护理外文文献汇报 (1)

Introduction
The main adverse effects of VNR are granulocytopenia （粒细胞减少）,leucopenia（白细胞减少）,and thrombocytopenia（血小板减少症）,with granulocytopenia（粒细胞减少症）being the primary dose-limiting toxicity. Phlebitis is another problematic adverse effect of intravenous VNR, and the incidence of phlebitis (local venous toxicity) after a 6-min infusion of VNR has been reported as 16-33%.Phlebitis limits the continuation of chemotherapy by decreasing patient motivation and compliance.
Introduction
For the treatment of NSCLC（non-small-cell lung cancer）, VNR is administered at a dose of 20 to 25 mg/m2 alone or in combination with cisplatin （顺铂）or gemcitabine（吉西他滨）.VNR is also administered at a dose of 25 mg/m2 alone or combined with cisplatin or trastuzumab（曲妥单抗） in patients with inoperable（不能动手术的）, advanced, and recurrent breast cancer,who have previously received anthracyclines （蒽环霉素） and taxanes（紫杉烷）.
Result
The results of histopathological examinations are shown in Table 5. No significant differences were observed after infusion of fat emulsion.
Experimental procedure
Test solutions were infused through a plastic catheter (Surflo, 24 gauge, outer diameter of 0.67 mm and length of 19 mm; Terumo Co., Tokyo, Japan) into an ear vein using a peristaltic pump (Minipuls 2, Gil-son, Inc., WI, USA) (Figure 1). Veins in both ears were employed to compare different infusion conditions.The dose of VNR was set at 1.5 mg/kg in all experiments.
Methods
Four different factors (administration rate, dilution, flushing, and infusion of fat emulsion ） were evaluated for alleviation of phlebitis caused by VNR infusion. VNR was diluted with normal saline to prepare test solutions with concentrations of o.6 mg/mL or o.3 mg/mL for infusion into the auricular （耳的）veins of rabbits. Two days after VNR infusion, the veins were subjected to histopathological （病理组织学的） examination.
Statistical analysis
The grade of each histopathological finding was compared between groups by the Wilcoxon rank sum test and p<0.05 was considered to indicate a significant difference.
通过使用蠕动泵，测试溶液通过塑料导 管注入（surflo，24表，0.67毫米，长 度19毫米；外径泰尔茂有限、东京、日 本）到耳静脉。
Experimental procedure
Rabbits were killed by an over dose of sodium pentobarbital(戊巴比妥钠)(Nembutal,Dainippon SumitomoPharmaceutical Co., Osaka, Japan) at 2 days after infusion.Two samples of the ear vein were obtained, in-eluding the region 3-10 mm from the catheter tip(proximal region) and the region 20-30 mm from the catheter tip (distal region) (Figure 1).
Results
Figure 2 shows a representative photomicrograph of a normal vein without exposure to VNR.
Results
Table 2 summarizes the histopathological findings after infusion of VNR at a normal or rapid rate.
Experimental procedure
Two samples of the ear vein were obtained, ineluding the region 3-10 mm from the catheter tip(proximal region) and the region 20-30 mm from the catheter tip (distal region) (Figure 1).These were fixed in phosphate-buffered saline containing 10% formalin.Then cross-sections of the ear vein were prepared and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (HE).
Keyword
1 vinorel bine
2 phlebit is
3 rabbit ear
vein
infusio n rate
4
solutio n
concent ration 5
Purpose
In order to identify methods for preventing phlebitis caused by intravenous administration of vinorelbine （长春瑞滨）(VNR), we established a procedure for estimating the severity of phlebitis in an animal model.
Histopathological examination was performed blindly, with the findings being graded according to the criteria shown in Table 1. These criteria were based on those of Kuwahara , with the addition of epidermal degeneration.
Results
Table 4 shows a comparison of the histopathological grades between VNR infusion with and without a normal saline flush. Flushing with normal saline led to a slight re百度文库uction in the loss of venous endothelial cells, but the improvement was not statistically significant.
Methods of preventing vinorelbine-induced phlebitis:
an experimental study in rabbits
汇报人：王晓
CONTENT
1 文献的来源期刊、作者 2 文献的摘要组成 3 文献正文部分
文献的来源期刊、作者
Author:Emiko Kohno1, Saori Murase2 Author corporat： 1.Department of Hospital Pharmacy, Kansai Medical University Takii Hospital, 10-15 Fumizono-cho, Moriguchi, Osaka 570-8507, Japan 2.Department of Clinical Pharmacy, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Mukogawa Women’s University, 11-68 Koshien-Kyuban-cho, Nishinomiya, Hyogo 663-8179, Japan Journal：International Journal of Medical Sciences IF:2.232
Introduction
VNR has been reported to cause venous discoloration and chemical phlebitis proximal to the site of injection,as well as localized rashes and urticaria,blistering, and skin sloughing.Factors that influence the development of phlebitis include the quality of the vein selected, the size and type of catheter used, the duration of infusion, and the pH and osmolality of the drug solution.
Results
Influence of the concentration —Significantly less severe epidermal degeneration at the proximal region was noted after infusion of the diluted solution(p<0.05).The results of histopathological examination are shown in Table 3.