铜英文文献翻译
五金英文对照
冲压工具stamping tool冲压法pressing冲击impact冲击强度impact strength冲击测试impact test冲锻法;锤锻法;模锻法drop forging去毛边trimming粗糙度roughness光滑的smooth法兰盖blind flange, blind阀体body阀盖bonnet气缸(或液压缸)操纵的cylinder operated碳素钢carbon steel (CS)低碳钢low-carbon steel中碳钢medium-carbon steel高碳钢high-carbon steel普通碳素钢general carbon steel优质碳素钢high-quality carbon steel普通低合金结构钢general structure low-alloy steel 合金结构钢structural alloy steel合金钢alloy steel低合金钢low alloy steel中合金钢medium alloy steel高合金钢high alloy steel耐热钢heat resisting steel高强度钢high strength steel复合钢clad steel工具钢tool steel弹簧钢spring steel钼钢molybdenum steel镍钢nickel steel铬钢chromium steel铬钼钢chrome-molybdenum steel铬镍钢chromium-nickel steel,chrome-nickel steel 不锈钢stainless steel (S.S.)奥氏体不锈钢Austenitic stainless steel马氏体不锈钢Martensitic stainless steel司特来合金(钨铬钴台金) Stellite耐蚀耐热镍基合金Hastelloy铬镍铁合金inconel耐热铬镍铁合金incoloy20合金20 alloy平炉钢(马丁钢) Martin steel镇静钢killed steel半镇静钢semi-killed steel沸腾钢rimmed steel; rimming steel; open-steel 锻钢forged steel铸钢cast steel铸铁cast iron (C.I.)灰铸铁grey cast iron可锻铸铁malleable iron (MI)球墨铸铁nodular cast iron; nodular graphite iron 生铁pig iron熟铁，锻铁wrought iron铸件casting高硅铸铁high silicon cast iron渗铬钢，镀铬钢chromized steel镀铬的chromium-plated, chrome-plated镀层plating锻造，型钢swage锻造的，锻造forging轧制rolling热轧hot rolling冷轧cold rolling挤压extruding冷加工cold working热加工hot working拔制drawing铝aluminum铜，紫铜copper黄铜brass布氏硬度Brinell hardness洛氏硬度Rockwell hardness维氏硬度Vickers diamond hardness, diamond penetrator hardness 泵房pump house (room)普通热处理Conventional Heat Treatment退火annealing局部退火spot annealing中间退火process annealing球化退火spheroids annealing等温退火isothermal annealing极软退火dead-soft annealing回水tempering正火normalizing淬火quenching水淬火water quenching油淬火oil quenching等温淬火isothermal quenching断续淬火slack quenching高温淬火hot quenching水冷淬火cold quenching调质quenching and tempering消除应力stress relief时效处理ageing treatment可淬性hardenability过热敏感性superheated susceptivity 回火脆性temper brittleness表面热处理Surface Heat Treatment火焰表面淬火flame surface quenching 感应(高频)硬化induction hardening渗碳carbonization渗氮nitridation渗铬chromizing渗铝aluminizingX射线照相X-ray radiographyγ射线照相gamma radiography询价inquiry管道询价单piping requisition sheet厂商报价vendor quotation报价书quotation报价quoted price估价estimated price估算estimate采购说明purchase specification订货单;订购单purchasing order采购说明汇总表purchasing specification summary sheet (PSSS) 请购requisitioning交货单delivery order (D/O)装箱单packing list预制的prefabricated备品备件spare parts供应者supplier制造者;制造厂manufacturer; vendor顾客client; customer承包商contraction分包商subcontractor业主owner用户user包装packing。
文物英语词汇
卣 wine container匜 gourd-shaped ladle罍 ampulla斝 wine cup鼎 tripod尊 wine container觚 wine vessel盉 ancient utensil其实这些专属的单词,除了用于考古学之类的专业性文章以外,几乎根据他的中文白话文意思简化为vessel,container,utensil这些单词,因为就算你能拿出这些翻译,一般老外也不会懂.Ge kiln 哥窑Royal Kiln 官窑celadon 青瓷porcelain plate 瓷盘celadon-glazed dish 青瓷釉口盘the celadon plate with a mouth in the shape of mallow petals 青釉葵瓣口盘collection 藏品shoddy substitute 赝品collector 收藏家artifact 手工艺品grade-one cultural relic 一级文物preservation of cultural relics 文物保护ceramic 陶瓷制品Palace Museum 故宫博物院Ministry of Culture 文化部State Administration of Cultural Heritage 国家文物局Forbidden City 紫禁城antique 古董、古玩antiquity 文物；古物；古董；古迹repristination 恢复原状archaeologist 考古学家anthropologist 人类学家preservationist （对自然环境、文物古迹的）保护主义者World Monuments Fund 世界文化遗产基金会in ruins 成为废墟、遭到严重破坏historical site 历史遗迹、遗址human elements 人为因素；人文要素priceless 无价的、极贵重的masterpiece 杰作human error 人为误差dereliction of duty 失职；疏忽职守internal investigation 内部调查testing equipment 测试设备operational error 操作失误the intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 保护非物质文化遗产公约World Heritage Convention 世界遗产大会词汇对大部分英语学习者来说是一个难以轻松把握的问题,而各学科专业英语的词汇学习难度更大,问题更多。
化学化工专业英语 课文翻译 第八课8.2.
8 . 2 introductionMastering chemical nomenclature is little different from learning a new language, such as German . In order to understand the German scientific literature , you must , e . g , learn that the compound H2 is called Wasserstoff .English-speaking chemists call it hydrogen . Your task now is to memorize the names of enough compounds and become sufficiently familiar with the several systems of naming compounds that chemistry ceases to be a " foreign language .The first thing to learn about naming chemical compounds is that there is usually more than one way to do it . We begin with the simplest system , in which a trivial name , 1 . e . , one that has no sensible origin , is assigned to a compound .Some examples areSome names , such as quicklime for CaO , derive from the origin of the compoundin this case , limestone , CaCO3 Such word origins are often remembered only by etymologists , but the names have persisted for so long that they are an established part of the language . Can you imagine anyone seriously asking for a drink of dihydrogen oxide ? The word water serves the purpose much better .As we come to less common and more complex compounds , the use of trivial names gives way to a more systematic approach． If there are only two elements in the compound , it is customary to name the more metallic element first and the less metallic , or more electronegative , element second , with the suffix “- ide , , . Some examples areFor compounds containing still only two elements but more than two atoms , the pre fixes " mono -， , , " di -” , " tri 一， , etc , become necessary . Some examples of such compounds are the oxides of nitrogen . Another such series is that of the oxide of chlorine .Because chlorine , like nitrogen , is slightly less electronegative than oxygen , the word chlorine cornes firstif no confusion can result , the prefixes " mono , , and “di -, are sometimes dropped .A class of compounds in which such prefixes are seldom used is that in which the metal atom usually exhibits only one oxidation state Depending on the oxidation state of the other element , the number of anions per cation is then fixed . Some examples areThe next level of complexity in naming Inorganic compounds arises when there are three elements present . Very often , one of these elements is oxygen . Such compounds are named by combining the suffix “ ate “ , with the name of the less electronegative of the two nonmetallic elements. For example , NaNo3 is sodium nitrate . The problem with this is that there is a similar compound with nitrogen in the + 3 oxidation state , NaNO2. such compounds with the element in a lower oxidation state use the suffix “-ite , , , so NaNO2 is sodium nitrite . But the number of chemical compounds is not bounded by the chemists ' vocabulary , and there are several such examples entailing more than two oxidation states .To solve this problem , the prefix ' ' hy - po 一， , ( meaning " below , , is used in the name of the compound In which the less electronegative element is in the lowest oxidation state , and the prefix " per-， , ( meaning " highest , , is usedwhen it is in the highest oxidation state Some examples of the use of this system are shown In the following table ( Table 8 . 2In the inorganic acids , the suffixes “-ous , , and "- ic , , are used to denote the lower and higher oxidation states , respectively These same suffixes are also used with the names of a number of metals , namely , those that usually exhibit more than one oxidation state Some examples are cobaltous and cobaltic , and mercurous and mercuric . The nomenclature is complicated slightly by the fact that , for a few such metals , these terms are derived from the Latin name of the element rather than the English name .All but eleven of the elements are given a symbol corresponding to one or two letters In the English name of the compound ( The first letter is always capitalized and the second letter 15 never capitalized One of these exceptions is tungsten , whose symbol ( W is derived from the German name of the element , Wolfram The other ten havesymbols derived from their Latin names . These are , stibium ( Sb for antimony , cuprum ( Cu ）for copper , aurum ( Au for gold ，ferrum ( Fe for iron , plumbum ( Pb for lead , hydrargyrum ( Hg for mercury , kalium ( K for potassium , argentum ( Ag for silver , natrium ( Na for sodium , and stannum ( Sn for tin. The use of the suffixes ' ’- ous , , and “-ic , , with three of these metals 15 illustrated belowThe system works well as long as there are only two major oxidation states of the metal atom , as in those examples .The most rational and selfconsistent system of nomenclature of inorganic compounds is that adopted in 1957 by the ultimate authority in such matters , the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. these rules , popularly called the IUPAC Rules , are the model for chemists throughout the world to follow , and are becoming ever more dominant In the chemical literature . Note that the oxidation state of the metal atom is specified by a Roman numeral whenever there could be some doubt about it , but not otherwise Let us see how the examples shown above are named according to this system掌握化学命名是学习新的语言，如德国略有不同。
金属材料及热处理工艺常用基础英语词汇翻译对照
金属材料及热处理工艺常用基础英语词汇翻译对照
本文旨在提供金属工艺行业中的基础英语词汇翻译对照，为金属工艺从业者提供帮助。
金属材料常用英语词汇
1.metal：金属
2.alloy：合金
3.steel：钢
4.iron：铁
5.copper：铜
6.brass：黄铜
7.bronze：青铜
8.aluminum：铝
9.titanium：钛
10.nickel：镍
11.silver：银
12.gold：金
热处理工艺常用英语词汇
1.annealing：退火
2.quenching：淬火
3.tempering：回火
4.normalization：正火
5.hardening：硬化
6.solution treatment：固溶处理
7.aging：时效处理
8.carburization：渗碳
9.nitriding：氮化
10.induction heating：感应加热
11.welding：焊接
12.brazing：钎焊
13.soldering：软焊
14.surface treatment：表面处理
15.shot blasting：喷砂
以上是金属材料及热处理工艺中常用的基础英语词汇及其对照。
对于金属工艺
从业者来说，学习这些词汇可以帮助他们更好地和国际市场接轨，也能够帮助他们更好地了解和应用各种金属材料和热处理工艺。
另外，建议金属工艺从业者在学习英语词汇的同时，也要了解相应的英文文献，及时跟进行业动态。
这些都有助于提高他们的专业素养和竞争力。
希望本文能够对金属工艺从业者有所帮助。
高炉炼铁-英文文献翻译
高炉炼铁Jan Terpar, Imrich KostialDepartment of Informatics and Process ControlFaculty of BERGTechnical University of KošiceB.Nemavej304200 KosiceSlovak Republic高炉是一个巨大的内部为耐火材料的刚炉，铁矿石，焦炭和石灰石倾入炉顶，预热空气在底部吹入。
经过物理化学反应后转换成的铁水，既一种液态铁的氧化物。
原材料在炉内经6至8小时降低到炉底部，得到的最终产品是液态渣铁，炎热的空气在炉底被吹上行在6至8秒到顶端后，将进行各种化学反应。
高炉一旦启动，最少将连续运行4到10年后，才将高炉熄火，进行维护。
1高炉炼铁反应过程在原料矿、球团、烧结矿在高炉内反应后得到铁矿石。
原矿石来自于地表，其块状的大小为0.5至1.5英寸。
一些矿石铁的含量的大约为50％到70％，这些矿石要么是赤铁矿（氧化铁）要么是磁铁矿（Fe3O4）。
这些矿石可以直接送入高炉而不需任何进一步的处理。
此外，一些矿石铁的含量较低必须进行处理使其铁含量增加。
球团矿是含有60％至65％铁，它是一些低铁含量的矿石，在被碾碎、磨成粉末，将所谓的废料煤矸石剔除后，其余富含铁的粉球和高炉内的燃煤产生强烈的反应形成的颗粒。
烧结矿是从原料矿，焦炭，石灰石和其他许多钢铁厂含有一些铁废料按一定的比例烧结后获得所需的产品化学，然后将其混合在一起。
这些混合的原料，然后放置在一起形成一种类似钢铁传送带烧结链，它是在燃气炉和原矿在经过焦炭热融合形成成面积较大，尺寸从0.5顷到2.0英寸的矿石。
铁矿石，球团矿，烧结矿在高炉内反应后形成为液态铁在和含有其他剩余杂质液态渣。
焦炭是一种烟煤混合物。
将煤炭粉碎，磨成粉末，然后送入炼焦炉内。
经过18至24小时的反应时间，由于高温使煤炭中熟焦油等杂质被剔除，在被冷却后并形成大小从1英寸到4英寸不等的焦炭。
文物英语词汇
卣 wine container匜 gourd-shaped ladle罍 ampulla斝 wine cup鼎 tripod尊 wine container觚 wine vessel盉 ancient utensil其实这些专属的单词,除了用于考古学之类的专业性文章以外,几乎根据他的中文白话文意思简化为vessel,container,utensil这些单词,因为就算你能拿出这些翻译,一般老外也不会懂.Ge kiln 哥窑Royal Kiln 官窑celadon 青瓷porcelain plate 瓷盘celadon-glazed dish 青瓷釉口盘the celadon plate with a mouth in the shape of mallow petals 青釉葵瓣口盘collection 藏品shoddy substitute 赝品collector 收藏家artifact 手工艺品grade-one cultural relic 一级文物preservation of cultural relics 文物保护ceramic 陶瓷制品Palace Museum 故宫博物院Ministry of Culture 文化部State Administration of Cultural Heritage 国家文物局Forbidden City 紫禁城antique 古董、古玩antiquity 文物；古物；古董；古迹repristination 恢复原状archaeologist 考古学家anthropologist 人类学家preservationist （对自然环境、文物古迹的）保护主义者World Monuments Fund 世界文化遗产基金会in ruins 成为废墟、遭到严重破坏historical site 历史遗迹、遗址human elements 人为因素；人文要素priceless 无价的、极贵重的masterpiece 杰作human error 人为误差dereliction of duty 失职；疏忽职守internal investigation 内部调查testing equipment 测试设备operational error 操作失误the intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 保护非物质文化遗产公约World Heritage Convention 世界遗产大会词汇对大部分英语学习者来说是一个难以轻松把握的问题,而各学科专业英语的词汇学习难度更大,问题更多。
英文文献翻译
Hydrolysis of concentrated raw starch: A new very efficient α-amylase from Anoxybacillus flavothermus Carbohydrate Polymers，2012，87,C46–52Georges Tawil , Anders Viksø-Nielsen , Agnès Rolland-Sabaté , Paul Colonna , Alain Buléon等5人浓缩原淀粉的水解:一种非常有效的耐热厌氧芽孢杆菌型α-淀粉酶（食品科学与工程11-01班，牛云震译）摘要：耐热厌氧芽孢杆菌中发现了一种新的α-淀粉酶（以下简称AFA），它能够在生产葡萄糖浆的温度低于淀粉凝胶化温度时有效地水解原淀粉。
AFA 是一种非常有效的,能够使一个31%的原淀粉悬架发生77%的水解。
最后的水解程度能在2到3个小时内达到淀粉浓度低于15%并且在8到24小时内达到更高的程度。
AFA在水解淀粉颗粒的结晶领域也非常有效。
与被观察到的支链淀粉优先水解相一致。
主要的a-型晶体结构比非晶域被分解的速度更快。
而直链淀粉复合物在第二步骤中被降级。
可伸缩的直链淀粉片段然后重新与b型晶体结构发生关系形成最终的耐α-淀粉酶片段。
AFA的作用方式和限制完全水解的因素在细节上还需要讨论。
关键词: α-淀粉酶、玉米淀粉、结晶、脂质淀粉复合物、摩尔质量分布、耐药分数、低聚糖1.引言淀粉和它的两个主要成分,直链淀粉和支链淀粉,α-淀粉酶对其主要降解的部位是α(1,4)糖苷键。
α-淀粉酶在发酵，萌发，消化等生物反应中是非常重要的,也广泛应用于如工业生产葡萄糖糖浆工业生产、面包产品的控制或保鲜去除淀粉为基础的污渍洗涤剂等。
由于在室温下天然淀粉不溶于水,很多淀粉酶的应用在高温高压下进行使得淀粉产生糊化。
在凝胶化作用下,淀粉颗粒的粒状结构和分子(双螺旋线)序列淀粉颗粒被破坏。
进出口专业英语词汇（C7）_财务英语词汇
copper rayon 铜氨人造丝copper red glaze 铜红釉copper ring 紫铜圈copper rod 铜棒copper rope 铜丝绳copper round wire 铜圆线copper ruby glass 铜玉红玻璃copper scrap 红铜杂件copper screw hook 紫铜螺丝钩copper screw 紫铜螺丝copper sheet 薄紫铜板copper sleeve 铜套管copper smelting furnace 炼铜炉copper soldering iron 紫铜铬铁copper sponge 海绵铜copper spring coil 铜弹簧线圈copper spring 铜弹簧copper square bar 方铜棒copper stearate 硬脂酸铜copper steel 铜钢copper strand wire 铜股线copper stranded conductor 铜绞线copper stranded wire 铜绞线copper strap wire 铜扁线copper strap 铜带copper strip corrosion tester 铜条腐蚀测试仪copper strip 紫铜带copper sulfide rectifier 硫化铜整流器copper sulphate 硫酸铜copper sulphide 硫化铜copper sulphur alloy 铜硫合金copper tea-pot 铜茶壶copper tin alloy plating fog inhibitor 镀铜锡合金抑雾剂copper tin alloy 铜锡合金copper titanate 钛酸铜copper tube 紫铜管copper uranite 铜铀云母copper uversol 环烷酸铜copper valve 铜阀门copper vapor laser 铜蒸气激光器copper vapour pumped dye laser 铜蒸气泵浦染料激光器copper vitriol 硫酸铜copper voltameter 铜解伏安计copper wash tower 铜洗塔copper washer 铜垫圈copper water bath 铜浴缸copper weld steel wire 铜焊钢丝copper weld wire 包铜钢丝copper welding rod 铜焊条copper wire bar 铜线锭copper wire brush 红铜丝刷copper wire cloth 铜丝布copper wire gauze 铜丝网copper wire mesh 铜网copper wire netting 铜丝网copper wire pliers 铜丝割钳copper wire rope 铜丝绳copper wire 紫铜丝copper zinc solder 铜锌焊料copper 紫铜copper-constantan compensating conductor 铜-康铜补偿导线copper-copper-nickel compensating conductor 铜-铜-镍补偿导线copper-etching printer 铜蚀刻印刷机copper-fixed 混铜灵杀菌剂copper-glass composite fibre 铜-玻璃复合纤维copper-gold alloy 铜金合金copper-graphite bearing 铜-石墨轴承copper-graphite brush 铜石墨电刷copper-graphite-bronze alloy 铜-石墨-青铜合金copper-lead bearing 铜铅合金轴承copper-lead-bronze alloy 铜-铅-青铜合金copper-lead-tin 铜铅锡合金copper-nickel alloy 铜镍合金copper-nickel ore 铜镍矿砂copper-oxide meter 氧化铜仪表copper-oxide modulator 氧化铜调制器copper-plated iron screw ring 镀紫铜铁吊环螺钉copper-sardez 氧化亚铜杀菌剂copper-sulfate impregnated pole 硫酸铜浸渍电杆copper-tungsten 铜钨合金copperas 绿矾coppered steel wire 镀铜钢丝coppered wire 包铜丝copperized lead 含铜铅copperleaf 铁苋菜copperware 铜制品copra oil 椰子油coprantol 王铜杀菌剂copro 磺王铜杀菌剂coprocessor 协处理器copter engine 直升飞机发动机coptis bolus for clearing the upper heat 黄连上清丸coptis root 黄连coptis teeta pill 黄连丸coptis teeta 黄连coptis 黄连copy book 习字帖copy carving machine 仿形刻字机copy engraving machine 仿形刻模铣床copy holder 拷贝托架copy lathe 靠模车床copy machine 仿形机床copy milling machine 靠模铣床copy paper 拷贝纸copy polishing machine tool 仿形抛光机床copy router 仿形镂床copy rule 仿形尺copygraph 油印机copying and duplicating machine 复制印刷机copying and punching shear machine 仿形冲剪机copying apparatus 拷贝机copying autogenous cutter 仿形气割机copying book 习字簿copying boring bar 仿形镗杆copying camera 复照仪copying ink 复写墨水copying lathe 仿形车床copying lens 翻拍镜头copying machine 复印机copying milling machine 仿形铣床copying paper 复印用纸copying pencil 字迹不易拭去的铅笔copying press 复印机copying ribbon 打字色带copying tissue 拷贝纸coquille 贝壳形花边coquita fibre 科奎塔纤维cora silk 科拉绸coral ardisia root 朱砂根coral carving 珊瑚雕刻品coral colour cloth 珊瑚色布coral coloured glaze 珊瑚釉coral red cloth 珊瑚红色布coral red 珊瑚红coral rose colour cloth 珊瑚玫瑰色布coral yarn 珊瑚纱线coral 海石花coral 柯来而牌手表coralline point 珊瑚纹手工针绣花边coram 漂白粗亚麻布corbadrine 可巴林corbit 蒽醌驱鸟剂corcel 科塞尔牌汽车corchorus capsularis 圆果种黄麻corchorus olitorius 长果种黄麻cord adjuster 塞绳调节器cord adjusting ball 塞绳长度调整球cord adjusting box 塞绳调整箱cord bag 绳编袋cord braiding machine 编绳索机cord carpet 起圈地毯cord circuit repeater 塞绳中继器cord de chine 凸纹直条薄呢cord fabric 轮胎布cord grip lamp holder 扣线灯座cord knitting machine 针织圆带机cord lace tablecloth 粗线花边台布cord lace 粗线花边cord making machine 制绳机cord sash 嵌芯圆线带cord stripe 直条凸纹织物cord switch board 塞绳交换机cord switch 拉线开关cord thread 帘线cord tie 缎带领带cord trousering 裤料条花呢cord tyre fabric 轮胎布cord tyre 绳织轮胎cord velvet 凸条丝绒cord weight 绳锤cord wheel 手摇纺车cord with weight 带平衡锤的吊绳cord wood saw 活动锯cord yarn 捻合股线cord 软绳cordage checking unit 绳索检验机cordage machine 制绳机cordage 绳索cordaggio 三四级那不勒斯大麻cordal 科达尔粗帆布cordaleen 科达林垂直棱纹女式呢cordamex 科达梅克斯高强力粘胶纤维cordarone 可达龙cordat serge 科达粗厚哔叽cordat 硬帆布cordate houttuynia 鱼腥草cordate telosma 夜来香corded alpaca 阿尔帕卡凸条纹布corded baft 经向凸条坯布corded fabric 直棱或横棱织物corded pants 棱条织物裤corded plush 棱条长毛绒corded silk ribbon 灯芯缎带corded velveteen 灯芯绒corded voile 经向凸条巴里纱cordelan fibre 柯台纶纤维cordelat 科迪拉长绒厚呢cordella lace 网地粗线纹手工花边cordelle 纤绳cordettes 大麻布cordia 科迪亚牌汽车cordial glass 小高脚酒杯cordierite porcelain 堇青石瓷cordierite stoneware 堇青石炻器cordierite-based glass fibre 堇青石基玻璃纤维cordillas 粗毛呢cordington 科定通卷绒厚呢cordite 无烟硝化甘油火药cordless phone 无绳电话机cordless radio control sport car 无线遥控跑车cordless switch board 无塞绳交换机cordless telephone controller 无绳电话控制器cordless telephone with speakerphone 带扬声器的无绳电话机cordoba 科尔多瓦牌汽车cordometer 木材体积测量计cordon braid 绶章带cordon yarn 科登棉毛合股线cordon 饰带cordoncillas 科唐西拉斯低级平布cordonnet 粗丝线cordonnet yarn 精梳低捻粗支棉线cordova wool 科尔多瓦羊毛cordovan 科尔多瓦皮革cordrein 化纤夏服料cords 灯芯绒裤cordura 科尔迪尤拉高强力粘胶丝cordurette 科杜勒特棱纹呢corduroy and cotton knit creeper 粗条绒针织爬行衫裤corduroy bib-top overalls 条纹绒布胸围挂肩工装裤corduroy cap 灯芯绒帽corduroy casual suit 条纹绒布便服corduroy child's shoes with plastic sole 灯芯绒面注塑底童鞋corduroy colored skirt for ladies 什色灯芯绒女裙corduroy duster 粗条纹绒布外罩长衣corduroy effect chenille robe 条纹绒式线毯布长袍corduroy embroidered lady's shoes 灯芯绒绣花女鞋corduroy embroidered lady's slippers with pvc sole 人革底条绒面绣花女拖鞋corduroy gentlemen's slippers with pvc sole 人革底条绒面男拖鞋corduroy hat with stitched snap brim 粗条纹绒布锁边帽corduroy lady's high heel slippers with pvc sole 人革底条绒面高跟女拖鞋corduroy slippers 灯芯绒拖鞋corduroy sport coat 粗条纹绒布运动衫corduroy suit 条纹绒布成套服装corduroy suspender longies 条纹绒布挂肩长内裤corduroy type cotton chenille robe 条纹绒布棉织线毯长袍corduroy wrap-around coat 粗条纹绒布束腰外衫corduroy 灯芯绒corduroys 灯芯绒裤子cordyceps & panax pseudoginseng liquor 虫草田七酒cordyceps cicadae 蝉虫草cordyceps sinensis 冬虫夏草cordyceps 冬虫夏草core barrel 岩芯管core bit 取芯钻头core blowing machine 吹芯机core breaker 除芯机core buffer 磁芯缓冲器core catcher 岩心提断器core chip condenser 芯片电容器core cone bit 牙轮取心钻头core drill bit 岩芯钻头core drill for wood working 木工空心钻core drill machine 岩芯钻机core drill 岩芯钻机core drilling machine 岩芯钻机core drilling rig 取芯钻机core electrode 包心焊条core extruder 挤芯机core fibre 纱芯纤维core glass 芯玻璃core grinder 磨芯机core holding unit 岩心夹持器core jarring machine 泥芯落砂机core knock-out machine 出芯机core lifter 岩芯提取器core machine 型芯机core matrix memory 磁芯矩阵存储器core memory 磁心存储器core moulding machine 制型芯机core of pressure meter 压力表机芯core oven 烘芯炉core pin 中心销core plating varnish 铁芯用清漆core rod straightening machine 芯棒矫直机core sampler 岩芯取样器core sand binder 芯砂粘结剂core sand mixer 芯砂搅拌机core shooter 射芯机core spinning frame 包芯纺纱机core storage 磁芯存储器core tap 四方丝锥core testing pump 岩心试验泵core transformer 铁芯变压器core transistor register 磁芯晶体管寄存器core turning lathe 型芯车床core vibrator 振动出芯机core winding machine 卷芯机core yarn 芯纱core-cooled motor 铁芯冷却发动机core-making machine 制芯机core-ply textured yarn 包芯合股变形纱core-sheath compound fibre 皮芯型复合纤维core-skin fibre 皮芯纤维core-spun elastic yarn 包芯弹力纱core-spun sewing thread 包芯缝纫线core-spun stretch yarn 包芯弹力丝core-spun yarn 包芯纱core-type induction furnace 铁芯式感应炉core-type reactor 铁芯式电抗器core-type transformer 铁芯式变压器cored electrode 药芯焊条cored screw 空心螺丝cored solder wire 空心焊丝cored soldering rod 空心钎焊条cored-type induction furance 铁芯式感应炉coreless armature 空心衔铁coreless high-frequency induction furnace 无芯高频感应炉coreless valve 空心阀coreopsis yellow extract 菊花黄浸膏corer 岩芯提取器corf 柳条箩corfam 科芬corgard tablet 康加尔多片coriander oil 芫荽油coriander seed oil 芫荽子油coriander seed 芫荽子coriander 芫荽coridius 九香虫corium erinacei 刺猬皮corium stomachichum galli 鸡内金cork jacket 软木救生衣cork belt 软木救生带cork board 软木板cork borer 软木钻孔机cork boring machine 穿孔机cork brick 软木砖cork carpet 软木地毯cork carving 软木刻cork drill 木塞钻孔器cork hat 软木帽cork heel 软木跟cork hoop 救生圈cork pad 软木垫cork paper 软木纸cork patchwork 软木拼画cork picture card 软木画卡片cork picture 软木画cork powder 软木粉cork press 压软木塞器cork ring 软木圈cork rubber 软木橡皮cork rug 软木地毯cork sheet 软木纸cork stopper 软木塞cork tipped cigarette 水松嘴卷烟cork 软木塞corker 压塞机corkline winch 浮子纲绞车corkscrew cloth 螺旋斜纹呢corkscrew twill fabric 螺旋斜纹织物corkscrew warp weave 经面螺旋纹织物corkscrew weft weave 纬面螺旋纹织物corkscrew 开塞钻corkscrew-type towel 螺旋型毛巾corktree 黄柏corkwood cotton 软木树籽绒corkwood 软木corm 球茎corn binder 玉米割捆机corn broadcast sower 玉米粒散播器corn cake press 玉米饼压机corn canning equipment 玉米装罐机corn cleaner 玉米清洗机corn combine 玉米联合收割机corn crusher 玉米碾碎机corn dressing and screening machine 玉米脱皮过筛机corn drill 谷物条播机corn feed 玉米饲料corn fibre 玉米蛋白质纤维corn flake 玉米片corn flour 玉米面corn grinder 玉米粉碎机corn harvester 玉米收割机corn husk baby cradle 玉米皮娃娃摇篮corn husk basket 玉米皮提篮corn husk box 玉米皮盒corn husk door mat 玉米皮门垫corn husk floor mat 玉米皮地席corn husk laundry basket 玉米皮洗衣桶corn husk products 玉米皮制品corn husk round floor mat 玉米皮圆地席corn husk seat cushion 米皮座垫corn husk 玉米壳corn husking machine 谷物除壳机corn husking mill 玉米脱壳磨corn knife 鸡眼刀corn meal agar 玉米粉琼脂corn meal 玉米粉corn mill 玉米磨机corn oil 玉米油corn picker 玉米收割机corn plaster 鸡眼膏corn popper 爆米花机corn protein fibre 玉米蛋白质纤维corn protein powder 玉米蛋白粉corn rasp 鸡眼锉corn remedy 除鸡眼药物corn ring for feet 脚用鸡眼环corn sheller 玉米脱粒机corn shredder 玉米碎茎机corn starch 玉米淀粉corn sugar 玉米葡萄糖corn 玉米cornana 柯能纳牌手表cornavin 柯拿文牌手表corned beef 咸牛肉corned mutton 咸羊肉cornel 山茱萸cornelian 红玉髓corner angle 边角钢corner bracket 角架corner cabinet 角柜corner chisel 角凿corner clamp 木工角夹corner crimping machine 弯角机corner drill 角钻corner finishing tile 镶角装饰瓷砖corner rounding cutter 圆角铣刀corner shelf 墙角架corner slicker 角刮刀corner table 角桌corner trowel 敞角泥刀cornering machine 书籍切角机cornet 短号cornet-a'-pistons 短号cornhusker 剥玉米皮机corniche 盘山牌汽车corning glass 麻粒玻璃cornox cwk 草除灵cornox 2甲4氯除草剂cornu cervi panto trichum 鹿茸cornu cervi 鹿角霜cornu rhinoceri asiatici 犀角cornu saigae tatariace powder 羚羊粉cornus officinalis sieb et zucc 山芋肉cornus 萸肉corodane 氯丹杀虫剂corojo fibre 棕榈树韧皮纤维corolla 花冠牌汽车coromandel 科罗曼代尔粗平纹棉布coromate 福美铁杀菌剂coromerc 苯汞乙二胺杀菌剂corona detector 电晕探测器corona discharge laser 电晕放电激光器corona mark 光冠-马克牌汽车corona pulse analyzer 电晕脉冲分析器corona tester 电晕测试仪corona voltmeter 电晕伏特计corona 光冠牌汽车corona 科罗纳绉corona-crepe corona 科罗纳绉corona-tube regulator 电晕管调节器coronagraph 日冕仪coronary heart disease pill 环心丹coronation cloth 加冕呢coronavisor 日冕仪corosol fibre 科罗索尔树纤维corothion 一六0五corotte 克罗特印花粗棉布corovin 科罗温纺粘型聚丙烯长丝非织造织物coroxon 香豆磷corozate 福美锌杀菌剂corporate clothing 工作服corpus luteum 黄体素液correcting device 校正装置correcting equipment 校正设备correction fluid 改正液correction liquid 修正液correction transformer 补偿变压器corrective repeater 校正帮电机corrective 矫味药corrector 校正器correlated flowmeter 相关流量计correlation control unit 相关控制器correlation direction finder 相关测向器correlator 相关器correlometer 相关计correspondence paper 信纸corridor car 有走廊的客车corridor rug 走廊地毯corrientes 科连特斯羊毛corronel 科罗内尔镍钼铁耐酸合金corronium 科罗纽姆铜合金corrosion fatigue testing machine 腐蚀疲劳试验机corrosion inhibitor for acid-cleaning 酸洗耐蚀剂corrosion inhibitor 耐蚀剂corrosion probe 腐蚀探针corrosion remover 除锈剂corrosion resistant alloy 耐蚀合金corrosion resistant aluminium 耐蚀铝corrosion resisting centrifugal pump 耐腐蚀离心泵corrosion testing apparatus 腐蚀试验器corrosion-proof cable 防蚀电缆corrosion-proof paint for brass 黄铜防锈涂料corrosion-proof valve 防腐蚀阀corrosion-resistant brass 耐蚀黄铜corrosion-resistant cast iron 耐蚀铸铁corrosion-resistant oil 防锈蚀油corrosion-resistant plate 耐蚀钢板corrosion-resistant pump 耐腐蚀泵corrosion-resistant steel 耐蚀钢corrosion-resisting pump 耐腐蚀泵corrosive atmosphere tester 腐蚀大气测试器corrosive liquor pump 腐蚀性液体泵corrosive sublimate 升汞corrosometer 测蚀计corrugate aluminium plate 铝波纹板corrugate pipe 波纹管corrugated absestos sheet 瓦楞石棉瓦corrugated aluminium sheath 皱纹铝护套corrugated aluminium sheet 瓦楞铝片corrugated baffle 波纹挡板corrugated bar 竹节钢筋corrugated black sheet 瓦楞黑铁皮corrugated board carton 瓦楞纸板箱corrugated board 瓦楞纸板corrugated bulb 皱纹灯泡corrugated cardboard 瓦楞纸板corrugated carton 瓦楞纸板箱corrugated case making machine 瓦楞纸箱机corrugated case 瓦楞纸箱corrugated copper tape 皱纹铜带corrugated diaphragm 皱纹膜片corrugated fiber board 波纹纤维板corrugated fibreboard case 瓦楞纤维板箱corrugated fin 波状散热片corrugated galvanized iron 镀锌波形铁corrugated gauze 波纹金属网corrugated glass 瓦楞玻璃corrugated iron bar 竹节铁条corrugated iron sheet 瓦楞铁皮corrugated iron 波形铁corrugated metal gasket 波纹金属垫片corrugated metal joint ring 波纹金属接合填密环corrugated metallic screen mesh 波状金属筛网corrugated mild steel 竹节钢corrugated nail machine 制瓦楞钉机corrugated paper board production line 瓦楞纸板生产线corrugated paper box 瓦楞纸盒corrugated paper production line 瓦楞纸生产线corrugated paper 瓦楞纸corrugated plate 波纹板corrugated roll washing machine 槽纹辊洗涤机corrugated roll 瓦楞纸卷corrugated round iron bar 圆竹节铁条corrugated round steel bar 圆竹节钢条corrugated rubber sheet 瓦楞橡胶板corrugated secondary scrubber 波形板二次洗涤器corrugated sheet iron 波纹铁皮corrugated sheet steel 瓦楞薄钢板corrugated sheet 瓦楞板corrugated square iron bar 方竹节铁条corrugated square steel bar 方竹节钢条corrugated steel bar 波纹钢筋corrugated steel plate 瓦楞钢板corrugated steel sheet 瓦楞薄钢板corrugated steel tube 波纹钢管corrugated steel 波纹钢corrugated tank 瓦楞桶corrugated tile 波纹瓦corrugated tube 波纹管corrugated wire glass 夹丝瓦楞玻璃corrugating board 瓦楞纸板corrugating machine 瓦楞板辊压机corrugating medium paper 瓦楞芯纸corrugating medium 瓦楞芯纸corrugating rolling mill 瓦楞板轧机corrugation machine 制波纹机corrugaton rolling mill 瓦楞轧机corrugator 波纹板轧机corsa 科萨牌汽车corsage 女胸前饰花corselet 妇女的胸衣corselette cloth 提花紧身织物corses 丝带corset batiste 细薄织物corset binding 胸衣肩带corset brocade 胸衣花缎corset busk 妇女紧身衣上衬骨corset cloth 紧身衣料corset crepe 胸衣绉corset fabric 胸衣织物corset jean 斜纹胸衣布corset lace 胸衣花边corset trimming 胸衣饰带corset 妇女紧身胸衣corset-cover 在胸衣外面穿的背心corsicaine 科西坎印经绸corsican wool 科西嘉羊毛corso skirt 鞍形裙corson alloy 科森铜镍硅合金cortega 科特加纤维cortex acanthopanacis radicis 五加皮cortex albiziae 合欢皮cortex cinnamomi 桂皮cortex dictamni radicis 白鲜皮cortex dictamni 白鲜皮cortex eucommiae glutinous rice wine 杜仲糯米酒cortex eucommiae 杜仲cortex fraxini 秦皮cortex gardeniae 栀子衣cortex lycii radicis 地骨皮cortex magnoliae officinalis 厚朴cortex mori radicis 桑白皮cortex moutan radicis 牡丹皮cortex moutan 丹皮cortex periplocae 五加皮cortex phellodendri 黄柏cortex salicis 柳皮cortex trichosanthis 瓜萎皮cortex ulmi 香榆corteza del damajuhato fibre 达马朱哈托韧皮纤维cortical fibre 韧皮纤维cortical stimulator 大脑皮层刺激器corticotrophin zinc hydroxide 锌促皮质素corticotrophin 促皮质素cortina 科蒂纳牌汽车cortisone acetate 醋酸可的松cortisone oculentum 可的松眼膏cortisone 可的松cortivazol 可的伐唑cortodoxone 可托多松coruba royal 皇家高鲁巴郎姆酒corundum brick 刚玉砖corundum cloth 刚玉砂布corundum crucible 刚玉坩锅corundum cutting tool 硬质合金刀具corundum products 刚玉制品corundum wheel 刚玉砂轮corundum 金刚砂corunna stripes 科伦纳棉条子细布corval 科弗尔交联粘胶纤维corvette 克尔维特牌汽车corydalis tuber 延胡索corydalis 夏天无corypalis tablet 夏天无片cosan 硫黄粉cosban 二甲威cosecant-squared antenna 余割平方天线cosecant-squared dish 余割平方反射器cosina 确善能牌照相机cosine capacitor 余弦电容器cosine condenser 余弦电容器cosine equalizer 余弦均衡器cosmetic bag 化妆袋cosmetic brush 化妆笔cosmetic container 化妆盒cosmetic cream 化妆雪花膏cosmetic dye 化妆染料cosmetic gauze 化妆面纱cosmetic mirror 化妆镜cosmetic perfume 化妆香料cosmetic preparation for slimming purposes 减肥用化妆品cosmetic steamer 蒸汽美容器cosmetic tool 美容工具cosmetics for animals 动物用化妆品cosmetics 化妆品cosmic dust detector 宇宙尘埃检测器cosmic electron detector 宇宙电子探测器cosmic noise absorption meter 宇宙噪声吸收计cosmic radio noise recorder 宇宙无线电噪声记录仪cosmic symbol 宇宙号牌照相机cosmic thermometer 宇宙温度计cosmic-ray charge composition detector 宇宙射线电荷组成探测器cosmic-ray counter 宇宙射线计数器cosmic-ray detector 宇宙射线探测器cosmic-ray intensity recorder 宇宙射线强度记录仪cosmic-ray magnetic spectrometer 宇宙射线磁谱仪cosmic-ray meter 宇宙射线测量仪cosmic-ray muon spectrometer 宇宙射线μ介子能谱仪cosmic-ray neutron and muon monitor 宇宙射线中子与μ介子监测仪cosmic-ray neutron monitor 宇宙射线中子监测仪cosmic-ray recorder 宇宙射线记录器cosmic-ray snow gauge 宇宙射线雪量计cosmic-ray spectrograph 宇宙射线摄谱仪cosmic-ray spectrometer 宇宙线谱仪cosmic-ray telescope 宇宙射线望远镜cosmic-ray transition radiation detector 宇宙射线跃迁辐射探测器cosmorex 考斯磨雷克斯牌照相机cosmosphere 宇宙仪cosmotron 同步稳相加速器cospun heather yarn 共纺混色纱cossack style jacket 哥萨克式茄克衫cossack style suede jacket 哥萨克式仿麂皮茄克衫cossack vodka 哥萨克伏特加酒cossack 哥萨克服装cossar 东南亚粗印花布cossas 细平布cost crude 成本油costectome 肋骨切除器costive 不透气织物costume cambric 杂色低档轧光平布costume jacket 短外衣costume jewellery 服装饰物costume skirt 直身裙costume tweed 粗花呢costume velvet 阔幅高级棉绒costume 服装costumer 柱式衣架costus resinoid 木香浸膏costus root oil 木香根油costus root 广木香cot mattress 榻床垫cot pad 榻床褥cot 轻便床c ote anglaise faconnée 素色法国哔叽cote d'or 金坡地葡萄酒cote de cheval 骑装布cote menue 细棱纹哔叽cote piqué 棱纹哔叽cote satinee 单色法国哔叽cote syrienne 西廉恩单色法国哔叽cotelaine 漂白棱纹细布cotele 罗缎coteline 细棱条细平布cotextured yarn 双根变形纱cotha more 爱尔兰粗呢大衣料cotillion 黑白条粗纺毛料cotillon 彩色条纹呢裙料cotnion ethyl 乙基谷硫磷cotnion ethyl-methyl 混谷硫磷cotnion methyl 谷硫磷cotofor 杀草净cotolan chrome dye 科托兰铬媒染料cotolan dye 科托兰染料cotonine 厚帆布cotonis 丝经棉纬花式布cotoran 伏草隆cotron loom 科特伦无梭织机cotta 束腰外衣cotted wool 毡片毛cotter bolt 带销螺栓cotter key 扁销键cotter mill cutter 键槽铣刀cotter pin 扁销cotter 栓钉cottestren dye 科特斯特伦染料cotton frame 棉纺机cotton and artificial silk mixture 棉纱人造丝混合织物cotton and dressing pliers 牙用敷料镊cotton and linen hand-embroidered tablecloth 棉麻布绣花台布cotton and linen printed tablecloth 棉麻印花台布cotton and linen printed tea towel 棉麻印花茶巾cotton and linen printed traycloth 棉麻印花盘布cotton and ramie thread woven mosquito netting cloth 线麻蚊帐布cotton and rayon gimp 棉纱人造丝镶边带cotton and wool mixture 棉毛混纺织物cotton applique laundry bag 棉布补花洗衣袋cotton applique shoe bag 棉布补花鞋袋cotton back satin 棉背缎cotton bag sheeting 棉袋布cotton bagging 棉包麻布cotton baling press 皮棉打包机cotton ball fringe 棉绒球流苏cotton ball 棉球cotton bath towel 棉浴巾cotton batting 棉絮cotton beaver 充海狸棉绒布cotton bed sheet 棉布床单cotton bedspread 棉布床罩cotton bird 棉鸟cotton blanket bed cover 棉毯床罩cotton blanket cloth robe 棉毯布长袍cotton blanket 棉毯cotton blanketing 绒毯布cotton bleached poplin working uniform 棉漂白府绸工作服cotton bleached poplin working uniforms for men and women 棉漂白府绸男女工作服cotton blended fabrics 混纺棉织物cotton blended yarn 混纺棉纱cotton blender machine 混棉机cotton blouse 女棉罩衫cotton braided line 编结棉绳cotton braided rubber insulated flexible cord 纱包橡胶绝缘软线cotton breaker 棉包松包机cotton broadcloth bra 阔棉布乳罩cotton broadcloth dress 阔幅棉布外长衣cotton broadcloth pajamas 阔棉布睡衣裤cotton broadcloth shirt 阔幅棉布衬衫cotton broadcloth 阔幅棉布cotton brocade 棉锦缎cotton brush fringe 棉刷流苏cotton cake 棉籽饼cotton calico trousers 全棉细布长裤cotton cambric 细薄棉布cotton candle wick 棉烛芯线cotton canvas jeans 全棉帆布牛仔裤cotton canvas waistband 帆布裤带cotton canvas webbing with buckles and ends 帆布裤带坯连扣cotton canvas 棉帆布cotton cap 布帽cotton card 梳棉机cotton carding machine 梳棉机cotton carpet 棉地毯cotton cashmere 全棉充毛开士米织物cotton chain 棉经纱cotton challis gown 卓利斯花色轻纱长衫cotton chamois-colour cloth 仿麂皮棉布cotton check cord fabric 纬昌呢cotton checked flannelette shirt 棉格绒衬衫cotton checks 蓝白条格棉布cotton chenille rug 雪尼尔棉毯cotton chintz 擦光印花棉布cotton chopper 棉花间苗机cotton cleaning machine 清棉机cotton cloth mattress cover 棉布床垫套cotton cloth respirator 纱布口罩cotton cloth 棉布cotton clothesline 晾衣棉绳cotton cluny lace 棉线克鲁尼花边cotton coatray 小仓雪花布cotton colored drillskirt for ladies 全棉什色纱卡女裙cotton colorimeter 棉花测色仪cotton combing machine 梳棉机cotton comforter batt 棉被胎cotton comforter 棉被cotton cord for pyjamas 睡衣带cotton cord welting 镶边棉绳cotton cord 棉绳cotton corded handkerchief 棉纱凸条手帕cotton corduroy jackets for men and women 全棉灯芯绒男女茄克cotton covered wire 纱包线cotton covert 棉芝麻呢cotton crepe 绉布cotton crinkle crepe pajamas 绉布睡衣裤cotton crochet articles 棉线钩针品cotton crochet bag 线结袋cotton crochet bedspread 棉线钩针床罩cotton crochet blouse 棉线钩针女衣cotton crochet collar 棉线钩针领圈cotton crochet cushion 棉线钩针靠垫cotton crochet gloves 棉线钩针手套cotton crochet hairband 棉线钩针发带cotton crochet hat 棉线钩针帽cotton crochet lace 棉线钩针花边cotton crochet mat 棉线钩针垫布cotton crochet piano cover 棉线钩针钢琴罩cotton crochet pillowcase 棉线钩针枕套cotton crochet sewing machine cover 棉线钩针缝纫机套cotton crochet shawl 棉线钩针披肩cotton crochet sofa cover 棉线钩针沙发套cotton crochet tablecloth 棉线钩针台布cotton crochet window curtain 棉线钩针窗帘cotton curtain 棉窗帘cotton cushion 棉垫cotton dacron 棉大可纶cotton damask napkin 花缎面棉织餐巾cotton damask tablecloth 花缎面棉织台布cotton denim pants 棉坚固呢长裤cotton denim 棉质牛仔布cotton drawers 棉毛长内裤cotton dress 女棉服cotton dressing set 棉梳妆套cotton drill gloves 棉斜纹布手套cotton drill 棉斜纹布cotton drilling machine 棉花播种机cotton duck 棉粗布cotton elastic braid 松紧带cotton elastic webbing 棉松紧布cotton embroidered bed sheet 棉布绣花床单cotton embroidered handkerchief 棉布绣花手帕cotton embroidery thread 棉绣花线cotton eyelet blousette 通眼洋纱小上衣cotton fabric 棉织物cotton face cloth 棉方巾cotton face towel 毛巾cotton feeder 给棉机cotton feeding machine 给棉机cotton felt 多层棉毯cotton fiber content paper 含棉纤维纸cotton fiber strength tester 棉纤维强力试验机cotton fiber 棉纤维cotton fibre sorter 棉纤维分类仪cotton filet gloves 棉线网结手套cotton fishing net 纱鱼网cotton flannel gloves 棉绒布手套cotton flannel shirt 棉绒布衬衫cotton flannel toy 绒棉布玩具cotton flannel 棉法兰绒cotton flannelette bed sheet 拉绒床单cotton flannelette bed sheeting 拉绒床单布cotton flannelette pajamas 棉绒布睡衣裤cotton flannelette self-help belt sleeper 棉绒布束腰带睡衣cotton flannelette shorts 棉绒布短裤cotton flax 棉化亚麻纤维cotton fleece lined leather mitten 衬棉绒不分指皮手套cotton fleecy gloves 棉细绒手套cotton fleecy shirt for men 棉细绒男衬衫cotton fleecy shirt for teenagers 棉细绒童衫cotton fleecy sport sweater 棉细绒运动衫cotton floater 棉包橡皮包布和油包布cotton flock printed bed sheet 棉布植绒床单cotton flock printed pillowcase 棉布植绒枕套cotton flock printed tablecloth 棉布植绒台布cotton flock printed traycloth and doily 棉布植绒盘布cotton for hospital use 药棉cotton foulard 软薄棉布cotton gabardine creepers 棉轧别丁小孩连衫裤cotton gabardine 棉华达呢cotton garment 布衣cotton gauze bed curtain 纱布床帐cotton gauze sun hat 纱布遮阳帽cotton gauze 纱布cotton georgette 棉乔其纱cotton gin 皮棉轧棉机cotton gingham 棉方格花布cotton ginning machine 轧花机cotton glazed thread 棉蜡光缝纫线cotton gloves 棉纱手套cotton goods 棉纺织品cotton grey fabric 纯棉白坯布cotton gum 棉胶cotton hand embroidered tablecloth with hand knitted lace 棉布手绣镶针织花边台布cotton hand-embroidered bedsheet 棉布手绣床单cotton hand-embroidered tablecloth 棉布手绣台布cotton harvester 摘棉机cotton harvesting machine 摘棉机cotton hat 布帽cotton high boots 高统棉靴cotton hooked rug 长绒棉毯cotton hydrogenous measuring gage 棉花水份测量仪cotton indigo denim jacket 靛蓝棉坚固呢茄克衫cotton indigo denim men's suit 靛蓝棉坚固呢男套装cotton indigo denim working coat 靛蓝棉坚固呢工作服cotton indigo denin jeans 靛蓝棉坚固呢裤cotton insulated wire 纱包绝缘线cotton interlock briefs 棉毛三角裤cotton interlock gloves 棉毛布手套cotton interlock night suit 棉毛睡衣套cotton interlock printed shirt for children 棉毛印花童上衣cotton interlock pyjamas 棉毛睡衣衫裤cotton interlock singlet and trousers 棉毛衫裤cotton interlock singlet 棉毛汗衫cotton interlock sport singlet and trousers 棉毛运动衫裤cotton interlock sport trousers 棉毛运动裤cotton interlock trousers 棉毛裤cotton jersey gloves 汗布手套cotton jersey 全棉单面布cotton kerchief 全棉头巾cotton knit balbriggan gown 巴尔布里根棉纱针织长衫cotton knit cardigan shirt 棉纱针织开胸钮扣衬衫cotton knit creepers 棉纱针织婴孩连衫裤cotton knit petticoat 棉纱针织衬裙cotton knit ski-type pajamas 滑雪式针织棉纱睡衣裤cotton knit sleepers 针织棉纱小孩睡衣褥cotton knitted flannel gloves 针织绒手套cotton knitted gloves 全棉针织手套cotton knitting lace 棉织花边cotton knitting machine 棉织机cotton knitwear 棉针织品cotton lace bedsheet 棉线编纱床单cotton lace curtain material 棉线编纱窗帘巾cotton lace cushion cover 棉线编纱靠垫cotton lace pillowcase 棉线编纱枕袋cotton lace tablecloth 棉线编纱台布cotton lasting 厚实棉斜纹织物cotton linen 充亚麻布cotton lint 皮棉cotton linter 棉短绒cotton loom 非自动换梭棉织机cotton loop fringe 棉纱环结流苏cotton loosing machine 松棉机cotton machine 棉织机cotton manufactured goods 棉织品cotton maternity frock 孕妇棉布外长衣cotton mattress 棉絮垫cotton men's shoes with cotton sole 千层底男棉鞋cotton men's shoes with plastic sole 塑料底男棉鞋cotton men's sport shorts 棉男运动短裤cotton mercerized thread 棉丝光缝纫线cotton midlength shorts 棉布中短裤cotton mixing 混棉cotton molleton 棉莫列顿绒布cotton mop 棉拖把cotton muffler 棉纱围巾cotton muslin pillowcase 细洋纱枕套cotton net twine 纱网绳cotton noils 精梳落棉cotton oil 棉籽油cotton packing 棉填料cotton pad 棉褥cotton padded coat 棉大衣cotton padded shoes 棉鞋cotton paper oil filter 棉纸滤油器cotton paper 棉纸cotton paraffined rope 棉蜡绳cotton picker 摘棉机cotton picture 棉花画cotton piece goods 布匹cotton pillow 棉絮枕cotton pinwale corduroy jumper 条纹绒布无袖外长衣cotton piping cord 棉纱管绳cotton pique coat 灯芯布外衫cotton plisse 薄绉布cotton plush 棉织长毛绒cotton pongee 棉茧绸cotton poplin shirt 全棉细布衬衫cotton poplin ski pants lined with cotton kasha 衬棉绒里之棉毛绸滑雪裤cotton poplin snowsuit with mouton collar and knit wristlets 配羊皮领针织袖口的棉毛绸雪衫裤cotton poplin snowsuit 棉毛绸雪衫裤cotton poplin uniform 棉毛绸制服cotton poplin 棉府绸cotton poplinette 纯棉全纱府绸cotton powder 硝化棉cotton press 皮棉打包机cotton print 印花棉布cotton printed bed spread 棉布印花床罩cotton printed cushion cover 棉布印花座垫cotton printed pillowcase 棉布印花枕套cotton printed pyjamas 全棉印花布睡衣cotton printed shirt 全棉印花布衬衫cotton processing machine 棉花加工机cotton quilt 棉胎cotton quilted coat 棉衣cotton quilted overcoat 棉大衣cotton rag rug 碎布地毯cotton rag 棉擦布cotton ramie blended grey plain 麻棉混纺平纹坯布cotton rayon mixed bed blanket 线绨被面cotton ready made clothings 布服装cotton rep 棱纹棉布cotton rib machine 柯登式罗纹机cotton rickrack 荷叶边棉纱带cotton roller gin 皮辊轧花机cotton roller 辊花机cotton rope 棉绳cotton rose hibiscus leaf 芙蓉叶cotton rose hibiscus 木芙蓉cotton rubber shoes 布胶鞋cotton rug 棉质地毯cotton sack for flour 面粉袋cotton sack for mineral ore 矿石袋cotton sack for sugar 糖袋cotton sateen 棉缎cotton satin plain 素广绫cotton satin 棉缎cotton scarf 棉毛围巾cotton scarlet extra 双倍酸性花红cotton seaman cap 棉水兵帽cotton seersuker tablecloth 泡泡纱台布cotton serge 棉哔叽cotton sewing thread in ball 棉线球cotton sewing thread in hank 棉绞线cotton sewing thread on candle wick 烛芯线cotton sewing thread on card 纸版线cotton sewing thread on cone 宝塔线cotton sewing thread on cop 管纱线cotton sewing thread on cylinder 蜡筒线cotton sewing thread on plastic cone 塑料芯线cotton sewing thread on plastic cop 塑料芯线cotton sewing thread on spool 轴线cotton sheeting pillowcase 棉布枕套cotton sheeting skirt 全棉平布裙cotton shirt 棉布衬衫。
Copper
铜是一种化学元素，它的化学符号是Cu ，铜呈紫红色光泽的金属，熔点1083.4±0.2℃，沸点2567℃，英文名称:Copper。
紫铜价格高. 红铜即纯铜，又名紫铜，具有很好的导电性和导热性，塑性极好，易于热压和冷压力加工，大量用于制造电线、电缆、电刷、电火花专用电蚀铜等要求导电性良好的产品。
即赤铜。
由硫化物或氧化物铜矿石冶炼得来的纯铜，可用以铸钱及制作器物。
红铜的硬度虽较差，但直接经过捶打就能制成各种工具和装饰品。
”紫铜就是铜单质.因其颜色为紫红色而得名.各种性质见铜. 紫铜因呈紫红色而得名。
它不一定是纯铜，有时还加进少量脱氧元素或其他元素,以改善材质和性能,因此也回进铜合金。
中国紫铜加工材按成分可分为：普通紫铜(T1、T2、T3、T4)、无氧铜（TU1、TU2和高纯、真空无氧铜）、脱氧铜（TUP、TUMn）、添加少量合金元素的特种铜（砷铜、碲铜、银铜）四类。
紫铜的电导率和热导率仅次于银，广泛用于制作导电、导热器材。
紫铜在大气、海水和某些非氧化性酸（盐酸、稀硫酸）、碱、盐溶液及多种有机酸（醋酸、柠檬酸）中，有良好的耐蚀性，用于化学产业。
另外，紫铜有良好的焊接性，可经冷、热塑性加工制成各种半成品和成品。
20世纪70年代，紫铜的产量超过了其他各类铜合金的总产量。
紫铜中的微量杂质对铜的导电、导热性能有严重影响。
其中钛、磷、铁、硅等明显降低电导率,而镉、锌等则影响很小。
氧、硫、硒、碲等在铜中的固溶度很小,可与铜天生脆性化合物,对导电性影响不大，但能降低加工塑性。
普通紫铜在含氢或一氧化碳的还原性气氛中加热时，氢或一氧化碳易与晶界的氧化亚铜(Cu2O)作用，产生高压水蒸气或二氧化碳气体，可使铜破裂。
这种现象常称为铜的“氢病”。
氧对铜的焊接性有害。
铋或铅与铜天生低熔点共晶，使铜产生热脆；而脆性的铋呈薄膜状分布在晶界时，又使铜产生冷脆。
磷能明显降低铜的导电性,但可进步铜液的活动性,改善焊接性。
适量的铅、碲、硫等能改善可切削性。
英文文献小短文(原文加汉语翻译)
A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic(这是题目，百度一下就能找到原文好，原文还有表格，我没有翻译)A hardy, versatile, fast-growing plant helps to remove arsenic from contaminated soilsContamination of soils with arsenic,which is both toxic and carcinogenic, is widespread1. We have discovered that the fern Pteris vittata (brake fern) is extremely efficient in extracting arsenic from soils and translocating it into its above-ground biomass. This plant —which, to our knowledge, is the first known arsenic hyperaccumulator as well as the first fern found to function as a hyperaccumulator— has many attributes that recommend it for use in the remediation of arsenic-contaminated soils.We found brake fern growing on a site in Central Florida contaminated with chromated copper arsenate (Fig. 1a). We analysed the fronds of plants growing at the site for total arsenic by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectroscopy. Of 14 plant species studied, only brake fern contained large amounts of arsenic (As;3,280–4,980 We collected additional samples of the plant and soil from the contaminated site –1,603 As) and from an uncontaminated site –As). Brake fern extracted arsenic efficiently from these soils into its fronds: plantsgrowing in the contaminated site contained 1,442–7,526 Arsenic and those from the uncontaminated site contained –These values are much higher than those typical for plants growing in normal soil, which contain less than of arsenic3.As well as being tolerant of soils containing as much as 1,500 arsenic, brake fern can take up large amounts of arsenic into its fronds in a short time (Table 1). Arsenic concentration in fern fronds growing in soil spiked with 1,500 Arsenic increased from to 15,861 in two weeks. Furthermore, in the same period, ferns growing in soil containing just 6 arsenic accumulated 755 Of arsenic in their fronds, a 126-fold enrichment. Arsenic concentrations in brake fernroots were less than 303 whereas those in the fronds reached 7,234 of 100 Arsenic significantly stimulated fern growth, resulting in a 40% increase in biomass compared with the control (data not shown).After 20 weeks of growth, the plant was extracted using a solution of 1:1 methanol:water to speciate arsenic with high-performance liquid chromatography–inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Almost all arsenic was present as relatively toxic inorganic forms, with little detectable organoarsenic species4. The concentration of As(III) was greater in the fronds (47–80%) than in the roots %), indicating that As(V)was converted to As(III) during translocation from roots to fronds.As well as removing arsenic from soils containing different concentrations of arsenic (Table 1), brake fern also removed arsenic from soils containing different arsenic species (Fig. 1c). Again, up to 93% of the arsenic was concentrated in the fronds. Although both FeAsO4 and AlAsO4 are relatively insoluble in soils1, brake fern hyperaccumulated arsenic derived from these compounds into its fronds (136–315 levels 3–6 times greater than soil arsenic.Brake fern is mesophytic and is widely cultivated and naturalized in many areas with a mild climate. In the United States, it grows in the southeast and in southern California5. The fern is versatile and hardy, and prefers sunny (unusual for a fern) and alkaline environments (where arsenic is more available). It has considerable biomass, and is fast growing, easy to propagate,and perennial.We believe this is the first report of significant arsenic hyperaccumulation by an unmanipulated plant. Brake fern has great potential to remediate arsenic-contaminated soils cheaply and could also aid studies of arsenic uptake, translocation, speciation, distribution anddetoxification in plants.*Soil and Water Science Department, University ofFlorida, Gainesville, Florida 32611-0290, USAe-mail†Cooperative Extension Service, University ofGeorgia, Terrell County, PO Box 271, Dawson,Georgia 31742, USA‡Department of Chemistry & SoutheastEnvironmental Research Center, FloridaInternational University, Miami, Florida 33199,1. Nriagu, J. O. (ed.) Arsenic in the Environment Part 1: Cycling and Characterization (Wiley, New York, 1994).2. Brooks, R. R. (ed.) Plants that Hyperaccumulate Heavy Metals (Cambridge Univ. Press, 1998).3. Kabata-Pendias, A. & Pendias, H. in Trace Elements in Soils and Plants 203–209 (CRC, Boca Raton, 1991).4. Koch, I., Wang, L., Ollson, C. A., Cullen, W. R. & Reimer, K. J. Envir. Sci. Technol. 34, 22–26 (2000).5. Jones, D. L. Encyclopaedia of Ferns (Lothian, Melbourne, 1987).积累砷的蕨类植物耐寒，多功能，生长快速的植物，有助于从污染土壤去除砷有毒和致癌的土壤砷污染是非常广泛的。
化学专业英语翻译
Lesson2 Nomenclature of Inorganic Compounds and Chemical Formulas无机合成命名法与化学公式Communication among chemists is simplified by an internationally accepted system of notation—chemical formulas.化学家之间的通信是由一个国际公认的符号系统简化—化学公式。
As you know，each of elements has its symbol derived from its Latin name and all chemists know what this symbol represents：如你所知，每个元素都有其符号从它的拉丁文名称派生的所有化学家知道这是什么符号代表：E.g Hg—hydrargyrum—in English speaking countries mercury，in German speaking countries QUECKSILBER，in Czech RTUT，in Slovak ORTUT.例如：Hg—汞—在英语国家里写作mercury，在德语国家QUECKSILBER，在捷克RTUT，在斯洛伐克ORTUT。
This “chemical alphabet”is very useful and an artificial language for expression of the structure of various compounds has been accepted on its basis.这种“化学字母”是非常有用的，一种人工语言的各种化合物的结构表达式已被接受的基础上。
A chemical formula is a representation of the number and kind of atoms in a molecule of a substance and it is used in addition（or in place）of the name of the substance in question.化学式是原子物质的分子的数量和种类的代表，它是有关物质通常加成（或者取代）的名称。
文物英语词汇
卣wine container匜gourd-shaped ladle罍 ampulla斝 wine cup鼎 tripod尊 wine container觚 wine vessel盉 ancient utensil其实这些专属的单词,除了用于考古学之类的专业性文章以外, 几乎根据他的中文白话文意思简化为 vessel,container,utensil 这些单词 ,因为就算你能拿出这些翻译,一般老外也不会懂 .Ge kiln 哥窑Royal Kiln 官窑celadon 青瓷porcelain plate 瓷盘celadon-glazed dish 青瓷釉口盘the celadon plate with a mouth in the shape of mallow petals 青釉葵瓣口盘collection 藏品shoddy substitute 赝品collector 收藏家artifact 手工艺品grade-one cultural relic 一级文物preservation of cultural relics 文物保护ceramic 陶瓷制品Palace Museum 故宫博物院Ministry of Culture 文化部State Administration of Cultural Heritage 国家文物局Forbidden City 紫禁城antique 古董、古玩antiquity 文物；古物；古董；古迹repristination 恢复原状archaeologist 考古学家anthropologist 人类学家preservationist （对自然环境、文物古迹的）保护主义者World Monuments Fund 世界文化遗产基金会in ruins 成为废墟、遭到严重破坏historical site 历史遗迹、遗址human elements 人为因素；人文要素priceless 无价的、极贵重的masterpiece 杰作human error 人为误差dereliction of duty 失职；疏忽职守internal investigation 内部调查testing equipment 测试设备operational error 操作失误the intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 保护非物质文化遗产公约World Heritage Convention 世界遗产大会词汇对大部分英语学习者来说是一个难以轻松把握的问题,而各学科专业英语的词汇学习难度更大,问题更多。
文物英语词汇
卣wine container匜gourd-shaped ladle罍ampulla斝wine cup鼎tripod尊wine container觚wine vessel盉ancient utensil其实这些专属的单词,除了用于考古学之类的专业性文章以外,几乎根据他的中文白话文意思简化为vessel,container,utensil这些单词,因为就算你能拿出这些翻译,一般老外也不会懂.Ge kiln 哥窑Royal Kiln 官窑celadon 青瓷porcelain plate 瓷盘celadon-glazed dish 青瓷釉口盘the celadon plate with a mouth in the shape of mallow petals 青釉葵瓣口盘collection 藏品shoddy substitute 赝品collector 收藏家artifact 手工艺品grade-one cultural relic 一级文物preservation of cultural relics 文物保护ceramic 陶瓷制品Palace Museum 故宫博物院Ministry of Culture 文化部State Administration of Cultural Heritage 国家文物局Forbidden City 紫禁城antique 古董、古玩antiquity 文物；古物；古董；古迹repristination 恢复原状archaeologist 考古学家anthropologist 人类学家preservationist （对自然环境、文物古迹的）保护主义者World Monuments Fund 世界文化遗产基金会in ruins 成为废墟、遭到严重破坏historical site 历史遗迹、遗址human elements 人为因素；人文要素priceless 无价的、极贵重的masterpiece 杰作human error 人为误差dereliction of duty 失职；疏忽职守internal investigation 内部调查testing equipment 测试设备operational error 操作失误the intangible cultural heritage 非物质文化遗产Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage 保护非物质文化遗产公约World Heritage Convention 世界遗产大会词汇对大部分英语学习者来说是一个难以轻松把握的问题,而各学科专业英语的词汇学习难度更大,问题更多。
机械类英文文献翻译
机械类英文文献翻译机械工业出版社2004年3月第1版20.9MACHINABILITYThemachinabilityofamaterialuuallydefinedintermoffourfactor:1、Surfacefinihandintegrityofthemachinedpart;2、Toollifeobtained;3、Forceandpowerrequirement;4、Chipcontrol.20.9.1MachinabilityOfSteelBecaueteelareamongthemotimportantengineeringmaterial(anotedi nChapter5),theirmachinabilityhabeentudiede某tenively.Themachinabilityofteelhabeenmainlyimprovedbyaddingleada ndulfurtoobtaino-calledfree-machiningteel.ReulfurizedandRephophorizedteel.Sulfurinteelformmanganeeulfi deincluion(econd-phaeparticle),whichactatreraierintheprimaryhearzone.Aareult,thec hipproducedbreakupeailyandaremall;thiimprovemachinability.Theize ,hape,ditribution,andconcentrationoftheeincluionignificantlyinfl uencemachinability.Elementuchatelluriumandelenium,whicharebothch emicallyimilartoulfur,actaincluionmodifierinreulfurizedteel.Phophoruinteelhatwomajoreffect.Ittrengthentheferrite,cauingincreaedhardne.Harderteelreultinbetterchipformationandurface finih.Notethatoftteelcanbedifficulttomachine,withbuilt-upedgeformationandpoorurfacefinih.Theecondeffectithatincreaedhar dnecauetheformationofhortchipinteadofcontinuoutringyone,therebyi mprovingmachinability.LeadedSteel.Ahighpercentageofleadinteelolidifieatthetipofman ganeeulfideincluion.Innon-reulfurizedgradeofteel,leadtaketheformofdiperedfineparticle.Lead iinolubleiniron,copper,andaluminumandtheiralloy.Becaueofitlowhea rtrength,therefore,leadactaaolidlubricant(Section32.11)andimeare doverthetool-chipinterfaceduringcutting.Thibehaviorhabeenverifiedbythepreence ofhighconcentrationofleadonthetool-idefaceofchipwhenmachiningleadedteel.Whenthetemperatureiufficientlyhigh-forintance,athighcuttingpeedandfeed(Section20.6)—theleadmeltdirectlyinfrontofthetool,actingaaliquidlubricant.Inad ditiontothieffect,leadlowertheheartreintheprimaryhearzone,reduci ngcuttingforceandpowerconumption.Leadcanbeuedineverygradeofteel, ucha10某某,11某某,12某某,41某某,etc.LeadedteelareidentifiedbytheletterLbetweentheecondandthir dnumeral(fore某ample,10L45).(Notethatintainleteel,imilarueoftheletterLmean“low carbon,”aconditionthatimprovetheircorroionreitance.)However,becaueleadiawell-knownto某inandapollutant,thereareeriouenvironmentalconcernaboutitueinteel (etimatedat4500tonofleadconumptioneveryyearintheproductionofteel ).Conequently,thereiacontinuingtrendtowardeliminatingtheueoflead inteel(lead-freeteel).Bimuthandtinarenowbeinginvetigatedapoibleubtituteforle adinteel.Calcium-Deo某idizedSteel.Animportantdevelopmenticalcium-deo 某idizedteel,inwhicho某ideflakeofcalciumilicate(CaSo)areformed.Theeflake,inturn,reducet hetrengthoftheecondaryhearzone,decreaingtool-chipinterfaceandwear.Temperatureicorrepondinglyreduced.Conequent ly,theeteelproducelecraterwear,epeciallyathighcuttingpeed.StainleSteel.Autenitic(300erie)teelaregenerallydifficulttoma chine.Chattercanbeproblem,neceitatingmachinetoolwithhightiffne.H owever,ferritictainleteel(alo300erie)havegoodmachinability.M artenitic(400erie)teelareabraive,tendtoformabuilt-upedge,andrequiretoolmaterialwithhighhothardneandcrater-wearreitance.Precipitation-hardeningtainleteelaretrongandabraive,requiringhardandabraion-reitanttoolmaterial.Otheralloyingelement,uchanickel,chromium,molybdenum,andvanad ium,whichimprovethepropertieofteel,generallyreducemachinability. Theeffectofboroninegligible.Gaeouelementuchahydrogenandnitrogencanhaveparticularlydetrimentaleffectonthepropertieofteel.O某ygenhabeenhowntohaveatrongeffectontheapectratioofthemanganeeulfi deincluion;thehighertheo某ygencontent,thelowertheapectratioandthehigherthemachinability.Inelectingvariouelementtoimprovemachinability,wehouldconider thepoibledetrimentaleffectoftheeelementonthepropertieandtrengtho fthemachinedpartinervice.Atelevatedtemperature,fore某ample,leadcaueembrittlementofteel(liquid-metalembrittlement,hothortne;eeSection1.4.3),althoughatroomtempe ratureithanoeffectonmechanicalpropertie.Sulfurcaneverelyreducethehotworkabilityofteel,becaueofthefor mationofironulfide,unleufficientmanganeeipreenttopreventuchforma tion.Atroomtemperature,themechanicalpropertieofreulfurizedteel dependontheorientationofthedeformedmanganeeulfideincluion(an iotropy).Rephophorizedteelareignificantlyleductile,andareproduce dolelytoimprovemachinability.20.9.2MachinabilityofVariouOtherMetalBerylliumiimilartocatiron.Becaueitimoreabraiveandto某ic,though,itrequiremachininginacontrolledenvironment.Catgrayironaregenerallymachinablebutare.Freecarbideincatingr educetheirmachinabilityandcauetoolchippingorfracture,neceitating toolwithhightoughne.Nodularandmalleableironaremachinablewithhard toolmaterial.Cobalt-baedalloyareabraiveandhighlywork-hardening.Theyrequireharp,abraion-reitanttoolmaterialandlowfeedandpeed.Wroughtcoppercanbedifficulttomachinebecaueofbuilt-upedgeformation,althoughcatcopperalloyareeaytomachine.Braeareeay tomachine,epeciallywiththeadditionpflead(leadedfree-machiningbra).Bronzearemoredifficulttomachinethanbra.Magneiumiveryeaytomachine,withgoodurfacefinihandprolongedtoo llife.Howevercarehouldbee某erciedbecaueofithighrateofo某idationandthedangeroffire(theelementipyrophoric).Molybdenumiductileandwork-hardening,oitcanproducepoorurfacefinih.Sharptoolareneceary.Nickel-baedalloyarework-hardening,abraive,andtrongathightemperature.Theirmachinabilityii milartothatoftainleteel.Tantalumiverywork-hardening,ductile,andoft.Itproduceapoorurfacefinih;toolwearihigh.Titaniumanditalloyhavepoorthermalconductivity(indeed,thelowe tofallmetal),cauingignificanttemperaturerieandbuilt-upedge;theycanbedifficulttomachine.Tungtenibrittle,trong,andveryabraive,oitmachinabilityilow,al thoughitgreatlyimproveatelevatedtemperature.Zirconiumhagoodmachinability.Itrequireacoolant-typecuttingfluid,however,becaueofthee某ploionandfire.20.9.3MachinabilityofVariouMaterialGraphiteiabraive;itrequirehard,abraion-reitant,harptool.Thermoplaticgenerallyhavelowthermalconductivity,lowelaticmod ulu,andlowofteningtemperature.Conequently,machiningthemrequireto olwithpoitiverakeangle(toreducecuttingforce),largereliefangle,ma lldepthofcutandfeed,relativelyhighpeed,andproperupportoftheworkp iece.Toolhouldbeharp.Thermoettingplaticarebrittleandenitivetothermalgradientdurin gcutting.Theirmachinabilityigenerallyimilartothatofthermoplatic.Themachinabilityofceramichaimprovedteadilywiththedevelopment ofnanoceramic(Section8.2.5)andwiththeelectionofappropriateprocei ngparameter,uchaductile-regimecutting(Section22.4.2).20.9.4ThermallyAitedMachiningMetalandalloythataredifficulttomachineatroomtemperaturecanbe machinedmoreeailyatelevatedtemperature.Inthermallyaitedmachining (hotmachining),theourceofheat—atorch,inductioncoil,high-energybeam(uchalaerorelectronbeam),orplamaarc—iforce,(b)increaedtoollife,(c)ueofine某penivecutting-toolmaterial,(d)highermaterial-removalrate,and(e)reducedtendencyforvibrationandchatter.Itmaybedifficulttoheatandmaintainauniformtemperatureditribut ionwithintheworkpiece.Alo,theoriginalmicrotructureoftheworkpiece maybeadverelyaffectedbyelevatedtemperature.Motapplicationofhotma chiningareintheturningofhigh-trengthmetalandalloy,althoughe某perimentareinprogretomachineceramicuchailiconnitride.SUMMARYMachinabilityiuuallydefinedintermofurfacefinih,toollife,forc eandpowerrequirement,andchipcontrol.Machinabilityofmaterialdepen dnotonlyontheirintrinicpropertieandmicrotructure,butaloonpropere lectionandcontrolofprocevariable.20.9可机加工性一种材料的可机加工性通常以四种因素的方式定义：1、分的表面光洁性和表面完整性。
青铜器英文介绍展示
the bronze mask with protruding eyes
Sanxingdui Site
Sun—shaped Bronze Objects
shaker
调酒器
Wine container
盛酒器
盉 He
勺spoon 枓 Dou
尊 Zun 卣 You
壶 Pot
彝 Yi
Water vessels
匜 Yi
盘 Pan
classificati on
•Bronze weapons come in such varieties as knife, sword, spear, halberd, axe, and dagger.
The bronze wares were unique national treasures
3 for China in ancient times for their impressive designs, classical decorative ornamentation, and wealth of inscriptions（铭文）.
classificati on
•Ancient Chinese bronze wares fall into three types:
•Ritual（宗教仪式） vessels • weapons • miscellaneous（ [ˌmɪsəˈleniəs]混杂 的） objects.
ritual vessels
Food vessels
Wine vessels
Water vessels
Copper Chinese-English glossary 铜 中英词汇
International Wrought Copper Council (IWCC), 国际锻铜理事会trade association 行业协会copper fabricating industry. 制铜业General Assembly 全会Executive Board 理事会. 执行局specialist Committees. 专家委员会The copper and copper alloy 合金fabricating industry produces wire, tube, sheet, strip and rods 线/管/板/条/棒in copper, brass黄铜, bronze青铜and other alloys which are used in thousands of applications in buildings建筑, power transmission输电, communications通信, transport交通 and industry工业.Semis半制成品Bronze 青銅黃銅(Brass)熟铜 wrought copperrefined copper 精炼铜精铜Unwrought copper 未锻造铜rebar 钢筋Shanghai Futures Exchange (SHFE)Concentrate 铜精矿 "The result of the concentration of valuable metals contained in ore and used as input material for smelting or leaching. Concentrates typically contain 30-60% of metal while ores only contain a few percent of metal at best."Electrorefining "An electrolytic process in which, under the action of an electric current, an anode made of an impure metal dissolves in the electrolyte with the simultaneous deposition of a corresponding amount of the purified metal on the cathode. The impurities that are more noble than the metal being refined are not dissolved at the anode and are collected as what is termed anode slimes. The less noble impurities are dissolved but do not deposit on the cathode; periodically, they must be removed from the solution by bleeding."blister copper 粗铜smelting 冶炼Copper Fittings 配件Semis 半成品LME(London Metal Exchange), COMEX(New York Commodity Exchange), SHFE Primary Refined ProductionSecondary Refined Productionapparent usage 表观消费smelting/refining facilitiesSulfuric Acidsolvent extraction-electrowinning (SX-EW) 溶剂萃取-电积法coil 线圈Foil 箔Anodes 阳电极ductile 有延展性的malleable 有延展性的gutters and downspouts 檐槽and 水落管surface, underground mining and leaching ,,,浸矿matte 冰铜refined copper cathodes 阴极Casting 铸造Wire rod 盘条magnet wires 电磁线ACR Tubes ACR 铜管inner grooved copper tube 内螺纹铜管TC/RCelectrolyticalsulfide 硫化物leaching 浸矿Converting 转炉吹炼Slag 矿渣，炉渣Slime 矿泥slit (cut)plating 电镀sulphuric acid 硫酸Bismuth 铋（元素符号Bi）mold 铸模Cadmium 镉元素符号（Cd）Arsenic 砷（元素符号As）Selenium 硒（元素符号Se）Chromium 铬（元素符号Cr Alkalinity 碱度chlorine 氯气Inhibitory 抑制性的catapult 弹弓，弹弩solders, 焊料，焊锡焊接，焊合brazes 铜焊coatings. 涂层gunmetal 炮铜，炮合金beryllium 铍（元素符号Be）disposercobalt 钴（元素符号Co）"sulfides, oxides, and carbonates"火法冶炼为主,辅以湿法冶炼anti-microbial 抑菌photovoltaicbiotaminiaturisationbiofilmcladdingelectrical machinery 电机ecacuated tube 真空管glazed collector 上光采热器 ?dilatation 扩张shake-out 轻度经济衰退。
青铜面具的介绍英文带翻译
青铜面具在各种文化中具有深远的意义，它的影响可以在艺术、文学甚至流行文化中看到。在艺术中，青铜面具激发了无数艺术家和工匠，他们创造了自己对这些古老文物的解读。在文学中，青铜面具经常被用作神秘、阴谋和隐藏身份的象征。在流行文化中，青铜面具出现在电影、电视节目甚至视频游戏中，进一步巩固了它们作为古老神秘符号的地位。
青铜面具有着悠久而丰富的历史，可以追溯到希腊、罗马和埃及等古代文明。在这些古老的文化中，青铜面具常常被用于宗教仪式、葬礼仪式，并作为权力和权威的象征。这些面具的工艺和艺术价值备受推崇，它们往往被视为宝贵的珍宝。
Significance and Cultural Impact
意义和文化影响
The bronze mask holds great significance in various cultures, and its impact can be seen in art, literature, and even popular culture. In art, bronze masks have inspired numerous artists and craftsmen, who have created their own interpretations of these ancient artifacts. In literature, bronze masks are often used as symbols of mystery, intrigue, and hidden identities. In popular culture, bronze masks have appeared in films, television shows, and even video games, further cementing their status as iconic symbols of ancient mystique.
copper,brass和bronze
作者： 周启加
出版物刊名： 语言教育
主题词： bronze;copper,brass;体育比赛;中第;三名;吹奏乐器;抗蚀性;铜制品;热性;铜铃
摘要：<正> copper,brass 和 bronze 这三个词,虽都有“铜”的意思,但它们所表示的物质是不相同的。
其中只有 copper 才是纯金属,brass 和 bronze 均为铜与其它金属的合金,汉意分别为“黄铜”和“青铜”。
它们作修饰语修饰另外的名词,表示某种器皿或某种制品时,汉语中均被译为“铜”,如“铜币”、“铜像”、“铜牌”等。
一些人因受这些汉语名称的影响,有时产生修饰语错用现象,如将体育比赛中第三名赢得的“铜牌”说成 copper medal。
以下就这三个词各。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
通过退火硬化来改善烧结和铸造Cu-Ag合金的性能S. Nestorovic*, I. Rangelov and D. Markovic分别用烧结方法和粉末冶金方法制得含Ag4%的铜合金。
将铸造和烧结得到的铜合金进行相同的形变和热处理。
在再结晶温度以上进行退火，然后进行硬度和电导率的测量。
本次试验显示，在160-400℃下进行退火，由于退火硬化效果，冷变形后的Cu-4%Ag合金的硬度和电导率都增加。
研究表明，随着预变形程度的增加，强度（由退火硬化造成的）会增加，并且，烧结方法制得的Cu-4%Ag合金的增加量大于铸造Cu-4%Ag的增加量。
烧结合金的电导率随着冷轧程度的增加而增加，而铸造合金相反，铸造合金的电导率随着冷轧程度的增加而降低。
随着退火过程的进行，两种合金的电导率都缓慢增加。
关键词：Cu-4Ag合金，形变热处理，铜，退火硬化的影响介绍在很多以Cu为基体的合金系中，在再结晶温度以上进行退火，强度性能提高。
这种强化作用被称作退火强化1,2，它主要应用于机电设备中弹簧材料的生产，这种弹簧材料属于铜合金。
在以这种现象为特征的所有合金系中，有三大主体趋势应当引起重视：强度增加的量会随着预变形程度的增加而增加；置换元素的浓度增加，则强度增加；强度增加，这造成塑性应变功能下降。
用于解释这种硬化效应的机制已经被试验过，试验用的金属是以铜为基体的合金，这些合金被冷轧，然后又在150-300℃范围内进行退火。
这种效果主要用于铜基合金，并且一些发现表明，原子排列方式是这种硬化效果的主要原因1。
另一方面，在最近的一份关于Cu-Al合金退火硬化的详细的调查中，得出了一个结论，溶质的偏析以及位错是产生这种强化效果的主要机制。
铜有很好的导电性，但是容易软化并且高温强度低。
这就向设计电气设备的工程师和设计师提出了一个大问题。
在过去的几年里，研究人员付出很多努力，致力于研究改善铜基合金的性能，如导电性，强度以及高温下强度的稳定保持。
很多文章显示出了对铜基合金的极大的兴趣，尤其是在Cu–Al, Cu–Mn, Cu–Sb方面1,2,4-6。
作者决定支持研究Cu-Ag系合金电阻率方面的试验。
在商业用途方面，不仅仅电性能重要，机械性能也是很重要的7,8。
目前研究表明，关于铸造Cu-Al合金以及粉末冶金Cu-Al合金的研究结果已经出来了，这两类合金都通过退火硬化来提高其性能，并且与纯铜相互比较。
实验过程用Cu-4%Ag合金进行实验，研究退火硬化对材料性能的影响。
用两种方式分别制备Cu-4%Ag合金：一般的铸造方法以及类似的热粉末冶金法。
将Cu-4%Ag合金放于实验室电炉中熔化，铸造成65*25*180mm规格的试样，试样在粘土砂模中成型并且在空气中冷却。
原始材料为纯度99.99%的电解铜线和纯度99.99%金属银。
试样被石墨罩保护，在800℃下均匀化24小时。
从已经均匀化的试样上裁出厚度为7mm的样品，经过冷轧变为5mm，3.3mm和2.5mm，加工率为29%，53%和64%。
然后进行固溶退火（在700℃保温1h，然后水淬），最后对样品进行冷轧，分别为20%，40%和60%。
在实验的第二个阶段，用粉末冶金工艺制备Cu-4%Ag合金。
用电解铜粉和银分作为原始材料，电解铜粉的纯度为99.7%，电解银粉的纯度为99.9%。
银粉在混合物中的含量为4%。
粉末混合物压坯高度为6-7mm，宽度为12mm，长度为30mm，挤压机液压为300MPa，挤压压坯。
压块在水平放置在管式炉中烧结，烧结温度为790℃，气氛为高纯度的干燥氢气气氛，时间为1h。
烧结完成后，样品最终被冷轧，冷轧量为20%、40%和60%。
每一次轧制后都测量维氏硬度，显微硬度以及电导率。
下一阶段两套样品（铸造Cu-4%Ag合金以及烧结Cu-4%合金）均在150-600℃温度范围内进行退火30min。
每次退火都测量维氏硬度（加载载荷50N）和电导率。
每种样品都测量五次不同的电导率和硬度，以减小误差。
对这些测量结果取平均值，并且作为单独数据记录下来，它们在合适的误差标准范围内，其中硬度+-0.1%，电导率+-0.2%。
为了比较一些性能，制备一个铸造纯铜锭（OFHC质量标准）和一个烧结铜锭，让它们进行相同的处理。
结果分析预加工由于加工硬化作用，随着预变形程度增加，IM Cu样品和PM Cu-4%Ag合金样品的硬度和显微硬度都增加（图1和图2）。
铜合金的硬度比纯铜的硬度要高些。
图3表示，在预冷轧之后，IM Cu样品和IM Cu-4%Ag样品的电导率的变化。
从图中可以看出，随着变形程度增加，孔隙度降低，导电性缓慢增加。
孔隙是在浇注过程中产生的。
终轧由于加工硬化，随着最终冷变形程度增加，所有样品的硬度和显微硬度都增加（图4和图5）。
经过相同变形程度的冷轧以后，Cu-4%Ag合金的硬度值比纯铜的硬度值要高。
经过60%变形后，IM Cu-4%Ag、PM Cu-4Ag、IM Cu和PM Cu的最高硬度值分别170HV、156HV、124HV、115HV。
尽管经过冷塑性加工后的PM Cu样品和Cu-4Ag样品的硬度比IM样品的对应的硬度值更低，但PM 样品的硬度值增加更为明显剧烈，这是因为加工硬化和孔隙消除同时进行。
图6表示最终冷加工后的IM Cu、PM Cu、IM Cu-4Ag、PM Cu-4Ag 样品的电导率的变化。
从图中可以看出，Cu的电导率比Cu-4Ag的电导率稍微高一些，这是因为合金中银元素比其他金属元素对导电率的影响更小11。
从图6中可可以看出，随着加工率的增加，PM Cu和PM Cu-4Ag的电导率是增加的，而IM Cu和IM Cu-Ag的电导率是下降的。
这是两种相反的结果12。
冷轧过程中样品孔隙的减少会造成电导率的增加（影响1）12-15。
然而，众所周知，变形程度的增加会使得导电率下降（影响2）16。
用粉末冶金方式制得的样品中，第一种影响比第二种影响的作用更为强烈，所以电导率是增加的。
另一反面，用铸造的方法制得的样品中，第二种影响比第一种影响作用更强烈，结果就导致电导率的下降。
退火硬化效应冷轧后的样品的高度下降20%、40%和60%，所有样品都在160至600℃温度范围内进行退火处理。
图7表示，粉末冶金样品及铸造样品经过冷轧以后的硬度随退火温度的变化规律。
从图中可以看出，对于各种变形程度的样品来说，再结晶温度都超过400℃，与纯铜相比，合金元素Ag造成了再结晶温度的提高。
图7表明，在160-400℃范围内，无论是粉末法制得的合金还是铸造法制得的合金，随着变形程度增加，硬度值是增加的。
这种结果主要存在于含少量其他元素的铜合金中，比如Al, Au, Ga, Pd, Rh, Ni 和Zn1,2。
这种结果支持一种解释退火硬化现象的假设，溶质分离形成位错，好像间隙固溶体中形成的Cottrel环境一样1,2。
基于本次试验，冷变形后IM和PM Cu-4Ag合金进行160-400℃范围的退火，可以注意到，退火硬化效应现象出现的原因是溶质银偏析到位错上而造成的硬度增加。
图7表明，同样的变形程度下（20%，40%，60%），在所有退火温度下，IM Cu-4Ag 的硬度均比PM Cu-4Ag的硬度值高。
与经过冷变形的PM Cu-4Ag合金的初始硬度值比较，经过冷变形的IM Cu-4Ag合金的初始硬度值更高。
然而，与IM Cu-4Ag合金相比，PM Cu-4Ag合金的退火强化效果更为密集强烈。
粉末冶金过程中产生了较为细小的晶粒显微组织和大量的缺陷，与铸造的微观结构相比较，粉末法制得的合金更容易实现退火硬化效应。
对于IM Cu-4Ag，在变形20%时候硬度提高最多，为22HV，而此时PM Cu-4Ag为24HV。
IM Cu-4Ag 合金经过40%变形后退火，硬度最大提高了23HV，而此时的PM Cu-4Ag为28HV。
由于退火硬化效应，硬度最大值提高，在IM Cu-4Ag和PM Cu-4Ag合金经过60%变形后，大约为27HV和31HV。
早前的数据被文献所证实1,2,4,5,12,17,18，伴随着退火硬化效应，强度会有所提高，预变形程度增加，导致大量的缺陷，导致更加密集的部分脱位重组，导致退火过程中溶质原子与晶格缺陷相互作用。
冷变形IM Cu和PM Cu样品在退火过程中的行为是相似的。
在240-260℃左右，硬度显著下降，这是因为发生了再结晶。
对于IM Cu和PM Cu而言，最强烈的退火硬化效应发生在260℃。
然而，在相同温度下，IM Cu和PM Cu的硬度显著降低，这是因为回复和再结晶。
图8表示电导率随退火温度的变化规律。
在160-400℃范围内退火，IM Cu-4Ag和PM Cu-4Ag的电导率慢慢上升，此时退火硬化效应出现，因为偏析的银原子离开位错是的固溶效果减弱。
纯态的铜原子半径为128pm19,20,而纯态的银原子半径为144pm20。
这表明，银原子溶入铜原子晶格中，铜的晶格参数会增加。
因此，银发生偏析时，铜晶格将会变得类似于纯铜晶格，此时导电性就提高了21。
进一步退火则由于恢复和再结晶，两种合金的电导率都会增加。
最佳的硬度和电导率的组合是经过60%变形后再经过260℃退火的Cu-4Ag 合金。
结论1在粉末法和铸造法制得的Cu-Ag合金中,银元素对于提高再结晶温度有显著效果。
2.对于Cu-Ag合金，在150-400℃退火温度范围内有退火硬化效应，硬度与预变形程度有关。
3.在强化粉末法制得的Cu-4Ag和铸造法制得的Cu-4Ag中，退火硬化效应扮演了重要角色，退火硬化效应作用于PM Cu-4Ag的效果大于IM Cu-4Ag。
4.Cu-Ag合金中的退火硬化效应可应用于电插头的生产。
鸣谢作者感谢塞尔维亚共和国科学部的财政支持，项目TR 19018.1.铸造样品的维氏硬度随预变形程度变化规律2.铸造样品显微硬度随预变形程度变化规律3.铸造样品电导率随预变形程度的变化规律4.样品IM和样品PM的硬度随总变形程度变化规律5.样品IM和样品PM的显微硬度随总变形程度的变化规律6.样品IM和样品PM的电导率随总变形程度的变化规律7.冷轧IM Cu和PM Cu和Cu-4%Ag合金的硬度随退火温度变化规律8.冷轧IM Cu和PM Cu和Cu-4%Ag合金的电导率随退火温度变化规律参考文献1. M. Bader, G. T.Eldis and H. Warlimont: Metall. Trans. A, 1976, 7A, 249–255.2. J. M. Vitek and H. Warlimont: Metall. Trans. A, 1979, 10A, 1889–1892.3. S. J. Lee, S. W. Lee, K. H. Kim, J. H. Hahn and J. C. Lee: Scripta Mater., 2007, 56, 457–460.4. A.Varchavsky and E. Donoso: Mater. Lett., 1997, 31, 239–245.5. A.Varchavsky and E. Donoso: J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., 1999, 57,607–622.6. J. Groza: J. Mater. Eng. Perform., 1992, 1, 113–121.7. S. Strehle, S. Menzel, H. Wendrock, J. Acker, T. Gemming andK. Wetzig: Microelectron. Eng., 2004, 76, 205–211.8. /13th_papers/docs/EML021.pdf9. J. B. Liu, L. Meng and Z. Y. Weng: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2006,A435–436, 237–244.10. F. Lenel: ‘Powder metallurgy principles and applications’, 160–204;1980, Princeton, Metal Powder Industries Federation.11. S. L. Zhang, J. M. E. Harper and F. M. Heurle: J. Electron.Mater., 2001, 30, 11–15.12. S. Nestorovic´ and D. Markovic´: Mater. Trans. Jim, 1999, 40, 22-0–224.13. S. Nestorovic´: Bull. Mater. Sci., 2005, 28, 401–403.14. S. Nestorovic´: Sci. Sinter., 2002, 34, 169–174.15. D. Ravinder, T. S. Rao, V. N. Muley and K. B. Reddy: Cryst. Res.Technol., 1990, 25, 1475–1483.16. S. Ohsaki, K. Yamazaki and K. Hono: Scripta Mater., 2003, 48,1569–1574.17. E. A. Donoso and A. Varchavsky: Mater. Sci. Eng. A, 2004, A369,10–15.18. S. Nestorovic´, D. Markovic´ and L. Ivanic: Bull. Mater. Sci., 2003,26, 601–604.19. D. Louzguine-Luzgin, J. Antonowicz, K. Georgarakis,G. Vaughan, A. Yavari and A. Inoue: J. Alloy. Compd., 2008,466, 106–110.20. W. Y. Liu, H. F. Zhang, Z. Q. Hua and H.Wang: J. Alloy. Compd.,2005, 397, 202–206.21. Q. Liu, X. Zhang, Y. Ge, J. Wang, J. Z. Cui: Metall. Mater. Trans. A, 2006, 37, 3233–3238.。