废水浊度的测定(英文版)
污水处理厂废水浑浊度的测定-浊度计法
污水处理厂废水浑浊度的测定-濁度計法引言污水处理厂是重要的环境保护设施，其有效运行需要对废水的浑浊度进行测定和监测。
浑浊度是用来衡量液体中悬浮物质或颗粒物的浓度的指标之一。
本文将介绍一种常用的废水浑浊度测定方法——濁度計法。
测定方法濁度計法是通过测量污水样品中的光散射来间接测定其浑浊度。
具体步骤如下：1. 准备样品：从污水处理厂的废水出口或给定的取样点采集废水样品。
确保样品在采集后尽快进行测试，以免样品中的悬浮物沉降。
2. 校准濁度計：按照濁度計的说明书进行校准，确保准确读取测量结果。
3. 进行测试：将校准后的濁度計放入废水样品中，等待数秒使其稳定，然后记录所读取的濁度計数值。
4. 重复测试：为了确保准确性，可以重复进行多次测试，并取其平均值作为最终的浑浊度测量结果。
结果分析与应用根据测得的濁度計数值，可以通过比较不同样品的测量结果来评估废水的浑浊度程度。
通常情况下，浑浊度越高，代表废水中含有更多的悬浮物质或颗粒物。
废水处理厂在得到废水浑浊度测量结果后，可以根据该结果采取相应的处理措施。
例如，如果浑浊度较高，表示废水中的固体物质较多，可能需要采用更严格的过滤或沉降工艺来去除悬浮物质。
此外，通过定期测量废水浑浊度，可以监测处理设施的运行状况和效果，并及时调整操作参数以保持污水处理的高效性和安全性。
结论濁度計法是污水处理厂测定废水浑浊度常用的方法之一。
通过测量废水样品中的光散射，可以间接获得废水的浑浊度信息。
准确测定废水浑浊度有助于评估处理厂的运行效果，并指导处理措施的调整和优化。
TSS浊度计技术资料
TSS浊度计（Turbidity Analyzer）产品描述TSS浊度计是为测量市政污水或工业废水处理过程中水的浊度而设计的在线分析仪表。
TSS浊度计由变送器和传感器组成。
传感器可以很方便地安装在池内或自然水体中。
TSS浊度计能自动补偿因污染而引起的干扰。
变送器和传感器之间的双向数字通讯可防止信号衰减，并允许传感器距离变送器之间的距离较远。
应用领域 水及污水处理进水口、出水口、中水处理等 造纸、电力、矿山水处理等工作原理TSS浊度计的工作原理如图1-1所示，传感器上发射器发送的红外光在传输过程中经过被测物的吸收、反射和散射后，有一部分透射光线能照射到180°方向的检测器上，有一部分散射光照射到90°方向的检测器上。
在180°和90°方向检测器上接收到的光线强度与被测污水的浊度有一定的关系，因此通过测量透射光和散射光的强度就可以计算出污水的浊度。
通过测量两个检测器上光的强度，可以实现自动补偿，有效消除干扰，补偿因污染产生的偏差，使仪器能在较恶劣的环境中工作。
图1 TSS浊度计的工作原理图性能特点 标准90度散射光测量技术，提供可靠测量结果； 自动补偿电压波动、器件老化、温度变化以及污泥颜色的变化； 超声波自清洗功能，基本免维护； 中文菜单和简便的按键操作； 具有气泡消除系统； 浸没式、流通式等多种安装方式，适合各种应用场合； 双通道输入，即插即用； 故障自诊断功能；仪表接线1.变送器安装尺寸 发射器检测器图2 变送器正视图 图3 变送器侧视图图4 变送器背板图2.变送器安装方式变送器背后有三个孔，尺寸如图4所示，其中上面的孔用于悬挂，下面两个孔用于加螺栓固定。
图5 遮阳罩图6 仪表保温箱3.传感器的安装图7 传感器尺寸浸没式安装方式是指把传感器通过安装支架浸入池中或罐中的安装方式。
图8 浊度计安装示意图(1)、首先在安装传感器的池壁合适位置打入四个M10钢制膨胀螺栓，将如图9所示的传感器池壁安装支架通过M10螺母和弹簧垫片固定在池壁的螺栓上，安装完成后如图9中右图所示。
污水浊度与化学需氧量的关系
④有研究指出生活污水的 CODCr与 BOD5 之间 存在一定的相关性[8 ] , 生活污水的 BOD5 与 CODCr 的比值大约为 014[9 ] 。在已知浊度的情况下 , 不但 可估计污水的 CODCr 值 , 还能大致了解该水样的 BOD5 , 从而间接的判断污水的污染程度和处理效 果。
参考文献 1 吴 国 琳. 水 污 染 的 监 测 与 控 制. 北 京 : 科 学 出 版 社 ,
活性污泥法处理后的污水 (污水 Ⅱ)
浊度 (N TU)
CODCr (mg/ L)
浊度 (N TU)
CODCr (mg/ L)
72
196177
1010
39106
70
223129
1015
42124
67
196101
11
39171
63
171108
615
35144
85
257182
26
82107
87
265134
通过上面的结果分析 , 除了知道试验选用的三 种类型污水的浊度和 CODCr具有较好的相关性 , 不 同处理工艺的净化效果不同等结果 , 作进一步的分 析可得到以下结论 :
①以试验所选用的的这三种污水为代表类型 的污水的浊度和 CODCr具有较好的相关性 , 在不具 备较高的检测条件时 , 可通过测定污水的浊度来估 算它的 CODCr 。但对于工业废水 、微污染原水 、高 浊度污水等其他类型还需试验证明该结论是否同样 成立 。
浊度测定
ExperimentⅢUse the spectrophotometer to measure the wastewater turbidityⅠ.The purpose and requirements of the experiment1.Familiar with and master the principle of this test and operative skills2.Understand the relationship of suspended solid and turbidity ,clarify thedifferent between the definition of suspended solid and turbidity;3.Know the GB of wastewater and make clear the harms of turbidity in drinkingwater;4.Figure out the components of turbidity and know how to use severaltechnologies to reduce the turbidity in water;5.Deepen our impression of the usage of spectrophotometer.Ⅱ. Experimental program1. Experimental drugs and instrumentsAbout 50 mL turbidity standard solutionAdequate distilled waterSample waterSpectrophotometerMore than 9 clear colorimetric tubes with plugsMore than 10 colorimetric tubesPipette2.The experiment principleAt the right temperature, the polymerization of Hydrazine sulfate and Methenamine will form to white polymer and use this cloud liquid as a standard.Based on this standard, contrast the sample under the certain conditions3. Experimental steps（1）The preparation of different turbidity standard solution: Use this formula V=50*(x/400°)(x refers to 0°, 8°, 20°,40°,80°,100°) to calculate the volume of turbidity standard solution. We can get volume: 0mL, 1mL, 2.5mL, 5mL, 10mL,12.5mL. After that respectively take0mL, 1mL, 2.5mL, 5mL, 10mL, 12.5mLstandard solution to eight 50ml colorimetric tube and dilute to 50mL. Then we get the 0°, 8°, 20°, 40°, 80°, and 100° turbidity standard solution.(2) Measure the absorbance of the turbidity standard solution and sample: Setthe wavelength of the spectrophotometer in 680nm, and pour distilled water to the colorimetric ware and put it into the machine to determine dish difference. After then respectively place six turbidity standard solutions to measure their Abs.Lastly measure the Abs of the water which from huanghe by spectrophotometer.(3) Calculate each one’ turbidity and check out whether they are in the range ofprecision. Draw out the graph of Abs-turbidity in the computer.Ⅲ. The result and data handlingdish different of absorbance.2.Graph one: According to table one, we draw the following graph bycomputer.Notes: six points in the graph refer to six tests’ data and the straight lineconcludes from six points and stand for the law of Abs and turbidity.to turbidity.Ⅳ. Conclusion1. Data reliability analysisFrom the fig.1 we can see that the R2=0.9999≥0.995, which means the data is reliable. W e know that the turbidity’ precision is in a reasonable level. For the precision of 0, 8, 20, 40, and 100degree, the data is in the range of prescriptive precision. In a word our straight line is fit with the reality quite well.For the table two, we figure thatThe average of turbidity,391.37）615.37103.37846.36000.38（41x 41x n 1i =+++⨯==∑= The absolute deviation of turbidity which is the sample water lists as follow: d1= 0.609; d2= (-0.545); d3= (-0.288); d4=0.224, so the average of mean deviation417.0）224.0288.0-545.0-609.0（41d 41d n 1i i =+++⨯==∑= The standard deviation of turbidity which is the sample water0.5171-40.224）0.288-（）0.545-（0.6091-n d 2222n 1i 2i =+++==∑=σ The relative standard deviation of data 000000 1.38391.37517.0100x CV =⨯=⨯=σFrom the above calculation, we can see that the data is quite centralized. The precision is the index of the repeatability and reproducibility. The data of turbidity which sample water （CV1=1.38%）is relatively accurate. For the graph, we can draw a conclusion that the relationship between Abs and turbidity accord with the function “y = 0.0078x - 0.0014”.In my view, the error comes from the following reasons: when we sampling if we don’t mixing the sample, when we text the absorbance if we don ’t shake the awaiting water in the tubes before testing, error will appear. If the colorimetric ware is not being clean up. Squalor of colorimetric ware will bring about error in the experiment. When we were text, grains of sand in this liquid subside very fast. If we don ’t quickly enough, it will bring a big error. Random errors brought by us.2. Some standard specifications of turbidity in GBAccording to < The sanitary norm of drinking water quality >, the turbidity in drinking water can’t exceed 1 NTU. But i n special circumstances, its upper limit can reach 5 NTU. There is not any special regulation in the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB 8978—1996).3. Treatment technologiesThe main mechanism of treatment technologies is adsorption and flocculation. There are three major methods to deal with this problem: (1)Active carbon adsorption purification process: the shortcoming of this method is that the active carbon needs renewing frequently to keep it effective. (2)Biochemical process: The organic pollutants in wastewater can be dislodged by biological flocculation and adsorption.(3)Physical oxidation: as we all know, chlorination are widely applied to the drinking water’ disinfection phase though it has been prove that its by-product is poison. Ⅴ. Questions and discussingFigure out the difference and connections between suspended solid and turbidity.Answer:Different: (1)Their definition diverse: The turbidity of water is a measure of the extent to which, the intensity of light passing through water, reduced by the suspended solids. While suspended mattes is solids that either float on the surface or are suspended in water or other liquids. (2)Their measuring method diverse: Turbidity measurement is ISO7072-1984. SS measurement is GB11901-89. (3)Their measurement unit different: turbidity use FTU, NTU, JTU, and EBC. SS use “degree”.Relationship: In a certain condition, turbidity is a Representation method of suspended solids2. Explain the structure and principle of the spectrophotometer and state its application in the field of environmental monitor.The structure of spectrophotometer shows as follow (from Wikipedia):Principles of spectrophotometer: A spectrophotometer consists of two instruments, namely a spectrometer for producing light of any selected wavelength, a photometer for measuring the intensity of light. The instruments are arranged so that liquid in a cuvette can be placed between the spectrometer beam and the photometer. The amount of light passing through the tube is measured by the photometer. The photometer delivers a voltage signal to a display device, normally a galvanometer. The signal changes as the amount of light absorbed by the liquid changes. When monochromatic light passes through a solution there is usually a quantitative relationship between the solute concentration and the intensity of the transmitted light. Through the Beer’ law we can attain the Abs value.Environmental applications of spectrophotometer: Use for measuring material of liquid in colorimetric method; The concentration of Na and K in cement samples can be found out; Use for the measurement of turbidity, nucleic acid and protein in cells. Discuss1.After finish this two experimental reports, I eagerly feel that we need to previewbefore class. We need to know the knowledge which relates to this experiment.We should know the steps of the experiment in order to reduce the mistake we made in the experiment. Because teaching oneself always more successfully than learning from the class.2.Teamwork is more effective in some places. If it works well, it will save muchtime and make the experiment more easily.3.The skills of using excel to handle the data. Use computer to handle data is moreaccurate and credible. On the other hand, computer have become more and more important in our life, we should master it too.4.We should be careful thought the experiment. Because all the steps may bringmistakes.5.Teacher should not refuse to answer the students’ questions after lecturing.6.Student always need more than one time to master the operation. So I hope youcan give us a little more time.。
实验一废水中浊度的测定--标准比浊法
实验一废水中浊度的测定一、实验目的和要求掌握浊度的测定方法。
实验前复习第二章浊度的有关内容。
二、浊度的测定（一）原理浊度是表现水中悬浮物对光线透过时所发生的阻碍程度。
水中含有泥土、粉砂、微细有机物、无机物、浮游动物和其他微生物等悬浮物和胶体物都可使水样呈现浊度。
水的浊度大小不仅和水中存在颗粒物含量有关，而且和其粒径大小、形状、颗粒表面对光散射特性有密切关系。
将水样和硅藻土（或白陶土）配制的浊度标准液进行比较。
相当于1mg一定粘度的硅藻土（白陶土）在1000m L水中所产生的浊度，称为1度。
（二）仪器1、100mL具塞比色管。
2、1L容量瓶。
3、750mL具塞无色玻璃瓶，玻璃质量和直径均需一致。
4、1L量筒。
（三）试剂浊度标准液：1、称取10g通过0.1mm筛孔（150目）的硅藻土，于研钵中加入少许蒸馏水调成糊状并研细，移至1000mL 量筒中，加水至刻度。
充分搅拌，静置24h，用虹吸法仔细将上层800mL悬浮液移至第二个1000mL量筒中。
向第二个量筒内加水至1000mL，充分搅拌后再静置24h。
虹吸出上层含较细颗粒的800mL悬浮液，弃去。
下部沉积物加水稀释至1000mL。
充分搅拌后贮于具塞玻璃瓶中，作为浑浊度原液。
其中含硅藻土颗粒直径大约为400μm左右。
取上述悬浊液50mL置于已恒重的蒸发皿中，在水浴上蒸干。
于105℃烘箱内烘2h，置干燥器中冷却30mi n，称重。
重复以上操作，即，烘1h，冷却，称重，直至恒重。
求出每毫升悬浊液中含硅藻土的重量（mg）。
2、吸取含250mg硅藻土的悬浊液，置于1000mL容量瓶中，加水至刻度，摇匀。
此溶液浊度为250度。
3、吸取浊度为250度的标准液100mL置于250mL容量瓶中，用水稀释至标线，此溶液浊度为100度的标准液。
1浊度的测定
1浊度的测定
浊度的测定是以福马肼悬浊液做标准，采用分光光度计比较被测水样和标准悬浊液的透过光的强度进行测定。
水样带有颜色可用0.15μm滤膜过滤器过滤，并以此溶液作为空白。
1.1分析步骤
1.1.1工作曲线的绘制
1.1.1.1浊度为（40~400）FTU的工作曲线：按表1用移液管吸取浊度贮备标准液分别加入一组100ml容量瓶中，用无浊度水稀释到刻度，摇匀，放入10mm比色皿中，以无浊度水作参比，在波长为660nm处测定透光度，并绘制工作曲线。
表1浊度标准液配制（40FTU~400FTU）
组100ml容量瓶中，用无浊度水稀释到刻度，摇匀，放入10mm比色皿中，以无浊度水作参比，在波长为660nm处测定透光度，并绘制工作曲线。
NTU指散射浊度单位，表明仪器在与入射光成90°角的方向上测量散射光强度。
FNU指福尔马肼散射法单位，同样表明仪器在与入射光成90°角的方向上测量散射光强度。
NTU用于USEPA的《方法180.1》和《水和废水标准检验法》。
FNU用于欧洲的ISO7027浊度方法。
常见污水处理术语
表面水力负荷hydraulic surface loading 每平方米表面积单位时间内通过的污水体积数。
其计量单位通常以m3/m2.h表示。
水力表面负荷q其为单位时间内通过沉淀池单位表面积的污水量，即：q=Q/A式中q———表面负荷Q———最大时污水流量，A———沉淀池表面面积，$ 实际上代表速度，其单位可表达为m/h,。
当污水中悬浮颗粒下沉速度u值满足u>q时，该类颗粒会在沉淀池中全部沉淀。
而u<q 的颗粒仅有一部分能够沉淀去除。
可见q的取值越小，相应的沉淀效果越好，当然所需池表面积也越大。
初沉池常取q=1.5~3.0污泥负荷sludge loading 曝气池内每公斤活性污泥单位时间负担的五日生化需氧量公斤数。
其计量单位通常以kg/(kg·d)表示。
污泥负荷（Ns）是指单位质量的活性污泥在单位时间内所去除的污染物的量。
污泥负荷在微生物代谢方面的含义就是F/M比值，单位kgCOD(BOD)/(kg污泥.d) 在污泥增长的不同阶段，污泥负荷各不相同，净化效果也不一样，因此污泥负荷是活性污泥法设计和运行的主要参数之一。
一般来说，污泥负荷在0.3～0.5kg/(kg.d)范围内时，BOD5去除率可达90％以上，SVI为80-150，污泥的吸附性能和沉淀性能都较好。
污泥负荷的计算方法：Ns＝F/M＝QS/（VX）式中Ns ——污泥负荷，kgCOD(BOD)/(kg污泥.d);Q ——每天进水量，m3/d;S ——COD(BOD)浓度，mg/L;V ——曝气池有效容积，m3;X ——污泥浓度，mg/L。
水力负荷水力负荷是单位体积滤料或单位面积每天可以处理的废水水量（如果采用回流系统，则包括回流水量）。
单位是立方米（废水）/立方米（滤料）·日或立方米（废水）/平方米（水池）·日。
是沉淀池、生物滤池等设计和运行的重要参数。
单位时间内，通过单位面积的水体叫水力负荷。
水质检测 英语
水质检测英语English: Water quality testing is a crucial process that involves analyzing the physical, chemical, and biological characteristics of water. This process helps in determining whether the water is suitable for drinking, swimming, or supporting aquatic life. Physical parameters such as temperature, color, and turbidity are measuredto understand the clarity and appearance of the water. Chemical parameters including pH, dissolved oxygen, ammonia, and heavy metals are tested to assess the presence of contaminants. Additionally, biological parameters such as the presence of bacteria and other microorganisms are analyzed to determine the overall health of the water. Water quality testing plays a vital role in ensuring public health and environmental protection, as it helps in identifying potential risks and ensuring compliance with water quality standards.中文翻译: 水质检测是一个至关重要的过程，涉及分析水的物理性质、化学性质和生物学特性。
浊度
废水BOD5的测定(英文)
The detemination of Biological Oxygen Demand(BOD)in the Waste WaterCollege of Environmental Science and Engineering Environmental Engineering Class Two3110007674陈昶敏Part One IntroductionBOD,or Biological Oxygen Demand, is the measured amount of oxygen required by acclimated microorganisms to biologically degrade the matter in the waste water. It’s the most important parameter in water pollution control.It is used as a measure of organic pollution, as a basis for estimation the oxygen needed for biological processes,and as an indicator of process performance.Because biological oxidation continues indefinitely, the test for ultimate BOD has been arbitrarily limited to 20 days, when perhaps 95 percent or more of the oxygen requirement has been met.Even this period, however, is too long to make measurement of BOD useful, so a five-day test BOD5, carried out at 20℃, has become standard.So in this lab, our objective is to determine the BOD5 in wastewater, which is brought from a polluted river nearby our dormitory building, by using dilution inocula method.Also we should understand and learn how to do the detemination in the process and basically learn how to determine the Dissolved Oxygen(DO) in the water samples.Part Two Experiment SetupⅠ. Materialsa)Main Instrument:Constant Temperature Incubator, Dissolved Oxygen Reagent Bottle, 1000mL Measuring Cylinder, Glass Rod, Siphon, Beaker, Geiser Burette, Transfer Pipette, Conical Flask.b)Main Reagent: Prepared Diluted Inoculated Water(use for diluting the waste water), Manganese Sulfate solution, Alkaline Potassium - Sodium Azide solution, Starch, Sodium Thiosulfate solution, Sulfuric Acid(ρ=1.84mg/L).Ⅱ. PrinciplesBOD5 is a relative measure of the biologically degradable organic matter present in the system, which can be biodegradable by microorganisms in the diluted inoculated water we putted in, while having a five-day cultivation.BOD5 =((C1 -C2) - (B1 –B2)×f1)/f2①In this formula,C1 refers to the mass concentration of DO in water sample before it is cultivated for 5 days.C2 refers to the mass concentration of DO in water sample afer it is cultivated for 5 days.B1 refers to the mass concentration of DO in diluted inoculated water before it is cultivated for 5 days.B1 refers to the mass concentration of DO in diluted inoculated water afer it is cultivated for 5 days.f1 refers to the percentage of diluted inoculated water in the cultivation solution.f2 refers to the percentage of water sample in the cultivation solution.To measure the amount of DO in the water, we use sodium thiosulfate solution to titrate the treated sample.DO(O2) =c×V×8×1000/100 ②In this formula,c refers to the concentration of sodium thiosulfate solution.V refers to the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used in titration.Ⅲ. Method and Procedurea) Preparation1.Go collect a bottle of water in the polluted river nearby. Do not shake it thenadd extra O2 in it.2.Prepare the diluted inoculated water before we use it.b) Dilute the samplesAs our pre-determination of the COD of the wastewater is about 200mg/L, we dilute the samples into 15, 30 ,45 times, which means 53, 27,18mL.1.Absorb about 200mL diluted inoculated water into an 1000mL measuringcylinder with siphon before we transfer the samples.e the transfer pipette to transfer total 53mL sample into measuring cylinder.3.Absorb diluted inoculated water through siphon till the total volume is 800mL.e a glass rod to stir the 800mL sample till it’s mixed.e the siphon again to transfer sample from measuring cylinder to two DOreagents till it’s full and water seal it.6.Repeat step 1 to 5 ,but fot step 2 use 27mL,18mL and 0mL,for blank control,instead.bel them into “BOD5 15times 0d”, “BOD5 15times 5d”, “BOD5 30times 0d”,“BOD530times 5d”, “BOD545times 0d”,“BOD545times 5d”,”Blank Control 0d”and”Blank Control 5d”.c) CultivationPut DO reagents labelled“BOD515times 5d”, “BOD530times 5d”,“BOD5 45times 5d” and ”Blank Control 5d” into Constant Temperature Incubator setted at about 20℃.And take the rest of the DO reagents into immediate determination.d) Determination1.The Determination before cultivation1) Open DO reagants, use transfer pipette to transfer 1mL manganese sulfatesolution and 2mL alkaline potassium - sodium azide solution into it and remember to plug the transfer pipette below the liquid level while transfering the solution.Cover up the bottle stopper, turn it upside down to mix till it’s fully reacted.2) Open the bottle and use transfer pipette to transfer 2mL sulfuric acid likestep1) do immediately. Cover up the bottle stopper, turn it upside down to mix till the precipitations have been total dissolved and keep it in a dark side for 5min.Then transfer 100mL it into conical flask through transfer pipette.3) Wash the geiser burette, get sodium thiosulfate solution prepared for titrateand it to wash the geiser burette again.Add fully sodium thiosulfate solution into the geiser burette so that we can begin to titrate the prepared sample in the conical flask.4) Mark down the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution we used in titration.5) Repeat the above step afer the other DO reagants are cultivated for 5 days. Part Three Data Processing and ResultsTable 1(the volume of sodium thiosulfate solution used in titration)15 times 30 times 45 times Blank Control0d 3.70 mL 4.00 mL 4.05 mL 4.30 mL 5d0.00 mL0.80 mL 1.50 mL 3.50 mL So according to the ②formula list above,we can get the mass concentration of DOin the samples.Table 215 times 30 times 45 times Blank ControlC1 (mg/L) 7.40 mg/L8.00 mg/L8.10 mg/L8.60 mg/LC2 (mg/L) 0.00 mg/L 1.60 mg/L 3.00 mg/L7.00 mg/LSo according to the ①formula list above,we can get the mass concentration of BOD5 in the samples.From table 2 we get that B1 =8.60mg/L and B2 =7.00 mg/L, so B1 - B2 =1.60 mg/LTable 315 times 30 times 45 timesf10.93375 0.96625 0.9775f20.06625 0.03375 0.0225BOD5(mg/L) 89.15 143.82 157.16 Campared 15times with 30times and 45times,wo can get that the concentration ofBOD5 is much lower than the others.By the way, while titrating the samplefrom“BOD5 15times 5d”, we can’t get any color change after transfering 1mL manganese sulfate solution and 2mL alkaline potassium - sodium azide solution.Sowe can eliminate it while processing the results.Table 4 ResultsBOD5 (mg/L)150.49Standard Deviation 9.428090416Cv 0.062649744Part Four Conclusion and DiscussionⅠ.Anylisis1.From the table above, the average BOD5 is 150.49mg/L<COD=200mg/L, so it’s valuable for us to measure is the wastewater polluted or not.Also, from sandard dviationσ=9.428090416 and Cv =0.062649744, we can know that the determination of BOD5 are relatively concentrated, except for the lowest one.2.Campared 15 times with the others, we can see clearly that it’s much lower than the other two even the regular. After having a dicussion with groupmates, we think that the dilution multiple is a little bit low causing too much biologically degradable organic matter presented in the sample making more DO demand, the diluted inoculated water, however, contain less DO that microorganisms need, so after the DO is used up, the organic matter is still there.Ⅱ.Conclusion1.From the above data, the average BOD5 =150.49mg/L is quite beyond the standard of GB 7488-1987, which is 20mg/L for the first type and 30 mg/L for the second.So the wastewater we get from the polluted river nearby is seriously polluted.2.The best way to eliminate high levels of BOD5 is to use microorganisms.The microorganism has the ability of adsorption and metabolism.They can make all the pollutants into sludge, and then we can separate clear water from wastewater and sludge.Part Five QuestionsQ1.Look up other methods of determining BOD5 , make a brief about the principle of these method.A: Microbial Electrode Method and Coulometric TitrationThe mechanism of Microbial Electrode Method is the oxygen electrode would have different current through the change of DO in water.When the water sample contained the number of organic matters are through the electrode room ,the microorganism would decompose organic matters in water,which change the current of oxygen electrode.Coulometric works by the press difference of oxygen in closed culture flask to determine BOD.Q2.Look up and make a brief about what technical essential should be paid high attention to while detetmining BOD5 ?A:Fist of all, we must be careful while collecting the wastewater nearby, do not shake too hard and fully fill the whole collecting bottle in case the air or bubbles made by shaking adds extra oxygen into the wastewater.Secondly, don’t make bubbles while transfering, the same reason as the first one.Thirdly, the DO reagents should totally be full while bottling. At last, During the titration ,one more or one less would have some effects on the results because the volume need to multiply 8000 which is a large number to produce DO .。
Turbidity Measurement~1
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• •
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ABB Automation
ABB
Programme
• 测量原理
• 实际的在线系统 –吸收浊度计
–散射浊度计
• 标定
• 系统选择
• 应用 • 浊度变送器和传感器
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ABB Automation
ABB
实际在线系统
• 吸收浊度计 –取决于当光束通过样品时因吸收(或衰减)而得到的 测量值
散射浊度计 –测量光在某一特定角度的散射部分， eg. 900
0.7 to 1.0NTU 150 to 200FTU 300 to 360FTU 60 to 80FTU
7997 400 & 401
7997 400 & 401 7997 400 & 401
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7997 161
7997 162 7997 163
600 to 700FTU
800 to 900FTU 120 to 160FTU
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ABB Automation
ABB
故障报警及其处理
• NV内存故障报警处理 • 表示仪表启动时未能正确读取内存上数据，可重新断 电重启，如还有此故障，需返厂 • 测量值不稳定，变化大 • 多是因为气泡干扰造成，调整流量，清洗光学窗口。 如还不能解决，需加装除泡装置
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ABB Automation
8
ABB Automation
ABB
4670 210 系统典型安装
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ABB Automation
ABB
7997 200系列浊度仪的安装
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ABB Automation
ABB
水平安装，流速控制在0.5L-样品 出口 (6mm id hose)
锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法浊度的测定(福马肼浊度)+余氯的测定
1主题内容与适用范围1.1主题内容本标准规定了天然水、经澄清过滤处理的水及冷却水浊度的测定方法。
1.2适用范围本标准适用于锅炉用水和冷却水的分析，浊度范围0～40F·T·U。
2引用标准GB6903锅炉用水和冷却水分析方法通则3方法提要本标准以福马肼悬浊液作标准，采用分光光度法比较被测水样透过光和标准悬浊液透过光的强度进行定量。
水样带有颜色对测定发生干扰时，可采用0.15μm滤膜过滤器过滤，以此溶液为空白，消除干扰。
4试剂4.1无浊度水：将二级试剂水以3mL/min流速经0.15μm滤膜过滤器过滤，初始200mL舍去。
4.2福马肼浊度贮备标准液(400F·T·U)4.2.1硫酸联氨溶液：称取1.000g硫酸联氨，用少量无浊度水溶解，移入100mL容量瓶中，并稀释至刻度。
4.2.2六次甲基四胺溶液：称取10.00g六次甲基四胺用少量无浊度水溶解，移入100mL容量瓶中，并稀释至刻度。
4.2.3福马肼浊度贮备标准液：分别移取硫酸联氨溶液和六次甲基四胺溶液各5mL，注入100mL容量瓶中，充分摇匀，在25±3℃下保温24h后，用无浊度水稀释至刻度。
在30℃以下放置，可使用一周。
4.3福马肼浊度标准液(100F·T·U)：取25mL浊度贮备液(400F·T·U)注入100mL容量瓶中，用无浊度水稀释至刻度，摇匀。
5仪器5.1分光光度计，具100mm比色皿。
5.2滤膜过滤器：滤膜孔径为0.15μm。
6分析步骤6.1工作曲线的绘制6.1.1浊度为5～40F·T·U的工作曲线：按表1移取浊度贮备液注入一组100mL容量瓶中，用无浊度水稀释至刻度，摇匀，放入100mm比色皿中，以无浊度水作参比，在波长为600nm 处测定透光度并绘制工作曲线。
6.1.2浊度为0～5F·T·U的工作曲线：按表2移取浊度标准液于100mL容量瓶中，用无浊度水稀释至刻度，按分析步骤6.1.1测定透光度并绘制工作曲线。
水质分析实验报告英文版
Abstract:This report details the procedures and results of a water quality analysis experiment conducted to assess the chemical and biological characteristics of a given water sample. The experiment focused on determining the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, and total coliform bacteria levels in the water. The findings are discussed in relation to the potential impacts on aquatic life and human health.Introduction:Water quality is a critical factor in determining the suitability of water for various uses, including drinking, irrigation, and recreational activities. This experiment was designed to evaluate the chemical and biological parameters of water to ensure its safety and suitability for intended use. The primary objectives of the experiment were to measure the pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), turbidity, and total coliform bacteria levels in the water sample.Materials and Methods:1. Sample Collection:A water sample was collected from a local river using a sterile sampling bottle. The bottle was rinsed with the water to be sampled and thenfilled to the specified mark. The sample was immediately sealed and transported to the laboratory for analysis.2. pH Measurement:The pH of the water sample was measured using a digital pH meter. The meter was calibrated using standard buffer solutions before use. The pH probe was immersed in the water sample and the reading was recorded.3. Dissolved Oxygen (DO) Measurement:Dissolved oxygen levels were measured using a dissolved oxygen probe connected to a digital meter. The probe was calibrated using a saturated oxygen solution before use. The probe was submerged in the water sample, and the DO level was recorded.4. Turbidity Measurement:Turbidity was measured using a nephelometer. The water sample was poured into a cuvette, and the nephelometer was set to the appropriate wavelength. The turbidity reading was obtained by reading the intensity of light scattered by the sample.5. Total Coliform Bacteria Count:Total coliform bacteria were counted using the multiple tubefermentation (MTF) method. A sterile loop was used to transfer a small volume of the water sample to a series of tubes containing lactose broth. The tubes were incubated at 37°C for 48 hours. The presence of coliform bacteria was indicated by the appearance of gas production in the broth.Results:1. pH:The pH of the water sample was found to be 7.2, which is within the acceptable range for most aquatic organisms.2. Dissolved Oxygen (DO):The dissolved oxygen level in the water sample was measured to be 9.5mg/L, which is above the minimum required for most fish species.3. Turbidity:The turbidity of the water sample was determined to be 10 NTU (Nephelometric Turbidity Units), indicating a relatively clear water body.4. Total Coliform Bacteria Count:The total coliform bacteria count in the water sample was found to be100 colonies per 100 mL, which is within the acceptable range fordrinking water.Discussion:The pH level of the water sample is within the optimal range for most aquatic organisms, suggesting that it is suitable for fish and other aquatic life. The high dissolved oxygen levels indicate that the wateris well-oxygenated, which is essential for the survival of aerobic organisms. The relatively low turbidity level suggests that the water is clear and free from suspended particles that could hinder light penetration and reduce photosynthesis.The total coliform bacteria count in the water sample is within the acceptable range for drinking water, indicating that the water is relatively free from fecal contamination. However, it is important to note that the presence of coliform bacteria does not necessarilyindicate the presence of pathogenic organisms. Further analysis, such as the detection of specific pathogens, would be required to assess the water's safety for drinking purposes.The results of this experiment suggest that the water sample is generally of good quality, with no immediate concerns regarding its suitability for aquatic life or human use. However, regular monitoring and analysis should be conducted to ensure ongoing water quality and to detect any potential changes or contamination.Conclusion:The water quality analysis experiment conducted in this study has provided valuable insights into the chemical and biological characteristics of the water sample. The results indicate that the water is suitable for aquatic life and has the potential for various uses, although it is important to continue monitoring and maintaining its quality to ensure its safety and sustainability. Further research and analysis may be necessary to explore the long-term impacts of environmental factors on water quality and to develop strategies for water resource management.References:1. APHA, AWWA, WEF. Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 22nd ed. Washington, DC: American Public Health Association; 2012.2. Colwell, R. R. (2006). Water quality: A guide to the uses and management of freshwater resources. Cambridge University Press.3. USEPA. Guidelines for Water Quality Monitoring. EPA 822-B-02-001. Washington, DC: United States Environmental Protection Agency; 2002.。
水中浑浊度的测定操作规程
文件制修订记录水中浑浊度的测定1、适用范围1.1本标准规定了以福尔马肼(Formazine)为标准用散射法测定生活饮用水及其水源水的浑浊度。
1.2本法适用于生活饮用水及其水源水中浑浊度的测定。
1.3本法最低检测浑浊度为0.5散射浊度单位(NTU)。
1.4浑浊度是反映水源水及饮用水的物理性状的一项指标。
水源水的浑浊度是由于悬浮物或胶态物，或两者造成在光学方面的散射或吸收行为。
2、原理在相同条件下用福尔马肼标准混悬液散射光的强度和水样散射光的强度进行比较。
散射光的强度越大，表示浑浊度越高。
3、操作方法3.1试剂3.1.1纯水：取蒸馏水经0.2μm膜滤器过滤。
3.1.2硫酸肼溶液(10 g/L)：称取硫酸肼[(NH2)2·H2SO4，又名硫酸联胺]1.000g溶于纯水并于100 mL容量瓶中定容。
注意：硫酸肼具致癌毒性，避免吸入、摄入和与皮肤接触!3.1.3环六亚甲基四胺溶液(100 g/L)：称取环六亚甲基四胺[(CH2 )6N4]10. 00 g溶于纯水，于100 mL容量瓶中定容。
3.1.4福尔马肼标准混悬液：分别吸取硫酸肼溶液5.00 mL、环六亚甲基四胺溶液5.00 mL 于100 ml容量瓶内，混匀，在25℃±3℃放置24 h后，加入纯水至刻度，混匀。
此标准混悬液浑浊度为400 NTU，可使用约一个月。
3.1.5福尔马肼浑浊度标准使用液：将福尔码肼洋浊度标准混悬液(1.3.4)用纯水稀释10倍。
此混悬液浑浊度为40 NTU，使用时再根据需要适当稀释。
3.2仪器3.2.1散射式浑浊度仪。
3.3分析步骤按仪器使用说明书进行操作，浑浊度超过40NTU，可用纯水稀释后测定。
3.4计算根据仪器测定时所显示的浑浊度读数乘以稀释倍数计算结果。
4、相关技术依据GB/T 5750.4-2006 生活饮用水标准检验方法感官性状和物理指标。
水中肉眼可见物的测定1、适用范围1.1本标准规定了用直接观察法测定生活饮用水及其水源水的肉眼可见物。
污染指数（SDI）测定方法
污染指数（SDI）测定方法污染指数（SDI）测定方法：10.1 SDI测定概要：SDI测定是基于阻塞系数（PI，%）的测定。
测定是在47mm的0.45 m的微孔滤膜上连续加入一定压力（30PSI，相当于2.1kg/cm2）的被测定水，记录下滤得500ml水所需的时间T i（秒）和15分钟后再次滤得500ml水所需的时间T f （秒），按下式求得阻塞系数PI （%）。
PI=（1－T i/T f）3100SDI=PI/15式中15是15分钟。
当水中的污染物质较高时，滤水量可取100ml、200ml、300ml等，间隔时间可改为10分钟、5分钟等。
10.2测定SDI的步骤：a.将SDI测定仪连接到取样点上（此时在测定仪内不装滤膜）。
b.打开测定仪上的阀门，对系统进行彻底冲洗数分钟。
c.关闭测定仪上的阀门，然后用钝头的镊子把0.45m的滤膜放入滤膜夹具内。
d.确认O形圈完好，将O形圈准确放在滤膜上，随后将上半个滤膜夹具盖好，并用螺栓固定。
e.稍开阀门，在水流动的情况下，慢慢拧松1-2个蝶形螺栓以排除滤膜处的空气。
f.确信空气已全部排尽且保持水流连续的基础上，重新拧紧蝶形螺栓。
g.完全打开阀门并调整压力调节器，直至压力保持在30psi为止。
（如果整定值达不到30 psi时，则可在现有压力下试验，但不能低于15 psi。
）h.用合适的容器来收集水样，在水样刚进入容器时即用秒表开始记录，收取500ml水样所需的时间为T O（秒）。
i.水样继续流动15分钟后，再次用容器收集水样500ml并记录收集水样所花的时间，记作T15（秒）。
j.关闭取样进水球阀，松开微孔膜过滤容器的蝶形螺栓，将滤膜取出保存（作为进行物理化学试验的样品）。
擦干微孔过滤器及微孔滤膜支撑孔板。
10.3测定结果计算a. 当试验过程中压力为30 psi时，按照下式计算SDI值：SDI=（1－T i/T f）3100/15b.当测量过程中压力打不到30 psi时,可改用现有压力，但测得的SDI值必须换算到30 psi时的SDI值，方法如下：%Pp=（1－T i/T15）3100 （%Pp为非标准压力30 psi时的阻塞指数）SDI=%P30/15注意： A. 每次试验过程中压力要稳定，压力波动不得超过±5%，否则试验作废。
实验一 废水悬浮固体(SS)和浊度的测定
实验一废水悬浮固体（SS）和浊度的测定悬浮固体的测定（重量法）一．实验目的1．了解悬浮物的基本概念。
2．掌握重量法测定水中悬浮物的原理和方法。
二．实验原理悬浮物是指水样通过滤料，截留在滤料上并于103～105℃烘至恒重的固体物质。
按重量分析要求，水样通过滤料后，烘干固体残留物及滤料，进行称量，将所称重量减去滤料重量，算出一定量水样中颗粒物的质量，从而求出悬浮物的含量。
三．实验仪器、设备1．烘箱。
2．电子天平（感量0.1mg）。
3．干燥器。
4．玻璃漏斗。
5．中速定量滤纸。
6．内径为30～50mm称量瓶。
7．量筒。
8．烧杯.9.玻棒。
10.铁架台（带铁圈）。
11．镊子。
四．实验步骤1．采样：按采样要求采取具有代表性水样500～1000mL（注意不能加入任何保存剂，漂浮的树叶、木棒、水草等杂物和浸没的不均匀固体物质不属于悬浮物质，应从水样中除去。
）2．滤纸准备：将滤纸放于称量瓶里，于103～105℃烘箱内，打开瓶盖，烘干0.5小时，取出置于干燥器内冷却至室温，盖好瓶盖称重。
反复烘干、冷却、称重，直至两次称量相差≤0.2mg，记B= g。
3．振荡水样，量取混合均匀的水样100～150mL,全部通过上面称至恒重的滤纸，再用蒸馏水洗涤残渣3～5次。
4．小心取下载有悬浮物的滤纸，放入原称量瓶里，于103～105℃烘箱内，打开瓶盖，烘干1小时，移入干燥器中，使冷却到室温，盖好瓶盖称重。
反复烘干、冷却、称重，直到两次称量相差≤0.4mg为止，记A= g。
5．计算式中：A——悬浮固体+滤纸+称量瓶重量，g；B——滤纸+称量瓶重量，g；V——水样体积，mL。
五．实验报告要求1．写出实验名称、实验方法、采样时间和地点。
2．写出实验目的、实验原理、实验仪器设备、实验步骤。
3．认真做好课后思考题。
六．注意事项1．采集的水样应尽快分析测定。
如需放置，应贮存在4℃冷藏箱中，但最长不得超过七天。
2．滤纸上截留过多的悬浮物可能夹带过多的水分，除延长干燥时间外，还可能造成过滤困难，遇此情况，可酌情少取水样。
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ExperimentⅢthe determination of wastewater turbidity------spectrophotometryThe purpose and requirements of the experiment1.Know the influence of turbidity to light transmittance;2.Know the relative between turbidity and SS is exist in certaincondition;3.Learn the method to determine water turbidity. Experimental program1.Experimental instruments and drugs10 clear 50ml colorimetric tubesPipette，spectrophotometerAbout 50mL 400 degree turbidity standard solution2.Experimental stepsPreparation standard solution: take 0 mL, 1mL, 2.5mL, 5mL, 10mL, 12.5mL solution from 400 degree turbidity standard solution into 6 clear 50ml colorimetric tubesdilute to 50mL standard line, shake up.Determining Abs: set the wavelength ofSpectrophotometer in 540nm. The first determine 4 dishes difference and mark which tube is put into which dish to determine, then shake up tubes and wash dishes before determining each tubes, including wastewater without dilution. And writ every data down table. Let the Abs be the ordinate and the turbidity of standard solution be the abscissa and draw up the graph. Through the graph, calculate the turbidity ofwastewater. Experimental result and data handlingThe Abs of each turbidity standard solutionFig. 1 Abs-eachturbiditystandard solutionAccording to fig. 1 and the following formula we can calculate turbidity of wastewater.Notes: y refers to the Abs of each turbidity standard solutionx refers to the turbidity of wastewaterThe turbidity of wastewaterConclusion1.Data reliability analysisThe average of the concentrationThe standard deviation of the concentrationThe relative standard deviation of dataFrom the table and formula, we can see the first data is the smaller than others.Review our experiment, I found that we determined 3 solutions each time and the NO.1 wastewater is line in the fourth in second time determination. So the SS in wastewater was precipitating when we determined it. Thereby Abs of NO.1 wastewater is smaller than others. Hence we must determine each wastewaterevery time after shaking up when we determine Abs of wastewater.Only by that we can reduce error.2.Standard of turbidity in drinking waterAccording to < The sanitary norm of drinking water quality >, the turbidity in drinking water can’t exceed 1 NTU. The sample waster have exceeded standard more than 30 times. But in source of water and water purification, its upper limit can reach 3 NTU. And the harm of turbidity in water is small, so there is not any special regulation in the integrated wastewater discharge standard (GB 8978—1996).3.Treatment technologiesWhat we treat mainly about turbidity in wastewater is SS, so the method of treatment is the same as treatment of SS. We can also treat low concentration and high color wastewater by activated carbon. Due to activated carbon is expensive, it just suit a few water treatment. In wastewater treatment, we usually treat turbidity in settling tank.Questions and discussion1.Explain the difference and relative between SS and turbidity by looking formaterialAnswer: turbidity is representative of how much SS is in waster. When it’s low concentration and low color, it is direct proportion between turbidity and the concentration of SS. But if it is low concentration and high color or high concentration of SS, they aren’t any relative. And turbidity is an optical unit, SS isa mass unit. There aren’t strict conversion relations between them. So SS is just areference value for turbidity.2.Explain the structure and principle of the spectrophotometer and state itsapplication in the field of environmental monitor by looking for materialAnswer: it is mainly two partsin spectrophotometer, a spectrometer for producing light of any selected color (wavelength), and a photometer for measuring the intensity of light. When a light shoot from spectrometer and pass through dish with solution to photometer. By measuring the intensity of light, we can calculate transmittance and Abs.spectrophotometer can be used for the determination of Na, K, Ca in water, ash, biological materials.The concentration of Na and K in cement samples can be found out. It can be also used for the measurement of turbidity, nucleic acid and protein in cells in environmental applications of spectrophotometer.Advises and opinionsMany students violate operating rules when they do experiment, it leads to experiment apparatus broken and reagent is polluted. The incorrectoperation will make the result of next team be higher than others. So even if we have correct operation and steps, but we still have a result with high error. If teacher make students observeoperating rules that would reduce the influence for the next experiment. And the experiment will become easier.。