托福阅读真题100篇原文题目(三十七)
托福(toefl)考试阅读理解部分全真试题
托福（TOEFL）考试阅读理解部分全真试题Questions 1-11Before the 1500 s, the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers. One group, the Mandans, lived in the upper Missouri River country, primarily in present-day North Dakota. They had large village s of houses built close together. The tight arrangement enabled the Ma ndans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers sto red from one year to the next.The women had primary responsibility for the fields. They had to exerc ise considerable skill to produce the desired results, for their north ern location meant fleeting growing seasons. Winter often lingered; au tumn could be ushered in by severe frost. For good measure, during the spring and summer, drought, heat, hail, grasshoppers, and other frustr ations might await the wary grower.Under such conditions, Mandan women had to grow maize capable of weath ering adversity. They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring. clearing the land, using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting. From this point until the first green corn c ould be harvested, the crop required labor and vigilance.Harvesting proceeded in two stages. In August the Mandans picked a sma ller amount of the crop before it had matured fully. This green corn w as boiled, dried, and shelled, with some of the maize slated for immed iate consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags. Later in the fall, the people picked the rest of the corn. They saved the best of t he harvest for seeds or for trade, with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves. With appropriate bank ing of the extra food, the Mandans protected themselves against the di saster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.The women planted another staple, squash, about the first of June, and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest. After they picke d it, they sliced it, dried it, and strung the slices before they stor ed them. Once again, they saved the seed from the best of the year s c rop. The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco; the latter was the particular task of the old men.1. The Mandans built their houses close together in order to(A) guard their supplies of food(B) protect themselves against the weather(C) allow more room for growing corn(D) share farming implements2.The word "enabled" in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A)covered(B) reminded(C)helped(D)isolated3.The word "considerable" in line 10 is closest in meaning to(A) planning(B) much(C) physical(D) flew4.Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?(A) They developed effective fertilizers.(B) They developed new varieties of corn.(C) They could grow crops in most types of soil.(D) They could grow crops despite adverse weather.5. Tile word "consumption" in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) decay(B) planting(C) eating(D) conversion6.Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by b oth men and women?(A) Clearing fields(B) Planting corn(C) Harvesting corn(D) harvesting squash.7.The word "disaster" in line 31 is closest in meaning to(A)control(B)catastrophe(C)avoidance(D)history8. According to the passage, the Mandans preserved their food by(A)smoking(B)drying(C)freezing.(D)salting9.The word "it" in line 34 refers to(A)June(B)corn(C)time(D)squash10.Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men(A) Corn(B)Squash(C)Sunflower(D)Tobacco11.Throughout the passage, the author implies that the Mandans(A)planned for the future(B) valued individuality(C)were open to strangers(D)were very adventurousQuestions 12-20The elements other than hydrogen and helium exist in such small quanti ties that it is accurate to say that the universe somewhat more than 2 5 percent helium by weight and somewhat less than 25 percent hydrogen. Astronomers have measured the abundance of helium throughout our galax y and in other galaxies as well. Helium has been found In old stars, i n relatively young ones, in interstellar gas, and in the distant objec ts known as quasars. Helium nuclei have also been found to be constitu ents of cosmic rays that fall on the earth (cosmic "rays" are not real ly a form of radiation; they consist of rapidly moving particles of nu merous different kinds). It doesn t seem to make very much difference where the helium is found. Its relative abundance never seems to vary much. In some places, there may be slightly more of it; In others, sli ghtly less, but the ratio of helium to hydrogen nuclei always remains about the same.Helium is created in stars. In fact, nuclear reactions that convert hy drogen to helium are responsible for most of the energy that stars pro duce. However, the amount of helium that could have been produced in t his manner can be calculated, and it turns out to be no more than a fe w percent. The universe has not existed long enough for this figure to be significantly greater. Consequently, if the universe is somewhat mo re than 25 percent helium now, then it must have been about 25 percent helium at a time near the beginning.. However, when the universe was l ess than one minute old, no helium could have existed. Calculations in dicate that before this time temperatures were too high and particles of matter were moving around much too rapidly. It was only after the o ne-minute point that helium could exist.By this time, the universe had cooled sufficiently that neutrons and p rotons could stick together. But the nuclear reactions that led to the formation of helium went on for only a relatively short time. By the t ime the universe was a few minutes old, helium production had effectiv ely ceased.12.What does the passage mainly explain?(A)How stars produce energy(B)The difference between helium and hydrogen(C)When most of the helium in the universe was formed(D)Why hydrogen is abundant13.According to the passage, helium is(A) the second-most abundant element in the universe(B) difficult to detect(C) the oldest element in the universe(D) the most prevalent element in quasars14.The word "constituents" in line 9 is closest in meaning to(A) relatives(B) causes(C)components(D) targets15.Why does the author mention "cosmic rays t in line 10?(A)As part of a list of things containing helium(B)As an example of an unsolved astronomical puzzle(C) To explain how the universe began(D) To explain the abundance of hydrogen in the universe16.The word "vary" in line 14 is closest ill meaning to(A) mean(B) stretch(C) change(D) include17.The creation of helium within stars(A) cannot be measured(B) produces energy(C) produces hydrogen as a by-product(D) causes helium to be much more abundant In old stars than In young star:18. The word "calculated" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) ignored(B) converted(C) increased(D) determined19.Most of the helium in the universe was formed(A) in interstellar space(B) in a very short time(C)during the first minute of the universe s existence(D) before most of the hydrogen20.The word "ceased" in line 35 is closest in meaning to(A)extended(B)performed(C)taken hold(D)stoppedQuestions 21-30In colonial America, people generally covered their beds with decorati ve quilts resembling those of the lands from which the quitters had co me. Wealthy and socially prominent settlers made quilts of the English type, cut from large lengths of cloth of the same color and texture ra ther than stitched together from smaller pieces. They mad these until the advent of the Revolutionary War in I 775, when everything English came to be frowned upon.Among the whole-cloth quilts made by these wealthy settlers during the early period are those now called linsey- woolseys. This term was usually applied to a fabric of wool and linen used In heavy clothing and q uilted petticoats worn in the wintertime. Despite the name, linsey-woo lsey bedcovers did not often contain linen. Rather, they were made ofa top layer of woolen or glazed worsted wool fabric, consisting of smo oth, compact yarn from long wool fiber dyed dark blue, green, or brown with a bottom layer of a coarser woolen material, either natural or a shade of yellow. The filling was a soft layer of wool which had been c leaned and separated and the three layers were held together with deco rative stitching done with homespun linen thread. Later, cotton thread was used for this purpose. The design of the stitching was often a sim ple one composed of interlocking circles or crossed diagonal lines giv ing a diamond pattern.This type of heavy, warm, quilted bedcover was so large that it hung to the floor. The corners are cut out at the foot of the cover so that the quilt fit snugly around the tall four-poster, beds of the 1700 s, which differed from those of today in that they were shorter and wider; they were short because people slept in a semi-sitting position with m any bolsters or pillows, and wide, because each bed often slept threeor more. The linsey-woolsey covering was found in the colder regions of the country because of the warmth it afforded. There was no central heating and most bedrooms did not have fireplaces.21. What does this passage mainly discuss?(A) The processing of wool(B) Linsey-woolsey bedcovers(C) Sleeping habits of colonial Americans(D) Quilts made in England22. The word "prominent" in line 3 is closest in meaning to(A) isolated(B) concerned(C) generous(D) distinguished23.The author mention the Revolutionary War as a time period when(A) quills were supplied to the army(B) more immigrants arrived from England(C) quills imported from England became harder to find(D) people s attitudes toward England changed.24.The phrase "applied to" in line 11 is closest in meaning to(A) sewn onto(B) compared to(C) used for(D) written down on25.The term "linsey-woolsey" originally meant fabric used primarily in(A)quilts(B)sheets(C)clothing(D) pillows26.The word "coarser" in line 17 is closest in meaning to(A)older(B) less heavy(C)more attractive(D) rougher27.The quilts described in the second and third paragraphs were made p rimarily of(A) wool(B) linen(C) cotton(D) a mixture of fabrics28.It can be inferred from the third paragraph that the sleeping habit sof most Americans have changed since the 1700 s in all the following w ays EXCEPT(A) the position in which people sleep(B) the numbers of bolsters or pillows people sleep on(C) the length of time people sleep(D) the number of people who sleep in one bed29.The word "afforded" in line 33 is closest in meaning to(A) provided(B) spent(C) avoided(D) absorbed30.Which of the following was most likely to be found in a bedroom in the colder areas of the American colonies?(A)A linsey-woolsey(B)A vent from a central healing system(C)A fireplace(D)A wood stoveQuestions 31-40Growing tightly packed together and collectively weaving a dense canop y of branches, a stand of red alder trees can totally dominate a site to the exclusion of almost everything else. Certain species such as sa lmonberry and sword ferns have Line adapted to the limited sunlight da ppling through the canopy, but few evergreen trees (S) will survive th ere; still fewer can compete with the early prodigious growth of alder s. A Douglas fir tree reaches its maximum rate of growth ten years lat er than an alder, and if the two of them begin life at the same time, the alder quickly outgrows and dominates the Douglas fir. After an ald er canopy has closed, the Douglas fir suffers a marked decrease in gro wth, often dying within seven years. Even more shade-tolerant species of trees such as hemlock may remain badly suppressed beneath aggressiv e young alders.Companies engaged in intensive timber cropping naturally take a dim vi ew of alders suppressing more valuable evergreen trees. But times are changing; a new generation of foresters seems better prepared to Inclu de in their management plans consideration of the vital ecological rol e alders, play. Among the alder s valuable ecological contributions is its capacity to fix nitrogen in nitrogen-deficient soils. Alder roots contain clusters of nitrogen-fixing nodules like those found on legume s such as beans. in addition, newly developing soils exposed by recent glacier retreat and planted with alders show that these trees are appl ying the equivalent of ten bags of high- nitrogen fertilizer to each h ectare per year. Other chemical changes to soil in which they are grow ing Include a lowering of the base content and rise In soil acidity, a s well as a substantial addition of carbon and calcium. to the soil.Another important role many alders play in the wild, particularly in m ountainous areas, is to check the rush of water during spring melt. In Japan and elsewhere, the trees are planted to stabilize soil on steep mountain slopes. Similarly, alders have been planted to stabilize and rehabilitate waste material left over from old mines, flood deposits, and landslide areas in both Europe and Asia.31.What does the passage mainly discuss?(A)Differences between alder trees and Douglas fir trees(B)Alder trees as a source of timber(C)Management plans for using alder trees to improve soil(D)The relation of alder trees to their forest environments32.The word "dense" in line I is closest in meaning to(A) dark(B) tall(C) thick(D) broad33.Alder trees can suppress the growth of nearby trees by depriving th em of(A) nitrogen(B) sunlight(C) soil nutrients(D) water34.Thc passage suggests that Douglas fir trees are(A)a type of alder(B)a type of evergreen(C)similar to sword ferns(D)fast-growing trees35.It can be inferred from paragraph I that hemlock trees(A) are similar in size to alder trees.(B) interfere with the growth of Douglas fir trees(C) reduce the number of alder trees In the forest(D) need less sunlight than do Douglas fir trees36.It can be inferred from paragraph 2 that previous generations of fo resters(A) did not study the effects of alders on forests(B) did not want alders In forests(C) harvested alders for lumber(D) used alders to control the growth of evergreens37.The word "they" in line 27 refers to(A) newly developing soils(B) alders(C) bags(D) chemical changes38.According to the passage that alders are used in mountainous areasto(A) nitrogen(B) calcium(C) carbon(D) oxygen39.It can be Inferred from the passage that alders are used in mountai nous areas to(A) prevent water from carrying away soil(B) hold the snow(C) protect mines(D) provide material for housing40.What is the author s main purpose in the passage?(A) To argue that alder trees are useful in forest management(B) To explain the life cycle of alder trees(C) To criticize the way alders take over and eliminate forests(D) To illustrate how alder trees control soil erosionQuestions 41-50In taking ups new life across the Atlantic, the early European settlers of the United States did not abandon the diversions with which their ancestors had traditionally relieved the tedium of life. Neither the h arshness of existence on the new continent nor Line the scattered popu lation nor the disapproval of the clergy discouraged the majority from the pursuit of pleasure.City and country dwellers. of course. conducted this pursuit in differ ent ways. Farm dwellers in their isolation not only found it harder to locate companions in play but also thanks to the unending demands and pressures of their work, felt it necessary to combine fun with purpose. No other set of colonists too so seriously one expression of the perio d. "Leisure Is time for doing something useful." in the country- side farmers therefore relieved the burden of the daily routine with such d ouble-purpose relaxation as hunting. fishing, and trapping. When a nei ghbor needed help, families rallied from miles around to assist In bui lding a house or barn, husking corn, shearing sheep. or chopping wood. Food, drink, and celebration after the group work provided relaxation and soothed weary muscles.The most eagerly anticipated social events were the rural fairs, Hundr eds of men, women, and children attended from far and near. The men bought or traded farm animals and acquired needed merchandise while the women displayed food prepared in their kitchens, and everyone, Includi ng the youngsters, watched or participated in a variety of competitive sports, with prizes awarded to the winners. These events typically inc luded horse races, wrestling matches, and foot races, as well as some nonathletic events such as whistling competitions. No other occasions did so much to relieve the isolation of farm existence.With the open countryside everywhere at hand, city dwellers naturally shared in some of the rural diversions. Favored recreations included f ishing, hunting1 skating, and swimming. But city dwellers also develop ed other pleasures. which only compact communities made possible.41.What is the passage mainly about?(A) Methods of farming used by early settlers of the United States(B) Hardships faced by the early settlers of the United States(C) Methods of buying, selling, and trading used by early settlers of the United States(D) Ways in which early settlers of the United States relaxed42.What can be inferred about the diversions of the early settlers of the United States?(A) They followed a pattern begun in Europe.(B) They were enjoyed more frequently than in Europe.(C) The clergy organized them.(D) Only the wealthy participated in them.43.Which of he following can be said about the country dwellers attitu de toward "the pursuit of pleasure"?(A) They felt that it should help keep their minds on their work.(B) They felt that it was not necessary.(C) They felt that it should be. productive.(D) They felt that it should not involve eating and drinking.44.The phrase "thanks to" in line 10-11 is closest in meaning to(A)grateful for(B) help with(C) because of(D) machines for45.The word "their" in line 11 refers to(B) farm dwellers(C) demands(D) pressures46.What is meant by the phrase "double-purpose" in line 19 ?(A) Very frequent(B) Useful and enjoyable(C) Extremely necessary(D) Positive and negative47.The phrase "eagerly anticipated" in line 22 is closest in meaning t o(A) well organized(B) old-fashioned(C) strongly opposed(D) looked forward to48.Which of the following can be said about the rural diversions menti oned in the last paragraph in which city dwellers also participated?(A) They were useful to the rural community.(B) They involved the purchase items useful in the home.(C) They were activities that could be done equally easily in the town s(D) They were all outdoor activities.49.What will the author probably discuss in the paragraph following th is passage?(A) The rural diversions enjoyed by both urban and rural people(B) Leisure activities of city dwellers(C) Building methods of the early settlers in rural areas(D)Changes in the lifestyles of settlers as they moved to the cities50. Where in the passage does the author mention factors that might pr event people from enjoying themselves?(A)Line4-7(B) Lines 12-14(C) Lines 17-20(D)Lines 25-271。
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题(含答案)
托福TOEFL考试阅读模拟题（含答案）托福阅读文本：The Native Americans of northern California were highly skilled at basketry, using thereeds,grasses, barks, and roots they found around them to fashion articles of all sorts and sizes — not only trays, containers, and cooking pots, but hats, boats, fish traps, baby carriers, and ceremonial objects.Of all these experts, none excelled the Pomo — a group who lived on or near the coast during the 1800's, and whose descendants continue to live in parts of the same region to this day. They made baskets three feet in diameter and others no bigger than a thimble. The Pomo people were masters of decoration. Some of their baskets were completely covered with shell pendants; others with feathers that made the baskets' surfaces as soft as the breasts of birds. Moreover, the Pomo people made use of more weaving techniques than did their neighbors. Most groups made all their basketwork by twining — the twisting of a flexible horizontal material, called a weft, around stiffer vertical strands of material, the warp. Others depended primarily on coiling — a process in which a continuous coil of stiff material is held in the desired shape with tight wrapping of flexible strands. Only the Pomo people used both processes with equal ease and frequency. In addition, they made use of four distinct variations on the basic twining process, often employing more than one of them in a single article.Although a wide variety of materials was available, the Pomo people used only a few. The warp was always made of willow, and the most commonly used weft was sedge root, a woody fiber that could easily be separated into strands no thicker than a thread. For color, the Pomo people used the bark of redbud for their twined work and dyed bullrush root for black in coiled work. Though other materials were sometimes used, these four were the staples in their finest basketry.If the basketry materials used by the Pomo people were limited, the designs were amazingly varied. Every Pomo basketmaker knew how to produce from fifteen to twenty distinct patterns that could be combined in a number of different ways.托福阅读题目：1. What best distinguished Pomo basketsfrom baskets of other groups?(A) The range of sizes, shapes, and designs(B) The unusual geometric(C) The absence of decoration(D) The rare materials used2. The word "fashion" in line 2 is closest in meaning to(A) maintain(B) organize(C) trade(D) create3. The Pomo people used each of the following materials to decorate baskets EXCEPT(A) shells(B) feathers(C) leaves(D) bark4. What is the author's main point in the second paragraph?(A) The neighbors of the Pomo people tried to improve on the Pomo basket weaving techniques.(B) The Pomo people were the most skilled basket weavers in their region.(C) The Pomo people learned their basket weaving techniques from other Native Americans.(D) The Pomo baskets have been handed down for generations.5. The word "others " in line 9 refers to(A) masters(B) baskets(C) pendants(D) surfaces6.According to the passage , a weft is a(A) tool for separating sedge root(B) process used for coloring baskets(C) pliable maternal woven around the warp(D) pattern used to decorate baskets7.According to the passage , what did the Pomo people use as the warp in their baskets?(A) bullrush(B) willow(C) sedge(D) redbud8. The word "article" in line 17 is close in meaning to(A) decoration(B) shape(C) design(D) object9. According to the passage . The relationship between redbud and twining is most similar to the relationship between(A) bullrush and coiling(B) weft and warp(C) willow and feathers(D) sedge and weaving10. The word "staples" in line 23 is closest in meaning to(A) combinations(B) limitations(C) accessories(D) basic elements11. The word "distinct" in lime 26 is closest in meaning to(A) systematic(B) beautiful(C) different(D) compatible12. Which of the following statements about Pomo baskets can be best inferred from the passage ?(A) Baskets produced by other Native Americans were less varied in design than those of the Pomo people.(B) Baskets produced by Pomo weavers were primarily for ceremonial purposes.(C) There were a very limited number of basketmaking materials available to the Pomo people.(D) The basketmaking production of the Pomo people has increased over the years.托福阅读模拟题答案：BDCBB CBDAD CA。
tpo67三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识
tpo67三篇托福阅读TOEFL原文译文题目答案背景知识阅读-1 (2)原文 (2)译文 (5)题目 (8)答案 (16)背景知识 (17)阅读-2 (21)原文 (21)译文 (25)题目 (27)答案 (34)背景知识 (35)阅读-3 (39)原文 (40)译文 (43)题目 (46)答案 (53)背景知识 (54)阅读-1原文Crop Engineering①Our current ability to precisely engineer crop genomes was preceded by a long history of genetic manipulation in agriculture. Human impact and its accompanying effects began early in our history at many tropical and subtropical sites around the globe.Our ancestors were omnivores,consuming whatever plant or animal material they fortuitously encountered.Even then,humans had considerable effects on the environment,reducing and even driving to extinction populations of the animal species they hunted and expanding the distribution of plants by accidentally distributing seeds as they migrated.②Humans probably first realized that seeds could yield a stable food supply through agriculture when they observed plants arising from refuse or wasteland,perhaps fruit trees growing along forest and jungle paths from discarded or defecated seeds or else vegetables sprouting in garbage dumps at temporary settlements.A more organized approach to agriculture began about eight to ten thousandyears ago coincidentally at a number of locations around the globe. The most diverse farming developed in the Near East,with legumes, cereals,flax,sesame,and fruit trees.At about the same time,New World residents were growing beans,maize,squashes,and potatoes，and Asian farmers were beginning to cultivate rice.③These early domesticated crops foreshadowed the overwhelming changes contemporary agriculture has wrought in plants.Humans soon learned to separate varieties that could be grown as crops from wild types in order to prevent characteristics undesirable for cultivation from mingling with those selected for farming.Continued selection of crops with desirable characteristics increased the separation between feral(wild)and managed plants and accelerated the diminishing diversity and more limited variation found in today's crops.④The simplest way to select crops is to save seeds preferentially from plants with beneficial traits,and the first farmers selected for large seeds and fruit,increased seed production,lack of dormancy,faster germination,higher annual yield,and reduced seed scattering.The success of this early selection resulted in an accelerating impact ofagriculture on crop diversity and feral plants.Crops quickly became commodities,moved and traded over a rapidly widening area,so that many plants were distributed well beyond their previous ranges,and some throughout the globe.⑤Three phenomena have characterized the more recent impact of agriculture on Earth.The first was the increase in human population, which has doubled at shorter and shorter intervals over the last thousand years.The result was increased acreage under cultivation and a fundamental remodeling of the globe toward managed rather than wild ecosystems.By1998there were3,410,523,800acres of land under cultivation worldwide,an area larger than the United States. Entire ecosystems have disappeared,others remain but are threatened, and the sheer volume of people and area of farmland have been major forces of biological change.⑥The second event through which agriculture modified our planet was European colonization.Previously,migration and trade had moved crops between countries and continents,but the Europeans inaugurated an unprecedented dispersal of biological materialworldwide.Maize,tomatoes,and potatoes were transported from the New World to the Old;wheat,rye,and barley were carried from the Old World to the New;and rice,soybeans,and alfalfa were moved from their Asian sources to every arable continent.Each of these and innumerable other introductions conveyed not only unique material but also assemblages of introduced plant pests and diseases that today cause the majority of pest-management problems around the world.⑦The third factor shaping the nature of agriculture and the environment alike is the increasing precision with which we have selected and bred crops.This acuity stemmed from many advances, but at its heart lies the work of two men—one,the English naturalist Charles Darwin,and the other,an Austrian monk,Gregor Mendel.The concepts of evolution and genetics were not their work alone,but both of them were decades ahead of their colleagues in synthesizing the companion concepts of natural selection and inheritance that are at the core of all contemporary biological science and that form the substrate upon which biotechnology grew.译文作物工程①我们目前能准确设计农作物基因组的能力是由在农业中长期的基因操控得来的。
托福备考托福阅读34套TPO样题+解析+译文17--3 Symbiotic Relationships
托福考试 复习托福阅读TPO17(试题+答案+译文)第3篇:Symbiotic Relationships托福阅读原文【1】A symbiotic relationship is an interaction between two or more species in which one species lives in or on another species. There are three main types of symbiotic relationships: parasitism, commensalism, and mutualism. The first and the third can be key factors in the structure of a biological community; that is, all the populations of organisms living together and potentially interacting in a particular area.【2】Parasitism is a kind of predator-prey relationship in which one organism, the parasite, derives its food at the expense of its symbiotic associate, the host. Parasites are usually smaller than their hosts. An example of a parasite is a tapeworm that lives inside the intestines of a larger animal and absorbs nutrients from its host. Natural selection favors the parasites that are best able to find and feed on hosts. At the same time, defensive abilities of hosts are also selected for. As an example, plants make chemicals toxic to fungal and bacterial parasites, along with ones toxic to predatory animals (sometimes they are the same chemicals). In vertebrates, the immune system provides a multiple defense against internal parasites.【3】At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist the parasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.【4】In contrast to parasitism, in commensalism, one partner benefits without significantly affecting the other. Few cases of absolute commensalism probably exist, because it is unlikely that one of the partners will be completely unaffected. Commensal associations sometimes involve one species' obtaining food that is inadvertently exposed by another. For instance, several kinds of birds feed on insects flushed out of the grass by grazing cattle. It is difficult to imagine how this could affect the cattle, but the relationship may help or hinder them in some way not yet recognized.【5】The third type of symbiosis, mutualism, benefits both partners in therelationship Legume plants and their nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and the interactions between flowering plants and their pollinators, are examples of mutualistic association. In the first case, the plants provide the bacteria with carbohydrates and other organic compounds, and the bacteria have enzymes that act as catalysts that eventually add nitrogen to the soil, enriching it. In the second case, pollinators (insects, birds) obtain food from the flowering plant, and the plant has its pollen distributed and seeds dispersed much more efficiently than they would be if they were carried by the wind only. Another example of mutualism would be the bull's horn acacia tree, which grows in Central and South America. The tree provides a place to live for ants of the genus Pseudomyrmex. The ants live in large, hollow thorns and eat sugar secreted by the tree. The ants also eat yellow structures at the tip of leaflets: these are protein rich and seem to have no function for the tree except to attract ants. The ants benefit the host tree by attacking virtually anything that touches it. They sting other insects and large herbivores (animals that eat only plants) and even clip surrounding vegetation that grows near the tree. When the ants are removed, the trees usually die, probably because herbivores damage them so much that they are unable to compete with surrounding vegetation for light and growing space.【6】The complex interplay of species in symbiotic relationships highlights an important point about communities: Their structuredepends on a web of diverse connections among organisms.托福阅读试题1.Which of the following statements about commensalism can be inferred from paragraph 1?A.It excludes interactions between more than two species.B.It makes it less likely for species within a community to survive.C.Its significance to the organization of biological communities is small.D.Its role in the structure of biological populations is a disruptive one.2.The word derives in the passage (paragraph 2) is closest in meaning toA.DigestsB.ObtainsC.ControlsD.Discovers3.According to paragraph 2, which of the following is true of the action of natural selection on hosts and parasites?A.Hosts benefit more from natural selection than parasites do.B.Both aggression in predators and defensive capacities in hosts are favored for species survival.C.The ability to make toxic chemicals enables a parasite to find and isolate its host.rger size equips a parasite to prey on smaller host organisms.4.The word devastated in the passage (paragraph 3) is closest in meaning toA. InfluencedB.InfectedC.strengthenedD.destroyed5.Which of the following can be concluded from the discussion in paragraph 3 about the Australian rabbit population?A.Human intervention may alter the host, the parasite. and the relationship between them.B.The risks of introducing outside organisms into a biological community are not worth the benefits.C.Humans should not interfere in host-parasite relationships.anisms that survive a parasitic attack do so in spite of the natural selection process.6.According to paragraph 3, all of the following characterize the way natural selection stabilized the Australian rabbit population EXCEPT:A.The most toxic viruses died with their hosts.B.The surviving rabbits were increasingly immune to the virus.C.The decline of the mosquito population caused the spread of the virus to decline.D.Rabbits with specific genetic make-ups were favored.7.The word inadvertently in the passage (paragraph 4) is closest in meaning toA.IndefensiblyB.SubstantiallyC.UnintentionallyD.Partially8.According to paragraph 5, the relationship between legumes and bacteria benefits the soil byA.adding enriching carbohydratesB.speeding the decay of organic matterC.destroying enzymes that pollute itD.contributing nitrogen to it9.Which of the sentences below best expresses the essential information in the highlighted sentence in the passage (paragraph 5)? Incorrect choices change the meaning in important ways or leave out essential information.A.The relationship between flowering plants and pollinators provides pollinators with food and flowers with efficient reproduction.B.In some cases birds obtain food from the seeds that are dispersed in the wind.C.The wind not only helps the flowers distribute their seeds but enablesbirds to find more food.D.Animals and insects are more effective in distributing pollen and seeds than the wind.10.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?A.According to paragraph 5, which of the following is NOT true of the relationship between the bull's horn acacia tree and the Pseudomyrmex ants?B.The acacia trees are a valuable source of nutrition for the ants.C.The ants enable the acacia tree to produce its own chemical defenses.D.The ants protect the acacia from having to compete with surrounding vegetation.11.The word highlights in the passage (paragraph 6) is closest in meaning toA.DefinesB.EmphasizesC.ReflectsD.Suggests12.What is the main purpose of paragraph 6?A.To explain the concept of symbiosis by expanded descriptions of its principal typesB.To make a comparison between human relationships and symbiotic interactions in the natural worldC.To demonstrate the unforeseen benefits of natural processes that at first seem wholly destructiveD.To argue that parasitism is a problem that can be solved by scientific intervention13. Look at the four squares [■] that indicate where the following sentence could be added to the passage. Where would the sentence best fit? This massive population began a century earlier as a mere twelve pairs of imported rabbits that reproduced quickly and developed into a major problem.At times, it is actually possible to watch the effects of natural selection in host-parasite relationships. For example, Australia during the 1940 s was overrun by hundreds of millions of European rabbits. ■【A】The rabbits destroyed huge expanses of Australia and threatened the sheep and cattle industries. ■【B】In 1950, myxoma virus, a parasite that affects rabbits, was deliberately introduced into Australia to control the rabbit population. ■【C】Spread rapidly by mosquitoes, the virus devastated the rabbit population. ■【D】The virus was less deadly to the offspring of surviving rabbits, however, and it caused less and less harm over the years. Apparently, genotypes (the genetic make-up of an organism) in the rabbit population were selected that were better able to resist theparasite. Meanwhile, the deadliest strains of the virus perished with their hosts as natural selection favored strains that could infect hosts but not kill them. Thus, natural selection stabilized this host-parasite relationship.14. Directions: An introductory sentence for a brief summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer choices that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the passage or are minor ideas in the passage. This question is worth 2 points.Symbiotic relationships involve the interaction of two or more organisms acting as partners.A.Parasitic relationships involve the interplay of aggression by the parasite and resistance and adaptation by the host.B.Mutualism ordinarily involves an interaction between two members of the same species.C.Mutualism is unique among symbiotic relationships in that it r benefits both partners involved in the relationship.D.Parasitic damage to Australian rabbits was never reversed because the rabbits were unable to adapt to the parasites' attacks.E.The rarity of commensal relationships stems from the difficulty of finding relationships that benefit one species without affecting the other.F.The structure of biological communities depends on the types ofrelationships that exist among the species within.托福阅读答案1.以commensalism做关键词定位至第二句，说有三种类型，第一种和第三种很重要，根据对比，也就是说第二种commensalism不重要，所以答案是C。
托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】.docx
托福资料之老托阅读 100 篇【完整版】老托阅读 100 篇相对 TPO 要简单一些，也是伴随托福备考学员的很重要的一份资料，对于基础薄弱，做 TPO 真题阅读需要过渡的考生来说再适合不过了，为方便考生备考，太傻留学托福考试频道特意将这100 篇托福阅读理解为考生做了归纳和整理，考生只要收藏此页面，就可以在需要的时候打开进行练习了!Toefl 资料下载之老托阅读100 篇【完整版】PASSAGE 1: 冰箱的发展PASSAGE 2: 水循环PASSAGE 3: 印第安人变篮子的故事PASSAGE 4: 哈德逊河派的绘画PASSAGE 6: 硫酸钾在造玻璃和肥皂时的作PASSAGE 5: 创造文化的材料和技术用PASSAGE 7:Philadelphia's 如何发展成商业PASSAGE 8: 为什么大型动物要生活在热带中心雨林PASSAGE 9: 孟买象化石的发现地PASSAGE 10: 人类饮食活动的变化PASSAGE 11: 竹屋怎样防御外界的侵害PASSAGE 12: 动物在岩石上产卵PASSAGE 13: 地球表面岩石的生长与分类PASSAGE 14: 电视对美国政治的影响PASSAGE 15: 菌类对农业的影响PASSAGE 16: 鸟的祖先PASSAGE 17: 鹦鹉产卵的方式PASSAGE 18: 女性对美国建立初期的贡献PASSAGE 19: 北美城市的发展PASSAGE 20: 壁炉的构造PASSAGE 21: 美国早期雕塑的发展PASSAGE 22: 北美城市的发展改革PASSAGE 23: 美国早期城市功能的发展PASSAGE 24: 地球极地激光的形成和外形PASSAGE 25: 营养学研究的历史PASSAGE 26: 关于某彗星的介绍PASSAGE 28:19 世纪末 20 世纪初艺术的发PASSAGE 27: 土壤分解法展PASSAGE 29:一种农业机器在美国的普遍PASSAGE 30: 蝴蝶的种类使用PASSAGE 31: 房租租金的控制PASSAGE 32: 西方艺术发展史PASSAGE 33: 关于做决定的研究PASSAGE 34: 城市的发展以及移民PASSAGE 35: 一种岩洞对观察天象的影响PASSAGE 36: 美国水彩画协会的发展PASSAGE 37: 人的声音对个性的影响PASSAGE 38 : 有关冰河时代的PASSAGE 39: 印第安人捕鱼的生活方式PASSAGE 40: 一周工人工作时间的演变PASSAGE 42:美国铁路发展给美国带来的PASSAGE 41: 地球物种灭绝的分析影响PASSAGE 43: 抗感染药的发明PASSAGE 44: 大脑中神经系统的结构PASSAGE 45:19 世纪的家庭工作PASSAGE 46: 宾夕法尼亚暖气锅炉的改造PASSAGE 47: 美国在 20 世纪初对移民者的PASSAGE 48: 不同领导的领导风格介绍PASSAGE 50:19 世纪艺术在工业社会中的PASSAGE 49: 古代陶瓷的制作方式角色PASSAGE 51 : 美国建立自然生态保护园的PASSAGE 52:美国劳动力从农业到工业的介绍转变PASSAGE 54:被作曲家采用越来越多的音PASSAGE 53: 玻璃纤维的使用方法乐元素PASSAGE 55: 建立公园的计划PASSAGE 56: 民歌定义的不同理解PASSAGE 58:从狩猎到农业的改变对人类PASSAGE 57: 希腊陶瓷技术的发展生活的影响PASSAGE 60: 美国棉花 19 时期作为重要的PASSAGE 59: 历史上第一只鸟的介绍出口商品PASSAGE61: 北美农业殖民地艺术家作品PASSAGE 62: 关于鸟换毛的事PASSAGE 63: 鸟躲避侵略者的三种策略PASSAGE 64: 蚂蚁工作方式的介绍PASSAGE 65: 彗星的 coma 的形成PASSAGE 66: 小孩学说话PASSAGE 67: 某个奇特地方的植被PASSAGE 68: 北美陶瓷的制作PASSAGE 69:美国报纸上气象报道图的变PASSAGE 70: 鸟搭窝的方式化PASSAGE 71: 地理位置对城市发展的影响PASSAGE 72: 哈莱姆文艺复兴PASSAGE 73: 科技与工业化联系PASSAGE 74: 冰川的形成及融化PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭PASSAGE 76: 泥土的形成及其用途绝的影响PSSAGE 77: 生物灭绝的原因PASSAGE 78: 远古的文字PASSAGE 79: 动物行为的研究PASSAGE 80: 美国调查方式的实施PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动PASSAGE 81: 木星的简介物的影响PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作PASSAGE 84: 美国早期印刷业的内容家介绍PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展PASSAGE 86: 蚂蚁生存使用的各种信号PASSAGE 87: 热能在大气中传输PASSAGE 88: 化石的形成PASSAGE 90:某时期变化对海洋生物的影PASSAGE 89:19 世纪静物艺术品响PASSAGE 91:不同时期艺术装饰风格的简PASSAGE 92: 岩石层对气候的影响介PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来PASSAGE 93: 洛杉矶城市的发展的改变PASSAGE 95:昆虫怎样用信息素来传递信PASSAGE 96:Homestead Act 的弊端息PASSAGE 97: 对月亮两个区域的研究PASSAGE 98 : 松鼠吃橡果的迷PASSAGE 99 : 碳水化合物和气温的关系PASSAGE 100: 小提琴的发展和使用原文网址：托福考试：。
新托福阅读真题100篇
智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福阅读真题100篇
摘要：考生复习托福阅读可以练习托福阅读真题，能够更加了解托福阅读的考试题型和考题难度，对于考生提高托福阅读水平有一定的帮助。
托福阅读是托福考试中出题量最大的科目，不少考生反应阅读难做。
小编建议考生在平时的复习中不妨多练习下托福阅读真题。
今天小编汇总了新托福阅读真题100篇，方便考生学习。
1. 树叶为何变颜色
2. 瑞典诺贝尔文学评委会
3. 民众抗命Civil Disobedience
4. 陨石坑Craters
5. 英法战争
6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形
7. 地衣LICHEN
8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的皮毛买卖
9. 同步通讯卫星
10. 聊天对于南方女作家的社会影响
11. 睡眠
12. 人物(女)Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长
13. 塑料
14. 芝加哥
15. 人物(男)雕塑家Frederic Remington
16. 动物身上为何不生出轮子
17. 树的生存方式
18. 摩天大楼—美国的特征
19. 加洲北水南调工程
20. 蜜蜂意识测试
21. Navajo人的起源
22. 为美国护士教育的抗争
23. 人物(女)建筑师Julia Morgan
24. 沼泽中的动物
25. 供求与市场价格
以上就是关于新托福阅读真题100篇的详细介绍，考生可以通过上方链接下载完整版托福阅读真题100篇进行练习。
完整版配有答案解析，考生答题完毕可以参照解析对题。
相关字搜索：新托福阅读真题100篇勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(十)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(十)PASSAGE 10One area of paleoanthropological study involves the eating and dietary habits of hominids, erect bipedal primates — including early humans. It is clear that at some stage of history, humans began to carry their food to central places, called home bases, where it was shared and consumed with the young and other adults. The use of home bases is a fundamental component of human social behavior; the common meal served at a common hearth is a powerful symbol, a mark of social unity. Home base behavior does not occur among nonhuman primates and is rare among mammals. It is unclear when humans began to use home bases, what kind of communications and social relations were involved, and what the ecological and food-choice contexts of the shift were. Work on early tools, surveys of paleoanthropological sites, development and testing of broad ecological theories, and advances in comparative primatology are contributing to knowledge about this central chapter in human prehistory.One innovative approach to these issues involves studying damage and wear on stone tools. Researchers make tools that replicate excavated specimens as closely as possible and then try to use them as the originals might have been used, in woodcutting, hunting, or cultivation. Depending on how the tool is used, characteristic chippage patterns and microscopically distinguishable polishes develop near the edges. The first application of this method of analysis to stone tools that are 1.5 million to 2 million years old indicates that, from the start, an important function of early stone tools was to extract highly nutritious food — meat and marrow — from large animal carcasses. Fossil bones with cut marks caused by stone tools have been discovered lying in the same 2-million-year-old layers that yielded the oldest such tools and the oldest hominid specimens (including humans) with larger than ape-sized brains. This discovery increases scientists' certainty aboutwhen human ancestors began to eat more meat than present-day nonhuman primates. But several questions remain unanswered: how frequently meat eating occurred; what the social implications of meat eating were; and whether the increased use of meat coincides with the beginnings of the use of home bases.1. The passage mainly discusses which of the following aspects of hominid behavior?(A) Changes in eating and dietary practices(B) The creation of stone hunting tools(C) Social interactions at home bases(D) Methods of extracting nutritious food from carcasses2. According to the passage , bringing a meal to a location to be shared by many individuals is(A) an activity typical of nonhuman primates(B) a common practice among animals that eat meat(C) an indication of social unity(D) a behavior that encourages better dietary habits3. The word consumed in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) prepared(B) stored(C) distributed(D) eaten4. According to paragraph 2, researchers make copies of old stone tools in order to(A) protect the old tools from being worn out(B) display examples of the old tools in museums(C) test theories about how old tools were used(D) learn how to improve the design of modern tools5. In paragraph 2, the author mentions all of the following as examples of ways in which early stone tools were used EXCEPT to(A) build home bases(B) obtain food(C) make weapons(D) shape wood6. The word innovative in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) good(B) new(C) simple(D) costly7. The word them in line 15 refers to(A) issues(B) researchers(C) tools(D) specimens8. The author mentions characteristic chippage patterns in line 16 as an example of(A) decorations cut into wooden objects(B) differences among tools made of various substances(C) impressions left on prehistoric animal bones(D) indications of wear on stone tools9. The word extract in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) identify(B) remove(C) destroy(D) compare10. The word whether in line 26 is closest in meaning to(A) if(B) how(C) why(D) when。
托福阅读真题练习：动物行为的文本+题目+答案
托福阅读真题练习：动物行为的文本+题目+答案托福阅读如何进行备考?除了大量的托福词汇储备以外，大家可能最需要的就是托福阅读真题的练习。
那么除了官方真题Official你还有哪些托福阅读真题进行练习呢?今天小编就为大家整理了托福阅读真题100篇：动物行为的文本、题目以及答案，希望可以帮助到大家。
托福阅读真题练习：动物行为的文本Some animal behaviorists argue that certain animals can remember past events, anticipatefuture ones, make plans and choices, and coordinate activities within a group. These scientists,however, are cautious about the extent to which animals can be credited with consciousprocessing.Explanations of animal behavior that leave out any sort of consciousness at all and ascribeactions entirely to instinct leave many questions unanswered. One example of such unexplainedbehavior: honeybees communicate the sources of nectar to one another by doing a dance in afigure-eight pattern. The orientation of the dance conveys the position of the food relative to thesun's position in the sky, and the speed of the dance tells how far the food source is from the hive.Most researchers assume that the ability to perform and encode the dance is innate and shows nospecial intelligence. But in one study, when experimenters kept changing the site of the foodsource, each time moving the food 25 percent farther from the previous site, foraging honeybeesbegan to anticipate where the food source would appear next. When the researchers arrived at thenew location, they would find the bees circling the spot, waiting for their food. No one has yetexplained how bees, whose brains weigh four ten-thousandths of an ounce, could have inferred thelocation of the new site.Other behaviors that may indicate some cognition include tool use. Many animals, like theotter who uses a stone to crack mussel shells, are capable of using objects in the naturalenvironment as rudimentary tools. One researcher has found that mother chimpanzeesoccasionally show their young how to use tools to open hard nuts. In one study, chimpanzeescompared two pairs of food wells containing chocolate chips. One pair might contain, say, fivechips and three chips, the other four chips and three chips. Allowed to choose which pair theywanted, the chimpanzees almost always chose the one with the higher total, showing some sort ofsumming ability. Other chimpanzees have learned to use numerals to label quantities of items anddo simple sums.托福阅读真题练习：动物行为的题目1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The role of instinct in animal behavior(B) Observations that suggest consciousness in animal behavior(C) The use of food in studies of animal behavior(D) Differences between the behavior of animals in their natural environments and in laboratoryexperiments.2. Which of the following is NOT discussed as an ability animals are thought to have?(A) Selecting among choices(B)Anticipating events to come(C) Remembering past experiences(D) Communicating emotions3. What is the purpose of the honeybee dance?(A) To determine the quantity of food at a site(B) To communicate the location of food(C) To increase the speed of travel to food sources(D) To identify the type of nectar that is available4. The word "yet" in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) however(B) since(C) generally(D) so far5. What did researchers discover in the study of honeybees discussed in paragraph 2?(A) Bees are able to travel at greater speeds than scientists thought.(B) The bees could travel 25% farther than scientists expected.(C) The bees were able to determine in advance where scientists would place their food.(D) Changing the location of food caused bees to decrease their dance activity.6. It can be inferred from the passage that brain size isassumed to(A) be an indicator of cognitive ability(B) vary among individuals within a species(C) be related to food consumption(D) correspond to levels of activity7. Why are otters and mussel shells included in the discussion in paragraph 3?(A) To provide an example of tool use among animals(B) To prove that certain species demonstrate greater ability in tool use than other species(C) To illustrate how otters are using objects as tools(D) T o demonstrate why mother chimpanzees show their young how to use tools8. The word "rudimentary" in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) superior(B) original(C) basic(D) technical9. It can be inferred from the statement about mother chimpanzees and their young (lines 20-22)that young chimpanzees have difficulty(A) communicating with their mothers(B) adding quantities(C) making choices(D) opening hard nuts10. The phrase "the one" in line 24-25 refers to the(A) study(B) pair(C) chimpanzee(D) ability11. Scientists concluded from the experiment with chimpanzees and chocolate chips thatchimpanzees(A) lack abilities that other primates have(B) prefer to work in pairs or groups(C) exhibit behavior that indicates certain mathematical abilities(D) have difficulty selecting when given choices托福阅读真题练习：动物行为的答案BDBDCAACDB C托福阅读真题的重要性阅读是与旧托福相比改变最少的，题目方向大体保持了一致。
托福资料之老托阅读100篇【完整版】
PASSAGE 33:关于做决定的研究
PASSAGE 34:城市的发展以及移民
PASSAGE 35:一种岩洞对观察天象的影响
PASSAGE 36:美国水彩画协会的发展
PASSAGE 37:人的声音对个性的影响
PASSAGE 38 :有关冰河时代的
PASSAGE 39:印第安人捕鱼的生活方式
PASSAGE 78:远古的文字
PASSAGE 79:动物行为的研究
PASSAGE 80:美国调查方式的实施
PASSAGE 81:木星的简介
PASSAGE 82:婴幼儿时期的模仿对人和动物的影响
PASSAGE 83:美国现实主义和自然主义作家介绍
PASSAGE 84:美国早期印刷业的内容
PASSAGE 85: 郁金香在北美殖民地的发展
PASSAGE 70:鸟搭窝的方式
PASSAGE 71:地理位置对城市发展的影响
PASSAGE 72:哈莱姆文艺复兴
PASSAGE 73:科技与工业化联系
PASSAGE 74:冰川的形成及融化
PASSAGE 75:早期狩猎对大型体格动物灭绝的影响
PASSAGE 76:泥土的形成及其用途
PSSAGE 77:生物灭绝的原因
PASSAGE 16:鸟的祖先
PASSAGE 17:鹦鹉产卵的方式
PASSAGE 18:女性对美国建立初期的贡献
PASSAGE 19:北美城市的发展
PASSAGE 20:壁炉的构造
PASSAGE 21:美国早期雕塑的发展
PASSAGE 22:北美城市的发展改革
PASSAGE 23:美国早期城市功能的发展
PASSAGE 94:美国工业化给美国经济带来的改变
老托福100篇答案
老托福100篇答案ANSWER KEYSPASSAGE 1 BBACC DBCDA BPASSAGE 2 AACCD CABD PASSAGE 3 BDCBB CBDAD CA PASSAGE 4 BBDBD CACA PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD PASSAGE 6 DBDBC ACABD PASSAGE 7 BCDCD CBABB PASSAGE 8 DDCCB CADA PASSAGE 9 CBDBD BBAPASSAGE 10 ACDCA BCDBA PASSAGE 11 CAABD CADDPASSAGE 12 CDACB AACCB PASSAGE 13 AACAC CAD PASSAGE 14 DCABC DABAC DBA PASSAGE 15 DABDC CDCBD AB PASSAGE 16 DBBCA DCDCDA PASSAGE 17 DAACA DCBCD CA PASSAGE 18 BBBDB CCCDA PASSAGE 19 BBDDC DCBCA C PASSAGE 20 BCACD DCBAAPASSAGE 21 BDCAA BABDPASSAGE 22 CDBBD ABDDA PASSAGE 23 BBDBA ACADC DAC PASSAGE 24 BCBBC ADABA A PASSAGE 25 CABBB DDABC A PASSAGE 26 ADDBC DACBA PASSAGE 27 DADBC BBDBA D PASSAGE 28 ACBBA ABCBA PASSAGE 29 ACBDC ABDBPASSAGE 30 DABCC CBCB PASSAGE 31 BDCDD ACBBB CPASSAGE 32 CBDBA DACBD PASSAGE 33 ADADC ABDBB C PASSAGE 34 DCADB CDBBA B PASSAGE 35 CABCA BCDBA PASSAGE 36 BADCC BACBD C PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD PASSAGE 38 BDBDB DAACD B PASSAGE 39 CDAAC BCABB DPASSAGE 40 BDDCC ABADCB PASSAGE 41 CBBCD CDADPASSAGE 42 CBDDA BCCAC DPASSAGE 43 BBCAA DPASSAGE 44 CBBCA D PASSAGE 45 BCADA DD PASSAGE 46 ACBDB ABC PASSAGE 47 DCBAD AC PASSAGE 48 DCBAD CCADD PASSAGE 49 BCCBA DBCBD BPASSAGE 50 DCCAC BBCAD PASSAGE 51 BCADB DADDPASSAGE 52 AABDA ADDBD PASSAGE 53 ACBDA ADBD PASSAGE 54 ACCBB DACD PASSAGE 55 ABCCB CABD PASSAGE 56 BDBCC ACAA PASSAGE 57 ABCCC DDAA PASSAGE 58 BABDB CDADC PASSAGE 59 ACBBA ACDBPASSAGE 60 DACDB BACCA PASSAGE 61 BCADD DCAPASSAGE 62 CABDC ABCBD PASSAGE 63 CBDCB ABDCB PASSAGE 64 DCABC AACADPASSAGE 65 BBADB DACCB PASSAGE 66 CABCD AAABD BPASSAGE 67 BDACB DADCD PASSAGE 68 BAADC CDADB C PASSAGE 69 BABCD ADDBBPASSAGE 70 BCDCB ADAD PASSAGE 71 DBCAD CDCDA BPASSAGE 72 BCCAD DCACA PASSAGE 73 CABCB CBDA PASSAGE 74 CBDAB AADBD PASSAGE 75 ADABC CCDCC PASSAGE 76 BACCD BBBC PASSAGE 77 BCDCD AADAB C PASSAGE 78 BDAAD DCCBD PASSAGE 79 BDBDC AACDB CPASSAGE 80 BCADB ADABA A PASSAGE 81 DABDD ACBDD ABPASSAGE 82 CBADD CCABD PASSAGE 83 CAADC BCBDD C PASSAGE 84 CCAAA BDDDB PASSAGE 85 CBADC CDCCB PASSAGE 86 BBDCC CADBD APASSAGE 87 ABBDB DCABDPASSAGE 88 ADBCA BBCD PASSAGE 89 CADAD ACBDPASSAGE 90 CCADB CACC PASSAGE 91 CBBAA DCACCPASSAGE 92 ABDAC DCCCC PASSAGE 93 CAACB DCBCA D PASSAGE 94 DBCAB CBBCA D PASSAGE 95 ABCCB ADBAAD PASSAGE 96 CBCDA ABACC PASSAGE 97 BCDAD CACDC PASSAGE 98 DCCBD DBBAC PASSAGE 99 CDCBC BCBAC D PASSAGE 100 BAACD DBCAA C。
托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文
为了帮助大家高效备考托福，为大家带来托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对大家备考有所帮助。
托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文文本： One of the threats to endangered sea turtle species is the use of nets by commercial shrimp-fishing boats. When turtles get accidentally caught in the nets, they cannot rise to the surface of the ocean to breathe, and they die. Some people suggest that this problem can be solved through an invention called a turtle excluder device (TED) that is incorporated into the nets. A TED provides a passage through which the turtles can escape. However, TEDs have been criticized for several reasons. First, some shrimpers (shrimp fishers) argue that turtles get trapped only rarely: it is estimated that on average, one shrimp boat accidentally catches about one turtle every month. On the other hand, using TEDs costs the shrimpers some of their catch. Every time the shrimpers cast the nets, a certain percentage of shrimp manage to escape through the turtle passages. The shrimpers complain that the cost of losing shrimp on a daily basis is too high in comparison with the small chance of saving one turtle. Second, there are alternative methods of protecting sea turtles that may be more effective than TEDs. One method that can be used is shortening the time limit that shrimp boats are allowed to keep their nets underwater. When the time limit is reached, the nets have to be pulled up to the surface, allowing any turtles caught in the net to get air and also giving shrimpers the opportunity to release the turtles from the nets. Third, TEDs are not effective for larger species of endangered sea turtles. Some species like loggerhead and leatherback turtles can grow to be quite large and cannot fit through the escape passage that standard TEDs provide. Such turtles cannot escape from the nets even if the nets are equipped with TEDs. 托福TPO37综合写作听力原文文本： Many experts believed that turtle excluder devices, also known as TEDs, are a very good way to protect engendered turtles, and that they should be a vital part of the equipment on any shrimp boat. Here are their responses to the criticisms that you just read about. First, it's true that catching a turtle is a rare thing for any one boat; however, there are, for example, thousands of shrimp boats operating off the southern coast of the United States. Collectively these shrimpers accidentally catch thousands of turtles every year. And these are endangered sea turtles whose population is already too small, so harming several thousand every year is a big problem. So when considering the impact of TEDs, don't think in terms of an individual shrimper losing a few shrimp, but rather in terms of how the sea turtle population as a whole is effected by the shrimp industry as a whole.Second, implementing time limits to ensure that turtles are brought up in air in time, that sounds like a good idea, but only in theory. The problem is that the time limits are almost impossible to enforce. There are thousands of shrimp boats far out the sea, and government patrol boats cannot nearly monitor the time limits all these boats use. The use of TEDs iseasier to enforce. All that required is checking the shrimp boats before they leave port and making sure their nets have TEDs.Third, it’s true that TEDs can be too small for some very large species of turtle, but in the area where they are needed, it's not a problem to create TEDs that are somewhat larger. The design of TED can be modified easily without affecting the way that it functions. So once large TEDs begin to be produced, this will no longer be a problem. 托福TPO37综合写作满分范文： The passage talks about a solution named Turtle Escape Devices in order to save endangered turtles which are accidentally trapped in shrimper and die without enough air. The writer criticized this kind of method in three aspects. But the speaker reckons that TEDs are still and effective way to protect turtles and rebuts the writer’s ideas. First, the author proposes that it is rare for turtles to be caught by a shrimper. However, the lecturer pointed out that there are thousands of shrimpers wandering on the sea. If one shrimper killed one turtle in one year, there can be thousands of turtles die in a year. In addition, turtles have already been endangered animals and their population is small now. So the accident catch by shrimpers can still cause serious problem on them. Second, the passage says shrimpers can shorten the time to keep the turtle in traps alive. The speaker rebuts that this idea is just in theory, because it will be difficult for the government to supervise all those shrimper ships which are dispersedly located on the vast sea. So the second approach put forward by the writer is proved hard to enforce. Third, the author demonstrates that current TEDs are too small for some large turtle species to escape. The speaker retorts this notion and proposes that it is easy for us to modify the design of TEDs. Larger TEDs can be used in areas where big turtles live. Therefore, the writer’s last idea is proved unconvincing. (250 words) 以上是给大家整理的托福TPO37综合写作阅读原文+听力原文+满分范文，希望对你有所帮助!。
新托福阅读真题100篇
智课网TOEFL备考资料
新托福阅读真题100篇
摘要：考生复习托福阅读可以练习托福阅读真题，能够更加了解托福阅读的考试题型和考题难度，对于考生提高托福阅读水平有一定的帮助。
托福阅读是托福考试中出题量最大的科目，不少考生反应阅读难做。
小编建议考生在平时的复习中不妨多练习下托福阅读真题。
今天小编汇总了新托福阅读真题100篇，方便考生学习。
1. 树叶为何变颜色
2. 瑞典诺贝尔文学评委会
3. 民众抗命Civil Disobedience
4. 陨石坑Craters
5. 英法战争
6. 车票打孔与计算机雏形
7. 地衣LICHEN
8. 路易斯安娜洲购买后的皮毛买卖
9. 同步通讯卫星
10. 聊天对于南方女作家的社会影响
11. 睡眠
12. 人物(女)Amelia 和Muriel的男性化成长
13. 塑料
14. 芝加哥
15. 人物(男)雕塑家Frederic Remington
16. 动物身上为何不生出轮子
17. 树的生存方式
18. 摩天大楼—美国的特征
19. 加洲北水南调工程
20. 蜜蜂意识测试
21. Navajo人的起源
22. 为美国护士教育的抗争
23. 人物(女)建筑师Julia Morgan
24. 沼泽中的动物
25. 供求与市场价格
以上就是关于新托福阅读真题100篇的详细介绍，考生可以通过上方链接下载完整版托福阅读真题100篇进行练习。
完整版配有答案解析，考生答题完毕可以参照解析对题。
相关字搜索：新托福阅读真题100篇勤劳的蜜蜂有糖吃。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十七)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十七) 很多同学反映，在托福阅读考试中，最大的难题就是速度，时间紧任务重，如何能够在1个小时的时间里完成3篇阅读文章及题目呢?其实解决这个问题最好的办法就是刷题，通过大量真题的练习，大家能够更好地来模拟考试，查找技巧。
PASSAGE 37A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident,pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The function of the voice in performance(B) The connection between voice and personality(C) Communication styles(D) The production of speech2. What does the author mean by stating that, At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 9-10)?(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.3. The word Here in line 10 refers to(A) interpersonal interactions(B) the tone(C) ideas and feelings(D) words chosen4. The word derived in line 15 is closest in meaning to(A) discussed(D) obtained5. Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 17?(A) As examples of public performance(B) As examples of basic styles of communication(C) To contrast them to singing(D) To introduce the idea of self-image6. According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's(A) general physical health(B) personality(C) ability to communicate(D) vocal quality7. According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide(A) hostility(B) shyness(C) friendliness(D) strength8. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to(A) frequently(B) exactly(C) severely(D) easily9. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to(A) questioned(D) exaggerated10. According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?(A) lethargy(B) depression(C) boredom(D) angerPASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(四)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(四)PASSAGE 4The term Hudson River school was applied to the foremost representatives ofnineteenth-century North American landscape painting. Apparently unknown during the goldendays of the American landscape movement, which began around 1850 and lasted until the late1860's, the Hudson River school seems to have emerged in the 1870's as a direct result of thestruggle between the old and the new generations of artists, each to assert its own style as therepresentative American art. The older painters, most of whom were born before 1835, practicedin a mode often self-taught and monopolized by landscape subject matter and were securelyestablished in and fostered by the reigning American art organization, the National Academy ofDesign. The younger painters returning home from training in Europe worked more with figuralsubject matter and in a bold and impressionistic technique; their prospects for patronage in theirown country were uncertain, and they sought to attract it by attaining academic recognition inNew York. One of the results of the conflict between the two factions was that what in previousyears had been referred to as the American, native, or, occasionally, New York school — the mostrepresentative school of American art in any genre — had by 1890 become firmly established inthe minds of critics and public alike as the Hudson River school.The sobriquet was first applied around 1879. While it was not intended as flattering, it washardly inappropriate. The Academicians at whom it was aimed had worked and socialized in NewYork, the Hudson's port city, and had painted the river and its shores with varying frequency.Most important, perhaps, was that they had all maintained with a certain fidelity a manner oftechnique and composition consistent with those of America's first popular landscape artist,Thomas Cole, who built a career painting the Catskill Mountain scenery bordering the HudsonRiver. A possible implication in the term applied to the group of landscapists was that many ofthem had, like Cole,lived on or near the banks of the Hudson. Further, the river had long servedas the principal route to other sketching grounds favored by the Academicians, particularly theAdirondacks and the mountains of Vermont and New Hampshire.1. What does the passage mainly discuss?(A) The National Academy of Design(B) Paintings that featured the Hudson River(C) North American landscape paintings(D) The training of American artists in European academies(A) Figural painting(B) Landscape painting(C) Impressionistic painting(D) Historical painting3. The word struggle in line 5 is closest in meaning to(A) connection(B) distance(C) communication(D) competition4. The word monopolized in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) alarmed(B) dominated(C) repelled(D) pursued5. According to the passage , what was the function of the National Academy of Design for thepainters born before 1835?(A) It mediated conflicts between artists.(B) It supervised the incorporation of new artistic techniques.(C) It determined which subjects were appropriate.(D) It supported their growth and development.6. The word it in line 12 refers to(A) matter(B) technique(C) patronage(D) country7. The word factions in line 13 is closest in meaning to(A) sides(B) people(C) cities(D) images8. The word flattering in line 18 is closest in meaning to(A) expressive(B) serious(C) complimentary(D) flashy9. Where did the younger generation of painters receive its artistic training?(A) In Europe(B) In the Adirondacks(C) In Vermont(D) In New Hampshire答案：1-9 BBDBD CACA。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(二)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(二)PASSAGE 2The geology of the Earth's surface is dominated by the particular properties of water. Presenton Earth in solid, liquid, and gaseous states, water is exceptionally reactive. It dissolves,transports, and precipitates many chemical compounds and is constantly modifying the face ofthe Earth.Evaporated from the oceans, water vapor forms clouds, some of which are transported bywind over the continents. Condensation from the clouds provides the essential agent ofcontinental erosion: rain. Precipitated onto the ground, the water trickles down to form brooks,streams, and rivers, constituting what are called the hydrographic network. This immensepolarized network channels the water toward a single receptacle: an ocean. Gravity dominatesthis entire step in the cycle because water tends to minimize its potential energy by running fromhigh altitudes toward the reference point, that is, sea level.The rate at which a molecule of water passes though the cycle is not random but is a measureof the relative size of the various reservoirs. If we define residence time as the average time for awater molecule to pass through one of the three reservoirs — atmosphere, continent, and ocean— we see that the times are very different. A water molecule stays, on average, eleven days inthe atmosphere, one hundred years on a continent and forty thousand years in the ocean. Thislast figure shows the importance of the ocean as the principal reservoir of the hydrosphere butalso the rapidity of water transport on the continents.A vast chemical separation process takes places during the flow of water over the continents.Soluble ions such as calcium, sodium, potassium, and some magnesium are dissolved andtransported. Insoluble ions such as aluminum, iron, and silicon stay where they are and form thethin, fertile skin of soil on which vegetation can grow. Sometimes soils are destroyed andtransported mechanically during flooding. The erosion of the continentsthus results from twoclosely linked and interdependent processes, chemical erosion and mechanical erosion. Theirrespective interactions and efficiency depend on different factors.1. The word modifying in line 4 is closest in meaning to(A) changing(B) traveling(C) describing(D) destroying2. The word which in line 5 refers to(A) clouds(B) oceans(C) continents(D) compounds3. According to the passage , clouds are primarily formed by water(A) precipitating onto the ground(B) changing from a solid to a liquid state(C) evaporating from the oceans(D) being carried by wind4. The passage suggests that the purpose of the hydrographic network (line 8) is to(A) determine the size of molecules of water(B) prevent soil erosion caused by flooding(C) move water from the Earth's surface to the oceans(D) regulate the rate of water flow from streams and rivers5. What determines the rate at which a molecule of water moves through the cycle, as discussed in the third paragraph?(A) The potential energy contained in water(B) The effects of atmospheric pressure on chemical compounds(C) The amounts of rainfall that fall on the continents(D) The relative size of the water storage areas6. The word rapidity in line 19 is closest in meaning to(A) significance(B) method(C) swiftness(D) reliability7. The word they in line 24 refers to(A) insoluble ions(B) soluble ions(C) soils(D) continents8. All of the following are example of soluble ions EXCEPT(A) magnesium(B) iron(C) potassium(D) calcium9. The word efficiency in line 27 is closest in meaning to(A) relationship(B) growth(C) influence(D) effectiveness答案：1-9 AACCD CABD。
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(五)
托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(五) 托福阅读在备考的过程中，大家可以多找一些真题来进行练习。
PASSAGE 5Perhaps the most obvious way artistic creation reflects how people live is by mirroring theenvironment — the materials and technologies available to a culture. Stone, wood, tree bark, clay,and sand are generally available materials. In addition, depending on the locality, other resourcesmay be accessible: shells, horns, gold, copper, and silver. The different uses to which societies putthese materials are of interest to anthropologists who may ask, for example, why people chooseto use clay and not copper when both items are available. Although there are no conclusiveanswers yet, the way in which a society views its environment is sometimes apparent in its choiceand use of artistic materials. The use of certain metals, for example, may be reserved forceremonial objects of special importance. Or the belief in the supernatural powers of a stone ortree may cause a sculptor to be sensitive to that material.What is particularly meaningful to anthropologist is the realization that although thematerials available to a society may to some extent limit or influence what it can do artistically,the materials by no means determine what is done. Why do the artists in Japanese society rakesand into patterns; and the artists in Roman society melt sand to form glass? Moreover, evenwhen the same material is used in the same way by members of different societies, the form orstyle of the work varies enormously from culture to culture. A society may simply choose torepresent objects or phenomena that are important to its population. An examination of the artof the Middle Ages tells us something about the medieval preoccupation with theologicaldoctrine. In addition to revealing the primary concerns of a society, the content of that society'sart may also reflect the culture's social stratification.1. According to the passage , gold, copper, and silver are(A) more difficult to handle than wood and(B) of their stable social conditions(C) of the unique stylistic features of their art(D) available only in specific locations2. The word conclusive in line 7 is closest in meaning to(A) definitive(B) controversial(C) concurrent(D) realistic3. The word apparent in line 8 is closest in meaning to(A) attractive(B) logical(C) evident(D) distinct4. Why does the author mention the supernatural powers of a stone or tree in line 10?(A) to show that some sculptors avoid working with specific materials(B) to emphasize the unusual properties of certain materials(C) as an example of how art can be influenced by cultural beliefs(D) as an illustration of the impact of the environment on religious beliefs5. The word it in line 13 refers to(A) realization(B) society(C) extent(D) influence6. It can be inferred that the author mentions the Japanese and Roman societies because(A) they influenced each other stone(B) commonly used by artists in all societies(C) essential to create ceremonial objects(D) they used the same artistic material in very different ways7. According to the passage , all of the following statements about sand are true EXCEPT(A) It is used to create glass.(B) Roman artists mix it into their paints.(C) Its use varies from culture to culture.(D) Japanese artists use it to create artistic patterns.8. The word Moreover in line 16 is closest in meaning to(A) similarly(B) in addition(C) in contrast(D) frequently9. The word preoccupation in line 20 is closest in meaning to(A) involvement(B) separation(C) relationship(D) argument10. The word primary in line 21 is closest in meaning to(A) discrete(B) preliminary(C) ideal(D) fundamental PASSAGE 5 DACCB DBBAD。
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托福阅读真题100篇原文+题目(三十七)
很多同学反映，在托福阅读考试中，最大的难题就是速度，时间紧任务重，如何能够在1个小时的时间里完成3篇阅读文章及题目呢?其实解决这个问题最好的办法就是刷题，通过大量真题的练习，大家能够更好地来模拟考试，查找技巧。
PASSAGE 37
A number of factors related to the voice reveal the personality of the speaker. The first is the broad area of communication, which includes imparting information by use of language, communicating with a group or an individual, and specialized communication through performance. A person conveys thoughts and ideas through choice of words, by a tone of voice that is pleasant or unpleasant, gentle or harsh, by the rhythm that is inherent within the language itself, and by speech rhythms that are flowing and regular or uneven and hesitant, and finally, by the pitch and melody of the utterance. When speaking before a group, a person's tone may indicate unsureness or fright, confidence or calm. At interpersonal levels, the tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen, or may belie them. Here the conversant's tone can consciously or unconsciously reflect intuitive sympathy or antipathy, lack of concern or interest, fatigue, anxiety, enthusiasm or excitement, all of which are usually discernible by the acute listener. Public performance is a manner of communication that is highly specialized with its own techniques for obtaining effects by voice and /or gesture. The motivation derived from the text, and in the case of singing, the music, in combination with the performer's skills, personality, and ability to create empathy will determine the success of artistic, political, or pedagogic communication.
Second, the voice gives psychological clues to a person's self-image, perception of others, and emotional health. Self-image can be indicated by a tone of voice that is confident,
pretentious, shy, aggressive, outgoing, or exuberant, to name only a few personality traits. Also the sound may give a clue to the facade or mask of that person, for example, a shy person hiding behind an overconfident front. How a speaker perceives the listener's receptiveness, interest, or sympathy in any given conversation can drastically alter the tone of presentation, by encouraging or discouraging the speaker. Emotional health is evidenced in the voice by free and melodic sounds of the happy, by constricted and harsh sound of the angry, and by dull and lethargic qualities of the depressed.
1. What does the passage mainly discuss?
(A) The function of the voice in performance
(B) The connection between voice and personality
(C) Communication styles
(D) The production of speech
2. What does the author mean by stating that, At interpersonal levels, tone may reflect ideas and feelings over and above the words chosen (lines 9-10)?
(A) Feelings are expressed with different words than ideas are.
(B) The tone of voice can carry information beyond the meaning of words.
(C) A high tone of voice reflects an emotional communication.
(D) Feelings are more difficult to express than ideas.
3. The word Here in line 10 refers to
(A) interpersonal interactions
(B) the tone
(C) ideas and feelings
(D) words chosen
4. The word derived in line 15 is closest in meaning to
(A) discussed
(D) obtained
5. Why does the author mention artistic, political, or pedagogic communication in line 17?
(A) As examples of public performance
(B) As examples of basic styles of communication
(C) To contrast them to singing
(D) To introduce the idea of self-image
6. According to the passage , an exuberant tone of voice, may be an indication of a person's
(A) general physical health
(B) personality
(C) ability to communicate
(D) vocal quality
7. According to the passage , an overconfident front may hide
(A) hostility
(B) shyness
(C) friendliness
(D) strength
8. The word drastically in line 24 is closest in meaning to
(A) frequently
(B) exactly
(C) severely
(D) easily
9. The word evidenced in line 25 is closest in meaning to
(A) questioned
(D) exaggerated
10. According to the passage , what does a constricted and harsh voice indicate?
(A) lethargy
(B) depression
(C) boredom
(D) anger
PASSAGE 37 BBADA BBCCD。