福建农林大学2010-2011生态学考试试卷B

福建农林大学考试试卷（B ）卷2010——2011学年第2 学期课程名称：ECOLOGY 考试时间120分钟专业年级班学号姓名题号一二三四五总得分得分评卷人签字复核人签字得分一、Interpretation of terms and phrases（15 pts. total, 3pt. each term）1. Divergent adaptation2. Intrinsic rate of increase3. Ecotone4. Survivorship curve5. Biogeochemical cycle1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19201. __________ is the number of species in a community.A. Species diversityB. Relative abundanceC. Species evennessD. Species richness2. The __________ concept of communities suggests that communities are simply assemblages of species that have similar environmental requirements.A. individualisticB. discontinuousC. holisticD. organismic 3. A keystone species __________A. is always dominant in a community.B. is usually an herbivore.C. is always a top predator.D. has an influence on community structure that is disproportionate to its abundance in that community.4. Which of the following graphs shows individuals distributed according to a random distribution?5. An indirect positive or beneficial interaction of two species within a community is an example of:A. predation.B. mutualism.C. parasitismpetition.得分 二、 Choice Questions （20 pts. total, 1pt. each term ）6. _________ succession occurs in an area previously occupied by a community.A. InitialB. PrimaryC. ColonizationD. Secondary7. In theory, when two species are competitors for the exact same resources, ________ will result.A. competitive exclusionB. coexistenceC. initial competition followed by mutualism D parasitism8. Which mathematical expression best describes population growth of humans?A. exponential growthB. geometric growthC. either of the above9. In terrestrial ecosystems, the ________ food chain is the major pathway of energy flow.A. detritalB.grazingC. consumerD.heterotroph10. In ________ biogeochemical cycles, the main reservoirs of nutrients are the soil, rocks, and minerals.A. gaseousB. sedimentaryC. terrestrialD. rudimentary11. Which terrestrial biome has the highest diversity of plant and animal life?A. tropical savannaB. tropical rain forestC. temperate deciduous forestD. boreal forest12. Assimilation efficiency isA. the proportion of energy ingested that is not lost to respiration.B. the proportion of energy ingested that is assimilated.C. the proportion of assimilated energy that is not lost as waste material.D. the proportion of assimilated energy that goes to production.13. A _______________ is a group of individuals born within a population during the same period.A. guildB. functional groupC. colonyD. cohort14. Ecology is _______________A. a social movement that started in the 1970s.B. the scientific study of the environment.C. the combination of social and natural sciences aimed at improving the environment.D.the scientific study of relationships between organisms and their environments.15. __________ and __________ directly influence the rate at which nutrients cycle through ecosystems.A. Net mineralization rate, immobilizationB. Immobilization, respirationC. Net mineralization rate, nutrient uptakeD. Nutrient uptake, respiration16. The location where an organism lives is called its __________A. habitat.B. genet.C. ramet.D.density.17. Which of the following is an assumption of logistic growth?A. r and K remain constantB. the maximum population growth rate occurs when N = K/2C. resources are unlimitedD. all of the above are not assumptions of logistic growth18. Which of the following species groups represents a guild?A. African wild dog, hyena, lionB. mammal-eating killer whale, humpback whale, blue whaleC. parasitic wasp, host caterpillarD. land tortoise, green sea turtle19. Which of the following statements about energy allocation in plants is false?A. Terrestrial plants typically have a greater allocation of carbon to roots relative to aboveground tissues with increasing annual precipitation.B. In marine environments, often the standing biomass increases with increasing primary productivity.C. Although grasslands have lower rates of primary productivity than do forests, grasslands accumulate more biomass per individual than do forests.D. In terrestrial ecosystems, generally less standing biomass occurs in dry habitats, where net primary productivity is lower.20. The biological structure of a community is first constrained by the _____ of the species.A. competitive interactionsB. trophic interactionsC. realized nichesD. fundamental niches得分三、Analysis the following questions（15 pts. total）1. The following life cycle diagram is based upon a time interval of 1 month, and was used to construct a projection matrix (recall that reproduction in a projection matrix is handled differently than in a life table).A .(5 points) What proportion of individuals in each life stage survive from one month to the next?EggsStage 1 JuvenilesStage 2 JuvenilesStage 3 JuvenilesAdultsb. (5 points) If there were 10 individuals of each stage on 1 May 2003, how many individuals of each stage should there be on 1 June 2003?EggsStage 1 JuvenilesStage 2 JuvenilesStage 3 JuvenilesAdults(2)You were told that two competing species cannot coexist on a single limiting resource. Later, however, we discussed several ways in which several potentially competing species could persist together. Please list and briefly discuss (e.g., in one sentence each), three ways in which two or more competing species can persist locally.得分四、Essays questions（30 pts. total, each worth 6pt.）1.What is the difference between r-selceted and K-selected organisms?Which strategy would you expect to be more prevalent in unpredictable environments?2.What is the difference between scramble competion and contest competion?3. How about Co-evolution between parasite and host?。