完整word版英语语音学习策略研究文献综述word文档良心出品
英语学习策略研究之文献综述
英语学习策略研究之文献综述作者：谢亚芳来源：《北京电力高等专科学校学报》2012年第10期摘要：本文综述了国内外英语学习策略研究的现状，旨在为广大外语教育工作者提供些许参考。
关键词：英语学习；学习策略；研究中图分类号：H31文献标识码：A文章编号：1009-0118（2012）05-0318-01随着外语教学与研究的不断发展和理论的逐渐完善，国内外语言教学界开始认识到掌握相关的学习策略对学习的重要性。
自20世纪70年代以来，许多国内外的学者主要以英语作为第二语言的学习者为研究对象，研究结果发现学习策略是影响英语学习的重要因素。
文秋芳（1996：11）说过“有关外语教学的一系列研究结果表明，当其他条件相同时，英语学习策略的差异对成绩有着决定性的影响。
”近30年来，关于学习策略的研究十分全面并且不断深入。
学习策略的研究兴起于20世纪70年代，最早研究外语学习策略的有Rubin(1975)，Naiman et al.(1978)，Wong-Fillmore(1976)以及Sterm(1983)等。
J.Rubin是早期语言学习策略最有影响的研究者之一。
她主要是对成功外语学习者(good language learners)的学习行为进行观察以及通过问卷和访谈等手段调查成功学习者在外语学习中使用学习策略的情况。
继Rubin之后，N. Naiman等人的研究可以说是学习策略研究的第一个重大发展。
1978年Naiman等人出版了他们的经典专著The Good Language Learner (Naiman et al,1978,1996)。
与以前的研究相比，Naiman等人的研究在深度、广度及研究方法等方面有较大的改进。
1990年O'Malley和Chamot出版的Learning Strategies in Second Language Acquisition和Oxford出版的Language Learning Strategies: What Every Teacher Should Know基本上反映了80年代外语学习策略研究的成果，也代表了80年代学习策略研究的水平。
(完整word版)英语语音学习策略研究文献综述(word文档良心出品)
英语语音学习策略研究文献综述一、引言语音是语言的物质外壳, 也是口语交际的载体。
顺利完成跨文化交流活动离不开语言的支撑, 要学会说任何一种语言, 首先要掌握这种语言的语音语调。
语音学习在整个英语学习中具有先导作用, 正确的语音对于听力理解至关重要, 还能帮助我们在学习词汇的过程中把单词的音, 形, 义联系起来, 甚至可以提高阅读和写作的水平。
现代英语教学强调对学生交际能力的培养。
交际能力有四个层次, 分别是语法能力, 社.会语言能力, 策略能力以及语篇能力（Canale ＆Swain, 1980）。
语音作为语言的必要组成部分, 也当属于语言能力的范畴（Scarcella ＆Oxford, 1994）。
一个人发音的好坏能够直接影响交际活动。
英语语音通常被划分为音段和超音段两大部分。
音段即元音和辅音, 超音段是话语中大于单个音段的发声单位, 重音, 节奏和语调决定话语的可理解性, 是重要的超音段特征。
英语语音学习策略指学习者为提高英语学习成效而采取的技巧, 方法或者刻意的行为或行动。
詹金斯（Jenkins）在他的实证研究中发现, 在以英语作为国际语的人际交流中, 尽管不是所有的交际失败都由发音引起, 但目前发音是引起交际失败最经常, 最难解决的原因。
因此, 语音语调在完成交际任务时承载着不可替代的基本要素的作用。
同时, 研究表明, 学习者的语音水平和他们的听力, 口语甚至阅读水平密切相关。
因此, 语音及语音教学在国内外外语教育研究中占有重要地位。
尽管如此, 语音教学同其他相关教学领域（如词汇教学, 语法教学等）的研究相比, 没有得到应有的重视（Kelly, 1967）。
语音教学是外语教学的一个重要方面, 而从学习者角度出发关注学生语音学习策略和英语语音教学的研究在国内外都很少。
二、国外研究国外的早期文献中没有专门针对语音学习策略的研究, 例如有学者于1978年调查了34名优秀的语言学习者, 在要求被试者描述自己学习经验的过程中只是从一个侧面提及了语音学习策略。
我国小学英语语音教学研究策略论文[精选5篇]
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我国小学英语语音教学研究策略论文[精选5篇]第一篇：我国小学英语语音教学研究策略论文一、语音教学的趣味性语音本身比较单调，机械单一的训练会使学生失去兴趣，因此，进行英语语音教学，必须遵循趣味性原则，采用多种教学方式，变枯燥为有趣。
小学生的特点是好动、善模仿、爱说、爱唱、爱表演，所以我们可以通过灵活多变的歌谣、游戏来吸引他们的眼球，从而激发他们的学习兴趣。
同时，可以让学生不知不觉地在玩玩唱唱跳跳中习得语言，总结规律，从而达到预设的目的。
（一）串编歌谣，归类教学歌谣节奏鲜明，读起来朗朗上口，是学生最喜爱的方式之一，同时也是语音教学的好形式。
如在学习五个元音字母aeiou的发音后，可以找蓝猫学唱英语歌中的歌曲《AEIOU》练唱。
学i的发音[ai][i]，运用以下材料就可以达到事半功倍的效果。
Pickapples，pickapples，pick，pickClimbhigher，climbhigher，quick，quick.（二）采用游戏，强化记忆爱游戏是小学生的天性，游戏可以充分激发学生的主动性，让他们在快乐的活动中掌握规律。
如“找朋友”，教师准备含几种发音的单词卡片，每种发音的单词又有若干张，打乱发给学生，人手一张，学生根据卡中单词所含的读音，去找有相同读音的“朋友”，这样可以帮助学生更好地巩固语音，加强单词的记忆。
二、语音教学的长期性“冰冻三尺，非一日之寒。
”良好语音的培养非一日之功，也非独立的教学内容，语音的教学应该渗透在我们日常教学之中，只有长期的坚持与常规的训练才能取得良好的效果。
（一）词不离句，培养意识牛津英语课文中lookandlearn部分都是呈现新单词的，如：学习动词：swim，write，dive，jump，draw，fly.我在教完单词发音后，就把这些词改成了chant的形式来朗读，并且边念边做相应的动作：Swim，swim，gotoswim.Write，write，writeA，B，C.Dive，dive，Icandive.Jump，jump，jumphigh.Draw，draw，drawapicture.Fly，fly，flyakite.这样避免了单调机械的朗读，不仅朗朗上口，也增添了趣味性。
英语专业学生英语语音学习策略研究——以三峡大学为例
语音学习是英语学习的基础，影响着学生在学习过程中的接受能力和理解能力。
英语语言学家A.C.Gimson提出,“要学会讲任何语言，一个人只需学习50%-90%的语法，1%的词汇便足够了，但语音知识却必须近乎100%的掌握。
”（1980：50）由此可见语音学习在语言学习中的重要性。
目前，我国学生英语语音学习水平薄弱，对英语语音学习的内涵及其重要性，还缺乏正确的认识，导致英语专业学生英语语音学习包括语音基础差、语音意识缺乏等问题，影响了后续课程的学习和英语总体水平的提高。
鉴于以上情况，本文致力于调查三峡大学英语专业学生语音习得现状。
1英语专业语音学习现状及问题本次调研历时6个月，针对三峡大学外国语学院英语专业大一到大四的学生展开关于英语专业语音学习现状的调查，并发放调查问卷，针对“学生对语音学习重要性的认识”，“影响学生语音学习的重要因素和主要障碍”，“学生语音学习的主要方法”等问题通过采访相关老师，咨询优秀校友等形式了解到一些具体情况：其中63.5%的学生认为语音学习很重要，17.6%的学生认为语音学习不发挥重要作用；84%的学生认为母语对语音习得有重要影响，尤其是先天语言能力；45.3%的学生认为语音学习在很大程度上受语音基础影响；66.2%的学生认为自主学习能力不强是阻碍语音学习的主要因素；此外，学生主要采用模仿、朗读、掌握基础的语音知识等方法进行语音学习。
针对以上数据我们发现以下问题。
1.1母语负迁移的影响在二语习得过程中，我们不得不承认母语中已经建立的知识和技能体系对外语学习会产生重要影响，第二语言学习者的母语习惯，尤其是本地方言语音习惯对二语习得产生一定的干扰作用，就宜昌地区而言，学生普遍存在前后鼻音（qin、qing）不分，鼻音边音（ne、le）不分等情况，对英语语音的正确发音造成一定的负面影响。
1.2学生语音学习基础参差不齐据调查走访得知，我校英语专业生源地广泛，学生来自全国各地，由于城乡教育水平差异，师资力量不平衡，学生个人学习能力不同，各地区对语音学习的重视程度不同导致个体语音学习基础差异明显。
(完整word版)研究生英语综合教程上》课后练习答案(word文档良心出品)
Text1：Lawyer---We work for money, but also for sanity….also in _ ways.1\ nonmonetary 2\recognizing 3\due 4\adhere 5\considered6\self-affirmation 7\impede 8\thirst 9\discharging 10\rendering11\serve 12\ceremonies 13\ a part 14\commit 15\attendText2：I love you ,bob----Married 60 years ago,my parents had been…the fought over almost 1\everything 2\throw 3\lost 4\marriage 5\fear6financial 7\alcohol 8\taking 9\where 10\explained11\anxiety 12\cry 13\approached 14\shared 15\structureText3：The bum,I had come to Vera—Due to a dock strike, I was_ in vera on my way from M 1\stuck 2\ordered 3\held 4\wretchedness 5\motionless6\watched 7\examined 8\racked 9\recall 10\importunities11\name 12\frequented 13\vanity 14\reduced 15\scrunchedText4：houseing prices have been1\pushed up 2\demand 3\appreciation 4\so as to 5\expected6\various 7\unfortunately 8\economics 9\lower 10\interest11\demand 12\flattening 13\use 14\residential 15alignedClose 1: The independence-versus-interdepende…the two worlds of scientific1.employment2.paid3.adjust4.setting5.discouraged6.credit7.cite8.demonstrate9.teamwork 10.rulesClose 2:Cuisine in china is a harmonious1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Close 3: Snow was 1) against the icy windows once more;1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbedClose 4:If we look at love in other cultures, we find many variations, In s l India 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential9) suitable 10) sufficientClose 6:The culture of newyork city..1) sheer 2) subject 3) contradictory 4) worldly 5) chaotic6) sophisticated 7) violence 8) glamorous 9) crime 10) safest Close 8:Risk compensation is the idea that individuals…if safety regulations1\wewe to 2\inefficient 3\paved with 4\obliged 5\evidence6\substantial decrease 7\potential 8\consumed 9\possible 10\the same Close 8er:Intelligent Transport Systems is the name given to the1\application 2\rapidly 3\management 4\collection 5\course6\until 7\include 8\private 9\system 10\congestion Close 9:Northern Canada,including the Northwest Territoy, is an1\expensive 2\than 3\higher 4\imported 5\due to6\Commuities 7\remote 8\wages 9\subsidized 10\allowance Close 10:The moral imperative begins by…value of education which is much1) deeper 2) contribute 3) explore 4) potential 5) how6) productive 7) likely 8) produce 9) Nationally 10) dedicateddue to you as a bonus (是你应得的奖金)in recognition of his contributions to psychology以表彰他为心理学作的贡献serves a purpose达到一种目的; attended to in due course 在适当的时候得到处理takes precedence over all the others比其他问题重要thirsted for a few new books渴望一些新书with reference to the job opening in your department有关你们部门工作的机会Mary has a great diversity of interests玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好committed themselves to boosting profits 承诺增加利润took painting up for a while一时兴起喜欢上了画画A stroll round the garden在花园里转转)tucked into the whole pizza quickly狼吞虎咽地吃掉了一整个比萨饼stumbled across/on/upon an extremely simple but very exact method偶然发现了一种极为简单但准确的方法with unprecedented zeal以空前的热情the intrinsic value of every person 个人的内在价值as if it were no different from chess好像和国际象棋没有什么两样in any event we’ll telephone you不管怎样，我都会给你打电话is packed with tourists 游人如织He’s mulling over the proposals他正在仔细考量这些提议my world just fell apart我的世界就跨了so I just had to make the best of it所以我只好做得尽量好settled down over there在那里安家了they lead completely separated lives他们过着完全分开的生活I was steeling myself to call round我正准备打电话过去People often feel a sense of frustration人们常常会感到沮丧With the benefit of hindsight有了后见之明的好处We are here today to honor the men and women我们今天在这里向⋯的男男女女致敬She consoled herself with the fact她自我安慰说That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年that you have a smattering of superficial knowledge on a subject对任何问题一知半解that a liquid has no definite shape, but it has a definite volume液体没有形状，但有一定的体积but on TV everything is much more living, much more real但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实).that this is precisely where the danger lies这恰恰是危险所在that I was determined to carry out the plan决心去执行这个计划).because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations因为致力于变革现实的人们常常受到许多限制that the territorial sovereignty doesn’t admit infringement国家领土主权不容侵犯that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind为了我们和全人类的共同利益，我们必须共同发展that maybe the enemy had fled the city敌人可能已经逃出城了It took him more or less a whole day他差不多花一天的时间.Whether the Internet can replace newspapers网络是否可以替代报纸The more stock prices go up, the more people want to buy股票越涨，人们越买If you really wanted to buy a house如果你当初真想买房子.His teacher has played an important role他的老师起到了重要的作用regardless of whether they need all that space不管他们是否需要那么大空间what is the answer to该如何解决;The last thing he wants to see他最不愿意看到了so far as I’m concerned 在我看来should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved应该尽量评测既定目标是否已经到达has been engrossed in conversation with all night整完一直专注的和他交谈draw conclusions from the results of a single survey仅凭一次调查结果就得出结论He had no friends nor acquaintances他既没有朋友，也没有熟人did she tell him about the attack她才告诉我他袭击的事as we had seen正如我们所见that he had had a family himself他自己才成家the problems you mention are inherent in the system你谈到的这些问题都是体制固有的young people conscientious in their work工作认真的年轻人deviated from her custom与以往不同at the peril of your own life/at your own peril冒着丧失自己生命的危险taken on a new dimension呈现出一片新面貌capable of looking after myself能够照顾我自己in much the same way as it was 200 years ago和200年前几乎一样的样式rescue the sailors from the sinking ship拯救沉船上的海员Portugal participated in the war葡萄牙参加了战争due to our ignorance由于我们的无知造成的Translation Practice1“一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
(完整word版)研究生英语(上)(word文档良心出品)
mitigate alleviate prospective expected outshone surpassed initiates originates transitioned transferred mobilized organized convictions beliefs ambiguity vagueness assets advantages perception impression foster encourage collaborated cooperated ●fare food moderate mildfar-reaching widespread authentic genuine diverse variedstreaky fattycommemorate honorlingering continuinghumility modestywronged treated unjustly●establishment setupfacet aspectprevalent commonestimated judgedclaimed revealedflourish pass out quicklyoccasionally oftencommissioned orderedprestigious popularreimburse switchcomponent necessityflexibility ability to maximizeself-discipline self control●stalling delayingpending waiting forturned out becameat his disposal under his controldown on his lucksuffering from bad luckslump declinesoared increasedskimped did withoutthe dole welfareeligible for aid able to get help●unit 11.Details of the highly sensitive information have not been made _public c__.2. Working at home requires a good deal of __discipline b_.3. He never ceased to be amazed by her physical _strength a.4. The article made no reference __a_ to previous research on the subject.5. The great _ strength __d_of our plan lies in its simplicity.6. The palace and its grounds are open to the__ public _a_during the summer months.7. Supporters __ demonstrated __ b __outside the courtroom during the trial.8. I didn’t enjoy studying Philosophy—I found it too much of a theoretical discipline __c___9. Ask your teacher to act as one of your___ references___c__ .10. He said he left the company because of a_personality a_clash with the director.11. Different cultures have different ways of __ disciplining__d___their children.12. The study__ demonstrates__ a__ the link between poverty and malnutrition.13. The disclosure of the information will not be a criminal offence if it can be shown that it was in the_ public _d_ interest.14. The book will become a standard work of__ reference___b__ .15. It’s partly the architecture which gives the town its_ personality c__.●unit 21.A. A blossom develops from a bud .B. In this poem, the budding flower means youth.2.A. The only access to that ancient castle is along a muddy track.B. Users can access their voice mail remotely.3.A. The medicine had a slightly bitter aftertaste.B. There was a lot of hard work before we first taste success.4.A.Katherine was nobody’s fool when it came to money.B. It’s no good fooling yourself. He’s not coming back.5.A. The factory produces an incredible 100 cars per hour.B. We sell tinned goods and local produce.6.A. They garnish the room with modern paintings.7.A. The Queen reign but does not rule.B.The king’s reign lasted for 30 years.8.A. Environmental protection is a growing concerned in China.B. He loved his wife, and concern for her happiness.9.A. The building is name after a successful entrepreneur.B. Could I call you first name ？10.A. I’ve practiced playing the piano for five years.B. It is his practice to take a walk after dinner every evening.unit 51. master mastery masterpieceA. It’s one of the greatest __ masterpieces of Western art.B. I never quite __ mastered __ the art of walking in high heels.C. He doesn’t have __ mastery __ of the basic rules of grammar.2. commit commission commitmentA. He has clearly _ committed __his government to continuing down the path of economic reform.B. You can __ commission _ them to paint something especially for you.C. She d oesn’t want to make a big emotional __ commitment __ to Steve at the moment.3. execute executive executionA. Franklin is in charge of _ executing the company’s reorganization plan.B. The solicitors are proceeding with the _ execution __ of her mot her’s will.C. He sits on the _ executive __ committee that manages the bank.4.present presentation representA. Bear’s Cafe needs to pay more attention to __ presentation __ and taste.B. The goddess is _ represented__ as a woman with cow’s horns.C. The sword was _ presented__ by the family to the museum.D. Were you _ present __ when the news was announced?5. innovator inventor investorA. The patent lists six __ inventors__ who worked on the system.B. Foreign _ investors __ have shown considerable interest in the venture.C. Caesar planned vast projects and emerged as a great military ___ innovators _ .6. breath breathe breathless breathtakingA. We had to stop for _breath__ before we got to the top.B. She lay awake listening to her si ster’s steady __breathing__.C. The bank’s new on-line service is still growing at a __breathtaking_pace.D. I was a little _breathless_ and my heartbeat was bumpy and fast.7. physical physiological psychologicalA. The emotional and _physical_ strain of the previous day had left him exhausted.B. The drug produced no obvious __physiological_ response.C. Robyn’s loss of memory is a _psychological__ problem, rather than a physical one.8. routine disciplineA. Martial arts teach respect, _discipline_, and cooperation.B. We are trying to get the baby into a __routine_ of feeding and sleeping.C. You must _discipline__ yourself to finish your work on time.9. perform perfect practice properA. You’re getting better—you just need a little more _practice_.C. Gemma spent hours trying to __perfect___ her technique.D. In those days it was not thought entirely __proper___ for a woman to be on the stage.10.resistance reaction response reconciliationA. The decision provoked an angry _reaction___ from local residents.B. It took hours of negotiations to bring about a _reconciliation_ between the two sides.C. The demonstrators offered little or no __resistance__ to the police.D. There has been no _response__ to his remarks from the government.●Unit81. She was a woman of uninspiring appearance and a dreadful bore boot .2. Society does not exist in a vacuum, it is influenced by Government policies, the environment and culture.3. Your efforts will be rewarded and you will find that you no longer have to bother about the boring details of everyday life.4. The reward police had offered for any information leading to his arrest is twenty times the average national wage.5. We ended the year with a net profit of 9.7 million, which represents earnings of just 5%.6. Elderly people were still slowly negotiating the hotel steps when the parade started.7. The odds are that he will commit the same crime again.8. The little company battled its way to success, despite the enormous odds .9. Fatal accident have decreased in frequency in recent year.10. The government opened negotiations with the IMF for another loan.1. black and white in black and whiteA. Part of the problem is that we only see the issues as black and white_.B. Once it’s down _ in black and white__, you can’t forget it.C. I still get a thrill seeing re-runs of old _ black-and-white__ movies on Saturday afternoon television.2. on the scene behind the scenes set the sceneA. The accident victim died before the ambulance arrived _ on the scene_.B. Foster set the scene___ before the performance so that the audience knows what to expect.C. Women make their contribution in the world either in high-profile or __ behind the scene_ .3. make a difference make all the difference make any difference make no differenceA. He told me he should have been more careful; but that it would __ make no difference __.B. The lighting will _ make a difference __ to how well people can see the picture.C. Will exercise _ make any difference _ to my chances of getting fat?D. A few kind words at the right time _ make all the difference __.4. work on work out work againstA. If you _ work on _ it steadily you should win through in the end.B. Criticizing the security procedures usually __ work against __ making them effective.C. Why don’t you leave him here till you see how things _ work out ?5. spread out spread through spread toA. Buddhism _ spread to __ China from India.B. Felix watched his men _ spread out _ to cover the whole area.C. A mass movement against forced labor _ spread through __ the state.●Unit91. Thousands of spectators _crammed (b) into the stadium to see the game.2. Tell the students to blow up the _balloon _(a)_ and then tape the straw to it.3. Most river tourists travel in big noisy motor rigs, which _crash (a)__through all but the biggest rapids4. Jill _crammed (a)_ her clothes into the bag.5. He lost control of his car at the first bend and _crashed (a)_ .6. We _crammed (d)_ in as much sightseeing as possible during our stay in New York.7. The company’s debt has _ballooned (c)__ in the past year.8. You can _crash (b)__ at our place if you can’t get a ride home.9. We’ll have to get out of this situation before the _balloon (b)_ goes up.10. As house sales have __slumped (b)___, so has spending in department-store on items like furniture, carpets and electrical appliances.11. It is believed that the proceeds from the sale will go into a __trust (c) _ fund for the children.12. The hardest thing is finding a car dealer you can _trust (d)!13. I was fortunate enough to have very __liberal (c) _ parents.14. The post-war _slump (c) __ sent the unemployment figures soaring to twice the expected level.15. That decision did not win her much support from _liberals (b)__ and moderates.16. When he is 25, the trustees will give him full control of his _trust (b)__ fund.…………1)employment 2) __ paid _ 3)___ adjust 4)__ setting _ 5)__ discouraged 6)__ credit 7) ___ cite _ 8)__ demonstrate9)___ teamwork10)___ rules_.1）integration 2） choice 3） handed 4） aspiring 5) steaming 6）masterpiece 7） pleasure 8）partake9）amazing10） present……1) written 2) practiced 3) adapted 4) fundamental 5) soul 6) described 7) mental 8) state of being 9) pictured 10) exercises 11) control 12) experiences13) including14) individuals15) medical…………Classes last from 30 to 90 minutes and are offered at various skill levels. …… 1) were to 2) inefficient 3) paved with 4) obliged 5) evidence 6)substantial decrease 7) potential 8) consumed9) possible10) the same…………risk of being killed.……1)__ expensive_ 2) than_ 3) higher_ 4)_imported 5) due to_ 6) Communities 7) remote 8) _wages9) subsidized10)_allowance_……payment to help offset the higher cost of living.●Unit 11) Furthermore, humans have the ability to modify the environment in which they live, thus subjecting all other life forms to their own peculiar ideas and fancies.译文：而且，人类还有能力改变自己的生存环境，从而使所有其他形态的生命服从人类自己独特的想法和想象。
英语听力学习策略研究综述
英语教学发展 的趋 势和要求。文章探讨英语 听力 学习策略 的定义和 分类 ， 并对相关研 究进行综述 。
关键词 ： 英语听力 ； 学习策略 中图分类号 ： ３ ９ Ｈ １． ３ 文献标志码： Ｂ 文章编号 ：０ ８ ３ ２ （ ００ ０ － （ ４ ０ １０ —４ １２ １ ）４ ０１ — ７ ６
１ ． 积极猜测 ２ ． 克服说和写方 面的不足
直接策略
认知策略
补偿策略
元认知策略 １ ． 确定学习重点 ２安排 和计划学习 ３评价学 习效果 ． 间接策略 情感策略 社交策略 １ ． 克服焦虑 ２鼓励 自己 ３ ． ． 控制情绪 １ 问题 ２ 他人合作 ３ 问 与 ． 理解他人
Ｔ ｂ ｘｏ １９ ） ａｌ ２Ｏ ｆｒ ９ ０学习策略分类 ｅ ｄ（
两分法
策略名称 记忆策略
策
略
内
容
１ ． 在大脑 中创建信 息 ２运用形象 和声音 ３有计划 的复习 ４利用动作记忆 ． ． ． １ 习 ２接受和表达意思 ３分析 和推理 ４建立输入和输出的结构 ． 练 ． ． ．
钱 秀金
（ 福州外语外贸职业技术学院 ， 福建福州 ３ ０ １ ） ５０８
摘
要： 根据教 育部 ２０ ０ ７年 ｌ Ｏ月颁布的《 大学英语课程教 学要 求》 ， ① 促进 学生个性化 学 习方 法的形成
和学生 自主学习能力的发展是教改的 目的之一。新教 学模式应 能使 学生选择适合 自己需要的材料 和方 法进 行 学习， 获得学习策略的指 导， 逐步提 高其 自主学习的能力。 由此可见。 探讨和研究学习策略 已成为我 国当前
类。
Ｔ ｂｅ１ 学 习策略的定义 ａｌ
来 源 定 义
《英语学习元认知策略文献综述1600字》
英语学习元认知策略文献综述目录英语学习元认知策略文献综述 (1)一、关于元认知策略的研究成果 (1)二、关于英语学习元认知策略的研究成果 (1)三、研究述评 (2)参考文献 (2)一、关于元认知策略的研究成果20世纪70年代，美国心理学家Havel提出了元认知概念，许多语言学领域的专家学者都将元认知作为研究对象而进行了大量的探究，包含理论与实证两个方面。
结果发现，元认知策略是一种高层次的实施技能，通过使用元认知知识对语言学习任务进行科学的计划、调节、监控和评价，从而能提升语言学习能力。
O'Malley & Chamot（1990）基于认知理论框架，对学习策略进行了分类，即元认知策略（metacognitive strategy）、认知策略（cognitive strategy）与社会/情感策略（Social/emotional strategies），并指出元认知策略可以约束语言学习策略的运用，对学生的学习影响巨大。
O' Malley & Chamot（1994）做了大量研究，其结果表明学习者之所以选择元认知策咯，就是为了有助于规划、监控及评价自我学习过程，使外语学习活动成为自觉的、动态的认知过程。
Peter Skehan（2003）认为，反映、监测、评估是运用学习策略的重要因素，缺乏元认知则会造成学习技能的缺失。
Wenden（1998）指出，元认知策略能够对学习活动进行规划及指导。
二、关于英语学习元认知策略的研究成果赵峰，沈军斌（2008）以成人学习者的英语词汇学习特点为切入视角，从理论层面探讨了元认知理论对成人英语词汇学习的启示，包括培养学习兴趣，自我调整，形成良好的学习心理；分析问题，自我计划，明确问题；掌握方法，自我监控，实施有序的学习步骤；检验结果，自我反思，评价完整的学习过程。
王娜（2010）认为元认知策略培训的核心是学生学会计划、评价学习过程以及监控认知策略的使用，掌握一定数量的词汇认知策略则是开展元认知策略培训的基础。
英语专业学生英语语音学习策略实证研究
2452020年43期总第535期ENGLISH ON CAMPUS英语专业学生英语语音学习策略实证研究文/赵珍龙3. 研究目的。
(1)探究英语专业学生使用英语语音学习策略的基本情况。
(2)探究语音学习成功者与学习不成功者在使用语音学习策略上存在的差异。
4. 数据收集与分析。
(1)试测。
作者6月6日从6个班级随机抽取33名学生作为试测对象，让其填写英语语音学习策略调查问卷，该问卷是基于文秋芳对学习策略的分类，结合该校学生实际而编写。
所得到的数据用SPSS16.0进行统计信度分析，所得到的信度值为0.932 。
根据试测对象对问卷的数据分析以及反馈情况，作者将问卷稍做修改。
(2)正式实施。
6月11、12日，在指导老师的安排和指导下，来自6个自然班的152名受试对象完成调查问卷的填写并提交。
在此过程中，问卷实行不记名方式，调查的目的、重要性及相关注意事项都已有指导教师解释说明清楚，确保学生能够如实填写问卷项目。
6月27日，英语语音期末测试如期进行，测试分数当天得出。
(3)访谈。
本研究采用的是半结构化访谈， 于7月初即语音测试结束后进行。
访谈在访谈提纲的基础上展开，再针对学生回答问题的情况，对有可能对研究分析提供信息的问题继续提问，充分了解受试对象的学习策略使用情况。
访谈全过程采取一对一方式，并进行录音。
(4)数据录入与分析。
作者把所有调查问卷和语音测试的数据都录入电脑，用SPSS16.0进行描述性分析得出英语专业学生使用英语语音学习策略的总体使用情况；再用独立样本T检验得出语音学习成功者和语音学习不成功者在运用学习策略上存在的差别；将访谈录音转化为文字信息，为定量调查提供更详细的材料，探究学习策略使用的合理解释。
三、结果与讨论数据结果的评价依据采用Oxford(1990)提出的策略使用频率一、引言语音是语言的载体，是获得语言技能的基本要求，尤其是对于英语专业师范生更为重要。
大多数英语专业师范生毕业后会从事英语教师行业，其发音是学生学习的典范，产生直接影响的作用。
(完整word版)英语教研-浅谈小学英语语音教学策略
英语教研-浅谈小学英语语音教学策略《英语课程标准》指出:学生在英语基础教育阶段应该学习和掌握包括语音、词汇、语法、功能和话题等五个方面的基础知识。
语言有三大要素:语音、词汇和语法, 其中语音是最基本的因素。
语音是学好语言的基础, 语音教学是语言教学的重要内容之一。
自然规范的语音、语调将为有效的口语交际打下良好的基础.在小学英语教学中, 教师应特别重视语音教学。
如何提高语音教学的成效, 让学生听得懂、说得出、用得好呢?对于小学英语教学来说, 课堂是教学的主阵地, 帮助学生形成有效的英语语音学习策略是每位英语教师的职责, 也是新课程标准所制定的学习目标之一。
教师应根据新课程标准中的二级语音学习目标和学习策略目标来研究如何搞好语音教学以及如何引导学生形成有效的语音学习策略, 使其掌握正确的发音要领, 养成正确的发音习惯, 学会规范的发音, 发展自主学习语言的能力。
在小学英语课程教学中采用的一些语音教学策略:1.有效利用汉语拼音的正迁移作用的策略.语音教学的主要任务是听准、辨清、观察、模仿、练习、会运用48个因素和学会拼读音标,记住读音规则。
但如何教好语音,使学生真正获得自学能力呢?我认为,最关键的问题是如何引导、如何教,使语音教学寓于趣味,生动活泼。
由于学生在一年级时对汉语拼音掌握得很好, 而许多英语字母的发音其实与汉语拼音是很相似的, 如英语字母中的辅导字母的发音与汉语拼音的声母的发音很相似, 而很汉语拼音中的ei与/ei/, ai与/ai/, u/与/u:/等基本相似；另一方面, 辅音字母在单词中的发音相当于声母的作用, 元音字母在单词中的作用相当于汉语拼音的韵母, 一个单词的拼读由辅音和元音组成。
2.创造性地驾驭教材, 对语音教学的单音部分实行先集中后分散的教学原则的策略.为了缩短语音学习的学程,改变学生从一开始学英语就处于被动的学习地位的现状,充分发挥学生学习的智力, 发展学生的学习能力, 在二年级时, 要求学生能认读26个字母, 期间穿插对日常英语的复习, 简单用语的渗透和简短易学的英语歌曲, 让学生有充分的成就感。
(完整word版)新编简明英语语言学教程 戴伟栋版(word文档良心出品)
新编简明英语语言学教程戴伟栋版第1章导言本章要点：1. The definition and main branches of linguistics study语言学的定义和研究范围2. Important distinction in Linguistic语言学的一些重要区分3. The definition and the design features of language语言的定义和识别特征4. Function of language语言的功能本章考点：语言学考点：语言学的定义，语言学中几组重要的区别，每组两个概念的含义、区分及其意义；普通语言学的主要分支及各自研究范畴；宏观语言及应用语言学的主要扥只及各自的研究范畴。
语言的考点：语言的定义；语言的识别特征（任意性，能产性，二重性，移位性，文化传递性）；语言的功能1,The definition of linguistics语言的定义：Linguistics is generally defined as the scientific study of language(based on the systematic investigation of linguistic data, conducted with reference to general theory of language structure)2.The scope of linguistics语言学的范围A：micro-linguisticsPhonetics（语音学）: the study of the sounds used in linguistic communication.Phonology（音系学）: the study of how sounds put together and used to convey meaning in communication.(语音分布和排列的规则及音节的形式) Morphology（形态学）: the study of the way in which the symbols are arranged and combined to form words.Syntax（句法学）: the study of rules in the combination of words to form grammatically permissible sentences in language.Semantics（语义学）: the study of meaning.Pragmatics（语用学）: the study of the meaning in the context of language use. B：macro-linguisticsSociolinguistics: the study of all social aspects of language and its relation with the society form the core of the branch.Psycholinguistics: the study of language and its relation with psychology.Applied linguistics: the study of application of language to the solution of practical problems. Narrowly it is the application of linguistic theories and principles to language teaching, especially the teaching of foreign and second languages.3. Some important distinctions in linguistics 语言学中的重要区分A: Descriptive vs Prescriptive 描写式与规定式Descriptive: if a linguistic study aims to describe and analyze the language people actually use.Prescriptive: if the linguistic study aims to lay down rules for “correct and standard” behavior in using lan guage, i.e. to tell people what should they say and what they should not say, it is said to be Prescriptive.B: Synchronic vs Diachronic 共时性和历时性Synchronic: the description of a language at some point of time in history is a synchronic study.Diachronic: the description of a language as it changes through time is a diachronic study.C: Speech vs writing 言语和文学These are major media of communication.D: Langue vs parole 语言与言语(Saussure 索緖尔)Langue: refers to the abstract linguistic system shared by the all the members of a speech community.Parole: refers to the realization of language in actual use.E: Competence vs performance 语言能力和语言应用(Chomsky乔姆斯基) Competence: refers to a user’s underlying knowledge about the system of the rules.Performance: refers to the actual use in concrete situations.乔姆斯基和索绪尔的区别：索绪尔采用的是社会学的观点，他的语言观念是社会惯例性的。
文献综述·英语教学策略听说读写
中小学英语教学策略研究综述一、摘要中小学英语教学策略研究的现状，主要包括听力教学策略、会话教学策略、阅读教学策略、写作教学策略这四方面的研究。
就中小学英语教学策略如何提高教学效率，最根本的问题是要探究有效的教学方法。
国内外研究成果表明，学习效率与教学策略的使用有着正相关关系。
为此，探索并总结积极的、有效的英语教学策略就成了提高教育质量的重要途径。
[关键词]：听力、会话、阅读、写作。
二、现代教学策略（一）听力教学策略：美国外语教学法专家W.M. Rivers曾说过“在所有的交际活动中，最基本的能力是听懂别人说话的能力。
”一般而言，语言的习得主要是通过获得大量的可理解输入来实现的，而听是获得可理解语言输入的最重要的渠道。
因此，在英语教学中应对听力给予足够的重视。
在外语课堂上，影响听力理解的因素主要的有：语音解码、词汇、习惯用法、听力材料的种类、听力技能、听者的兴趣、背景知识以及听力技巧。
而教师听力教学策略的选择，更是直接影响学生的听力学习品质，下面介绍听力教学策略：1.听写：听写时训练听力、拼写和写的技能的常用方法，可用于教学或检查教学。
听写一般遵循下列步骤：第一步，教师完整的朗读听写材料，学生听而不写，只要求听懂大意；第二步，教师根据意群朗读，中间稍有停顿，学生边听边写；第三步，用正常语速朗读，学生边听边检查所写内容【2】。
2.听—写：课文每个单元都安排有听力练习，并配有相应的“听力训练录音带”。
在放录音前，可简单介绍情景，问几个一般性问题，如Who is talking?然后给学生少量时间看懂练习册上的说明和要求，接着放录音。
当学生听完后，要求用铅笔试着将答案写在练习册上【3】。
3.听—模仿：对因朗读技巧（如连读、轻读、语调等）而造成听音上的障碍，老师应带读或让学生跟着录音模仿。
这种练习有利于克服听音不准的毛病，而且有利于语音语调的提高【3】。
4.听—复述：听完一句复述一句。
如果没有听懂就反复听，或切成意群来听。
(完整word版)语言学导论 Unit 3 练习(word文档良心出品)
Unit 3 The Units of EnglishF1. Phonetically, the stress of a compound always falls on the first element, while the second element receives secondary stress.F2. Words are the smallest meaningful units of language.T3. Just as a phoneme is the basic unit in the study of phonology, so is a morpheme the basic unit in the study of morphology.T4. The smallest meaningful units that can be used freely all by themselves are free morphemes.F5. Fore as in foretell is both a prefix and a bound morphemeT6. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as number, tense, degree, and case.F7. Base refers to the part of word that remains when all inflectional affixes are removedF8. There are rules that govern which affix can be added to what type of stem to forma new word. Therefore, words formed according to the morphological rules areacceptable words.T9. In most cases, prefixes change the meaning of the base whereas suffixes change the word-class of the base.F10. All words in English have a hierarchical structure.F11. Clipping is one of the three most important devices of word-formation in English.T12. Idioms in English are modifiable in some grammatical ways.F13. The presence of constructions is unique to English.F14. Every English sentence has a subject.A1. Nouns, verbs and adjectives can be classified as________A lexical wordsB grammatical wordC functionD forwardsD2. The compound word “bookstore” is the place where books are sold. This indicates that the meaning of a compound __________.A. is the sum total of the meaning of its componentsB. can always be worked out by looking at the meanings of morphemesC. is the same as the meaning of a free phrase.D. None of the above.B3. The part of speech of the compounds is generally determined by the part of speech of __________.A. the first elementB. the second elementC. either the first or the second elementD. both the first and the second elements. A4. Morphemes that represent tense, number, gender and case are called________morphemeA inflectionalB freeC function wordsD derivationalC5. _________ is a branch of grammar which studies the internal structure of words and the rules by which words are formed.A. SyntaxB.GrammarC. Morphology D MorphemeC6. The meaning carried by the inflectional morpheme is _______.A. lexicalB. morphemicC. grammaticalD. semanticD7. Bound morphemes are those that ___________.A. have to be used independentlyB. can not be combined with other morphemesC. can either be free or boundD. has to be combined with other morphemesA8. ____ modifies the meaning of the stem, but usually do not change the part of speech of the original word.A. PrefixesB. SuffixesC. RootsD. AffixesB9. _________ is often thought to be the smallest meaningful units of language by the linguists.A. WordsB. MorphemesC. PhonemesD. SentencesB10. All of them are meaningful except for_____________A lexemeB phonemeC morphemeD allomorphDiscuss the types of morphemes with examples.Free morphemes: They are the independent units of meaning and can be used freely all by themselves, for example, “book-” in the word “bookish”. Boundmorphemes: They are those that cannot be used independently but have to becombined with other morphemes, either free or bound, to form a word such as “-ish” in “bookish”. BoundMorphemes can be subdivided into roots and affixes. A root is seen as part of a word; it can never stand by itself although it has a clear and definite meaning,such as “gene-” in the word “generate”. Affixes are of two types: inflectional and derivational. Inflectional morphemes manifest various grammatical relations or grammatical categories such as “-s” in the word “books” to indicate plurality of nouns. Derivational affixes are added to an existing form to create a word such as “mis-” in the word “misinform”. Derivational affixes can also be divided intoprefixes and suffixes. Prefixes occur at the beginning of a word such as “dis- ” in the word “dislike”, while suffixes occur at the end of a word such as “-less” in the word “friendless”.。
英语教学法文献综述范文模板例文
英语教学法文献综述范文模板例文教学法是指教师在教学过程中所采用的方法和策略。
在英语教学中，选择合适的教学法对于学生的学习效果至关重要。
本文将综述一些英语教学法的研究，并提供一个范文模板作为参考。
一、直接法直接法是指在教学中直接使用目标语言进行交流和教学。
这种教学法强调了语言的实际运用，通过模仿和表演等方式提高学生的口语表达能力。
研究表明，直接法能够帮助学生更快地掌握语言，提高他们的交际能力。
范文模板：直接法在英语教学中的应用直接法是一种有效的教学法，它能够帮助学生更好地掌握英语。
直接法强调了语言的实际运用，通过让学生直接使用目标语言进行交流和教学，提高他们的口语表达能力。
在直接法中，教师扮演着引导者的角色，通过示范和激励，鼓励学生运用英语进行沟通和表达。
在课堂上，教师可以设计各种情景，让学生在实际交流中学习语言。
比如，教师可以组织角色扮演活动，让学生扮演不同的角色，使用英语进行对话。
这种方式可以激发学生的兴趣，提高他们的口语表达能力。
研究表明，直接法对于学生的学习效果有积极的影响。
通过直接使用目标语言进行交流，学生能够更快地掌握语言。
此外，直接法还可以提高学生的交际能力，培养他们的语言思维能力。
总之，直接法是一种有效的英语教学法。
通过直接使用目标语言进行交流，学生可以更好地掌握英语。
教师在教学中可以运用各种情景，激发学生的兴趣，提高他们的口语表达能力。
因此，在英语教学中应该广泛采用直接法。
二、交际法交际法是指在教学中注重学生的交际能力培养。
这种教学法强调学生的实际应用能力，通过情境交际和真实对话等方式提高学生的语言交际能力。
研究表明，交际法能够激发学生的学习兴趣，提高他们的语言运用能力。
范文模板：交际法在英语教学中的应用交际法是一种有效的教学法，它能够帮助学生更好地掌握英语。
交际法强调了学生的交际能力培养，通过情境交际和真实对话等方式提高学生的语言交际能力。
在交际法中，教师注重创造一个真实的语言环境，激发学生的学习兴趣。
(完整word版)英语作文模板及范文(word文档良心出品)
1.现象解释类In modern society, _________________(现象或趋势)。
On the one hand, _____________.One the other hand, _______________________.The reason for this phenomenon can be listed as follows. Firstly, ___________________. Secondly, _______________________. Finally, _______________________.As a matter of fact, _____________________. For one thing, _________________. For another, ____________________. All in all, ____________________.范文：Craze for National Civil Servant Test.1.当前，越来越多的人参加公务员考试。
2.产生这一现象的原因。
3.我对该现象的看法。
In modern society, the number of people taking part in the national servant test has increased dramatically. On the one hand, college graduates are busy in preparing for such examination. On the other hand, some people who have already worked for a couple of years also join in this team.The reasons for this phenomenon can be listed as follows. Firstly, in recent years, it is hard for college students to find satisfactory jobsafter graduation due to the enrollment expansion(扩招) of universities and global economic recession(经济危机，不景气). Secondly, public servant is a comparatively stable profession in China, with high social position and such potential profits as social security(社会保险) and retirement benefits（退休福利）. Thirdly, it seems that a few people consider the examination as a springboard(跳板) to greater power anda short-cut to success in career.As a matter of fact, this practice reflects many social problem, which we must respond to in a thoughtful and productive way. For one thing, our government should take some feasible(切实可行的) actions to ease the situation. For another, students may be encouraged to strike off on their own to have more control over their careers. All in all, only by every field’s efforts can we reduce the negative effects.2.对比选择类When it comes to the issue of ________________or___________________, different people have different opinions. Some argue that __________________, while others maintain that ___________________.Those who hold the first opinion believe that _____________________. On the one hand, _____________________.On the other hand, ________________. In contrast, those who hold the second view think that ______________________. For one thing,_______________. For another, ___________________.In my opinion, I prefer ______________________because _________________________. As a result, _________________________.范文：Which is important: Competition or cooperation?1.有人认为竞争重要，有人认为合作重要；2.陈述不同观点的原因；3.我的观点。
英语学习策略与技巧文献综述范文
英语学习策略与技巧文献综述范文英文回答：Literature Review: Strategies and Techniques for English Language Learning.Introduction.English, as a global language, has become essential for various aspects of life, necessitating effective learning strategies to master its intricacies. This literature review explores evidence-based strategies and techniques that have been proven to enhance English language acquisition.Immersion and Engagement.Immersion in the target language has consistently demonstrated its effectiveness in language learning. By surrounding oneself with English-speaking environments andengaging in authentic communication, learners can develop fluency and natural language use. Techniques include:Language exchange programs.Study abroad.Watching English movies and TV shows.Input and Output-Based Approaches.Input-based approaches focus on exposing learners to comprehensible English texts and audio materials. Techniques involve:Reading graded texts and listening to podcasts.Using multimedia resources and online databases.Collaborative reading and discussion.Output-based approaches, on the other hand, emphasizelanguage production through speaking and writing. Strategies include:Role-playing and simulations.Dialogue journals and peer feedback.Essay writing and presentations.Cognitive Strategies.Cognitive strategies engage learners' critical thinking and memory skills to enhance language retention. Techniques encompass:Spaced repetition and flashcards.Retrieval practice and self-testing.Summarizing and paraphrasing.Metacognitive Strategies.Metacognitive strategies empower learners to monitorand regulate their own learning process. Strategies include:Setting goals and tracking progress.Reflecting on strengths and weaknesses.Seeking support and feedback.Technology-Assisted Language Learning.Technology has revolutionized language learning, providing innovative tools and resources. Techniques involve:Language learning apps and software.Online dictionaries and grammar checkers.Video conferencing and virtual exchange.Affective Factors.Affective factors, such as motivation, confidence, and anxiety, play a significant role in language learning success. Strategies to address these include:Establishing realistic goals and celebrating progress.Building a supportive learning environment.Managing stress and anxiety.Conclusion.This literature review has presented an overview of evidence-based strategies and techniques for English language learning. By implementing these approaches, learners can enhance their fluency, accuracy, and overall proficiency in the target language. It is crucial to note that the effectiveness of any strategy may vary depending on individual learner preferences and circumstances. Therefore, adopting a multifaceted approach that addressesdiverse language learning aspects is recommended tooptimize learning outcomes.中文回答：英语学习策略与技巧文献综述。
(完整word版)教学设计模板范例(word文档良心出品)
课堂教学设计表课程名称英语设计者牟安琪倪芳芳单位（学校）温州大学授课班级使用 PEP义务教育课程标准实验教科书的学生倪珍珍邵婧版英语（新目标）章节名称PEP 英语九年级 unit2 section B & self-check学时 11.依据纽南 (David Nunan)所提出的任务型及合作式教学原则,使学生在小组学习中获取信息,处理信息和运用信息,激发学生用所学语言进行交际的愿望和自信心 ,促进合作精神和文化意识的发展。
设计理念2.在完成内容解说后进行提问环节时，运用斯金纳的操作学习理论，将教学内容分成一系列连续的阶段，由浅入深，不断地给予提问（刺激）与确认（强化）。
教材关联：本课为PEP 英语九年级 unit2 sectionB & self-check，为第二课时。
第一课时的教学内容已将主题呈现，本课时将进一步巩固第一教材和内课时的教学内容，是第一课时内容的延续和强化，是后面课时内容的铺容分析垫。
内容分析： 1.之前学生已经初步认识过句型“I/He/You usedto”，本课运用阐述学生的变化这一形式可引导学生进入主要句型的学习，从而掌握学习内容，通过对比进一步了解自身。
2.本课时主要学习 section B & self-check,完成听力练习。
课程标准：PEP 版英语（新目标）义务教育课程标准实验教科书：九年级基础教育阶段英语课程的总体目标是培养学生的综合语言运用能力。
综合语言运用能力的形成建立在学生语言技能、语言知识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识等素养整体发展的基础上。
语言知识和语言技能是综合语言运用能力的基础，文化意识是得体运用语言的保证。
情感态度是影响学生学习和发展的重要因素，学习策略是提高学习效率、发展自主学习能力的保证。
这五个方面共同促进综合语言运用能力的形成。
基础教育阶段英语课程目标的各个级别均以学生语言技能、语言知教学目标识、情感态度、学习策略和文化意识五个方面的综合行为表现为基础进行总体描述。
(完整word版)英文案例分析(word文档良心出品)
Case 1One Chinese company exported a contract of Grade B Peanuts to a foreign country importer. When the seller was working on the delivery of the goods, he found that the Grade B Peanuts were out of stock. Without prior consent of the buyer, the seller delivered the Grade A Peanuts instead of Grade B Peanuts and stated on the invoice “Grade A Peanuts, price is the same”, while the buyer refused the consignment.Question:In this situation, does the buyer hold the repudiation rights? Why?Answer：The buyer has the right to refuse to pay. This is because both sides confirmed the Grade B Peanuts when signing the contract, which holds a legal effect. If the seller gets the buyer’s consent, he can change the peanuts grade. So the buyer has the power to refuse to pay.Case 2One Chinese company exported a contract of agricultural products to a German company. The contract stipulates that moisture not exceeds 15%, impurity not more than 3%. Before the deal closing, the seller sent the buyer the samples and after the contracting the seller immediately faxed the buyer that the consignment was similar to the sample. After the shipment arrived at Germany the buyer had the goods inspected. Later, the buyer showed the inspection certificate, saying that the quality of the goods was inferior to the samples’, and then he put forward a claim for compensation of ￡6 000, finally the Chinese company paid the compensation.Question:Please analyze the case.Answer：The transaction belongs to the sample trading. In international trade, in order to avoid the situation that the seller’s delivery quality is inconsistent with the requirement of the buyer, which leads to the buyer’s claim, the seller may ask the buyer for a sample in advance and the seller shall provide a tailored sample according to the sample from the buyer for confirmation; this is called “confirming sample”. When the sample is confirmed by the buyer, all the quality of the goods must be the same as the sample’s. In the contract, it’s beneficial for the seller to issue the quarantine inspection and quarantine certificates.Case 3A China’s export company made a transaction of apples with a foreign company. It’s stipulated “second-class apple”in the quality terms on the contract of sales and letter of credit. However, they found the second-class apple had been all sold out when they began to arrange the shipment. As a result, the company switched to the delivery of “first-class apples”, and the invoice stated that: “the price of the first-class apples is the same as that of the second-class”. Finally, the importer refused to accept and to pay due to the inconsistency with the quality contract terms. Question:What do you think of this case?Answer：Under normal circumstances, the practice of substituting the superior goods for the inferior ones will be quite acceptable. However, if the market price of the goods is nose-diving or some otherabnormal things happen, the importer sometimes will avail of the opportunity to refuse the goods or claim with the excuse of quality inconsistency with the contract. Therefore, the quality provisions of the contract formation and performance are a loaded matter of great significance.Case 4An export company in China entered into a transaction with a Russian company, stating: soybean net weight of 100 kilograms per bag, 1 000 bags , a total of 100 metric tons. However, after the goods arrived in Russia, the customs discovered the soybean net weight of 94 kilograms per bag, 1 000 bags, a total of 94 tons. At that time, the market price was falling. So by the reason of the discrepancies between the document and the cargo, the Russian company asked for 5% price reduction, otherwise he would reject the goods.Question:Are Russian side’s requests reasonable? What measures should the Chinese exporter take for remedy?Answer：Russian side’s request is reasonable. (1) When there is no more or less clause, delivery should be strictly in accordance with the contract. (2) Under the letter of credit, a 5% expansion for quantity of goods is allowed while the amount of value can’t exceed the amount stipulated in the L/C. However, the proportion of our stretching is more than 5%. Therefore, the Chinese exporter has breached the contract.As for the buyer’s requests for price reductions, the seller may consult with clients to conclude the transaction with international market prices so as to reduce losses.Case 5A foreign trade company exported 1 000 sets of typewriters. The L/C stipulated that partial shipment was prohibited. But nonetheless, when the consignments were gathering at the port for shipment, the seller found that 45 sets of goods got problem in packing and quality. Since it was an emergency and in order to assure of the quality, the exporter believed that according to the Uniform Customs and Practice for Documentary credits, even if it doesn’t allow the partial shipment, there is a more-or-less clause by 5%. Eventually, the seller loaded 955 sets virtually whereas the goods were rejected by the negotiating bank.Question:Please explain the reasons.Answer：According to UCP600, unless the quantity of credit is specified in L/C, even if the partial shipments are not allowed, the quantity of goods allowed 5% more or less in quantity in condition that the total amount paid does not exceed the amount of credit conditions. However, this clause can not apply to situation when the quantity is provided by counting the number of packing units. In this case, typewriter is counted by set, belonging to the exceptions of the above clause. 5% more or less in quantity is not allowed. Therefore, the bank refused to negotiate the document because of discrepancies found by reviewing the L/C and other documents.Case 6An ore exporting contract specified the terms as follows: “25 000 M / T 3% more or less atseller’s option.”When the seller prepared to take delivery, the international market prices of ore went upward.Question:(1) How much are you going to deliver as a seller? Why?(2) Standing in the position of the buyer, what should be paid attention to during negotiation of the terms of the contract?Answer：The seller may load less cargo than stipulated, because international market price of the goods raised sharply, which subject the seller to a loss if delivering the cargo more than stipulated. More delivery means more losses. According to the present conditions, the seller can deliver only 22 750 tons of cargo.As a buyer, in order to avoid the seller’s taking advantage of the changes in market prices for additional profits, it would stipulate in the contract: the price of more or less part of the cargo loaded may comply with the market prices in time of shipment or comply with the contract price.Case 7One Chinese export company exported some goods to Canada, valued at $800 000. The contract stated that it should be packed in plastic bags, marks with English and French on each item. But the Chinese company used other packaging instead in the actual delivery, and still used only English marks. The foreign merchant, in order to adapt to the requirements of the local market and sales, hired people to change the packing and shipping marks. Then he asked for claim against the Chinese company. The Chinese company recognized something wrong, so compensated the customer.Question:Try to analyse the case.Answer：At present, many countries made regulations about packaging and labeling for commodities sold in the market and the imported goods must conform to the regulations, or else they will be prohibited for import or sale in the market. Label is a sign which is attached on the goods or packaging referring to the country, manufacturer, name of goods, goods components, quality characteristics, use method, etc. In making the sales package label, we should pay attention to the relevant state regulations for the administration of the label. Some developed countries often avail of these regulations as means of import restrictions which should cause enough attention. For example, in the European Union, there has a series of merchandise; basic content is commodity itself or packaging must with correct tags that can be fully read, and understandable. From this perspective, the seller failed to strictly, according to contract, perform prescribed packing conditions which shall be deemed to be the obligation to a breach of contract. Our company has two faults, one is changing packaging materials, although the quality of goods itself is not affected; the another fault is that the mark is not stipulated according to the contract, due to the products’belonging to the French area, the filling is often in French. Anyhow, in order to successfully export, we must understand and adapt to the special requirements of different state regulations, in order to reduce unnecessary troubleCase 8British Moore Company with the condition of CIF, bought from LanTuo company 300 cases of canned fruit in Australia. The contract with a provision reads: “Packed in carton, 30 tins in each carton.”It was found that 150 cases that the seller delivered were 30 tins in each carton, the rest were 24 tins per box. The buyer refused the goods while the seller argued that 30 tins per box is not an important part of the contract, and with the quality, no matter it was 30 or 24 tins per box, it was correspond to the contract’s quality requirement, therefore, the buyer should accept. Question:Please analyse the case.Answer：The law in some countries divides the sale into two categories, sale by sample and sale by illustration. The latter includes a very wide scope, not only involves goods quality issues, also including quantity, even in the contract on shipment, packaging and goods with the statement. According to the British business law, all the “explanation”items are the elements of the contract. If they are violated, the buyer is entitled to the rejection of the goods and may lodge a claim. In this case, the British law believes that packaging belongs to “explanation”part that is vital and since the seller made a breach of contract, the buyer had reasons to refuse all the goods, and also could accept the part fulfilling that are with the provisions and rejecting the rest and claim for damages.。
国内英语教学策略研究的文献综述
国内英语教学策略研究的文献综述发布时间：2021-09-24T01:15:24.414Z 来源：《教育考试与评价》2021年第7期作者：牛晓萌[导读] “教学策略”这一概念起源于加涅《学习的条件》一书所描述的教学事件。
我国关于教学策略研究始于20世纪80年代末期。
延边大学吉林延吉 133000摘要：本文通过对有关英语教学策略研究的文献进行整理，从教学策略的内涵、英语教学策略现状、英语教学策略理论依据三个方面进行梳理，研究结果表明：（1）内涵研究广泛丰富，尚未形成一致的见解；（2）英语教学策略应用仍存在问题亟待解决；（3）研究理论视角多元，但研究深度不够；（4）研究对象不够广泛。
关键词：英语；教学策略；综述“教学策略”这一概念起源于加涅《学习的条件》一书所描述的教学事件。
我国关于教学策略研究始于20世纪80年代末期。
本研究主要采用文献法，以“教学策略”、“英语”为主题词在中国知网、维普、万方等数据库进行高级检索，从教学策略的内涵、英语教学策略现状、英语教学策略理论依据三个方面对有关进行梳理，以期较为全面地呈现我国英语教学策略的研究成果，并对我国英语教学策略研究的未来发展作出较为客观的展望。
一、教学策略内涵研究关于教学策略的内涵研究，国内研究者众说纷纭，迄今尚无统一的定义，但归纳起来主要有以下四种观点:第一种观点是把教学策略看成是为达成教学目标而制定的教学设计。
《中国教育大百科全书》(2012)将教学策略定义为“在一定的教学观念的指导下，为实现教学目标而进行的教与学活动的设计。
”第二种观点是把教学策略理解为某种方法。
学者张春兴(1996)认为：所谓教学策略是指教师在教学中有计划地引导学生学习，从而达成教学目标所采取的一切方法。
第三种观点是把教学策略看成是某种相对系统的教学行为。
学者邵瑞珍等人(1997)认为：教学策略是教师在教学过程中为达到一定的教学目标而采取的相对系统的行为。
学者施良方、崔允漷（1999）认为：教学策略指的是教师为实现教学目标或教学意图（指难以明确或无需明确的目标）所采取的一系列问题解决行为。
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英语语音学习策略研究文献综述一、引言语音是语言的物质外壳，也是口语交际的载体。
顺利完成跨文化交流活动离不开语言的支撑，要学会说任何一种语言，首先要掌握这种语言的语音语调。
语音学习在整个英语学习中具有先导作用，正确的语音对于听力理解至关重要，还能帮助我们在学习词汇的过程中把单词的音，形，义联系起来，甚至可以提高阅读和写作的水平。
现代英语教学强调对学生交际能力的培养。
交际能力有四个层次，分别是语法能力，社.会语言能力，策略能力以及语篇能力（Canal e ＆Swain, 1980）。
语音作为语言的必要组成部分，也当属于语言能力的范畴（Scarcella ＆Oxford, 1994）。
一个人发音的好坏能够直接影响交际活动。
英语语音通常被划分为音段和超音段两大部分。
音段即元音和辅音，超音段是话语中大于单个音段的发声单位，重音，节奏和语调决定话语的可理解性，是重要的超音段特征。
英语语音学习策略指学习者为提高英语学习成效而采取的技巧，方法或者刻意的行为或行动。
詹金斯（Jenkins）在他的实证研究中发现，在以英语作为国际语的人际交流中，尽管不是所有的交际失败都由发音引起，但目前发音是引起交际失败最经常，最难解决的原因。
因此，语音语调在完成交际任务时承载着不可替代的基本要素的作用。
同时，研究表明，学习者的语音水平和他们的听力，口语甚至阅读水平密切相关。
因此，语音及语音教学在国内外外语教育研究中占有重要地位。
尽管如此，语音教学同其他相关教学领域（如词汇教学，语法教学等）的研究相比，没有得到应有的重视（Kelly，1967）。
语音教学是外语教学的一个重要方面，而从学习者角度出发关注学生语音学习策略和英语语音教学的研究在国内外都很少。
二、国外研究国外的早期文献中没有专门针对语音学习策略的研究，例如有学者于1978年调查了34名优秀的语言学习者，在要求被试者描述自己学习经验的过程中只是从一个侧面提及了语音学习策略。
初具规模的语音学习策略研究始于O'Malley等（1985），他们使用的调查工具中有一项是关于语音学习策略，最后得出的结论是语音学习策略使用的比例仅次于词汇学习策略。
而真正的系统研究始于SILL (the Strategy Inventory for Language Learning)的Oxford在）2000（他Peterson,的基础上设计了专业性的语音学习策略调查问卷，并发现语音高水平学习者比中低级学习者应用更多的语音学习策略，学生用得最多的是认知策略，用的最少的是记忆，补偿和情感策略，只有初级学习者使用了情感策略，所有的学习者中都没有反映出补偿型策略的情况。
在探讨发音在英语教学中的地位时，有学者主张在第二语言习得和英语作为外语教学中将发音的重点扩大并放在语篇环境中进行。
虽然许多研究语音的论著对掌握语音起指导作用，但在具体的话语交际过程中，每一个元音和辅音都会受到与它相邻的元音和辅音的影响以及受到它所存在的韵律结构的影响，发音对可理解性来说至关重要，而且也是交际能力中的一个基本组成部分。
三、国内研究在国内，王初明（2004）根据调查研究提出外语语音学习假设，指出语音学习对外语学习自我概念的影响包括语音学习对外语学习的促进或抑制作用，说明了情感策略在外语语音学习中有重要影响。
谢冰（2006）针对某师范大学的111名英语专业本科生开展语音学习策略调查研究，发现高分组和低分组之间在语音策略上存在显著差异。
陆彦（2015）采用问卷调查的方法考察了英语专业新生英语语音学习现状，研究结果表明：学生充分认识到语音学习的重要性，学生英语语音语调知识，技能有欠缺，学生语音学习中在音段和超音段层面都存在困难，超音段层面存在的问题更突出。
据此建议语音培训中，注重把单音练习和超音位练习有机地结合起来，并努力搭建由课堂的模拟训练走向真实场景中的语用平台，这样才能顺利完成跨文化交流活动。
何建友（2007）调查了53名中学生学习英语过程中使用语音学习策略的情况，研究结果发现：记忆策略和认知策略对成绩的影响较大，语音成绩较高的学生比语音成绩低的学生使用了更多的语音学习策略，在记忆策略，认知策略，元认知策略和情感策略方面高分组和低分组存在显著差异。
在访谈过程中，很多老师都承认对语音规则的整体把握肯定性不高，很多时候对语音教学不置可否，教授语音的方式也很单一，仅仅局限于对单词的领读，而这种单纯的模仿和重复很难帮助学生记住单词的发音。
在调查中还发现语音水平较高的学习者更善于理同时也证明他们有更出色的自我管理和自我监识别和重复语音规则，记忆，解，控能力。
另外社交策略并不影响学习的进程，而是给学习者提供目的语练习的机会和环境。
（束定芳，庄智象，2006），所以我们可以说高水平学习者对社会策略的重视和频繁使用给自身提供了输出目的语的环境，并在同级指导和互相纠错中不断检验语言假设，从而提高了自己的语音准确性。
最后笔者任务有必要对语音和语音学习策略进行显性教学和培训，指导学生如何在有限的课堂时间之外进行语音学习，并正确引导和规范学生在语音学习的过程中使用记忆策略，减少母语迁徙的负面作用。
黎素薇（2009）通过对高职高专非英语专业学生英语语音学习策略的研究，提供了语音学习的几种方法：1)分析与比较。
分析比较英语“音素”与汉语拼音的异同，在学习音素时要对音素的特点，发音器官和发音方法加以分，析，对英语中的特色音加以特别的训练。
另外还要分析比较语音音变与语调的特点，英语的音变主要体现在词的重音，音素的同化，省略，连读等方面，单词分音节，一个词有一个或几个音节，这与汉字是不同的，汉语中每个字只具备一个音节，也不存在单字重音的问题。
了解了词的重音，音变，语句重音加上正确的意群划分与停顿，再配以正确的语音语调，英语的口语表达才正确，语音的美感才能体现。
2）在分析比较的基础上进行实践。
语音的好坏最终体现在语流里，因此学习英语语音最终的着眼点应该放在漂亮的英语语流的形成上。
3) 模仿。
没有理论指导的模仿是没有理论的实践，在掌握了语音知识后，要依据理论知识不断地模仿标准语音的表达，以掌握的理论为指导，模仿的时候就会轻松自如，语音的学习就可以进步得很快。
4) 利用英语教学网站自主学习语音。
5) 利用多媒体加强语音训练。
张克勤（2002）提供了英语语音学习的几点原则：1）发音和字母结合。
在语音学习中，不可把字母和语音混为一谈，字母用于写，语音用于说。
由于英语是一个音和形不是很统一的语言，尤其是元音字母，一个元音字母有几种不同的发音，而一个音素又有几种不同的拼写形式，致使人们在读生词时，不能准确地读出每一个词。
但单词中的字母对读音只能给以一定的提示，因此认识字母在单词中相应的语音是十分有用的。
辅音相对于元音，不规则的情况要少些，因此要记忆一些辅音字母组合与辅音连缀的发音。
2）语音学习与词句的结合。
语音学习与词句结合，一方面学生可以学到单词，短语，句子的意思，提高英语学习的．兴趣，另一方面可以把多种语音知识和技能结合起来，利用单词学语音，可以把培养读音，拼读和重音等技能的学习结合起来；利用句子学语音，还可以把培养连读和语调的技能也结合起来。
一位学者对英语语音教学的不足进行了归纳：1. 英语语音教学尚未得到人们的高度重视，语音教学的实际效果不理想。
有研究者认为英语语音教学长期以来被我国英语教师和学生忽视。
在语言的三要素“语音、词汇和语法”中，很多教师只注重词汇和语法的教学。
语音教学往往是虎头蛇尾，只在开始阶段被英语教师象征性地强调一下。
把“48个音标”教学和单词重音、句子重音、连读和语调的知识简单传授等同于语音教学的全部内容。
语音教学常是孤立地完成，并不在语境中进行实践，结果语音知识虽是教完了，而学生无法把所学知识应用于实践。
(王锐俊，1999)2. 教材方面，有研究者认为现行小学英语教材中语音教学内容的安排过于分散且学程长，不利于拼读能力的培养，不能满足学生实际学习的需要。
它低估了学生的认知能力，忽视了学生们要独立学习的欲望和能力，学生在学习的过程中如果不全部学完48个音素和音标，就不能独立拼读和正确有效地记忆单词，学生自主学习英语的兴趣、自信心受到挫伤。
这无疑造成学生学习英语从一开始就处于被动的地位，最终的教学效果也只能是大打折扣。
(胡玉伟，2002)3. 语音训练的时间比较有限。
有研究者认为小学的英语课程安排上未能充分考虑到语音教学的需要，很多教师和学生迫于考试的压力，无法顾及对口语的训练，教学时间被大量地用在语法讲解、语言难点分析和应对考试上，加上学时的限制，语音教学未能有效进行。
而且多数学校班级生数太多，一个教师要面对几十个学生，使得学习者没有足够的语音操练和由老师纠正错误发音的机会，结果造成学生怕开口和难开口。
4.英语教师自身存在问题。
学生初学英语阶段的主要学习和模仿的对象之一就是教师。
如果一开始教师发音不准，给学生养成了不好的发音习惯，就会造成严重后果。
(王锐俊，1999)英语语音素质不过关、发音不标准会造成学生错误的发音。
另外，语音教学方法过于单一，太注重语音知识的讲授，学生操练模式过于机械，使语音部分的学习变得枯燥无味。
以下相关文献对如何改进英语语音教学提出了以下观点：1. 对教师提出要求。
教师首先应明白教语音不是仅教语音知识，而是教学教师本身发音就要力要教好学生语音，其次，生把所学知识应用于交际的能力，求准确，地道，流利。
教师除了发音要标准外，掌握一定的语音知识也是必须的，包括对发音器官，发音官能的了解，以及基本语音术语的掌握。
还有就是对英语和汉语两种语言的语音结构要了解，才便于作对比分析。
(王锐俊，1999)音标教学的时间安排。
我国学者们在“何时开始教音标”这一问题上有2.两种观点。
章兼中教授主张归纳法，认为音标不是拐棍，它只是检验发音的工具，起检验的功能，音标要在基本掌握字母、字母组合发音能力后一阶段再学;包天仁教授则认为演绎法更省时省力，强调初学阶段离不开音标，要快速地掌握英语读音，须尽早学习音标，学生掌握语音规则以后，就有了约束，学的时候才能自主纠正发音。
(包天仁，2004)多数文献作者认为在英语仅作为学校课堂学科的背景下采取演绎法更符合我国大部分学校的实际情况，主张将音标教学提前到小学三年级就集中进行。
4. 提倡综合分析法和分析综合法的共同运用。
华东师范大学章兼中教授在其《外语教育学》中写到:“在语音教学的实践中存在两种不同的方法:一是分析综合法，即从音素人手，在教给单词的同时教相应的音标和字母。
然后由单词到短句再到话语。
另一种是综合分析法，即在语流中教语音和语调。
先综合地教话语或整个句子，并由话语或句子逐步分析成词组、单词、音组和音素。
后一种方法更有利于达到语音教学的目的。