章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture_7课件
Lecture –ED Participle 语法教程 章振邦 上外
(b) vi. + -ed, 仅表示完成，很少单独用
eg. a retired worker
= a worker who has retired
Exe. a ___ (成年的) man a ___ (枯萎的) flower
an ___ (期满的) lease
the ___ (升起的) sun
副词 + -ed分词
The managers discussed the plan that they would like to see ___ (carry out) the next year.
(2) 使役动词：make, get, have, keep, leave… eg. When are you going to have the car ____ (repair)?
____ (punish). Cleaning women in big cities usually get ____ (pay) by the
hour.
KEY: exhausted, depressed, specialized, unpunished, paid.
• 古英语遗留下来的几个-ed分词用法问题 (P394)
Lecture 22 –ED 分词 –ED Participle
Contents
Grammatical function of -ED Participle Compare –ING & -ED Participle
• Functions of –ED Participle -ed participle can be used as: vs. –ing participle
lighted
章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture_17&18情态助动词和半助动词教学课件
Will & would
Predictability denoted by will and would can be classified into specific predictability, habitual predictability and timeless predictability. Specific predictability is concerned with the forecast on the part of the speaker about a present event not directly observable. A: Who’s that man over there? B: That will be George, no doubt. B: That would be George, I expect. Here, both will and would refer to the present; would is less certain.
Will & would
Habitual predictability refers to prediction on the happening of an habitual action. Here will and would behave like the simple present and the simple past in habitual use.
17.1 Modals and modal meanings
★ ability and possibility
can, could, be able to
may, might, can, could
may not
章振邦《新编高级英语语法》
章振邦《新编高级英语语法》
《新编高级英语语法》是由章振邦编著的一本英语语法教材，旨在帮助学习者更深入地理解和掌握英语语法知识。
这本教材涵盖了丰富的语法内容，包括句子结构、时态、语态、虚拟语气、倒装句、从句、连词、介词短语等，涉及了英语语法的各个方面。
通过学习这本教材，学习者可以系统地学习英语语法知识，并且掌握运用这些知识的技巧。
在《新编高级英语语法》中，章振邦采用了清晰简洁的语言，结合大量的例句和练习，帮助学习者理解和应用所学的语法知识。
这样的教学方式有助于学习者更好地掌握英语语法，并提高语言表达能力。
此外，这本教材还注重了语法知识与实际运用的结合，通过实例讲解和练习，帮助学习者将所学的语法知识运用到实际的语言交流中去。
除了传授语法知识外，《新编高级英语语法》还可能包括一些与英语语法相关的文化背景知识，比如英语中的礼貌用语、习惯用语、谚语等，这些内容有助于学习者更好地理解英语在实际交流中的运用方式，提高语言的综合应用能力。
总的来说，《新编高级英语语法》是一本全面系统的英语语法教材，适合有一定英语基础的学习者使用。
通过认真学习和练习，学习者可以在语法知识上得到提升，从而更流利、准确地运用英语进行交流和表达。
8-Infinitive新编英语语法教程第五版章振邦PPT回顾.ppt
❖ Used in some fixed combinations: let go/fly/slip/fall, make do, make believe…, e.g.
❖ He did all that just to make believe.
❖ We don’t have time for lunch, but we made do with
(to).
演示课件
Notes on the use of “to”
❖ Ellipsis of the infinitive “to” ——
❖ The second “to” can be omitted when two infinitives are
coordinated by and or or, e.g.
演示课件
Grammatical forms of infinitive
❖ Bare infinitive following modal idioms such as: would rather, would rather… than, would sooner, would as soon, may/might as well, cannot but…, e.g.
演示课件
The forms of infinitive
Past action/event
Active
passive
to do
to be done
Perfective
Progressive Perfective Progressive
to have done to have been done
to be doing
❖ He was seen to walk out the room.
《新编英语语法教程》PPT课件
Special lecture notes
Ù 6.月球上没有水。
Special lecture notes
Ù A： There is no water on the moon.
Ù 7. 夏威夷气候从来不冷. Ù A: It is never cold in Hawaii.
Ù 8. 在巴黎，五月份天气并非总是美好；有时多雨。 In Paris, the weather is not always nice; it rains a lot
的从句当中
Ù They were leaving a few days later.
Ù He told me to wake him up if he was sleeping. Ù 4) 表示现在时间和将来时间里的动作 Ù A) 委婉的语气
Ù I was wondering if you’d like to come out with me. Ù B) 主观臆想
Ù I hear poor old Mrs Yang has lost her son.
Ù 附特殊用法: Ù A) 表达某种情绪
Special lecture notes
Ù I happen to drop in on her once and you make such an issue of it.
Ù A:
Ù 15. 星M期y p日ar我ent父s se母ldo很m少go去to做ch礼urc拜h o.n Sunday.
Ù A: Ù 16. 地T球he 围Ear绕th太mo阳ve转s ar.ound the Sun.
Ù A:
India lies to the south of China.
18. 泰晤士河流经伦敦。
Lectureingparticiple语法教程章振邦上外学习教案
(b) need, want, require, deserve ★ need doing = need to be done eg. This letter needs ___ (sign) by the manager.
The boy wants watching. The boy wants to watch. He deserves shooting first.
第二十三页，编辑于星期六：十八点 一分。
1. Agriculture is the country’s chief source of wealth, wheat ______ by far the biggest cereal crop. (TEM-4, 2003)
eg. Try ___ (put) in some more vinegar ---- that might make it taste a bit better.
I keep trying ___ (make) a tasty cheese cake but I never succeed.
Revolution means ___ (liberate) the productive force.
In the end she decided to buy / on buying a new car. (e) encourage, permit, allow, recommend, advise,
authorize
+ doing / sb. to do eg. She doesn’t allow ___(talk) here.
第十七页，编辑于星期六：十八点 一分。
(b) stop, leave off, go on eg. They stopped watching TV at 9:30.
章振邦英语语法教程--Lecture 7 Number and Genitive
Lecture 7 Number and Genitive7.1 NumberIn the broadest sense of the word, NUMBER refers to a grammatical classification used in the analysis of word classes which have contrasts between singular and plural. Number contrasts in English are seen in nouns (boy, boys), pronouns (she, they, this, these), determiners (this, these, each, all), and verbs (say, says, was, were). But in the present lecture, the sense of NUMBER is restricted only to the number forms in nouns.1) Regular and irregular pluralIndividual nouns are all countable and therefore have singular and plural forms. The singular form of an individual noun, which shares the same form as the base of the word, can take such determiners as a(n) and one (e.g.: a/one desk, an/one article). The plural form of an individual noun can be regular or irregular. The regular plural is formed by adding –s or –es to the base (e.g.: days, houses, donkeys, tomatoes, boxes, churches, brushes, classes, babies, countries, loaves, wives, etc/), while the irregular plural is not formed in the same way but by other means such as by changing the internal vowels or by changing the ending of the noun (e.g.: tooth—teeth, man—men, mouse—mice, child—children, ox—oxen).Irregular plurals also include some words of foreign origin,borrowed from Greek, Latin or French. The plural forms of these borrowed words are known as “foreign plurals”, e.g.:basis—bases criterion—criteriastratum—strata alumnus—alumniSome borrowed words have two plurals—a foreign plural and an English plural, e.g.:medium—media—mediumsindex—indices—indexesformula—formulae—formulascurriculum—curricula—curriculumsFor some nouns, their singular and plural numbers share the same form, e.g.:a deer—ten deerone fish—several fisha Japanese—a group of Japanesean aircraft—a hundred aircraft2) Number forms of the collective, material, abstract and proper nouna) Number forms of the collective nounSome collective nouns are countable, some are not. Countable collective nouns behave just like individual nouns. An uncountable collective noun has no plural form. If we want to count the number, we still have to use a kind of individual noun related semantically to thecollective (e.g.: a piece of furniture, two articles of equipment). There is also a kind of collective noun which can be used either in the singular or in the plural sense. When viewed as a single unit, the collective is singular in meaning and is to be followed by a singular verb. When, on the other hand, the noun is used to refer to the individuals that form the collective, it is plural in meaning and should be followed by a plural verb.b) Number forms of the material nounMaterial nouns are generally uncountable and have no plural forms. But there are some such items that can be used either uncountably or countably. When used to mean the material itself, they are uncountable, but when used in other senses, for example, two coffees in the sense of “two cupfuls of coffee”, they are countable, behaving just like individual nouns. There are also material nouns that can take plural endings, for example, sands/waters in the sense of “large expanse of sand or water” and foods/fruits in the sense of “a variety of food or fruit”; these nouns, though ending in-s, remain uncountable.c) Number forms of the abstract nounAbstract nouns are mostly uncountable. They cannot take such determiners as a(n)/one or plural forms. But there are a few abstract nouns (e.g.: “a victory”, “two victories”) that are countable like individual nouns. There are also abstract nouns that have plural endings but which are uncountable. We can say, for instance, “He is in financialdifficulties”, but not “He is in several difficulties.” In the case of some abstract nouns, the mere addition of a plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base. For instance, the word experience in “We meet once a year to exchange our teaching experience” is used in the sense of “经验”, while the plural form experiences means “经历” in “We told each other our experiences in foreign countries”. Some abstract noncount nouns have semantically related individual nouns as their countable equivalents. This is clear when we use photos or photographs instead of photography to express the idea of “taking a lot of pictures”. d) Number forms of the proper nounProper nouns are unique in reference and therefore have no plural forms, except for such proper names as the United States, the Philippines, the Netherlands, etc. which are themselves plural in form. When a proper noun takes a plural ending, it takes on some characteristics of a common noun, e.g.:Have you invited the Browns?There are two Miss Smiths/Misses Smith in our class.3) PartitivesPartitives, also called unit nouns, are commonly used to denote a part of a whole or the quantity of an undifferentiated mass. Both count and noncount nouns can enter partitive constructions. With plural count nouns, partitive construction can denote t he idea of “a group”, “a pack”, etc.With noncount nouns, such constructions can achieve countability. Partitives fall into the following categories:a) General partitivesWith noncount nouns the expression of quantity can be achieved by means of certain general partitives, particularly piece, bit, article, and item, followed by an of-phrase, e.g.:a piece of advicea bit of troublean item of newsan article of furnitureseveral pieces of breadthree items of newsb) Partitives related to the shape of thingsThere are partitives that semantically related to the shape of things but their power of collocation is quite limited, e.g.:a cake of soapa bar of chocolatetwo ears of cornten head of cattle/cabbage (head can be treated as plural)c) Partitives related to volumeA third class of pertitives are those that semantically related to volume, all of which are common nouns. They can freely collocate with relatednoncount nouns, e.g.:a bottle of ink/oiltwo bowls of riceseveral pails of watera glass of beerd) Partitives related to the state of actionThe use of these partitives is limited to certain set phrases, e.g.: a fit of anger/coughing/laughter/fevera peal of applause/laughter/thundera flash of hope/light/lightninga display of courage/force/power/skill/fireworkse) Partitives denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc.These partitives commonly occur with plural count nouns, e.g.: a pair of shoes/scissors/trousersa flock of birds/chickens/sheep/goatsa herd of elephants/cattlea swarm of bees/flies/animals/peoplea troupe of actorsa gang of hooligans/criminalsa pack of hounds/cards/thievesa bench of judges7.2 GenitivesGenitive is the only case form in itself of nouns and pronouns that indicates possession. As “possession” is just one of the m eanings expressed by the genitive, we prefer to use “genitive case” instead of the traditional term “possessive case”.Case is a grammatical term that shows the functional role of a noun, a noun phrase, or a pronoun in relation to other words in the clause or sentence. Modern English does not have a complicated case system. The genitive, therefore, may be viewed as a relic passed down from old English.1) Formation of the genitiveRules of formation are as follows:a) The genitive is formed in writing by adding ’s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that do not end in –s, e.g.:my mother’s arrivalwomen’s clothesb) Plural nouns ending in –s take an apostrophe as genitive marker, e.g.: the girls’ dormitorya teachers’ collegec) In compound nouns or a postmodified noun phrase, the genitive ending is added to the end of the compound or to the end of the noun phrase, eg: my mother-in-law’s deathan hour and a half’s talksomebody else’s opinionthe University of Minnesota’s presidentd) In coordinate nouns, the genitive ending is added to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective possesion, and only to the last coordinate element when denoting common possession. Compare: Mary’s and Bob’s booksMary and Bob’s bookse) In the construction of “noun phrase + appositive”, the genitive ending is added to the end of the appositive, or both to the end of the noun phrase and to the appositive, eg:Basel the bookseller’sBasel’s, the bookseller’sf) In personal names ending in sibilant /z/, the genitive ending can either be ’s or an apostrophe only, but it can only be ’s when personal names end in other sibilant sounds, eg:Dickens’/Dickens’s novelsJones’/Jones’s poemsMarx’s doctrineRoss’s discoveries2) Meanings of the genitivesThe genitive i s chiefly used to denote “possession”, and therefore, is traditionally called “possessive case”. But genitive meanings are by nomeans restricted to possession. They can be summed up as follows: a) Possessive genitive, eg:Mr. Brown’s suitcase has been tak en upstairs.Taiwan is part of China’s territory.b)Suubjective genitive, eg:The Prime minister’s arrival was reported in the morning paper. Everybody was pleased at David’s quick recovery from illness.c)Objective genitive, eg:The enemy’s defeat brought the war to an end.The criminals punishment will be ten years in prison.d) Genitive of origin, eg:I haven’t received my sister’s letter yet.Newton’s law was developed in the 17th century.e) Descriptive genitive, eg:I first met her on a summer’s dayT his workshop makes men’s shoes.f)Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc, eg:two hours’delay300 kilometres’ distancefive dollars’ worth of stamps50 kilograms’ weight3)Uses of the genitiveGenitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the sameFunction as “possessive determiners” (traditionally called “possessive pronouns”), eg:the boy’s father= his fatherthe woman’s husband=her husbandthe students’ essays=their essaysthe prime minister’s arrival= his/ her arri valthe criminal’s punishment=his/her punishmentmary's letter=her letterthe stranger’s story=his storyAs central determiner, genitive nouns can’t collocate with other central determiners, nor can they be preceded by a premodifier. For instance, we can say “Mary’s letter”, but not“a Mary’s letter”; we can say “Mary’s interesting letter” instead of “interesting Mary’s letter”.This, however, does not apply to some other genitive nouns such as the descriptive genitiveand the genitive that denotes time, distance, value or measure. These genitive nouns are not used as determiners but as premodifiers in the noun phrase, eg:a children’s bookthese children’s booksan interesting children’s booksome other new chidren’s booksthe newly published children’s boo ka/another three days’ journeya pleasant three days’ journeyanother very boring three days’ journeyAs central determiner, genitive nouns are sometimes interchangeable with of-phrases,eg:China’s foreign policy=the foreign policy of Chinaan elephant’s trunk=the trunk of an elephantthe prime minister’s arrival= the arrival of the prime ministerthe criminal’s punishment=the punishment of the criminalNewton’s law=the law of NewtonShakespeare’s tragedies= the tragedies of ShakespeareBut in some cases, we can only use genitive nouns instead of of-phrases, eg:at one’s wit’s endat swords’ pointsa hair’s breadtha wolf in sheep’s clothinga bird’s-eye viewat a stone’s throwIn some other cases, however, we can only use of-phrases instead of genitive nouns, eg:the opinion of the chairman appointed a month agothe suggestions of those present at the meetingthe income of the richthe struggle of the exploitedthe city of Rome4) Independent genitiveAs has been mentioned in the previous section, a genitive noun can sometimes be used independently, that is, without a following noun. This use of the genitive may be termed as independent genitive. Independent genitive is used:a) when the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context and can be easily retrieved:Her memory is like an elephant's.M ary’s is the largest apartment in the building.b) when the missing noun refers to somebody's house or residence:I’m going to dine at my brother’s.The doctor’s is on the other side of the streetc) when the missing noun refers to church, school, or other public buildings:Joe lives near St. Paul's( Cathedral) in London.He was educated at Merchant T aylor’s( school).d) when the missing noun refers to a commercial firm:Pickled vegetables are available at the gro cer’s.Chinese toys are sold both at S mith's and at Brown’s.5) Double genitiveAn independent genitive can sometimes be used as prepositional complementation (traditionally known as prepositional “object”). The prepositional phrase (usually an of-phrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive” , eg:He is a friend of my father’s.=He is one of my father’s friends.This is a painting of my roommate’s.=This is one of the paintings owned by my roommate.She is a business client of Sir R oger’s. =She is one of Sir Roger's business clientsFrom the above examples, we can see that the independent genitive in the of-phrase mustbe definite specific personal reference. Thus, we can say “a patient of the doctor’s”, but not“X a patient of a doctor’s”; nor can we say “X an engine of the plane’s”. In the first example “a doctor's" is not definite specific reference, while in the second, the reference of “the p lane’s” is not personal.From the above examples, we can also see that the noun phrase with adouble genitive as postmoditier usually takes an indefinite determiner such as a(n), some, any, etc, or a demonstrative determiner such as this, that to convey emotional feelings, eg:a daughter of Mrs Green’sany/ some daughters of Mrs Green’st wo daughters of Mrs Green’swhich daughter of Mrs Green’sthat daughter of Mrs Green’sBut we cannot say “X the daughter of Mrs G reen’s.”Semantically, a double genitive is different from an ordinary of-phrase. Compare:He is a friend of m y father’s. =He is one of my father’s friends.He is a friend of my father. Implies “He is friendly to my father”.a portrait of Mr B rown’s =one of the portraits owned or collected by Mr Browna portrait of Mr Brown =a picture of Mr Brown himselfa criticism of Mr H amilton’s =one of the criticisms made by Mr Hamilton a criticism of Mr Hamilton =Mr Hamilton is criticized。
新编英语语法教程-教案-章振邦(上)精品资料
教案新编英语语法教程章振邦2016——2017学年度第二学期本课程教学总体安排课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇课程性质与类型：限选课总学时28、学分：2教学目的与要求：1）开设此课，旨在让学生系统学习和掌握各类语法现象，并且学以致用，活学活用，力求避免在使用英语词汇的过程中出现语法错误。
2）帮助学生理解和掌握各类语法现象所使用的规则，以便他们在以后的专业四级考试和工作中恰当地运用英语语法。
3）扩大学生的商务英语词汇量。
教材及参考书目：《新编英语语法教程》章振邦《实用英语语法详解》薄冰《高级英语语法详解》全建强考核方式及成绩计算方法：笔试总成绩=平时成绩X30％ + 考试成绩X70％课程教学日历课程名称：商务英语语法与词汇授课学期：2016—2017学年第一学期第1讲教学安排的说明章节题目：句子结构学时分配：2本章教学目的与要求：谓结构和句子分析基本句型课堂教学方案课题名称、句子结构授课时数：2 授课类型：理论课教学方法与手段：讲授、讨论、指导教学目的的要求：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学重点、难点：1谓结构和句子分析 2基本句型教学内容及组织安排：1主谓结构和句子分析（1）主语和谓语分句按其逻辑意义，通常分为主语和谓语两大部分。
英语在其长期发展中形成一种相对固定的句子结构：“主语+谓语”的结构。
主语是句子的话题，是信息传递的出发点；谓语是对话题所作的说明，是说话人所要传递的信息。
试观察下列诸句：主语谓语China is a great socialist country．中国是一个伟大的社会主义国家。
Marxism-Leninism is a universally applicable truth．马克思列宁主义是放之四海而皆准的真理。
The students have English lessons twice a week．学生们每星期上两堂英语课。
Hans doesn't seem to be taller than Peter．汉斯似乎并不比彼得高。
章振邦语法精讲-朱磊版
Knowledge is power.
2) 冠词的习惯用法
1.Why is there ___ traffic on the streets in June than in May? A. less B. fewer C. few D. little
2.There are trees on ___ side of the street. A. such a B. both C. some D. each
5. To the dinner party all her ___ were invited. A. relation B. relations C. a relation D. the relations
6. The effort and expense needed for this project bore ___.
first, second, third,
double, twice, three times this, that, these, those,
next, last, other, another,
one-third, two-fifth,
my, your, his, her, their,
one, two, three, several, such
what, such (a/an)
Mike’s, my friend’s
many, much, more, most,
some, any, no, enough,
(a) few, (a) little,
every, each, either, neither, fewer, (the) fewest, less, (the) least,
章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture7课件
I have lost a button. I met an old man in the street. There’s a letter for you. A book I want has been acquired by the library. She put carrots in the stew. The streets are clean and are shaded with trees.
Lecture 7 Determiners (II)—Articles
7.1 Generic and specific reference
Generic Reference
Article
Definite Specific Reference Anaphoric SR Cataphoric SR Situational S-
Anaphoric Specific Reference 后照应特指
The word anaphoric means “pointing backward”. When what is referred to occurs in a previous context, the definite article the has to point backward for its meaning.
Definite Specific Reference
பைடு நூலகம்
Definite specific reference (确定特指) implies that a person or an object can be identified uniquely in the context or according to the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer. The definite article “the” is most frequently used in this sense.
章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture_10课件
P108
Dynamic Verb
Dynamic verbs are verbs that refer to actions. They can be subclassified into three categories, durative, transitional and momentary verbs. These verbs normally admit of both the progressive and the non-progressive aspect. With momentary verbs, the non-progressive form indicates a single movement and the progressive form indicates a repeated movement.
Transitive verbs
Complementation
Intransitive verbs
Linking verbs Dynamic verbs P110
Main verbs
Word meaning
Stative verbs Single-word verbs
Word formation
Phrasal verbs
P111
Stative verbs
Stative verbs are verbs that refer to present or past states. They are not normally used with the progressive aspect except in certain cases where there is a transfer of meaning. They can be subclassified into 4 categories:
《新编英语语法教程》PPT课件
2021/6/20
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Lecture 30 Coordination了
A coordinate construction is a sequence of semantically-related grammatical units that are similar in a form, equal in rank of
❖ One more boot, and I’ll have a pair.
❖ 如并列分句均为祈使句，第一句仍可表条件，第二句表结果：
❖ Surrender and live; resist and die. ❖ = If you surrender, you’ll live; … ❖ Don’t drink and drive. ❖ = If you don’t drink, you can drive. Or: ❖ If you drink, you can’t drive. 不许酒后开车。
❖ He is good and hungry. (very, extremely.)
❖ You’re all nice and hardworking.
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❖ And前的修饰后面的，表示程度,限于少数表性 质和程度的形容词和副词。最典型的是 nice and good.还有：
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❖ Or-group coordinators: or, either…or…
❖ 在否定句中，一般用 or 不用 and 连接同等成分。Or 一 般不表示所择关系：
❖ He has no money or food. ❖ = He has neither money nor food. ❖ I didn’t find him clever or good-looking. ❖ = I found him neither clever nor…. ❖ A sheep was not moving about or eating grass like the
章振邦新编英语语法Lecture1920不定式教学课件
P223 Ex.19A
19.2 Notes on the use of the infinitive sign
1) The infinitive sign used alone: To avoid repetition, the infinitive sign can sometimes be used alone, i.e. the base in the to-infinitive can be omitted, even together with its complementation, especially in informal style, e.g.:
• Type II – The subject of the main clause is the logical object of the infinitive. The adjectives are generally stative adjectives, e.g.: – That question is difficult to answer. This first subtype can be transformed into: – To answer that question is difficult. – It is difficult to answer that question.
19.1 Forms of the infinitive
1) Grammatical forms – The infinitive has no tense distinctions, nor person or number contrasts. But they can be passive and take the simple (to write), progressive (to be writing), perfective (to have written) and perfective progressive (to have been writing) forms. A negative infinitive is formed by adding not or never immediately before the infinitive sign to. The passive infinitive is formed by to be +ed-participle or to have been + ed-participle.
演示版英语句法讲解(参考新编英语语法教程章振邦).pptx
• All that I want is a mooncake.
• Any boy that worked hard payed off.
• He is the cleverest man that I’ve known.
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• 3. 关系副词when, where, where 的用法 • I shall never forget the day when(=on which) we first
met.
• The reason why (= for which ) he came so early is his own affair.
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三、从句的分类
1. 主语从句 2. 表语从句 3. 宾语从句 4. 同位语从句 5. 定语从句 6. 状语从句
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1. 主语从句
• 定义：有that, what, why, how等疑问词引导的分句做句子的主 语。
• e.g. • Whether we will go camping depends on the weather.
• Who is to blame is not clear.
• That a girl was murdered by a Didi driver has aroused the attention of the public.
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2、表语从句
• 定义：有that, what, why, how等疑问词引导的分句做句子的表语。
with me. • The chairman, who spoke first, sat on my right.
章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture 1920不定式教学课件.ppt
You will make it if you try (to).
2) Ellipsis of the infinitive sign:
• When two to-infinitives are coordinated by and or or, the second to is usually omitted, e.g.:
more infinitives occur in a parallel construction, e.g.: Read not to contradict or confute; nor to believe and take for
granted; nor to find talk and discourse; but to weigh and consider. – Francis Bacon
coordinator between the coordinate infinitives, e.g.: Please go to the seaside to swim, to get suntanned. • Nor can any infinitive sign be omitted if a sequence of 3 or
• George says he is going to leave Shanghai, but I don’t think he really wants to.
• We should like Jane to get a good degree, but we don’t really expect her to.
《新编英语语法教程》ppt课件
要
特征或所处的状态，即
动词性 “是什么”、“干什么”、 情态动词+原形动词
复合 复合谓语 “怎么样”
成谓
谓语 名词性
系动词+主语的表语（名词、
分语
复合谓语
代词、数词、形容词、副词、 介词短语、非谓语动词、从句）
双重谓语
由不及物动词+主语的 不及物动词come, go, leave,
表语构成，表现主语的 arrive, return, rise, die, live 等
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Note 1: Single subject/predicate S–V and Compound subject/predicate (p.14)
S1: The boys and the girls are planning a dance.
S V
S
S4： Leah jumped on her bike and rode around the block.
介词+其补足成分
补 宾语补足语 补足直接宾语/主语的意义， 名词、形容词、副词、
要
足 主语补足语 使其完整，宾语/主语与其补 介词短语、不定式、
语
足语之间有逻辑主谓关系
分词、动名词
修饰或限定名词、代词，说 形容词、名词、代词、名
成
定语
明人或物的特性、状态、数 词所有格、数词、副词、
量等
不定式、动名词、分词、
Predicate verb Object (direct object, indirect object, complex object) Complement (subject complement, object complement)
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P75 Ex. 7A
Articles in use with different classes of noun
The use of articles is often a headache for us Chinese learners. This is not only because there is no article contrast in Chinese common nouns, but also because there are too many exceptions to the rules guiding the use of articles. As a matter of fact, the choice of an article in quite a few idiomatic expressions is just a matter of usage which is difficult or even impossible to explain in terms of a few grammatical rules. The following is a brief description of the use of articles with different classes of noun. Refer to P76-82
Anaphoric Specific Reference 后照应特指
The word anaphoric means “pointing backward”. When what is referred to occurs in a previous context, the definite article the has to point backward for its meaning.
I have lost a button. I met an old man in the street. There’s a letter for you. A book I want has been acquired by the library. She put carrots in the stew. The streets are clean and are shaded with trees.
Wife: “I’m just back from the market.” What’s in the paper(s) today? Shut the door, please. How’s the cough today? He turned on the radio. What’s on the radio? Mary asked, “Why is Father out of work?” John was elected chairman of the students’ union.
Suddenly Marsha heard what sounded like a fight between a man and a woman. She tensed, prepared to call help till she realised that the she woman seemed to be getting the better of it. Lyn lived with her husband in a house that they had bought for a song in nearby Seyer Street. The house was cheap partly because It it was falling down. He ordered a book some time ago. It has now arrived.
We own a dog and a cat. The dog is brown, and the cat is white. The dog and the cat are the same ones we had last year.
Indefinite Specific Reference
In the case of indefinite specific reference (非确定特指), the person or thing referred to is also a specific object, but is not definitely identified. This kind of referential meaning is most commonly expressed by the indefinite article (a/an). In certain contexts and situations the zero article can perform the same function.
the + a singular count noun : Galileo claimed that he had invented the telescope. The horse has been replaced by the railroad, the windship and the steamship. the + adjectives or adjectival participles: The sick have been cured, the lost have been found, and the dead have been revived. The rich get richer, and the poor get children. The true, the good and the beautiful would not exist without the false, the evil and the ugly. The oppressed and the exploited wanted to free themselves from the oppressors.
a/an + a singular count noun :
An ox is a useful animal. My brother William is planning to be a lawyer.
The zero article + plural or non-count nouns:
Doctors are badly needed at the front. Carrots are my favourite vegetable. They are teachers, not students. Cats and tigers belong to the same family of mammals. Electricity is a form of energy. Unity is strength. Knowledge is power.
Cataphoric SR Situational S-
Specific Re
When we say the reference is generic, we are talking about any member representative of a class of people or things. All the three forms of article ( the definite article the, the indefinite article a(n), and the zero article) can be used generically to refer to the members of a class as a whole.
Please tell us the story of Franklin. Is this the train for Shanghai? Here is the student I told you about.
Situational Reference 语境特指
It depends not on any referent that has occurred in the context but solely on the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer or on a specific situation in which the reference is made clear. It is most commonly denoted by the definite article the, but in certain situations the same function can also be performed by zero.
Lecture 7 Determiners (II)—Articles
7.1 Generic and specific reference
Generic Reference
Article
Definite Specific Reference Indefinite Specific Reference Anaphoric SR
Definite Specific Reference
Definite specific reference (确定特指) implies that a person or an object can be identified uniquely in the context or according to the common knowledge shared by speaker and hearer. The definite article “the” is most frequently used in this sense.
Cataphoric Specific Reference 前照应特指