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新编英语语法教程教学大纲

新编英语语法教程教学大纲

《英语语法》教学大纲课程名称:英语语法英文课程名称: English Grammar课程类别:专业必修课适用专业:英语语言文学总学时数:36学分数:2执笔者:外国语学院周世培编写日期:2006年7月6日一、课程的性质和任务《新编英语语法教程》是为教育技术学、英语教育学两个专业二年级学生开设的基础课程。

本教程是一部新型的、融合传统语法与现代语言学和语法学某些研究成果于一体的英语语法教材。

编写内容深入浅出,反映了各个学科体系最新研究成果;编写思想上,除了帮助学生打下扎实的语言基本功外,还照例培养学生分析问题、解决问题的能力,使学生对英语语法有一个比较系统的了解并能借助英语语法知识解决英语学习过程中的有关问题。

学生有计划地阅读英语语法教材,探讨英语语言的结构,通过各种练习,牢固地掌握英语语法,提高运用英语的能力提高学生的人文、科学素养,培养健康向上的人生观,使学生真正成为我国21世纪所需要的外语专门人才。

二、课程教学内容、要求及学时分配第一单元 Introduction: Grammatical Hierarchy 总学时:2学时重点与难点:■ The concept of grammar.■ The category of grammar.■ Basic clause types and their transformation and expansion.内容与要求:■ Morphemes■ Words■ Phrases■ Clauses■ Sentences要求学生课后作练习并掌握本章所讲的句子结构。

第二单元 Subject-verb Concord 总学时:2学时重点与难点:■ Guiding principles.■ Problems of concord with a nominal clause as subject.内容与要求:■ The content of subject-verb concord.■ The three guiding principles .■ Problems of concord with nouns ending in -s要求学生课后做该部分练习,巩固上课所学并预习下一单元。

genitive nounPPT教学课件

genitive nounPPT教学课件
are really lovely. (The children are joint offspring of Charles and Louise.)
2020/12/10
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3. John’s and Mary’s children: A. the children who are offspring of John and Mary B. John’s child and Mary’s child C. John’s children and Mary’s child D. John’s child and Mary’s children E. John’s children and Mary’s children Coordinated genitives are formal. Tom and his brother’s children F
2
Case is a grammatical category and denotes the changes in the form of a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. As modern English is basically an analytic language, English nouns have not a complicated case system like that of Latin, German, or modern Russian. The different grammatical functions of English nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by the word order, not by case form. It is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case system. The genitive was traditionally labelled as the possessive case.

Lecture 5 Genitive Noun 英语语法教学课件

Lecture 5 Genitive Noun 英语语法教学课件

Uses of genitive nouns
As central determiner, genitive nouns can’t collocate with other central determiners, nor can they be preceded by a premodifier.
e) Descriptive genitive, eg:
I first met her on a summer’s day. This workshop makes men’s shoes.
Meanings of genitive nouns
f) Genitive of time, distance, measure, value, etc, eg;
Lecture 5
Genitive Noun
Formation of genitive nouns
a) The genitive is formed in writing by adding -’s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that do not end in -s, eg:
two hours’ delay 300 kilometres’ distance five dollars’ worth of stamps 50 kilometres’ weight.
Uses of genitive nouns
Genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as “possessive determiners” (traditionally called “possessive pronouns”), eg:

新编英语语法教程 PPT 大学生用书6. Noun and Noun Phrases

新编英语语法教程 PPT 大学生用书6. Noun and Noun Phrases

Some plural nouns taking either –s/es form or bare form
(1) Sociable animals as “antelope, fish, duck” can take either –s/es form or bare form. For example: ➢ I caught ten fish this morning. ➢ Fishes of every size prey upon others which are smaller. ➢ We saw a great many antelope. ➢ There are several antelopes. ➢ They shot a lot of moorhen and duck. ➢ Do they raise ducks there?
Plural forms with new senses
➢ Let’s go out for some fresh air. ➢ I hate the way she puts on airs. ➢ I received a letter from some men of letters. ➢ She answered in a business manner. ➢ She has no manners. ➢ She was clearly in a lot of pain. ➢ She was at great pains to stress the
Collective nouns can be used either in the singular or in the plural sense, e.g.: ➢ team, committee, family

Unit 4 Nouns and noun phrase

Unit 4 Nouns and noun phrase

3. Number forms of material nouns 1) When used to mean the material itself, they are uncountable,but when used in other senses, they are countable. Coffee, two coffees=two cupfuls of coffee 2) Some nouns can take plural endings, but their meanings have changed. These nouns , though ending in –s, remain uncountable. water—waters, sand-sands, food, fruit 3) Some nouns can act as both individual nouns(countable) and material nouns (uncountable) egg, stone, rubber, lamb, onion
3) In the case of some abstract nouns, the mere addition of a plural ending has the effect of changing the meaning of the base. For instance, the word “experience” in “We meet once a year to exchange our teaching experience” is used in the sense of “经验”, while the plural form “experiences” means “经历” in “We told each other our experiences in foreign countries.” Relation, youth, worry, distraction, business, kindness

名词的三种属格 Genitive Noun

名词的三种属格 Genitive Noun
(7)用在与表示集体或机构,文化活动等的名词后 the team's victory全队的胜利 the play's plot 该剧的情节
(8)用在某些固定词组中 a bird's eye view鸟瞰 a stone's throw一步之遥 at one's wits’end无计可施 in one's mind's eye在某人的心目中
三、's所有格和of 所有格互换问题
's所有格主要用于人名、较高等动物、有生命或视为有生命的名词,还包括地理、 天体、文化艺术活动、工业、科技、交通、电讯、时间、度量及价值等名词.
of 属格主要用于表示无生命的名词,但在很多情况下可以互换
(1)如果第一个名词A是有生命的,在“A'B”相当于“A有B”的表达方式里,不能用of 所有格代替 my father's house(不能互换)
六、练一练
①This is_____room. The twin sisters like it very much.
A.Lucy's and Lily's
B.Lucy's and Lily
C.Lucy and Lily's
②It's about_____walk from my home.
A. ten minute
D. an hour and a half
④Who is the man in the blue car, he is_____father.
A. Kate's and Mary's
B. Kate and Mary's
C. Kate and Mary

名词属格归纳(英文)

名词属格归纳(英文)

Genitive NounHello,everyone,I‟m very glad to stand here and today I‟ll talk something about the Genitive Noun. I main focus on two points,one is the form of genitive noun,and the other is Of+Noun structure. The form of genitive noun mainly has following several points:1.Singular noun and the plural nouns that not the “s”at the end ingeneral add suffix.Such as:Milton‟s poemsmy mother‟s arrivalWomen‟s clothes2.With plural nouns ending in s‟ only add-‟.Such as:the girl‟dormitoryA teachers‟collegepound nouns and as a whole the noun phrase,a word endingin the final …s.pound nouns all relationships respectively,and …s‟ in all afterthe none.Such as:Mary‟s and Bob‟s book.5.“NP +appositive” genitive, add …s‟ after the oppositive noun. Such as: His schoolmate Johnson‟sBasel the bookseller‟sbefore and after the oppositive also can add the addition of …s Such as:Basel‟s , the bookseller‟s6.The …z‟ at the end of the name ,the genitive plus …s‟ or ‟Of with nounOf with noun structure mainly have two points1.A noun that denotes inanimate objects all relations withOf+NoneSuch as :The legs of the tableThe title of the book2.The genitive life objects,when the none has long attributive or to express some feelings color can also be used Of+NoneFor example:The classroom of the first -year studentsThe weeding of the Prince of WalesThe death of the kingIn addition ,there are four points need special memory1.The infinitive on one case is no one‟sSuch as :It is no one‟s fault2.In addition ,the indefinite pronouns :everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one ,and so onshould be added after “else”Such as:That must be somebody else‟s hat, it isn‟t mine.No one else‟ luggage was opened.●Some words mean the mutual relationships and pronoun.Such as each other and one another, their possessive case is each other‟s and one another‟sEg: They know each other‟s weak point.●The first letter abbreviations if it is singular, the genitive iscomposed of …s , if it is complex .only add‟s●Sometimes , it may also have two or more than two of thepossessive form.Eg:My brother‟s neighbor‟s sister is a nurseI came across Xiao Li‟s sister‟s Husband‟s brother last weekAt last, I hope that what I said will help you understand the genitive noun better. Best of luck with you studies , thank you!黄子仁英本13021390140220。

语法术语(第1-18讲)

语法术语(第1-18讲)

第1讲(一)meaning-grammar-phonetic system/ character systemGrammar undertake the task of connecting meaning and pronunciation or characters(二)Segmentation: sentence—clause—phrase—word—morpheme 1、MorphemeThe morpheme is the minimum or smallest grammatical unit. Also it is the smallest meaningful element of speech. They fall into two categories: free morphemes and bound morphemes.A free morpheme has a complete meaning and can stand by itself as a simple word. It can sometimes act as a complete utterance in connected speech.Bound morphemes are mostly affixes. They are also meaningful, but the meaning is not complete in itself unless it is attached to some other forms. Therefore, a bound morpheme cannot stand by itself. It only exists as inflectional or derivational affixes or combining forms.2、WordThe word is composed of one or more than one morpheme. Words can be classified in two ways:1). Classification in terms of word-formation: simple words, derivatives and compounds.2). Classification in terms of grammatical function: closed class and open class.3、PhraseThe phrase is composed of one or more than one word. Generally, the phrase is a group of words organized in a specific way with a key word as its head. The word class of the head determines the class of the phrase and the way in which the words are organized.noun phrase, verb phrase, adjective phrase, adverb phrase, prepositional phrase1). noun phrase(determiner) + (premodifier) + noun + (post modifier)2).The verb phrase is a phrase with a main verb as its head.A verb phrase can be simple or complex.A simple verb phrase is just a main verb or “modifier + main verb”A complex verb is a main verb preceded by an auxiliary (or auxiliaries) + (modifier). They would finally overcome the problem.In terms of grammatical form, a verb phrase can be finite or non-finite.A finite verb phrase is initiated by a finite form, that is, a verb form that changes according to tense or subject.A non-finite verb phrase is a phrase initiated by a non-finite form, that is,a verb form that does not change according to tense or subject.4、ClauseThe clause is composed of one or more than one phrase. A fully-fledged clause is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of“subject+ predicate”.1). Independent and dependent clausesIndependent clauses can stand by itself and act as a complete utterance while dependent clauses forms only part of another clause/phrase2). Simple and complex clausesWhen a clause consists of only one construction of “subject+ predicate,it is a simple clause. An independent simple clause is at the same time a simple sentence. When a clause comprises another clause or other clauses as its element or elements, it is a complex clause.An independent complex clause is at the same time a complex sentence.3). Main and subordinate clauseIn a complex clause, the clause that takes another clause as its element is the main clause, while the clause that forms part of the main clause is a subordinate clause.4). Finite, non-finite clausesA clause can be finite and non-finite. A finite clause is one with a finite verb phrase as its predicate verb or predicator; a non-finite verb clause isa clause with a non-finite verb as its predicator.5).Verbless clauseWhen a clause is marked by the absence of any form of verb element, it is a verbless clause. A verbless clause is just a construction of “subject+ predicate” without any form of verb element.(Note: nominative absolute construction)5、SentenceThe sentence is the highest rank of grammatical unit. Based on one or more than one clause, the sentence is also the basic linguistic unit in connected discourse; it can stand alone and perform a function in social communication. Thus, a sentence can be defined as a grammatical unit that can stand by itself and perform a communicative function.Full and minor sentencesA full sentence is a sentence with an expressed subject and predicate. This kind of sentence is mostly used in formal speech and writing. A minor sentence is only a sentence fragment which in specific contexts and situations can only stand by itself and perform a communicative function. Minor sentences are extensively used in informal discourses.A full sentence can be divided into four kinds of sentences: simple sentence, compound sentence, complex sentence, compound-complex sentence.A simple sentence is a sentence that comprises only one independent clause. Two or more coordinated independent clauses make a compound sentence. When an independent clause comprises one or more dependent clauses as is element(s), this makes a complex sentence. Two or more coordinated independent clauses with at least one complex clause make a compound-complex sentence.第2讲Owing to the fact that sentences in authentic language differ structurally in thousands of ways, what is described here as sentence structure, sentence elements or sentence patterns is only concerned with the simple sentence or rather with the clause.(一) Clause elementsAs has been pointed out before, the clause or the simple sentence is structurally a sequence of phrases and logically a construction of “ subject + predicate”. That is to say, the clause or the simple sentence is not just an agglomeration of phrases; it is a group of phrases organized into a construction of “subject + predicate”.1、subject and predicateA full-fledged clause can generally be divided into two parts: the subject and the predicate. The subject is the topic or theme of the sentence, which tell of what the sentence is about. The predicate says something about the subject and the new information which the speaker or the writer wants to transmit to the listener or reader. The subject is generally realized by a noun phrase or an equivalent of noun phrase, while the construction of the predicate, which is more complicated, generally consists of a verb phrase with or without complementation(宾语,状语,补语)2、Two ways of sentence analysisTo facilitate description of how the English language works, sentencescan be analyzed in two ways.One way is to divide the predicate into predicate verb, object, complement and adverbial. These elements together with the subject make the five clause elements.The other way of sentence analysis is to divide the predicate into two parts: the operator and the predication. The operator is usually the auxiliary or the first auxiliary in a complex verb phrase, while the predication comprises the main verb with its complementation (object, complement or adverbial)3、Basic clause types and their transformation and expansionIn terms of the different combination of clause elements, English clauses can be classified into seven basic types. Innumerable authentic sentences are structured on the basis of these clause types. Basic clause types: The seven basic clause types are SVC, SV, SVO, SVoO, SVOC, SV A, and SVOA.4、补充材料:1). 句子成份:主语(Subject)、谓语(Predicate)、宾语(Object)、表语(Predicative)、定语(Attributive)、状语(Adverbial) 、同位语(Appositive)、插入语(Parenthesis)、呼语(V ocative)2). 句子种类:陈述句(Statement)、问句(Question)、祈使句(Imperative)、感叹句(Exclamation)、简单句(Simple Sentence)、并列句(Compound Sentence)、复合/复杂句(Complex sentence)、并列复杂句(Compound-complex Sentence)其中问句种类:一般问句(General Question )特殊问句(Special Question) 选择问句(Alternative Question) 反意问句( Disjunctive Question or Tag Question) 第3讲Subject-verb concordBy subject-verb concord is meant agreement between subject and predicate verb in number.There are three principles guiding subject-verb concord; they are principles of grammatical concord, notional concord, and proximity.第4讲Noun and noun phrase(一)Classification of nounsNouns can be classified according to word formation, lexical meaning and grammatical form1、word formation: simple, compound and derivative nounsSimple Noun: contains only one free morphemeCompound Noun: two or more morphemes (mostly free)Derivative Noun: from a verb, adj. or a simple noun with affix2、lexical meaning: proper and common nounsProper Noun: name for a particular person, place or thing and spelt with a capital initial letterCommon Nouns: can be divided into: Individual Noun、Collective Noun、Mass /Material Noun、Abstract Noun3、grammatical form: count and non-count nounsCount: has a plural and which can collocate with numbers and with such determiners as a/an, many, few, these, those, several, etc.Non-count: not go with the above-mentioned words(二)Function of noun phrasesThe noun phrase can function as all the elements in a sentence except the predicate verb.(三)Partitive/Unit NounThey are commonly used to denote a part of a whole or the quantity of an undifferentiated mass.1、General particles2、Particles related to the shape of things3、Particles related to volume4、Particles related to the state of action5、Particles denoting pairs, groups, flocks, etc.第5讲Genitive nouns(一)Case is a grammatical category. It denotes the change in the formof a noun or a pronoun showing its relationship with other words in a sentence. As modern English is basically an analytic language, English nouns have not a complicated case system like that of Latin, German or modern Russian. The different grammatical functions of English nouns in a sentence are mostly determined by the word order, not by any case form. It is in this sense that the genitive case may be viewed as a relic of the old case system. The genitive was traditionally labeled as the “possessive ca se”; however, in view of the fact that “possession” is just one of the meanings expressed by the genitive, we prefer to use the name rather than the traditional term.(二)Meanings of genitive nounsA. possessiveB. subjectiveC. objectiveD. genitive of originE. description genitive of time, distance, measure, value etc.(三)Uses of genitive nounsGenitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as “ possessive determiners” traditionally called “ possessive pronouns”.(四)Independent genitive and double genitive1、Independent genitive1). When the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context and can be easily retrieved.2). When the missing noun refers to Sb’s house, residence, church, school,public buildings, commercial firms2、Double genitiveAn independent genitive can sometimes be used as preposition complementation. The preposition phrase (usu. an “of phrase”)that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”. 第6讲Determiner(一)作用: Generic Reference, Specific Reference, Definite Quantity, Indefinite Quantity, etc.(二)英语的限定词包括: 定冠词(Definite Article)、不定冠词(Indefinite Article)、零冠词(Zero Article)、物主代词(Possessive Determiner)、名词属格(Genitive Noun)、指示限定词(Demonstrative Determiner)、关系限定词(Relative Determiner)、疑问限定词(Interrogative Determiner)、不定限定词(Indefinite Determiner)、基数词(Cardinal Determiner)、序数词(Ordinal Determiner)、倍数词(Multiplicative Numeral)、分数词(Fractional Numeral)、量词(Quantifier), etc.(三)前位限定词(Predeterminer)、中位限定词(Central Determiner)、后位限定词(Postdeterminer)第7讲确定特指(Definite Specific Reference)可分为: 前照应特指(Cataphoric Specific Reference)、后照应特指(Anaphoric SpecificReference)和语境特指(Situational Specific Reference)第8讲(一)代词(Pronoun): 人称代词(Personal Pronoun)、物主代词(Possessive Pronoun)、反身代词(Reflexive Pronoun)、相互代词(Reciprocal Pronoun)、指示代词(Demonstrative Pronoun)、疑问代词(Ieterrogative Pronoun)、关系代词(Relative Pronoun)和不定代词(Indefinite Pronoun)(二)先行项(Antecedent)(三)数(Number)、性(Gender)、人称(Person)其中性: 阳性(Masculine Gender)、阴性(Feminine Gender)、中性(Neuter Gender)、通性(Common Gender)(四)第一人称(First Person)、第二人称(Second Person)、第三人称(Third Person)第9讲(一)英语的人称代词有三种格(Case): 主格(Subjective Case)、宾格(Objective Case)、属格(Genitive Case)(二)人称照应(Personal Reference)、指示照应(Demonstrative Reference)第10讲(一)Main verbs are also called notional verbs functioning as the head and indicating the basic meaning of a verb phrase. The grammatical function of auxiliaries is to help main verbs, which will be dealt withmore fully in a number of ways later on, to express various grammatical and model meanings such as progressive or perfective aspect and obligation or removal of obligation.(二)Auxiliaries fall into three categories: primary auxiliaries, modal auxiliaries and semi-auxiliaries.1、Primary auxiliariesWith no lexical meanings of their own, these auxiliaries have only grammatical functions or grammatical meanings.2、In a finite verb phrase, we can use only one modal auxiliary which is invariably followed by the bare infinitive or the base form.3、Semi-auxiliaries constitute a category of verbs between proper and main verbs.(三)Main verbs can be divided into transitive verbs, intransitive verbs and link- verbs in accordance with whether or not they must be followed by obligatory elements functioning as complementation and what kind of elements that must follow object, complement, adverbial, etc.)(四)According to their lexical meaning, main verbs can be dynamic and stative. Dynamic verbs are verbs that refer to actions. Stative verbs are verbs that refer to states.(五)According to word formation and grammatical forms, English verbs may be divided into single-word verbs and phrasal verbs, finiteverbs and non-finite verbs, regular verbs and irregular verbs.(六)时(Tense)、体(Aspect)、态(V oice)、式(Mood)体(Aspect): Aspect as a grammatical term indicates whether an action or state at a given time is viewed as complete or incomplete. English verbs have two aspects: the progressive aspect and the perfective aspect. A combination of the two tenses and the two aspects makes it possible for a finite verb phrase to take the following eight forms.态/语态(V oice): 主动态(Active V oice)、被动态(Passive V oice)[ 主动句(Active Sentence)、被动句(Passive Sentence)]式/语气(Mood): 陈述式(Indicative Mood)、祈使式(Imperative Mood)、虚拟式(Subjunctive Mood)第11讲(一)Simple PresentThe simple present is the present tense form which is not accompanied by the category of aspect, that is, which is not marked by the progressive or perfective aspect. The simple present can be used to denote the following meanings with greater restrictions on verbs.1、Timeless present (usu. stative verbs)2、Habitual present (usu. dynamic verbs)3、Momentary and instantaneous presentMomentary(二)Simple Past(三)Present ProgressiveThe difference between the simple present and the present progressive referring to the present time is that the former carries a permanent meaning while the latter a temporary meaning.The present progressive also occurs in temporal and conditional clauses.With momentary verbs, ie. verbs denoting actions of very short duration , the use of the present progressive will be understood to express repetition or a series of momentary actions, rather than just a single action.第12讲Present Perfective (aspect)(一)The perfective aspect can combine with the two tenses, forming present perfective and past perfective, which can again combine with the progressive aspect, resulting in present perfective progressive and past perfective progressive.(二)Uses of present perfective1、Present perfectiveTwo chief uses: the “finished” use refers to the present result of a past event still operative at the pr esent moment. The “unfinished” use of the present perfective denotes that an action or state extend over a period lasting up to the present moment, possibly extending into the future aswell.2、present perfective progressivecontinuousness, temporariness and incompleteness(三)Contrast between present perfective (progressive) and simple past As has been pointed out, the action or state denoted by the present perfective (progressive), though referring to some indefinite happening in the past, has some connection with the present. Hence, if an action or state happened in the past and has no connection with the present, it will have to be expressed by the simple past or the past progressive.第13讲(一)Past perfective (progressive)The past perfective (had+-ed participle) also has two chief uses: “finished” use and “unfinished” use, only with time reference back-shifted to a specified past moment.In the finished use, the past perfective denotes an action or state already in completion before a special past, and in its “unfinished” use, an action or state extending over a period up to a past moment and possibly into the future in the past,(二)Past perfective progressiveThe past perfective progressive (had been+-ing participle) is basically similar in use to the present perfective progressive, only with time back-shifted to a specified past.The chief use of the past perfective progressive has also something in common with the “unfinished” use of the past perfective, and therefore, in many cases, these two forms can be used interchangeably, though in colloquial speech, the past perfective progressive is more frequently used than the past perfective.(三)Means of expressing future timeIn its long history, English has not developed a special verb form that might be rightly labeled FUTURE TENSE corresponding to the time/ tense parallel for present and past.When we say that English has no future tense, we certainly do not mean that English has not the means of expressing future time. Instead there are a number of constructions that can be used to denote futurity in English. In English, future time is expressed by means of modal auxiliaries, semi-auxiliaries, or by the simple present and present progressive forms.第14讲Passive V oice (Ⅰ)(一)Active sentence and passive sentence1、As has been pointed out, a sentence /clause whose predicator/predicate verb is active is called an “active sentence”, and a sentence/clause whose predicator/predicate verb is passive is called a “passive sentence”.2、The subject in the active sentence is the agent or doer of an action and in the passive the recipient of the action.(二)English verbs have three non-finite forms: the infinitive, the –ing participle and the –ed participle, of which the first two may occur in the passive.第15讲Passive V oice (Ⅱ)e.g. 1、It is impossible for lost time to be made up.2、He is believed to have come.3、People believe that he is ill.→It is believed that he is ill. (PassiveⅠ被动句型Ⅰ)He is believed to be ill. (PassiveⅡ被动句型Ⅱ)第16讲1、虚拟式(Subjunctive Mood)2、be-型虚拟式(BE- Subjunctive)、were-型虚拟式(WERE- Subjunctive)3、条件句(Conditional)、含蓄条件句(Implied Conditional)第17讲推测性:Epistemic、非推测性:Non-epistemic第18讲缩略形式:Contracted Form。

高中英语语法全英详解无水印

高中英语语法全英详解无水印

高中英语语法全英详解无水印IMB standardization office【IMB 5AB- IMBK 08- IMB 2C】必修一语法点一:Be+表将来 use the present continuous tense for future plans In English, we have lots of ways of talking about the future. The most common ways of talking about the future we encounter use ‘will’ or ‘be going to’ followed by an infinitive (动词原形), and we tend to use ‘be going to’ most often for talking about future plans.Sometimes, we also use the present continuous tense to talk about future plans.Ex. ①we are going to Mexico next Sunday.② Are you coming to the cinema?③ He is leaving for London in two hours.④ We are spending next winter in Australia.Only some verbs can be used in this situation, such as: go, arrive, come, leave, start, stay, return, play, have, work, wear, spend, see, meet, etc.扩展:What’s the difference between using ‘be going to’ and the present continuous to talk about future plans Let’s look at some more examples:“I’m going to play football on Saturday”You have made a plan in your head but possibly not taken any real action to confirm it. Also, playing football on Saturday is probably not a regular event for you.“I’m playing football on Saturday”You have made a plan and taken some real action to confirm it . called your friends or booked a place to play). In this case, it’s likely that playing football on Saturdays is a common activity for you.语法点二:Direct speech and indirect speech(直接引语和间接引语)Let's first define the terms, then look at how to talk about what someone said, and how to convert speech from direct to indirect or vice-versa.You can answer the question What did he say? in two ways:by repeating the words spoken (direct speech)by reporting the words spoken (indirect or reported speech).Direct speech repeats, or quotes, the exact words spoken. When we use direct speech in writing, we place the words spoken between quotation marks (" ") and there is no change in these words.Reported or indirect speech is usually used to talk about the past, so we normally change the tense of the words spoken. We use reporting verbs like 'say', 'tell', 'ask', and we may use the word 'that' to introduce the reported words. Quotation marks are not used.1、declarative sentence陈述句①Change in pronoun: The pronoun (subject) of the reported speech is changed according to the pronoun of reporting verb or object (person) of reporting verb (first part of sentence). Sometimes the pronoun may not change.In following example the pronoun of reported speech is “I” which will be ch anged in indirect speech into the pronoun (Subject) of reporting verb that is “he”.He said, “I like it very much.”→He said that he liked it very much.②Change in tense: If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to past tense the tense of reported speech will change. If the first part of sentence (reporting verb part) belongs to present or future tense, the tense of reported speech will not change.③Change in demonstrative pronoun指示代词, temporal adverbial时间状语, adverbial of place地点状语 and verbs.Ps:(1)if the direct speech indicates objective truth, then there is no change in tense when it’s converted to indirect speech.Ex. He said, “Light travels much faster than sound.”→He said that light travels much faster than sound.(2) 如果在当地转述,here不必改成there,come不必改为go,如果在当天转述,yesterday, tomorrow等时间状语也不必改变。

名词属格的构成

名词属格的构成

名词属格(GENITIVE NOUN )的构成有以下几种情况:1、单数名词和不以-s 结尾的复数名词一般在词尾加-'s ,如Milton's poet's, my mother's arrival ,women's clothes :2、以-S 结尾的复数名词在词尾只加-',如the girls' dormitory, the teachers' college :3、复合名词和作为一个整体的名词词组构成属格时,在最后一个词的词尾加-'s :如my mother-in-law's death, an hour and a half's talk, somebody else's opinion, the University of Minnesota's president.4、并列名词表示各自的所有关系时,要在各个名词之后加-s ',如Mary's and Bob's books. 如果仅在第二个名词之后加- 's (Mary and Bob's), 则指两人共有的书:5、"名词词组+同位语"构成属格时,-'S 加在同位语名词之后,如his schoolmate Johnson's, Basel's, the bookseller's :6、以咝音/z/ 结尾的人名,其属格加-'s 或-' 均可,如Dickens'/ Dickins's. Jones'/Jones's. 但以其他咝音结尾的人名,属格用-'s , 如Marx's, Ross's 等:名词属格一般用于表示人名、有生命物或视为有生命物的名词,也可用于表示地理名称,天体名称以及表示时间、度量、价值等的名词。

限定词

限定词

限定词一、限定词的概念限定词(determiner)是在名词词组中对名词中心词起特指(specific reference)、类指(generic reference)以及表示确定数量(definite quantity)和非确定数量(indefinite quantity)等限定作用的词类。

名词词组除有词汇意义外,还有其所指意义(referential meaning),是特指(即指特写的对象),还是类指(即泛指一类人或物);是有确定的数量,还是没有确定的数量。

能在名词词组中表示这种所指意义的词类就是限定词。

二、限定词包括哪些词定冠词(defintite article):the;不定冠词(indefintite article):a, an;零冠词(zero article)物主限定词(possessive determiner):my, your, his, her, our, your, their, one's, its;名词属格(genitive noun):Tom’s, my mother’s;指示限定词(demonstrative determiner):this, that, these, those, such;关系限定词(relative determiner):whose, which;疑问限定词(interrogative determiner):what, which, whose;不定限定词(indefintite determiner):no, some, any, each, every, enough, either, neither, all, both, half, several, many, much, (a) few, (a) little, other, another;基数词(cardinal numeral):one, two, three, four, five…;序数词(ordinal numeral):first, second, third, fourth, fifth…;倍数词(multiplicative numeral):o ne third, two thirds…;分数词(fractional numeral):twice, three times…;量词(quantifier)a lot of, lots of, plenty of, a great of, a good deal of, a large of, a small amount of, a quantity of, a great of, a good number of…。

英语语法--语法术语

英语语法--语法术语

language 语言interjection 感叹词grammar 语法head (headword) 中心词sentence 句子noun phrase 名词词组clause 分句verb phrase 动词词组phrase 词组adjective phrase 形容词词组word 词adverb phrase 副词词组morpheme 词素prepositional phrase 介词词组segmentation 切分法simple verb phrase 简单动词词组free morpheme 自由词素complex verb phrase 复杂动词词组simple word(morphemeword)简单词(单词素词)finite verb phrase 限定动词词组compound word 复合词tense 时compound noun 复合名词person 人称compound adjective 复合形容词number 数compound verb 复合动词non-finite verb phrase 非限定动词词组compound adverb 复合副词premodifier 前置修饰语compound pronoun 复合代词postmodifier 后置修饰语compound conjunction 复合连词complementation 补足成分compound preposition 复合介词independent clause 独立分句inflectional affix 屈折词缀dependent clause 从属分句derivational affix 派生词缀simple clause 简单分句prefix 前缀simple sentece 简单句infix 中缀complex clause 复杂分句suffix 后缀complex sentece 复杂句allomorph 词素变体main clause 主句closed class 封闭词类subordinate clause 分句function word 功能词finite clause 限定分句preposition 介词non-finite clause 非限定分句pronoun 代词verbless clause 无动词分句determiner 限定词full sentence 完全句conjunction 连词minor sentece 不完全句auxiliary 助动词compound sentence 并列句open class 开放词类compound-complex sentence 并列复杂句content word 实义词clause element 分句成分noun 名词basic clause type 分句基本类型adjective 形容词subject(compound subject)主语(并列主语)adverb 副词predicate(compound predicate)谓语(并列谓语)main verb 主动词predicate verb 谓语动词cardinal numeral 基数词object(direct object/indirect object)宾语(直宾/间宾)ordinal numeral 序数词complement(subject/object complement)补语(主补/宾补)adverbial 状语indefinite article 不定冠词SVC, SV, SVO, SV oO, SVOC,SV A, SVOA zero article 零冠词concord/agreement 一致possessive determiner 物主限定词subject-verb agreement 主动一致/主谓一致genitive noun 名词属格grammatical concord 语法一致原则demonstrative determiner 指示限定词notional concord 意义一致原则relative determiner 关系限定词principle of proximity 就近原则interrogative determiner 疑问限定词coordinate subject 并列结构作主语indefinite determiner 不定限定词noun phrase of amount or quality 表示数量概念的名词词组multiplicative numeral 倍数词relative clause 关系分句fractional numeral 分数词relative pronoun 关系代词quantifier 量词antecedent 先行项specific reference 特指cleft sentence 分裂句generic reference 类指focus element 中心成分definite specific reference 确定特指existential sentence 存在句anaphoric specific reference 前照应特指notional subject 实义主语cataphoric specific reference 后照应特指coordinate construction 并列结构situational reference 语境照应(特指)coordinate element 并列成分definite quantity 确定数量simple noun 简单名词indefinite quantity 非确定数量compound noun 复合名词referential meaning 所指意义derivative noun 派生名词predeterminer 前位限定词common noun 普通名词central determiner 中位限定词individual noun 个体名词postdeterminer 后位限定词collective noun 集体名词person pronoun 人称代词material noun 物质名词subjective case 主格abstract noun 抽象名词objective case 宾格proper noun 专有名词genitive case 属格countable/count noun 可数名词possessive pronoun (genitive pronoun)物主代词(属格代词) uncountable/non-count noun 不可数名词nominal genitive pronoun 名词性属格代词number 数possessive genitive pronoun 限定词属格代词singular number 单数reflexive pronoun 反身代词plural number 复数reciprocal pronoun 相互代词regular plural 规则复数demonstrative pronoun 指示代词irregular plural 不规则复数indefinite pronoun 不定代词partitive/unit noun 单位词/单位名词interrogative pronoun 疑问代词case 格relative pronoun 关系代词common case 通格gender 性possessive case/genitive case 所有格/(名词)属格masculine gender 阳性independent genitive 独立属格feminine gender 阴性double genitive 双重属格neuter gender 中性determiner 限定词common gender 通性definite airicle 定冠词noun of common gender 通性名词person 人称complementation 补足成分first person 第一人称transitive verb 及物动词second person 第二人称intransitive verb 不及物动词third person 第三人称linking verb 连系动词Reflexive form 反身形式dynamic verb 动态动词emphatic use 强调用法stative verb 静态动词unemphatic use 非强调用法single-word verb 单词动词reference 照应,所指phrasal verb 词组动词pronoun reference 代词照应finite verb (finite form)限定动词(限定形式)anaphoric reference 前照应non-finite verb(non-finite form)非限定动词(非限定形式)cataphoric reference 后照应base form 原形situational reference 语境照应grammatical form 语法形式person reference 人称照应simple tense 一般现在时demonstrative reference 指示照应simple past 一般过去时tense 时present progressive 现在进行时present tense 现在时past progressive 过去进行时past tense 过去时present perfective 现在完成时aspect 体past perfective 过去完成时progressive aspect 进行体present perfective progressive 现在完成进行时perfective aspect 完成体past perfective progressive 过去完成进行时voice 态future tense 将来时active voice 主动态operator 操作词passive voice(be-passive/get-passive/passi ve infinitive)被动态(be型/get型被动态/不定式被动态)predication 述谓成分mood 式Old English 古英语indicative mood 陈述式prediction 预见statement(declarative sentence)陈述句willingness 意愿question(interrogative sentence)疑问句intention 意图imperative mood 祈使式infinitive(to-infinitive/bare-infinitive)不定式(带to/不带to不定式) subjunctive mood 虚拟式-ing participle ing分词hypothetical meaning 假设意义-ed participle ed分词non-factual meanig 非事实意义conditional 条件句Be-subjunctive Be型虚拟式implied conditional 含蓄条件句Were-subjunctive Were型虚拟式ability 能力auxiliary 助动词possibility 可能primary auxiliary 基本助动词permission 许可modal auxiliary 情态助动词obligation 义务(必须,应该)semi-auxiliary 半助动词necessity 必然simple verb phrase 简单动词词组determination 决心complex verb phrase 复杂动词词组epistemic 推测性notional verb 实义动词non-epistemic 非推测性deep structure 深层结构emphasizer 强调词surface structure 表层结构reinforcement tag 强调附加结构dynamic adjective 动态形容词double negative 双重否定stative adjective 静态形容词rhetorical question 修辞疑问句present participle 现在分词partial negation 局部否定past participle 过去分词question(interrogative sentence)疑问句gerund 动名词general question(yes-no question)一般疑问句(是非疑问句)dangling participle (unattached participle) 悬垂分词(无依着分词)special question (wh-question)特殊疑问句(wh-问句)attachment rule 依着规则alternative question 选择疑问句logical suject 逻辑主语tag question 附加疑问句one-word adjective 单词形容词non-assertive word 非肯定词compound adjective 复合形容词command (imperative sentence) 祈使句central adjective 中心形容词existential sentence 存在句peripheral adjective 外围形容词notional subject 实义主语gradable ajective 等级形容词real subject 真主语non-gradable ajective 非等级形容词locative adverbial 地点状语causative construction 使役结构temporal adverbial 时间状语simple adverb 简单副词nonreferring it 非指代性it derivative adverb 派生副词empty it 虚义it adverb of manner 方式副词anticipatory it 先行it adverb of degree 程度副词pseudo-clef sentence 拟似分裂句adverb of time 时间副词coordinator 并列(连)词adverb of frequency 频率副词correlative coordinator 关联并列连词adverb of place 地点副词coordinate construction 并列结构conjunctive adverb 连接副词subordination 从属explanatory adverb 解说副词subordinator 从属连词adjunct 修饰/结合性状语simple subordinator 简单从属连词dsjunct 评注/分离性状语complex subordinator 复杂从属连词conjunct 连接性状语correlative subordinator 关联从属连词positive/absolute degree 原级marginal subordinator 边际从属连词comparative degree 比较级one-word subordinator 单词从属连词superlative degree 最高级adverbial clause of time 时间状语分句synthetic form 综合形式adverbial clause of place 地点状语分句analytic form 分析形式adverbial clause of manner 方式状语分句comparative constructure 比较结构adverbial clause of cause 原因状语分句analytic language 分析性语言adverbial clause of result 结果状语分句simple preposition 简单介词adverbial clause of purpose 目的状语分句complex preposition 复杂介词adverbial clause of condition 条件状语分句two-word preposition 双词介词adverbial clause of concession 让步状语分句three-word preposition 三词介词Infinitive clause 不定式分句four-word preposition 四词介词-ing participle clause -ing分词分句exclamation(exclamatory sentence)感叹句-ed participle clause -ed分词分句quasi-coordinator 近似并列连词end weight 句尾重心absolute construction 独立结构information focus 信息焦点relative word 关系词information unit 信息单位relative pronoun 关系代词old information (given information) 旧信息(已知信息)relative adverb 关系副词new information 新信息relative determiner 关系限定词full inversion 全部倒装attributive clause (relative clause) 定语从句(关系分句)partial inversion 部分倒装restrictive relative clause 限定性关系分句cohesion 粘着性non-restrictive relative clause 非限定性关系分句coherence 连贯性double relative clause 双重关系分句unity 统一性embedded relative clause 嵌入式关系分句redundancy 累赘conditional 条件句correctness 正确性real conditional 真实条件句communicative pfunction 交际功能unreal conditional 非真实条件句transitional words/phrases 过渡词语basic form 基本形式logical connectors 逻辑纽带variant form 变体形式grammatical connectors 语法纽带alternative form 替换形式coreference pro-form 指代词direct speech 直接引语comparative reference 对比照应indirect speech 间接引语parallel construction 平行结构reporting verb 引述动词key word 关键词modification 修饰语synonym (near-synonym) 同义词(近义词)restrictive modifier 限制性修饰语sentence group 句群(语段)non-restrictive modifier 非限制性修饰语text 语篇discontinuous modification 分隔修饰single-sentence group text 单语段语篇appositive 同位语multi-sentence group text 多语段语篇restrictive appositive 限制性同位语top sentence 主题句non-restrictive appositive 非限制同位语topic sentence group 主题语段substitute 替代词supporting sentence 辅助句nominal substitute 名词性替代词supporting sentence group 辅助语段verbal substitute 动词性替代词clausal substitute 分句性替代词substitution 替代nominal substitution 名词性替代verbal substitution 动词性替代clausal substitution 分句性替代ellipsis 省略word order 词序normal order 正常词序natural order 自然词序postponement 后置fronting 前置end focus 句尾焦点。

2023年高考英语专题复习(1):名词

2023年高考英语专题复习(1):名词
develop_____ ability to get on well with______ others. 3. He gained his_______(wealthy) by printing ______(work) of
famous writers. 4. Theo woman doctors would be sent to
1)China, Japan, Beijing, London, Tom, Jack(不加冠词) 2)the Great Wall, the Yellow River, the People’s Republic of China, the United States等。(由普通名词构成的专有名词,要加定冠词。)
(1)可数名词的复数形式
b)不规则变化 ⑧woman, man作定语 woman, man作定语时,要与被修饰的名词的数一致。 e.g.: a man servant—men servants, a woman doctor—women doctors
b)不规则变化 ⑨不同国家的人的单复数
名称
总称(谓语用复数)
animals such as apes and monkeys.
专题要点:
名词在高考中占有重要地位,从历年的高考中可以看出, 各省市试卷几乎都涉及到对名词的考查。涉及的内容主要有: 抽象名词具体化、名词的可数与不可数问题、名词作定语、 名词所有格、名词词义辨析以及常见名词的固定搭配等。此 外,还涉及很多冠词与名词共同考查的问题。冠词与名词有 三种表现形式:即定冠词与单数可数名词可表示类指;不定 冠词与单数可数名词也可表示类指;零冠词与可数名词的复 数表示类指。
(1)可数名词的复数形式
a)规则变化 ①.一般情况加s e.g.: computers, students ②.以s, x, sh, ch等结尾的名词加es (-th后加s) e.g.: bosses, boxes, bushes, matches, tips: stomachs ③.辅音字母+y结尾的名词,变y为i再加es; “元音字母+y”结尾的名词,词尾+s e.g.: countries, centuries; toy—toys, boys, days ④.以f/fe结尾的名词,变f/fe为ves e.g.: knives, halves, leaves, wives, thieves, lives, selves, wolves, halves…(小偷(thief) 之妻(wife)生活(life)难,自己(self)扫叶(leaf)来做饭。忽见一狼(wolf)躲架 (shelf)后,取刀(knife)把它劈两半(half).)

Determiners( Articles)语法练习

Determiners( Articles)语法练习


The head of a noun phrase limits the choice of determiners, and when more than one determiner occurs in the noun phrase, there is the problem of word order between determiners.
4) Determiners with noncount nouns only


Determiners such as a(little) bit of, a great amount of, a great deal of, (a) little, much, less, least can only collocate with noncount nouns, eg: much noise (a) little courage a bit of fun a large amount of money Less oil (the) least oil
Determiners (I)
Definition


Words that precede any premodifying adjectives in a noun phrase and which denote such referential meanings(所指意义) as specific reference(特指), generic reference(泛/类指), definite quantity(确定数量) or indefinite quantity(非确定数量) are referred to as determiners. Determiners, as a class of words, include: articles (definite article, indefinite article, zero article), possessive determiners, genitive nouns, demonstrative determiners, relative determiners, interrogative determiners, indefinite determiners, cardinal and ordinal numerals, fractional and multiplicative numerals, and other quantifiers.

语法术语英汉对照表

语法术语英汉对照表

语法术语英汉对照表Aactive voice 主动态ability 能力absolute construction 独立结构abstract noun 抽象名词adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰性状语adverb 副词adverb of degree 程度副词adverb of frequency 频度副词adverb of manner 方式副词adverb of place 地点副词adverb of time 时间副词adverbial 状语副词adverbial clause of cause 原因状语分句adverbial clause of concession 让步状语分句adverbial clause of condition 条件状语分句adverbial clause of manner 方式状语分句adverbial clause of place 地点状语分句adverbial clause of purpose 目的状语分句adverbial clause of result 结果状语分句adverbial clause of time 时间状语分句adverb phrase 副词词组affix 词缀allomorph 词素变体alternative form 替换形式alternative question 选择疑问句attachment rule 依着法则analytic form 分析形式anaphoric reference 后照应anaphoric specific reference 后照应特指antecedent 先行项anticipatory “it”先行“it”antonym 反义词appropriacy 同位语aspect 体assertive word 肯定词attribute 定语attributive clause 定语从句auxiliary verb 助动词Bbare infinitive 不带to不定式basic clause type 分句基本类型/基本句型basic form 基本形式be-passive be-型被动态be-subjunctive be-型虚拟式bound morpheme 粘附词素bound root 粘附词根Ccardinal numeral 基数词case 格cataphoric reference 前照应cataphoric specific reference 前照应特指central adjective 中心形容词central determiner 中位限定词clausal substitution 分句性替代clause 分句clause element 分句成分cleft sentence 分裂句coherence 封闭词类coherence 连贯性cohesion 粘着性collective noun 集体名词command 祈使句common gender 通性common noun 普通名词communicative function 交际功能comparative clause 比较分句comparative construction 比较结构comparative degree 比较级comparative reference 比较照应complementation 补足成分complex clause 复杂分句complex preposition 复杂介词complex sentence 复杂句complex subordinator 复杂从属连词complex verb phrase 复杂动词词组compound adjective 复合形容词compound adverb 复合副词compound-complex sentence 并列复杂句compound conjunction 复合连词compound noun 复合名词compound preposition 复合介词compound pronoun 复合代词compound sentence 并列句compound verb 复合动词compound word 复合词concord / agreement 一致conditional 条件句conjunction 连词conjunctive adverb 连接副词conjunct 连接性状语content word 实义词contracted form 缩略形式contrastive meaning 对比含义coordinate element 并列成分coordinate construction 并列结构coordinated subject 并列结构作主语coordinator 并列连词coreference pro-form 指代词correctness 正确性correlative coordinator 关联并列连词correlative subordinator 关联从属连词count noun 可数名词Ddangling participle 悬垂分词definite article 定冠词definite quantity 确定数量definite specific reference 确定特指demonstrative determiner 指示限定词demonstrative pronoun 指示代词dependent clause 附属分句derivational affix 派生词缀derivative 派生词derivative adverb 派生副词derivative noun 派生名词determinative genitive 限定词性属格代词determiner 限定词direct speech 直接引语discontinuous modification 分隔修饰disjunct 评注性状语double genitive 双重属格double negative 双重否定double relative 双重关系分句dynamic adjective 动态形容词dynamic verb 动态动词Eearlier time 先时性-ed participle -ed分词-ed participle clause -ed分词分句ellipsis 省略embedded relative 嵌入式关系分句emphasizer 强调词emphatic use 强调性用法empty “it”虚义“it”end focus 句尾焦点end weight 句尾重心exclamation 感叹句existential sentence 存在句explanatory adverb 解说副词Ffeminine gender 阴性finite clause 限定分句finite verb 限定动词finite verb phrase 限定动词词组first person 第一人称focal element 中心成份four-word preposition 四词介词fraction numeral 分数词free morpheme 自由词素free root 自由词根fronting 前置full sentence 完全句function word 功能词Ggender 性general question 一般疑问句genitive case 属格genitive noun 名词属格genitive pronoun 属格代词generic reference 类指gerund 动名词get-passive get-型被动态gradable 可等级的gradable adjective 可等级形容词gradable noun 可等级名词grammatical concord 语法一致grammatical connector 语法纽带Hhead / headword 中心词historic present 历史性现在时Iimperative mood 祈使式indefinite article 不定冠词indefinite determiner 不定限定词indefinite quantity 非确定数量indefinite pronoun 不定代词indefinite specific reference 非确定特指independent clause 独立分句independent genitive 独立属格indicative mood 陈述式indirect speech 间接引语individual noun 个体名词infinite 不定式infinitive clause 不定式分句-ing participle -ing分词-ing participle clause -ing分词分句inflectional affix 屈折词缀irregular verb 不规则动词insistence 坚持intention 意图interjection 感叹词interrogative determiner 疑问限定词interrogative pronoun 疑问代词inversion 倒装inverted order 倒装词序Kkey word 关键词known / given information 已知信息Llater time 后时性lexical connector 词汇纽带locative adverbial 地点状语logical connector 逻辑纽带logical subject 逻辑主语Mmain clause 主句main verb 主动词marginal subordinator 边际从属连词masculine gender 阳性material noun 物质名词minor sentence 不完全句modal auxiliary 情态助动词modal idiom 情态成语modification 修饰mood 式morpheme 词素morpheme word 单词素词multiple sentence 多重句multiplicative numeral 倍数词multi-sentence group text 多语段语篇multi-word preposition 多词介词multi-word verb 多词动词Nnear-synonym 近义词necessity 必然neo-classical compound 新古典复合词neuter gender 中性new information 新信息nominal clause 名词性成分nominal genitive pronoun 名词性属格代词nominal substitution 名词性替代nominative absolute construction 独立主格结构nominative absolute participial construction 独立主格分词结构non-assertive word 非肯定词non-count / mass noun 不可数名词non-finite clause 非限定分句non-finite verb 非限定动词non-finite verb phrase 非限定动词词组non-gradable adjective 非等级形容词non-referring “it”非指代性“it”non-restrictive modifier 非限制性修饰语non-restrictive relative clause 非限制性关系分句normal / natural order 正常/ 自然词序notional concord 意义一致notional subject 实义主语noun 名词noun of common gender 通性名词noun phrase 名词词组nucleus 调核number 数Oobjective case 宾格obligation 义务one-word adjective 单词形容词one-word subordinator 单词从属连词open class 开放词类operator 操作词ordinal numeral 序数词Pparallel construction 平行结构paragraph 段落partial negation 局部否定partitive / unit noun 单位词passive voice 被动态past participle 过去分词past perfective 过去完成体past perfective progressive 过去完成进行体past tense 过去时past tense form 过去时形式perfective aspect 完成体peripheral adjective 外围形容词permission 许可person 人称personal pronoun 人称代词phrasal verb 词组动词phrasal-prepositional verb 词组介词动词phrase 词组plural number 复数positive / absolute degree 原级possessive case 所有格possessive determiner 物主限定词possessive pronoun 物主代词possibility 可能postdeterminer 后位限定词post-genitive 后置属格postmodifier 后置修饰语postponement 后置predeterminer 前位限定词predicate 谓语predication 述谓成分predictability 预测prediction 预见prefix 前缀premodifier 前置修饰语proposition 介词prepositional phrase 介词词组prepositional verb 介词动词present participle 现在分词present perfective 现在完成体present perfective progressive 现在完成进行体present tense 现在时present tense form 现在时形式primary auxiliary 基本助动词primary derivative 原形派生词principle of proximity 就近原则pro-form 替代形式progressive aspect 进行体pronoun 代词proper noun 专有名词pseudo-cleft sentence 拟似分裂句Qquantifier 量词question 疑问句0 question tag 附加疑问quasi-coordinator 近似从属连词Rreal conditional 真实条件句real subject 真主语reciprocal pronoun 相互代词reference 照应,所指referential meaning 所指意义reflexive form 反身形式reflexive pronoun 反身代词regular verb 规则动词reinforcement tag 强调附加结构relative clause 关系分句relative determiner 关系限定词relative pronoun 关系代词relative word 关系词reporting verb 引述动词restrictive relative clause 限制性关系分句restrictive modifier 限制性修饰语rhetorical question 修辞疑问句root 词根Ssame time 同时性second person 第二人称semi-auxiliary 半助动词sentence group 语段simple clause 简单分句simple adverb 简单副词simple noun 简单名词simple past 一般过去时simple present 一般现在时simple sentence 简单句simple subordinator 简单从属连词simple verb phrase 简单动词词组simple word 简单词1 single sentence group text 单语段语篇single-word verb 单词动词singular number 单数situational reference 语境特指special question 特殊疑问句specific reference 特指statement 陈述句stative adjective 静态形容词stative verb 静态动词strong volition 强意志subject 主语subjective case 主格subject-verb concord 主动一致subjunctive mood 虚拟式subordinate clause 从句/ 附属分句subordinate construction 从属结构subordination 从属substitution 替代suffix 后缀superlative degree 最高级supporting sentence 辅助句supporting sentence group 辅助语段synonym 同义词synthetic form 综合形式Ttag question 附加疑问句temporal adverbial 时间状语tense 时text 语篇third person 第三人称three-word preposition 三词介词to-infinitive 带to不定式topic sentence 主题句topic sentence group 主题语段transitional word / phrase 过渡词语2 two-word preposition 双词介词Uunattached participle 无依着分词unemphatic use 非强调性用法unity 统一性unit / partitive noun 单位词unreal conditional 非真实条件句Vvariant form 变体形式verbal substitution 动词性替代verbless 无动词分词verb phrase 动词词组voice 态/ 语态volition 意志Wweak volition 弱意志were-subjunctive were-型虚拟式wh-question wh-问句willingness 意愿word class 词类word order 词序Yyes-no question 是非问句Zzero article 零冠词。

3.case of noun

3.case of noun
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Compare:
A: He is a friend of my father’s= He is one of one my father's friends. He is a friend of my father.= He is friendly to my father. B: a car of Berry’s= one of Berry’s cars
1) independent genitive - A. The missing noun has occurred in the
context before - E.g.: Her memory is like an elephant’s. - B. Refers to sb’s house or residence - E.g.: The doctor’s is on the other side of the street. - C. Refers to church, school, or other public
Possessive genitive E.g.: Mr. Brown’s suitcase has been taken downstairs. Subjective genitive E.g.: The Prime Minister’s arrival is reported in the
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Examples:
1. It is a car of Berry.
a car of Berry’s
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B: difference
Only use “ ’s ” :
1. Descriptive genitive
E.g.: men’s clothing

语法术语英汉对照表

语法术语英汉对照表

语法术语英汉对照表(总汇)■A・abstract noun 抽象名词active voice 主动态adjective 形容词adjunct 修饰性状语,结合性附加语adverb 副词adverbial 状语adverbial clause of condition 条件状语分句adverbial clause of purpose 目的状语分句adverbial clause of cause 缘故状语分句adverbial clause of result 结果状语分句affix 词缀agreement/concord 一致关系alternative question 选择疑问句anaphoric reference 后照顾antecedent 先行项aspect 体assertive word 确信词auxiliary verb/auxiliary 助动词■B・basic clause pattern 大体句型be- passive be-型被动态be- subjunc tive be-型虚拟式bound morpheme 粘附词素broad reference 广漠照顾■ C・cardinal numeral 基数词cataphoric reference 前照顾central determiner 中位限定词classifier 类别词clausal ellipsis 分句性省略clausal substitution 分句性替代clause 分句,从句cleft sentence 割裂句climax 层进法closed-class word 封锁性词类collective noun 集体名词command 祈使句common gender 通性common noun 一般名词complement 补语complex clause 复杂分句complex object 复杂宾语complex sentence 复杂句compound complexsentence 并列复杂句compound sentence 并列句compound word 复合词coherence 连贯性cohesion 粘着性conditional 条件句conjunct 连接性状语,连接性附加语conjunction 连词content word 实义词contextual meaning上下文意义coordination 并列coreference 共指关系coreference pro-form 指代词countable noun 可数名词count noun 计数名词■D・dangling modifier 无依着修饰语deep structure 深层结构definite article 定冠词definite specific reference 确信特指demonstrative determiner 指示限定词demonstrative pronoun 指示代词demonstrative reference 指示照顾dependent clause 附属分句derivative 派生词descriptive grammar 描述语法determiner 限定词direct object 直接宾语direct speech 直接引语discourse 篇章,语篇disjunct 评注性状语,分离性附加语double negation 双重否定downtoner 弱化词dynamic verb 动态动词■E・earlier time 先时性-ed participle clause -ed 分词分句ellipsis 省略emphasizer 强化词end focus 句尾核心end weight 句尾重心exclamation 感叹句existential sentence 存在句explanatory conditional 讲解性条件句external negation 外部否定■F・fall 降调fall-rise 降升调feminine gender 阴性finite clause 限定分句finite verb 限定动词finite verb phrase 限定动词词组first person 第一人称focal element 核心成份form 形free morpheme 自由词素fronting 前置full sentence 完全句functional word 功能词future in the past 过去以后时刻■G・gender 性general question 一样疑问句generic reference类指genitive case 属格get-passive get- 型被动态given information 已知信息grammar 语法grammatical connector 语法纽带grammatical meaning 语法意义headword 中心词hierarchical structure 层次结构hypothetical meaning 假设意义hypothetical past time 假设性过去时刻hypothetical present time 假设性此刻时刻imaginary present time 想象性此刻时刻implicational conditional 引申性条件句implied conditional 含蓄条件句indefinite article 不定冠词indefinite personal pronoun 不定人称代词indefinite pronoun 不定代词indefinite specific reference 非确信特指independent clause 独立分句indirect object 间接宾语indirect speech 间接引语individual noun 个体名词infinitive clause 不定式分句inflection 屈折转变information focus 信息中心-ing participle clause -ing 分词分句interjection 感叹词internal negation 内部否定interrogative pronoun 疑问代词intransitive verb 不及物动词inversion 倒装■ K・kernel sentence 核心句■L・later time 后时性lexical connector 辞汇纽带lexical meaning 辞汇意义linear structure 线性结构linking verb 连系动词logical connector 逻辑纽带logical necessity 逻辑必然low-rise 低升调■M・main clause 主句main verb 主动词marginal modal auxiliary 边际情态助动词masculine gender 阳性mass noun 不可数名词material noun 物质名词meaning 义minor sentence 不完全句modal auxiliary 情态助动词modification 修饰morpheme 词素morpheme word 单词素词multi-word verb 多词动词■N・negative word 否定词neuter gender 中性new information 新信息nominal ellipsis 名词性省略nominal substitution 名词性替代non-assertive word 非确信词non-finite clause 非限定分句non-finite verb phrase 非限定动词词组non-restrictive modifier 非限制性修饰语noun 名词noun genitive 名词属格noun modifier 名词修饰语noun phrase 名词词组nucleus 调心nucleur pattern 调心型■ 0・object 宾语object complement 宾语补语objective case 宾格obligation 义务of- gen itive of-属格one-member sentence 单成份句open-class word 开放性词类operator 操作词ordinal numeral 序数词■ P・paragraph 段落parallel construction 平行结构passive voice 被动态past perfective 过去完成体past perfective progressive 过去完成进行体past progressive 过去进行体past tense 过去时perfective aspect 完成体permission 许可personal pronoun 人称代词personal reference 人称照顾phonology 语音(语音学、音位学)phrasal-prepositional verb 词组介词动词phrasal verb 词组动词phrase 词组possessive determiner 物主限定词possessive pronoun 物主代词possibility 可能postdeterminer 后位限定词postmodifier 后置修饰语postponement 后置predeterminer 前位限定词predicate 谓语predicate verb 谓语动词predictability 预测prefix 前缀premodifier 前置修饰语preposition 介词prepositional verb 介词动词prescriptive grammar 规定语法present-future time 与此刻时刻有联系的以后时刻present perfective 此刻完成体present perfective progressive 此刻完成进行体present progressive 此刻进行体present tense 此刻时primary auxiliary 大体助动词primary derivative 原始派生词pro-form 替代词progressive aspect 进行体pronoun 代词pronoun reference 代词照顾proper noun 专出名词pseudo-cleft sen tence “ 拟似”割裂句pure future time 单纯以后时刻■Q・question 疑问句■R・real conditional 真实条件句real past time 真实性过去时刻real present time 真实性此刻时刻reference 照顾关系reflexive pronoun 反身代词relative adverb 关系副词relative clause 关系分句relative determiner 关系限定词relative pronoun 关系代词restrictive modifier 限制性修饰语rhetoric 修辞rhetorical question 修辞疑问句■S・same time 同时性second person 第二人称semantics 语义(语义学)semi-auxiliary 半助动词semi-negative word 半否定词sentence 句子sentence group 语段,句群sentence modifier 句子修饰语simple clause 简单分句simple past 一样过去时simple present 一样此刻时simple sentence 简单句situational meaning 情景意义sound 音special question 特殊疑问句specific reference 特指split infinitive 割裂不定式squinting modifier 偏斜修饰语statement 陈述句stative verb 静态动词structural meaning 结构意义structural word 结构词style disjunct 方式评注性状语subject 主语subject complement 主语补语subjective case 主格subordinate clause 从句subordination 从属substitution 替代substitution pro-form 替代词suffix 后缀surface structure 表层结构■ T・tag question 附加疑问句tense 时tense system 时制third person 第三人称time 时刻tone unit 语调组trailing sentence 拖沓句transferred epithet 转移修饰语transitive verb 及物动词■u・uncountable noun 不可数名词unique reference 独指unity 统一性unreal conditional 非真实条件句■v・verb 动词verb phrase 动词词组verbal ellipsis 动词性省略verbal substitution 动词性替代verbless clause 无动词分句volition 意志■ W・were-subjunc tive were-型虚拟式wh- ques tion wh-问句whenever-type cond itio nal whenever-型条件句word 词■ Y・yes-no question 是非问句■z・zero article 零冠词词法morphology句法syntax 句子sentence 从句clause 词组phrase 词类part of speech 实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专出名词proper noun 一般名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规那么动词regular verb 不规那么动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb 非限定动词infinite verb 使役动词causative verb 感官动词verb of senses 动态动词event verb 静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation 形容词adjective 原级positive 比较级comparative 最高级superalative 副词adverb 方式副词adverb of manner 程度副词adverb of degree 时刻副词adverb of time 地址副词adverb of place 修饰性副词adjunct 连接性副词conjunct 疑问副词interrogative adverb 关系副词relative adverb 代词pronoun 人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun彼此代词reciprocal pronoun指示代词demonstrative pronoun疑问代词interrogative pronoun关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun冠词article定冠词definite article不定冠词indefinite article数词numeral基数词cardinal numeral序数词ordinal numeral分数词fractional numeral形式form单数形式singular form复数形式plural form限定动词finite verb form非限定动词non-finite verb form原形base form英语经常使用语法术语230条句子sentence从句clause词组phrase词类part of speech单词word实词notional word 虚词structural word 单纯词simple word 派生词derivative 复合词compound 词性part of speech 名词noun 专出名词proper noun 一般名词common noun 可数名词countable noun 不可数名词uncountable noun 抽象名词abstract noun 具体名词concrete noun 物质名词material noun 集体名词collective noun 个体名词individual noun 介词preposition 连词conjunction 动词verb 主动词main verb 及物动词transitive verb 不及物动词intransitive verb 系动词link verb 助动词auxiliary verb 情态动词modal verb 规那么动词regular verb 不规那么动词irregular verb 短语动词phrasal verb 限定动词finite verb非限定动词infinite verb使役动词causative verb感官动词verb of senses动态动词event verb静态动词state verb感叹词exclamation形容词adjective副词adverb方式副词adverb of manner程度副词adverb of degree时刻副词adverb of time地址副词adverb of place修饰性副词adjunct连接性副词conjunct疑问副词interrogative adverb关系副词relative adverb代词pronoun人称代词personal pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun反身代词reflexive pronoun彼此代词reciprocal pronoun指示代词demonstrative pronoun疑问代词interrogative pronoun关系代词relative pronoun不定代词indefinite pronoun物主代词possessive pronoun名词性物主代词nominal possessive pronoun 形容词性物主代词adjectival possessive pronoun 冠词article定冠词definite article不定冠词 indefinite article 数词 numeral基数词 cardinal numeral序数词 ordinal numeral分数词 fractional numeral形式 form单数形式 singular form复数形式 plural form限定动词 finite verb form 非限定动词 non-finite verb form 原形 base form 从句 clause从属句 subordinate clause并列句 coordinate clause名词从句 nominal clause定语从句 attributive clause状语从句 adverbial clause宾语从句 object clause主语从句 subject clause同位语从句 appositive clause time place manner concession cause result purpose condition 真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of real condition 非真实条件状语从句 adverbial clause of unreal condition adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbialclause of adverbial clause of 时刻状语从句 地址状语从句 方式状语从句 妥协状语从句 缘故状语从句 结果状语从句 目的状语从句 条件状语从句含蓄条件句adverbial clause of implied condition 错综条件句adverbial clause of mixed condition 简单句simple sentence 并列句compoundsentence 复合句complex sentence并列复合句compound complex sentence 陈述句declarative sentence 疑问句interrogative sentence一样疑问句general question 特殊疑问句special question选择疑问句alternative question 附加疑问句tag question反义疑问句disjunctive question 修辞疑问句rhetorical question 感叹疑问句exclamatory question 存在句existential sentence 确信句positive sentence 大体句型basic sentence pattern 否定句negative sentence 祈使句imperative sentence 省略句elliptical sentence 感叹句exclamatory sentence 句子成份members of sentences 主语subject 谓语predicate 宾语object 双宾语dual object 直接宾语direct object 间接宾语indirect object 复合宾语complex object同源宾语cognate object补语complement主补subject complement宾补object complement表语predicative定语attribute同位语appositive状语adverbial句法关系syntactic relationship并列coordinate从属subordination修饰modification前置修饰pre-modification后置修饰post-modification限制restriction双重限制double-restriction非限制non-restriction数number单数形式singular form复数形式plural form规那么形式regular form 不规那么形式irregular form 格case一般格common case所有格possessive case主格nominative case宾格objective case性gender阳性masculine阴性feminine通性common 中性neuter 人称person 第一人称first person 第二人称second person 第三人称third person 时态tense 过去以后时past future tense 过去以后进行时past future continuous tense 过去以后完成时past future perfect tense 一样此刻时present simple tense 一样过去时past simple tense 一样以后时future simple tense 此刻完成时past perfect tense 过去完成时present perfect tense 以后完成时future perfect tense 此刻进行时present continuous tense 过去进行时past continuous tense 以后进行时future continuous tense 过去以后进行时past future continuous tense 此刻完成进行时present perfect continuous tense 过去完成进行时past perfect continuous tense 语态voice 主动语态active voice 被动语态passive voice 语气mood 陈述语气indicative mood 祈使语气imperative mood 虚拟语气subjunctive mood 否定negation否定范围scope of negation 全数否定full negation 局部否定partial negation 转移否定shift of negation 语序order自然语序natural order 倒装语序inversion 全数倒装full inversion 部份倒装partial inversion 直接引语direct speech 间接引语indirect speech 自由直接引语free direct speech 自由间接引语free indirectspeech 一致agreement主谓一致subject-predicate agreement 语法一致grammaticalagreement 概念一致notional agreement 就近原那么principle of proximity 强调emphasis 重复repetition 语音pronunciation 语调tone 升调rising tone 降调falling tone 降升调falling-rising tone 文体style 正式文体formal 非正式文体informal 口语spoken/oral English 套语formulistic expression英国英语British English美国英语American English用法usage情感色彩emotional coloring幽默humorous褒义commendatory贬义derogatory挖苦sarcastic挖苦ironic语法grammar句法syntax词法morphology结构structure层次rank。

genitive+noun

genitive+noun

4. When the missing noun refers to commercial firms:
Pickled vegetable are available at the grocer’s. Chinese toys are sold both at Smith’s and at Brown’s.
2. Plural nouns ending in –s take an apostrophe as genitive marker
the girls’ dormitory a teachers’ college 3. In compound nouns or a post modified noun phrases, the genitive ending is adding to the compound or to the end of the noun phrase, my mother-in-law ’s death an hour and a half ’s talk somebody else ’s opinion the university of Minnesota’s president
the father his father the boy’s father her husband the woman’s husband
the students’ essays their essays
2.
√ × Mary’s interesting letter √
Mary’s a letter Mary’s letter
He found a bone of the dog’s.一根狗吃的骨头 He found a bone of the dog. 狗骨 He found the dog’s bone.狗吃的骨头/ 狗的骨头
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7. when the nouns, in the construction of “ for…sake” ending in sibilant sounds ,the genitive ending can only be an apostrophe
for acquaintance’ sake for old times’ sake for goodness’ sake
4. In coordinate nouns, the genitive ending is adding to each of the coordinate elements when denoting respective possession, and only to the last coordinate element when denoting common possession. Mary’s and Bob’s books Mary and Bob’s books
4. When the missing noun refers to commercial firms:
Pickled vegetable are available at the grocer’s. Chinese toys are sold both at Smith’s and at Brown’s.
3. When the missing noun refers to church, school, or other public buildings:
Joe lives near St. Paul’s (cathedral) in London He was educated at Merchant Taylor’s (school)
看在熟人的面子上 看在老相识的份上 看在上帝的份上
when the nouns are appearance, conscience and convenience, the genitive ending is absent for appearance sake for conscience sake for convenience sake
2) Double genitive
1. The prepositional phrase (usually an ofphrase) that takes an independent genitive as complementation is called a “double genitive”
He is a friend of my father’s. = He is one of my father’s friends.
2. the independent genitive in the of-phrase must be definite specific personal reference.
indefinite determiner Not specific reference definite for
emotional feelings
a daughter of Mrs. Green’s any/some daughters of Mrs. Green’s two daughters of Mrs. Green’s which daughter of Mrs. Green’s
He is a friend of my father. friendly to my father
5. In the construction of “noun phrase + appositive” the genitive ending is added to the end of the appositive, or both to the end of the noun phrase and to the appositive Basel the bookseller’s Basel’s, the bookseller’s
He found a bone of the dog’s.一根狗吃的骨头 He found a bone of the dog. 狗骨 He found the dog’s bone.狗吃的骨头/ 狗的骨头
One of my father’s friend He is a friend of my father’s. 暗示父亲的朋友不止一个
5.1 Formation, meanings and uses of genitive nouns
1) Formation of genitive nouns
1.The genitive is formed in writing by adding ’s to singular nouns and to those plural nouns that do not ending in –s my mother’s arrival women’s cl Mrs. Green’s
5. Semantically, a double genitive is different from an ordinary of –phrase.
Distinguish the meaning of the following sentences:
St. Paul’s =( St. Paul’s Cathedral) her uncle’s the barber’s the novel’s plot the film’s significance truck’s wheel science’s contribution to civilization the factory’s output Nanjing’s weather China’s development Harvard’s Department of Economics
3) Uses of genitive nouns
1.Genitive nouns are mostly used as central determiners and therefore perform the same function as “possessive determiners” (traditionally called “possessive pronouns”) the husband
the father his father the boy’s father her husband the woman’s husband
the students’ essays their essays
2.
√ × Mary’s interesting letter √
Mary’s a letter Mary’s letter
1. When the missing noun has occurred somewhere in the context and can be easily retrieved: Her memory is like an elephant’s. Mary’s is the largest apartment in the building. 2. When the missing noun refers to somebody’s house or residence: I’m going to dine at my brother’s The doctor’s is on the other side of the street.
2. Plural nouns ending in –s take an apostrophe as genitive marker
the girls’ dormitory a teachers’ college 3. In compound nouns or a post modified noun phrases, the genitive ending is adding to the compound or to the end of the noun phrase, my mother-in-law ’s death an hour and a half ’s talk somebody else ’s opinion the university of Minnesota’s president
a patient of the doctor’s √
Not definite specific reference Not personal reference
a patient of a doctor’s ×
an engine of the plane’s ×
3. the noun phrase with a double genitive as post modifier usually takes an indefinite determiner such as a (n), some, any, etc, or a demonstrative determiner such as this, that to convey emotional feelings
为了装点门面 为了问心无愧 为了方便起见
8. Genitive of time distance measure value weight building family shop culture art transport science industry city country institution
5.2 Independent genitive and double genitive
1) Independent genitive • a genitive noun can sometimes be used independently, that is, without a following noun. • This use of the genitive may be termed as the independent genitive. • Independent genitive is used:
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