he- him, she- her, we- us, they- them, etc.); and [+ Proximal] among the deictic /daitik/ words (here-

现代英语词汇学概论7 Sense relations between wordsPPT课件

conflagration
fear
terror
trepidation
goodness virtue
probity
holy
sacred
consecrated
rise
mount
ascend
time
age
epoch
e of synonyms: 1.) The choice and use of synonyms: ◆Avoiding repetition:
1.Definition of antonyms:
Words that are opposite
2.Types of antonyms: 1.) According to semantic contrast（语义
对比）: ◆ Contraries相对性反义词 ◆ Complementaries互补反义词 ◆ Conversives换位反义词
Chapter VII Sense Relations Between Words
Teaching Contents
I. Synonymy 1.Definition 2.Kinds 3.Patterns e II.Antonymy 1.Definition 2.Types 3.Relevant points e III. Hyponymy IV. Semantic Field
family.
3)Fake synonyms: having no similar or identical denotative meaning
doubt & suspect: 怀疑, 疑心
object & oppose反对
Relationship between antonyms (oppositeness of meaning)

完全版英语词汇学名词解释

第一章word1.Word --- A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound and meaning and syntactic funtion.第三章formation 11. Morpheme --- A morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.2. Allomorph --- Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are know as allomorphs.3. Free morphemes (Free root) --- They are morphemes which are independent of other morphemes.4. Bound Morphemes--- They are morphemes which cannot occur as separate words.5. Bound root --- A bound root is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning just like a free root. Unlike a free root, it is a bound form and has to combine with other morphemes to make words.6. Affixes --- Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.7. Inflectional affixes --- Affixes attaches to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are known as inflectional morphemes.8. Derivational affixes --- Derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words.9. Prefixes --- Prefixes are affixes that come before the word.10. Suffixes --- suffixes are affixes that come after the word.11. Roo t --- A root is the basic form of a word which cannot be further analysed without total loss of identity.12. Stem--- a stem can be defined as a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.第四章formation 21. Affixation --- affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems.2. Prefixation --- is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to stems. Suffixation--- is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems.3. Compounding（Compositon）-- is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4. Conversion-- is the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.5. Blending-- is the formation of new words by combined by parts of two words or a word plus a plus a part of another word.6. Clipping- is the formation of new words by shortening a longer word by cutting apart off the original and using what remain instead.7. Acronymy-- is the process of forming new words by joining the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.8. Back-formation-- is a process of word-formation by which a word is created by the deletion of a supposed affix. E.g. editor entered the language before edit.第五章meaning1. Reference --- the relationship between language and the world.2. Concept --- which beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind.3 .Sense– denotes the relationship inside the language.4. Motivation--accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning.5.Onomatopoeic Motivation--These words were created by imitating the natural sounds or noises.6. Morphological Motivation--Compounds and derived words are multi-morphemic words and the meaning of many are the sum total of the morphemes combined.7. Semantic Motivation--refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.8. Etymological Motivation--The history of the word explains the meaning of the word9 .Grammatical meaning– refer to that part of the meaning of the word which indi cates grammatical concept or relationships.10 .Lexical meaning--is constant in all the words within or without context related to the notion that the word conveys.11.Conceptual meaning （denotative meaning）– the meaning given in the diction ary and forms the core of word-meaning12.Associative meaning– the secondary meaning supplemented to the conceptual me aning. It is open-ended and indeterminate13.Connotative meaning ---the overtones or association suggested by the conceptual meaning14.Stylistic meaning– stylistic features make the words appropriate for different cont exts.15. Affective meaning– the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question .第六章Sense Relations and semantic Field23. Abbreviation includes four types : I. Clipped words II. Initialisms III. AcronymsI.II. Initialisms--are words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. E.g. IMF/ai em ef/=International Monetary Fund.III.IV. Blends--are words that are combined by parts of other word12.Opaque Words--Words that are formed by one content morpheme only and cannot be analysed into parts are called opaque words, such as axe, glove.13. Transparent Words--Words that consist of more than one morphemes and can be segmented into parts are called transparent words: workable(work+able), door-man(door+man).14. Morphs--Morphemes are abstract units, which are realized in speech by discrete units known as morphs. They are actual spoken, minimal carriers of meaning.15. Allomorps--Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Such alternative morphs are known as allomorphs. For instance, the morpheme of plurality {-s} has a number of allomorphs in different sound context, e.g. in cats /s/, in bags /z/, in match /iz/.16.Derivation or Affixation--Affixation is generally defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming or derivational affixes to stems. This process is also known as derivation.17. Polysemy— the word with more than one senses or which can be used to express more meaning.18. Diachronic approach–Diachronically，polysemy is assumed to be the result of growth and development of the semantic structure of one and same word. This first meaning is the primary meaning. With the advance of time and the development of language，it took on more and more meanings. These latter meanings are called derived meanings.19. Synchronic approach –synchronically，polysemy is viewed as the coexistent of various meaning of the same word in a certain historical period of time. The basic meaning of a word is the core of word meaning. The core of word meaning called the central meaning （secondary meaning）.20. Radiation–a semantic process which shows that the primary meaning stands at the center and each of the derived meanings proceed out of in every direction like rays.21. Concatenation–meaning “linking together”，is the semantic process in which the meaning of a word moves gradually away from its first sense by successive shifts until，in many cases，there is not a sign of connection between the sense that is finally developed and that which the tern had at the begining.22. Homonyms——are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.23. Perfect Homonyms——are words identical both in sound and spelling，but different in meaning.24. Homographs——are words identical only in spelling but different in sound and meaning.25. Homophones（most common）——are words identical only in sound but different in spelling and meaning.26. Synonyms—are words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.27. Absolute Synonyms——are words，which are identical in meaning in all itsaspects，i.e. both in grammatical meaning and lexical meaning，including conceptual and associative meanings.28. Relative synonyms——are similar or nearly the same in denotation but embrace different shades of meaning or different degrees of a given quality.29. Antonyms——are words which are opposite in meaning.Types of Antonyms （according to the semantic opposition ）1）Contradictory terms – these antonyms are truly represent oppositeness of meaning. They are so opposed to each other that they are mutually exclusive and admit no possibility between them. They assertion of one is the denial of the other.2）Contrary terms—— a scale running between two poles or extremes.3）Relative terms– consist of relational oppositeness. The pairs of words indicate such a social relationship that one of them can not be used without suggesting the other，the type is also reverse terms. The two words of each pair interdependent. .Hyponymy——deals with the relationship of semantic inclusion. That is，the meaning of a more specific word is included in that of another more general word.These specific words are known as hyponyms（下义词）. For instance，tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The general word flower is the superordinate term（上义词）and the specific ones tulip and rose are the subordinate terms（下义词）. 第七章changes in word meaning1.Extension （generalization）——It is a process by which a word with a specialized sense is generalized to cover a broader or less definite concept.2. Narrowing（specialization）——It is a process by which a word of wide meaning acquires a narrower or specialized sense.3.Elevation or amelioration——refers to the process by which words rise from humble beginnings to positions of importance.4. Degradation or pejoration of meaning ——It is a process whereby words of good origin fall into ill reputation or non-affective words come to be used in derogatory sense.5. Transfer ——It is a process by which a word denoting one thing changes to refer to different but related thing.第八章contextThe extra-linguistic context may extend to embrace the entire culture background.Linguistic context can be subdivided into lexical context and grammatical contextLexical Context – refers to the words occur together with the word in question.Grammatical context – The meanings of a word may be inflected by the structure in which it occurs.第九章：idioms1.Idiom—idioms consist of set phrases and short sentences，which are peculiar to the language in question and loaded with the native cultures and ideas.2.Characteristics of idiomsa. Semantic unity - Idioms each consist of more than one word，but each is a semantic unity. Though the various words which make up the idiom have their respective literal meanings，in the idiom they have lost their individual meaning. Their meanings are not often recognizable in the meaning of the whole idiom. The part of speech of each element in no longer important. Quite often the idiom functions as one word.b. Structural Stability– the structure of an idiom is to a large extent unchangeable.True idioms– the meaning of the idiom cannot be deduced from those of the individual constituents.Regular combination– the speaker of the regular collocations，the meaning of the idiom can be understood from the literal meaning of the constitute.Semi-idioms– the meanings are in a way related to the meanings of the constitute but are not themselves explicit.1. Idioms nominal in nature（名词性）– have a noun as the key word and function as a noun.2.Idioms adjective in nature （形容词性）- function as adjectives but the constituents are not necessary adjectives.3.Idioms verbal in nature（动词性）– this is the largest group.Phrasal verbs – idioms which are composed of a verb plus a prep and/or a particle.4. Idioms adverbial in nature（副词性）5.Sentence Idioms– are mainly proverbs and sayings including colloquialisms and catchphrases. Each function as a sentence.Figure of speech1.Simile2.Metaphor「n.隐喻」——is a figure of speech containing an implied comparison，in which a word or phase ordinarily and primarily used of one thing is applied to another.3.Metonymy「n.借代」——is the device in which we name something by one of its attributes，as in crown for king，the White House for the President. The kettle is boiling. （kettle for water in the kettle）4.Synecdoche「n.提喻法」——means using a part for a whole，an individual fora class a material for a thing or the reverse of any of these.5.Personification （拟人）6.Euphemism （委婉）Variation of idioms1.Replacement– a constituent may be replaced by a word of the same part of speech，resulting in synonymous or antonymous idioms.2.Addition or deletion– some constituent can be added or deleted without any change of meaning3.Position-shifting– the position of certain constituent is some idioms can be shifted without any change of meaning4.Shorting– in proverbs and sayings，where only a part of them is used instead of the whole5.Dismembering– breaking up the idioms into pieces，an unusual case of idioms particular in literature or popular press to achieve special effect.。

英语专业词汇学复习提纲

第五章词的意义课程内容：一、“意义”的意义：所指、概念、语义的内容以及他们之间的区别二、词义的理据：词义的理据主要有四种：拟声理据、形态理据、语义理据、词源理据词义的理据与“约定俗成”的关系三、词义的类别词义主要包括：语法意义、词汇意义、概念意义、关联意义、内含意义、文体意义、感情意义、搭配意义要求：运用本章所学知识增强词义的理解能力，做到用词更加准确和得体第六章语义关系一、多义关系多义关系的形成。

多义关系的两种研究方法。

词义发展的两种模式：辐射型、连锁型二、同形同音异义关系同形同音异义词的定义、类别、来源。

同形同音异义词与多义词的区别及其修辞特色。

三、同义关系同义词的定义、类别、来源和区别同义词的方法。

四、反义关系反义词的定义、类别、特点及其使用。

五、上下义关系上下义词的概念。

上义词和下义词的特点及其使用。

六、语义场语义场的概念。

英语语义场与汉语语义场之间的异同。

第七章语义的演变课程内容：一、词义变化的种类词义的扩大、词义的缩小、词义的升华、词义的降格以及词义的转移四种变化方式在英语词汇发展中的作用二、词义变化的原因词义的演变的语言外部原因：历史原因、阶级原因、心理原因。

语言内部原因：缩略、借用、类推。

第八章语义与语境课程内容：一、语境的种类非语言语境。

语言语境：词汇语境和语法语境语境对词义的影响二、语境的作用语境如何消除歧义，限定所指和提供线索要做到利用语境知识猜测词义第九章英语习语课程内容：一、英语习语的特点英语习语的特点可概括为两点：语义的整体性和结构的稳定性二、英语习语的分类英语习语有不同的分类原则，根据习语的语法功能可分为名词性习语、形容词性习语、动词性习语、副词性习语和句式习语三、英语习语的使用习语的文体色彩；修辞色彩，包括各种修辞格;习语的变异形式。

注意收集习语，并分析它们的构成形式、语法功能和修辞特色。

第十章英语词典一、词典的种类单语词典与双语词典；语文词典与百科词典；大型词典、案头词典和袖珍词典；专用词典。

英语词汇学第七章

1) 2) 3) 4) 5) 6)
She is such a pretty little thing. I have to pack my things for the journey. There is another thing I want to ask you about. That only makes things worse. The thing is, can we finish the job in time? “Thing” which used to mean “a public assembly” or “a council” in Anglo-Saxon times, now has become an all-purpose word.
英语词汇学课程课件
课件名称：词义的演变制作人：孙红梅、张培成单位：曲阜师范大学外国语学院
Chapter 7
Changes in Word Meaning
Teaching Objectives • Let students understand and master types of changes in word meaning • Get to know the causes of changes Teaching Focus • Causes of changes • Types of changes: extension, narrowing, degradation, elevation, transference of meaning, euphemism. ° Extra-linguistic factors: historical reason, class reason, psychological reason ° Linguistic factors: shortening, redivision from borrowing, analogy

英语词汇学各个章节的内容

Introduction 部分：Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics.Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化算Narrowing or specialization第一章：What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。

1) A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmail management 可以次划分为manage 和 -ment misfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和 fortune blackmail 次划分为black 和 mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is …no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented bydifferent sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record ofthe oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oralform, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differencesoccur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship orirregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet wasadopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter torepresent each sound in the language so that some letters must dodouble duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidlythan spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn farapart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by theearly scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel ofenriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音、拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是…sound and form ‟不一致。

英语词汇学7

same denotative meaning but differing in affective
meaning, e.g.
Appreciative or Favorable Derogatory or Unfavorable
thrifty/frugal
niggardly/miserly
bravery
1)to chide(lit), to berate (neut.), to scold (neut.), to blame (neut.)
to carpet (colloq. esp. BrE), to tell off (colloq.), to bawl out (AmE,sl.)
.
2)man--neut, chap--colloq, fellow--colloq, bird--colloq, guy--sl. bozo--sl. gent--vulgar
e.g. Tom is easily aroused to anger. Mad with fury, John pounded his fist on the wall and
beat his breast. Mary expressed her indignation at being unfairly
e.g anger: the most general term
rage: implies a loss of self control
fury: The strongest word in the group, suggests a rage so violent that it may approach madness;
7.1 Synonymy
Synonymy refers the exact sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms.

英语专业词汇学-CHAPTER 7

现代英语语言学理论 1. Language and Culture
渭南师范学院崔建斌
1.2 Relation Between Language and Culture
Since the beginning of the 18th century, the linguistic inquiry of
现代英语语言学理论
渭南师范学院崔建斌
3. Intercultural Communication (IC)
Intercultural Communication (IC) is communication between people whose culture perceptions and symbols systems are distinct enough to alter the communication event. It is frequently used to refer to communication between people from different cultures, which implies a comparison between cultures.
现代英语语言学理论
渭南师范学院崔建斌
3. Intercultural Communication (IC)
It centers on significant differences regarding social relations and concept of universe from different perspectives such as language, food, dress, attitude toward time,, work habits, social behavior that can cause frustration in communication and contacts. Some illustrations of the cultural differences in language use which we may often come across in daily life.

“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析

Chapter 9 English Idioms
• Expressions that are not readily understandable from the literal meanings of individual elements. (set phrases and sort sentences)
• 2) help define referents • This/that, now/then, etc.
• 3) provide clues for inferring word-meaning
• example:
• Kinesics, the study of body movement, was suggested by Professor Bird-whistell.
communism.human
rights)
and
psychological
reason(garbage
collectorsanitation engineer)
2) Linguistic factors
(1)Internal factors cause the change gold medal- gold; light bulb bulb (2) Influence of alien words Deerrefers to animal, but “animal”from
2) Specialization/narrowing (缩小）
Originally, they mean: garage-安全的地方 poison- 饮料 hospital- 休息娱乐场所
3) Elevation （升格）
a. 贬义/中性义-- 褒义（或高级别） Marshall--马夫-元帅 Executive一般执行者-行政官员

英语词汇学Chapter7

6.3 Borrowing借词法
Exercise 6-02
Complete the sentences by choosing one word from the given list. Change the form if necessary.
Given list: waltz, regime, lounge, coach, camouflage.
4 Camouflaged
5 waltz
6.3 Borrowing借词法 Words related to Italian arts
alto bass cameo carpet concert motto opera piano porcelain replica solo sonnet stanza
, people have to pay more
4) zone.
military vehicles were heading for the war
5) My aunt teaches the foxtrot, the tango, and the
.
1 coach 2 lounge
3 regime
The same word just converts from one part of speech into another part of speech.
6.2 Conversion转类法
bottle to bottle can to can
closet to closet e-mail to e-mail
ballet bassoon caricature cello folio novel orchestra picturesque profile serenade sonata soprano violin

英语词汇学教程答案

Chapter 2
下面答案中的第5题对应于书上第6题的答案，第9题对应于书上第11题的答案
ChaptLeabharlann r 3Chapter 6 sense relations
Chapter 7 changes in word meaning
Chapter 8 Meaning and Context
Chapter 9 English Idioms
注意下面答案中的第2题对应于书上第4题的答案第3题对应于书上第6题的答案第题对应于书上第2题的答案第6题对应于书上第3题的答案第10题对应于书上第11题的答案第11题对应于书上第12题的答案下面第4题可以不看
注意，下面答案中的第2题对应于书上第4题的答案，第3题对应于书上第6题的答案，第5题对应于书上第2题的答案，第6题对应于书上第3题的答案，第10题对应于书上第11题的答案，第11题对应于书上第12题的答案，下面第4题可以不看。
Chapter 10 english dictionaries

英语词汇学7-3

These specific words not only add much force and clarity but also evoke vivid pictures in the reader's mind.
7.4 Meronymy – the part- of relation
Meronymy: describe a part-whole relationship between lexical items. The semantic relation that holds between a part and the whole . It is the relationship which obtains between parts (meronyms) and wholes (holonyms), such as finger and hand or door and handle .
* Tom frightened the lamp.
Part of the meaning of frighten is that it can occur only with animate nouns as objects.
Semantic Features
Semantic features are formal or notational device for expressing the presence or absence of semantic properties by pluses and minuses.
tiptoe, waddle, pussy-foot, stagger, hop, amble. Usually, general terms suffice for our purpose. For instance: We went there last year.

英语词汇学第七章

英语专业词汇学第7章

英语词汇学第七章

英语词汇学课件 Unit 7

英语词汇学Chapter 7dictionaries

7.现代英语词汇学(第七章)

现代英语词汇学概论7 Sense relations between wordsPPT课件

完全版英语词汇学名词解释

英语专业词汇学复习提纲

英语词汇学第七章

英语词汇学各个章节的内容

英语词汇学7

英语专业 词汇学-CHAPTER 7

“英语词汇学”课件7-10章剖析

英语词汇学Chapter7

英语词汇学教程答案

英语词汇学7-3

英语专业词汇学-CHAPTER 7