西方文化导论专有名词中文翻译
西方文化入门
一．名词解释1.Homer Epics：是相传由古希腊盲诗人荷马创作的两部长篇史诗《伊利亚特》和《奥德赛》的统称。
两部史诗都分成24卷，这两部史诗最初可能只是基于古代传说的口头文学，靠着乐师的背诵流传。
它作为史料，不仅反映了公元前11世纪到公元前9世纪的社会情况，而且反映了迈锡尼文明。
它再现了古代希腊社会的图景，是研究早期社会的重要史料。
《荷马史诗》不仅具有文学艺术上的重要价值，它在历史、地理、考古学和民俗学方面也提供给后世很多值得研究的东西。
2.Plato：（约前427年－前347年），古希腊伟大的哲学家，也是全部西方哲学乃至整个西方文化最伟大的哲学家和思想家之一，他和老师苏格拉底，学生亚里士多德并称为古希腊三大哲学家。
另有其他概念包括：柏拉图主义、柏拉图式爱情、经济学图表等含义。
3.Cleopatra：即克丽奥佩托拉七世（希腊语：又译克利欧佩特拉七世；约前70年12月或前69年1月—约前30年8月12日）是古埃及托勒密王朝的最后一任法老。
4.Rome Republic：公元前510年罗马人驱逐了前国王暴君卢修斯·塔克文·苏佩布（高傲者塔克文）,结束了罗马王政时代，建立了罗马共和国，国家由元老院、执政官和部族会议（Comitia Tributa）三权分立。
掌握国家实权的元老院由贵族组成。
执政官由百人队会议从贵族中选举产生，行使最高行政权力。
部族大会由平民和贵族构成。
二．简答1.What are the seven wonder for the ancient Greek people？1.克罗索斯宫殿2.帕特农神庙3.伊匹杜拉斯剧场4.罗德斯岛太阳神阿波罗巨像5.奥林匹亚宙斯神像6.月神阿尔timi斯的亚底米神庙7.摩索拉斯基凌2.How does Greek Mythology influence European Lierature？古希腊、罗马文学是欧洲最早的文学，可以说是欧洲文学的开端。
欧洲文化入门51个名词解释
欧洲文化入门名词解释51：1． Pax Romana：In the Roman history，there came two hundred years of peaceful time，which was guaranteed(保证) by the Roman legions， it was known as Pax Romana2． The New Testament名词解释The Bible was divided into two sections：the Old Testament and the New Testament. The New Testament is about the doctrine (教义) of Jesus Christ. The word “Testament” means “agreement”， the agreement between God and Man.3．Pentateuch名词解释：The Old Testament consists of 39 books，the oldest and most important of which are the first five books，called Pentateuch. Pentateuch contains five books：Genesis (创世记)，Exodus (出埃及记)，Leviticus(教义记)，Numbers (逃亡记)，Deuteronomy (摩西遗言记)。
4．Genesis名词解释Genesis is one of the five books in Pentateuch，it tells about a religious account (描述) of the origin of the Hebrews people，including the origin of the world and of man， the career (经历) of Issac and the life of Jacob and his son Joseph.5．The Historical Books was divided into seven sections： ①Books of Joshua ② Books of Judges ③ Books of Samuel ④ Books of Kings ⑤ Books of the Chronicles ⑥ Books of Ezra ⑦ Books of Nehemiah. 6．the Middle ages名词解释 In European history， the thousand-year period following the fall of the Western Roman Empire in the fifth century is called the Middle Ages.The middle ages is so called because it came between ancient times and modern times. To be specific (具体说来)，from the 5th century to 15th century.The transitional (过渡时期) period is called the middle ages，between ancient times and modern times.7. Feudalism名词解释Feudalism in Europe was mainly a system of land holding (土地所有) — a system of holding land in exchange for military service (军事力量)。
西方文化导论
Western Culture: An Introduction（西方文化导论）Chapter 1 Culture in Ancient Greece （古希腊文化）1.Cradle of western civilization （西方文明的摇篮）---Ancient Greek“We are all Greeks.”------Percy Bysshe Shelley (珀西·比希·雪莱)When Shelley said “We are all Greeks”, he is expressing his buy-in（认同）to the then current belief that European culture could trace its roots back （追根溯源于）to the Greek ideals and customs. This would include everything: architecture, education, medicine, our basic myths and memes, government, etc.2.Phases of development )（发展阶段）Delphi 特尔斐(希腊古都)Three Ages:ca.3000-1200 BC, the Heroic Age（英雄时代）(ca. 1200-750 BC), the Greek City-State （希腊城邦）and the Persian Wars（波斯战争）(ca. 750-480 BC), the Golden Age （黄金时代）(Ca. 480-430 BC).Bronze Age Civilizations of the Aegean (ca. 3000-1200 BC):1.1Minoan[miˈnəuən] civilization 克里特文明flourished between 2000-1400 BC, when itseems to be absorbed or destroyed by the Mycenaeans.The most famous of the leg ends of Minoan culture is Minotaur [ˈmaɪnətɔ:(r)] 人身牛头怪/弥诺陶洛斯, a being “part man and part bull”.Where did the Renaissance start with the flowering of paintings, sculpture and architecture?In Florence 佛罗伦萨（意大利都市名）and Venice()意大利港市.1.2Mycenae[maiˈsi:ni:]迈锡尼/Mycenaean [maisiˈni:ən] culture (ca. 1600-1200).By 1600 BC, the Mycenaeans had established themselves in the Aegean（爱琴海）.Around 1200 BC, the Mycenaeans attacked Troy, a commercial stronghold on the northwest coast of Asia Minor小亚细亚半岛. The ten-year-long war between Mycenae and Troy would provide the historical context for the Iliad [ˈɪliəd] （伊利亚特）and the Odyssey [ˈɒdəsi]（奥赛德）. ------ Homer（荷马）, the blind Greek poetTrojan war (特洛伊战争)------ Penelope’s web 珀涅罗珀的织物；故意拖延的策略；永远做不完的工作1.2.1The Heroic Age (ca. 1200-750 BC): after 1200 BC, more powerful, iron-bearing tribes of Dorians (多利亚人约于前1200-1000年间从巴尔干半岛北部迁入希腊，后来建立了斯巴达（Sparta）、科林斯（Corinth）、阿尔戈斯（Argos）等城邦，更多时候是作为入侵者和征服者被看待，荷马认为其野蛮黑暗), a Greek-speaking people from the north, destroyed Mycenaean civilization.Peloponnesian Wars 伯罗奔尼撒战争(431-404 BC)between Athens(雅典) and Sparta(斯巴达)；Years of internal wars weakened the once powerful Greek city-states of Sparta, Athens, Thebes（底比斯）, and Corinth（科林斯）. Philip II of Macedonia （马其顿）(northern Greece) rose to power and, in 338 BC, he rode south and conquered the cities of Thebes and Athens, uniting most of Greece under his rule. Upon Philip II ‘s death, his son, Alexander the Great（亚历山大大帝）, took control and proceeded to conquer all of the lands between Greece and India including Egypt.After the death of Alexander in 323 BC, Macedonia was defeated by Roma（罗马）at the Battleof Cynoscephalae（基诺斯山战役）in 197 BC and then again at the Battle of Pydna（皮德纳战役）in 168 BC. The Greeks were finally defeated at the Battle of Corinth in 146 BC. Rome completely destroyed and plundered（掠夺）the city of Corinth as an example to other Greek cities.1.2.2The Greek City-State and the Persian Wars (ca. 750-480 BC)In 490 BC, Battle of Marathon 马拉松战役In 480 BC, Battle of the Hot Gates and Battle of Salamis 萨拉米斯海战Persian Wars(希波战争): Herodotus 希罗多德(ca. 485-425 BC), the father of history 历史之父。
英美文学专有名词术语解释
Literary Terms（文学术语解释）*Legend（传说）: A song or narrative handed down from the past, legend differs from myths on the basis of the elements of historical truth they contain.*Epic（史诗）: 1)Epic, in poetry, refers to a long work dealing with the actions of gods and heroes. 2)Beowulf is the greatest national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. John Milton wrote three great epics: Paradise Lost, Paradise Regained and Samson Agonistes.*Romance（罗曼史/骑士文学）: 1)Romance is a popular literary form in the medieval England. 2)It sings knightly adventures or other heroic deeds. 3)Chivalry(such as bravery, honor, generosity, loyalty and kindness to the weak and poor) is the spirit of romance. *Ballad（民谣）: 1)Ballad is a story in poetic form to be sung or recited. 2)Ballads were passed down from generation to generation. 3)Robin Hood is a famous ballad singing the goods of Robin Hood. Coleridge’s The Rime of the Ancient Mariner is a 19th century English ballad.*The Heroic Couplet（英雄对偶句）:1)It means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry, in other words, it means iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines. 2)The rhyme is masculine. 3)Use of the heroic couplet was first pioneered by Geoffrey Chaucer.*Humanism（人文主义）:1)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. 2)Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to prefect himself and to perform wonders.*Renaissance（文艺复兴）:1)It refers to the transitional period from the medieval to the modern world. It first started in Italy in the 14th century. 2)The Renaissance means rebirth or revival. 3)It was stimulated by a series of historical events, such as the rediscovery of ancient Roman and Greek classics, the new discoveries in geography and astrology, the religious reformation and the economic expansion. 4)Humanism is the essence of Renaissance. 5)The English Renaissance didn’t begin until the reign of Henry Ⅷ. It was reg arded as England’s Golden Age, especially in literature. 6)The real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama. 7)This period produced such literary giants as Shakespeare, Spenser, Marlowe, Bacon, Donne and Milton, etc.*University Wits（大学才子）: 1)It refers to a group of scholars during the Elizabethan age who graduate from either Oxford or Cambridge. They came to London with the ambition to become professional writers. Some of them later become famous poets and playwrights. 2)Thomas Greene, John Lily and Christopher Marlowe were among them. 3)They paved the way, to some degree, for the coming of Shakespeare.*Blank verse（无韵体）:1)It is verse written in unrhymed iambic pentameter. 2)It is the verse form used in some of the greatest English poetry, including that of William Shakespeare and John Milton.*Spenserian Stanza（斯宾塞诗节）:1)It is the creation of Edmund Spenser. 2)It refers to a stanza of nine lines, with the first eight lines in iambic pentameter and the last line in iambic hexameter（六音步）,r hyming ababbcbcc. 3)Spenser’s The Faerie Queene was written in this kind of stanza.*Sonnet(十四行诗)1)It is the one of the most conventional and influential forms of poetry in English.2)A sonnet is a lyric consisting of 14 lines, usually in iambic pentameter, restricted to a definite rhyme scheme.3)Shakespeare’s sonnets are well-known. *Soliloquy(独白)1)Soliloquy, in drama, means a moment when a character is alone and speaks his or her thoughts aloud. 2)In the line “To be, or not to be, that is the question”, which begins the famous soliloquy from Act3, Scene1 of Shakespeare’s Hamlet. In this soliloquy Hamlet questions whether or not life is worth living and speaks of the reasons why he does not end his life.*Metaphysical Poets（玄学派诗人）：They refer to a group of religious poets in the first half of the 17th century whose works were characterized by their wit, imaginative picturing, compressions, often cryptic expression, play of paradoxes and juxtapositions of metaphor.*Enlightenment Movement(启蒙运动)1)It was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through Western Europe in the 18th century.2)The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th century.3)Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.4)It celebrated reason or nationality, equality and science. It advocated universal education. Literature at the time became a very popular means of public education.5)Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden, Pope, Johnson, Swift, Defoe, Fielding, Sheridan, etc.Neoclassicism(新古典主义)1)In the field of literature, the 18th century Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism.2)The neoclassicists hold that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French ones.3)They believed that the artistic ideas should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity*Sentimentalism(感伤主义文学)1)It is a pejorative term to describe false or superficial emotion, assumed feeling, self-regarding postures of grief and pain.2)In literature it denotes overmuch use of pathetic effects and attempts to arouse feeling by pathetic indulgence.3)The Vicar of Wakefield by Oliver Goldsmith is a case in point.*The Graveyard School(墓地派诗歌)1)It refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present, with death and graveyard as theams.2)Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard is its most representative work.*Epistolary novel(书信体小说)1)It consists of the letters the characters write to each other. The usual form is the letter, but diary entries, newspaper clippings and other documents are sometimes used.2)The epistolary novel’s reliance on subjective poi nts of view makes it the forerunner of the modern psychological novel.3)Samuel Richardson’s Pamela is typical of this kind.*Gothic Romance(哥特传奇)1)A type of novel that flourished in the late 18th and early 19th century in England.2)Gothic romances are mysteries, often involving the supernatural and heavily tinged with horror, and they are usually against dark backgrounds of medieval ruins and haunted castles.*Picaresque novel(流浪汉小说)1)It is a popular sub-genre of prose fiction which is usually satirical and depicts in realistic and often humorous detail the adventures of a roguish hero of low social class who lives by his or her wits in a corrupt society. 2)As indicated by its name, this style of novel originated in Spain, flourished in Europe in the 17th and 18th centuries, and continues to influence modern literature.*English Romanticism(英国浪漫主义文学)1)The English Romantic period is an age of poetry. Poets started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. They saw poetry as a healing energy; they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls and the society.2)The Lyrical Ballads by Wordsworth and Coleridge in 1798 acts as a manifesto for the English Romanticism.3)The Romantics not only eulogize the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity and inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry.4)The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.*Ode(颂歌)1)Ode is a dignified and elaborately lyric poem of some length, praising and glorifying an individual, commemorating an event, or describing nature intellectually rather than emotionally.2)John Keats wrote great odes. His Ode on a Grecian Urn is a case in point.*Lake Poets(湖畔派诗人)They refer to such romantic poets as William Wordsworth, Samuel Coleridge and Robert Southey who lived in the Lake District. They came to be known as the Lake School or “Lakers”.*Byronic hero（拜伦式英雄）: It refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble origin. With immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society, and would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles withunconquerable wills and inexhaustible energies.Terza rima(三行体)1)It is an Italian verse that consists of a series of three-lines stanzas in which the middle line of each stanza rhymes with the first and third lines of the following stanza with the rhyming scheme ab a, bcb, cdc,ded, etc..2)Shelley’s “Ode to the West Wind” is a case in point*Critical Realism(批判现实主义)1)The Critical Realism of the 19th century flourished in the forties and in the beginning of fifties.2)The realists first and foremost set themselves the task of criticizing capitalist society from a democratic viewpoint and delineated the crying contradictions of bourgeois reality. But they did not find a way to eradicate social evils.3)Charls Dickens is the most important critical realist.*Psychological novel(心理小说)1)A vague term to describe that kind of fiction which is for the most part concerned with the spiritual, emotional and mental lives of the characters and with the analysis of characters rather than with the plot and the action.2)Thackeray’s charac terization of Rebecca Sharp is very much psychological.*Narration(叙述)1)Like description, narration is a part of conversation and writing. Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography.2)Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological.3)Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur.*Narrator(叙述者)1)It refers to one who narrates, or tells, a story.2)A story may be told by a first-person narrator, someone who is either a major or minor character in the story. Or a story may be told by a third-person narrator, someone who is not in the story at all.3)The word narrator can also refer to a character in a drama who guides the audience through the play, often commenting on the action and sometimes participating in it.*Plot(情节)1)Plot is the first and most obvious quality of a story. Plot is what happens in a story.2)It consists of the phrases of action in a story that are linked together by a chain of casual relationships.Point of view(叙述角度)1)The event of a story may be told as they appear to one or more participants or observers. In first-person narration the point of view is automatically that of the narrator.2)More variation is possible in third-person narration, where the author may choose to limit his or her report to what could have been observed or known by one of the characters at any given point in the action—or may choose to report the observations and thoughts of several characters. The author might choose to intrude his or her own point of view.*Naturalism(自然主义)1)A post Darwinian movement of the late 19th century that tried to apply the laws of scientific determinism to fiction. 2)The naturalist w ent beyond the realist’s insistence on the objective presentation of the details of everyday life to insist that the materials of literature should be arranged to reflect a deterministic universe in which a person is a biological creature controlled by environment and heredity.3)Major writers include Crane, Dreiser in America; Zola in France ; and Hardy and Gissing in England.*The Aesthetic Movement(唯美主义运动)1)It is a loosely defined movement in literature, fine art, the decorative arts and interior design in later nineteenth-century Britain. 2)It belongs to the anti-Victorian reaction and had post-Romantic roots, and as such anticipates modernism. It took place in the late Victorian Period from around 1868 to 1901, and is generally considered to have ended with the trial of Oscar Wilde (which occurred in 1895).3)The aesthetes believed that art did not have any didactic purpose; it need only be beautiful.Dramatic Monologue(戏剧独白)1)In literature, it refers to the occurrence of a single speaker saying something to a silent audience.2)Robert Browning is My Last Duchess is a typical example in which the duke, speaking to a non-responding audience, reveals not only the reasons for his disapproval of the behavior of his former duchess, but some tyrannical and merciless aspects of his own personality as well.。
英国文学专业术语翻译
英国文学专业术语翻译01. Humanism (人文主义) 02.Renaissance(文艺复兴)03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌) 04. Classism (古典主义)05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动) 06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)07. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌) 08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄) 10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)11. Aesthetic ism（美学主义）13. Modernism (现代主义)14. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)18. the Age of Realism (现实主义时期)20. Naturalism (自然主义) 21. Local Colorist (乡土文学)22. Imagism (意象主义) 23. The Lost Generation (迷惘的一代)25. The Beat Generation (垮掉的一代) 27. Surrealism (超现实主义)28. Metaphysical poets (玄学派诗人）29. New Criticism (新批评主义)31. Hemingway Code Hero (海明威式英雄32. Impressionism (印象主义)33. Post modernity (后现代主义) 38. Realism (现实主义)39. Meditative Poetry (冥想派诗歌)01. Allegory (寓言) 2. Alliteration (头韵)03. Ballad (民谣) 04. epic (史诗)06. Romance (传奇) 05. Lay (短叙事诗)07. Alexandrine (亚历山大诗行) 08. Blank V erse (无韵诗或素体广义地说09. Comedy (喜剧) 10. Essay (随笔)12. History Plays (历史剧) 13. Masquesc or Masks (假面剧)14. Morality plays (道德剧) 15.Sonnet (十四行诗)16. Spenserian Stanza (斯宾塞诗节) 17. Stanza (诗节)18. Three Unities (三一原则) 19. Tragedy (悲剧)21.Metar (格律24. Soliloquy (独白)25.Narrative Poem (叙述诗) 27. Beowulf (贝奥武甫)29. Cavalier poets (骑士派诗人) 30. Elegy (挽歌)31. Restoration Comedy (复辟时期喜剧) 32. Action (情节33. Adventure novel (探险小说) 34. Archaism (古语)35. Atmosphere (基调)37. Epigram (警句)39. The Heroic Couplet (英雄对偶句) 40. Satire (讽刺)41. Sentimentalism (感伤主义文学) 43.Denouement (戏剧结局)42. Aside (旁白) 44. parable (寓言)45. Genre (流派) 46. Irony (反讽)47. Lyric (抒情诗) 48. Mock Epic (诙谐史诗)49. Ode (颂歌) 51. Pastoral (田园诗)52.Terza Rima (三行诗) 53. Ottava Rima (八行诗)54. Canto (诗章) ke Poets (湖畔诗人)57. Imagery (比喻) 58. Dramatic monologue （戏剧独白）59. Pre-Raphaelites (先拉菲尔派) 60. Psychological novel (心理小说)61.Point of V iew (叙述角度) 62. plot (情节)63. Allusion (典故)64. Protagonist and Antagonist (正面人物与反面人物)65. Flashback (倒叙) P133 66. Narration67. Ambiguity69. Symbolism (象征主义)72. Existentialism (存在主义) 73. Anti-hero (反面人物)74 . Round Character (丰满的人物) 75. Flat character (平淡的人物)76. Oedipus complex (俄狄浦斯情结/ 蛮母厌父情结)77.omniscience (无所不知的)78. Poetry (诗歌) 79. Rhyme (押韵)80. Iambic pentameter (五音步诗) 81. Rhyme royal82. Shakespearean sonnet (莎士比亚十四行诗) 83. Italian or petranrchan sonnet(意大利十四行诗)85. Poetic license (诗的破格) 86. Epiphany (主显节)87. Psychological penetration (心理透视) 88. Legend (传说)89. Myth (神话) 90. Pessimism (悲观主义)91. Jacobean age (英王詹姆斯一世时期) 92. Tragicomedy (悲喜剧)93. Comedy of manners (风俗喜剧) 94. Gothic novel (哥特式小说)95. Historical novel (历史小说) 96.Unitarianism (上帝一位论)99. Consonance (和音) 100. Free V erse (自由体诗歌)02. Theme (主题) 06. Theatre of the Absurd (荒谬剧)13. Magic realism (魔幻现实主义) 14. Analogy (类比)15. Anapest (抑抑扬格) 16. Antagonist (次要人物)17. Antithesis (对立) 18. Aphorism (格言) 20. Argument (论据) 21. Autobiography (自传) 23. Biography (传记) 26. Character (人物)27. Characterization (性格描绘) 28. Climax (高潮)29. Conflict (冲突) 30. Connotation (隐含意义)31. Couplet (对偶) 32. Dactyl (扬抑抑格)33. Denotation (意义) T 34. Denouement (结局)35. Description (叙述) 36. Diction (措词)37. Dissonance (不协和音) 38. Emblematic image (象征比喻)A verbal picture or figure with a long tradition of moral or religious meaning attached to it.44. Exposition (解释说明) 45. Fable (寓言)46. Figurative language (比喻语言) 47. Figure of speech (修辞特征)48. Foil (衬托) 49. Foot (脚注) 50. Hyperbole (夸张). 51. Iamb (抑扬格) 59. Metaphor (暗喻) 63. Motivation (动机)64. Multiple Point of View (多视角) 65. Narrator (叙述者)67. Nonfiction (写实文学) 68. Novel (小说)69. Octave (八行体诗) 70. Onomatopoeia (拟声法构词)71. Oxymoron (矛盾修辞法) 72. Paradox (自相矛盾)73. Parallelism (平行) 74. Pathos (哀婉) 75. Persuasion (说服) 76. Pictorialism (图像) 77. Pre-Romanticism (先浪漫主义) 78. Protagonist (正面人物)79. Psalm (圣歌) 80. Psychological Realism (心理现实主义) 81. Pun (双关语) 82. Quatrain (四行诗)83.Quintain (五行诗) the five-line stanza. 84. Refrain (叠句)85. Rhythm (韵律) 86. Scansion (诗的韵律分析)87. Septet (七重唱)88. Sestet (六重唱) 89. Setting (背景)90. Short Story (短篇小说) 91. Simile (明喻)。
西方文化概论名词解释
名词解释1、命运：A、命运是希腊悲剧的基本主题，它是潜藏在悲剧主人公的自由行动背后的一种决定论力量，最典型的命运悲剧如《俄底浦斯王》等；B、希腊悲剧中的命运在稍后的希腊哲学中发展为决定现象的本质，其实质即不依人的意志为转移的自然规律或社会规律。
2、布匿战争：A、布匿战争是罗马人对外扩张的第一场战争，其对手是地中海南岸的迦太基，该战争共打了三次，以罗马的最终胜利和迦太基的灭亡而告终；B、布匿战争加速了罗马对外扩张的步伐，成为罗马称霸地中海世界的序幕。
3、修道运动：随着基督教的国教化，到了4世纪末，基督徒已经在罗马人口中占有多数。
主教们开始为它的纯洁而忧虑。
修道运动的最初是真诚的基督徒面对罗马世界中普遍的堕落现象而采取的一种洁身自好的应战状态，它的本义是为了维护基督教道德的严谨性和纯洁性。
基督教的圣徒们为了上帝的缘故而折磨自己的肉体，以独身、清贫、禁欲和脱离尘世的沉思冥想来与骄奢淫逸的罗马生活方式抗衡。
4、因信称义A、马丁·路德宗教改革的主要神学思想，它的基本内容是：只有信仰才是得救（称义）的唯一根据；B、“因信称义”思想的意义在于，与中世纪罗马天主教会所宣扬的各种善功称义思想针锋相对，反对通过买卖赎罪券等活动来达到称义目的的虚伪主张。
5、前三头同盟A、前三头同盟是指罗马共和国晚期克拉苏、庞培、恺撒三人缔结的政治同盟；B、前三头同盟的出现标志着罗马共和国已经走向没落，骑士阶层开始公开地与元老院相抗衡，并且逐渐控制了罗马共和国的命运。
6、弥赛亚运动：“弥赛亚”一词源自希伯来文，希腊文译作基督，本意为受膏者或受上帝祝福的人。
在犹太人中弥赛亚与君主、救世主同义，每当犹太人受到本族或异族的统治者的压迫和欺凌，生活痛苦无法忍受时，就会有一位犹太人宣布自己就是众所期待的弥赛亚，领导犹太人进行反抗运动。
7、宗教裁判所13～19世纪天主教会侦察和审判异端的机构。
旨在镇压一切反教会、反封建的异端，以及有异端思想或同情异端的人。
专有名词翻译
1.四大发明the four great inventions of ancient China2.火药gunpowder3.印刷术printing4.造纸术paper-making5.指南针the compass6.四书the four books7.中国画traditional Chinese painting8.书法calligraphy9.水墨画Chinese brush painting ,ink and wash painting10.工笔traditional Chinese realistic painting11.孙子兵法The Art of War12.汉字Chinese characters13.华夏祖先the Chinese ancestors14.中国武术kung fu15.武术门派styles or schools of martial art16.习武健身practice martial art for fitness17.气功qigong, deep breathing exercises18.拳击boxing19.中国文学Chinese literature20.重要文化遗产major cultural heritage21.优秀民间艺术outstanding folk arts22.文物cultural relics23.中国结Chinese knot24.旗袍cheongsam25.朝廷使者royal court envoy26.文人men of letters27.雅士refined scholars28.表演艺术performing art29.工艺，手艺workmanship/craftsmanship30.阳历solar calendar31.阴历lunar calendar32.闰年leap year33.二十四节气the twenty-four solar terms34.十二生肖zodiac35.传统节日traditional holidays36.春节Spring Festival37.元宵节Lantern Festival38.清明节Qingming Festival39.端午节Dragon Boat Festival40.中秋Mid-Autumn Festival41.重阳节Double ninth Day/the Aged Day42.秦始皇帝Emperor Qinshihuang,China`s first emperor43.才子佳人gifted scholars and beautiful ladies44.文明摇篮cradle of civilization。
西方文化的部分名词解释
西方文化的部分名词解释名词解释1、表现主义：表现主义这一概念最初运用在绘画评论，后来用于文学艺术各领域，表现主义是一种反传统的现代主义流派，在各种艺术形式中均有表现，其特征为思想上不满社会现实，创作上不满足于对客观事物的摹写，要求进而表现实物的内在实质，在表现手法上，强调主观想象，强调幻象在文学想象力中的作用。
2、营造幻象：是卡夫卡小说创作的方法与特点，在总体上呈现出一个超现实的世界，一个想象的梦幻的世界，一个并不存在的荒诞的世界，这个幻象的世界看似不合逻辑但却并非虚妄，揭示了人类自下而上更本真的图景。
3、虚拟现实：也是卡夫卡小说创作的方法和特点，他的小说擅长营造一种在生活中完全不可能存在但又有逻辑上的存在可能性的现实情景，是未必发生却可能发生的情境。
4、意识流：包含的意思可以指一个现代主义的流派，指一种小说文体，指表现人物心理和意识活动的一种技巧。
5、意识流小说：意识流小说是20世纪初期在欧美文坛上出现的一个文学流派，它的哲学基础是法国现代哲学家亨利*柏格森的直觉主义和心理时间观，它的心理学基础是奥地利心理学家弗洛伊德的精神分析说。
6、心理时间：是法国哲学家柏格森提出的理论，他的哲学中的“时间”不是通常理解的体现在钟表刻度上的物理时间，而是一种心理意义上的时间。
7、内心独白：内心独白是意识流小说中表现人物心理和意识活动的一种最常用也最重要的技巧，是人物内心无声无息的的语言意识的表达。
8、自由联想：自由联想指在小说中，人物的意识流程往往不具有任何规律和秩序。
“蒙太奇”。
蒙太奇是电影的基本手法，通常指电影镜头的组合、叠加。
而意识流小说中蒙太奇的运用指的则是作者把不同时间和空间中的事件和场景组合拼凑在一起，从而超越了时间和空间的限制，表现了人的意识跨越时空的跳跃性与无序性。
意识流小说中的蒙太奇进一步分为时间蒙太奇与空间蒙太奇两种。
9、存在主义：存在主义文学出现在第二次世界大战前夕的法国，战后形成了高峰，存在主义文学作品表现的是存在主义的哲学思想，“自由选择”及“荒诞体验”是其重要的观念和基本主题，存在主义文学的显著特征是哲理化。
西方文化的名词解释
西方文化的名词解释西方文化是指起源于古希腊罗马古代文明，并随后在欧洲各国演化发展的文化体系。
它与东方文化存在明显的差异，包括价值观、社会结构、艺术风格等方面。
下面将对一些西方文化中常见的名词进行解释，帮助读者更好地了解西方文化的内涵和特点。
1. 文艺复兴（Renaissance）文艺复兴是指发生在15至16世纪的欧洲文化运动，它标志着中世纪的萧条状态被打破，重新唤起了对古典文化的兴趣。
艺术家、学者和人文主义者开始研究古希腊罗马时期的文化，尤其是其艺术和哲学思想。
通过对人体解剖、透视和光影的研究，文艺复兴艺术家创造了以真实主义和立体感为特点的艺术风格。
2. 启蒙运动（Enlightenment）启蒙运动是指18世纪欧洲兴起的一场思想运动，它强调理性和科学，反对封建制度和宗教束缚。
启蒙思想家们主张人类通过理性思考和科学方法来解决问题，提倡个人权利、言论自由和民主制度。
这一运动对后世的西方社会和政治体系产生了深远影响。
3. 工业革命（Industrial Revolution）工业革命是指从18世纪中叶开始发生在英国的一场重大变革。
它以机械化和大规模生产为特征，从而彻底改变了人类生活和经济结构。
工业革命使得工业生产、交通运输和技术进步大幅提升，推动了城市化和全球化进程，也衍生出了新的社会问题和阶级矛盾。
4. 民主（Democracy）民主是指一种政治制度，其中政权由公民通过选举或其他参与形式来共同决策。
民主强调个人权利、法律平等和政府责任，代表了一种人民参与政治的方式。
西方文化中的民主制度包括议会制、总统制和宪政制度等。
5. 科学方法（Scientific Method）科学方法是一种通过观察、实验和推理来获得科学知识的方法论。
它强调实证和可重复性，将科学知识从主观偏见和信仰中解放出来。
科学方法的应用推动了现代科学的发展，使得人类对自然和社会世界的认识更加准确和深入。
6. 个人主义（Individualism）个人主义是一种价值观和社会理念，强调个体的自由、独立和个人权利的尊重。
西方文明史术语(罗马)
Etruscan英[ɪ'trʌskən] 美[ɪ'trʌskən] n.伊特鲁里亚人Latium [历史]拉丁姆(古意大利罗马东南地区)pastoral英[ˈpɑ:stərəl] 美[ˈpæstərəl] adj.牧师的，主教的;urbanization英[ˌɜ:bənaɪ'zeɪʃn] 美[ˌɜ:bənaɪ'zeɪʃn] n.都市化Romulus英[ˈrɔmjuləs] 美[ˈrɑmjələs] n.<罗神>罗穆卢斯（战神Mars之子）罗慕路斯（Romulus，约前771年出生，约前717年逝世）与雷穆斯（Remus，约前771年出生，约前753年逝世）是罗马神话中罗马市的奠基人。
在罗马神话中他们是一对双生子。
Remus英[ˈri:məs] 美[ˈriməs] n.<罗神>瑞摩斯（战神Mars之子）patrician英[pəˈtrɪʃn] 美[pəˈtrɪʃən] adj.贵族的n.贵族;有教养的plebeian英[pləˈbi:ən] 美[plɪˈbiən] n.平民;庶民;consul英[ˈkɒnsl] 美[ˈkɑ:nsl] n.领事;assembly英[əˈsembli] 美[əˈsɛmbli] n.装配;集会senate英[ˈsenət] 美[ˈsɛnɪt] n.元老院executive officer英[ɪgˈzekjətɪv] 美[ɪɡˈzɛkjətɪv] n.总经理;行政部门-praetor英['pri:tə] 美['pri:tə] n.执政官，长官quaestor英['kwi:stə] 美['kwestə] n.刑事推事，主管财务官吏tribune英[ˈtrɪbju:n] 美['trɪbju:n] n.论坛;（古罗马）护民官;民众领袖;confederation英[kənˌfedəˈreɪʃn] 美[kənˌfɛdəˈreʃən] n.联盟;结盟;同盟国Carthage英[ˈkɑ:θidʒ] 美[ˈkɑrθɪdʒ] n.迦太基（非洲北部，今突尼斯的奴隶制城邦，腓尼基人所建，公元146年被罗马帝国所灭，见Punic Wars）captive英[ˈkæptɪv] 美[ˈkæptɪv] n.战俘，俘虏;被the Twelve Tables十二铜表法也叫十二表法，是古罗马国家立法的纪念碑，也是最早的罗马法文献。
西方文化概论课的名词解释
西方文化概论课的名词解释引言：西方文化概论课是许多大学教授的一门重要课程，旨在帮助学生了解和理解西方文化的基本概念和核心价值观。
这门课程涉及了许多重要的名词和概念，本文将对其中一些关键词进行简要解释，以帮助读者对课程内容有更深入的理解。
一、文化（Culture）文化是一种包括信仰、价值观、行为模式、艺术表达和社会组织形式在内的综合性概念。
它是人类社会发展过程中所创造和积累的一系列思维方式、行为规范和艺术传统的总和。
文化是人们根据自己的生活经验和环境创造的一种模式，有助于交流、互动和理解。
二、多元文化主义（Multiculturalism）多元文化主义是一种社会和政治观念，强调不同文化之间的平等和相互尊重。
它主张在一个社会中接受和欢迎不同文化和民族的存在。
多元文化主义认为每个文化都有其独特的贡献，而且不同文化之间的相互影响和交流能够促进社会的进步和发展。
三、启蒙时代（Enlightenment）启蒙时代是17世纪末到18世纪末欧洲发生的一场思想变革运动。
这一时期的欧洲哲学家和思想家提倡理性、自由和人权，反对封建主义和迷信。
启蒙运动对于西方文化的发展产生了重要的影响，推动了科学和人文学科的发展，并为后来的法治社会和民主体制奠定了基础。
四、自由主义（Liberalism）自由主义是一种政治和哲学观点，强调个人自由、政治权利和私有产权的重要性。
自由主义认为个人在自己的兴趣和目标上应该具有自由选择的权利，政府的主要职责是保护人们的权利和自由。
自由主义对于西方社会和政治制度的形成和发展起到了重要的推动作用。
五、工业革命（Industrial Revolution）工业革命是发生在18世纪末到19世纪初的一场跨国范围的经济和技术变革。
它标志着从传统手工业到机械工业的转变，通过使用机器替代人力和利用化石燃料来推动生产力的发展。
工业革命对于现代工业社会和城市化的形成起到了决定性的作用，也对西方世界的经济、社会和环境产生了深远的影响。
西方文化导论(英文)
Comments on Leaves of Grass
• 1). Nature’s beauty uplifts the human spirit(line
•
•
15, 23,24 specially refer to this theme).The nature stimulate the mind of human and give them relaxing and satifatory feeling. 2). People sometimes fail to appreciate nature’s wonders as they go about their routines(17 &18) 3). Nature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need of the human attention
2. What does “wander” mean?
Questions about the theme
3. Why do you think the poet chooses to personify daffodils in the poem?
4. What is the relation between the poet and daffodils as described in the poem? 5. What’s the function of nature?
The theme
• The poem was about nature and
describing the great power of nature which may influence our life deeply as revealed in the poem. There is not only the visual effect but also the emotional response . • The choose of the word “lonely” in “I wandered lonely as a cloud” instead of other words like carefree, leisure or jolly convey to us the poet’s depression and disconsolateness悲伤 at the very beginning.
英美文学专有名词及解释
1. What is poetry?(1) In general, a poem is a composition创作, a work of verse诗节, which may be in rhyme韵脚，押韵or may be blank verse or a combination of the two.(2) Three kinds: divine poetry; philosophical poetry哲理诗; and so called “poetry”2. A Sketch简述of English PoetryThe Old English poetryThe Medieval 中世纪English poetry The Renaissance poetryThe Metaphysical玄学poetry The Augustan (Neo-classical) poetry新古典主义The Romantic poetryThe Modern poetry3.The Forms of English Poetry(1) The physical form:deals with rules and forms of poetical韵文的competition, which includes rhythm and sound, the two chief elements of the English poetry.(2)The Intellectual form:according to the subject matter English poetry can be divided into narrative verse and lyric verse.4. The Physical Form of English PoetrySyllable音节,foot, line, stanza 诗Rhythm, foot, meter韵律, rhyme韵脚5. Rhythm,foot,meter,rhymeRhythm:the arrangement of the stressed and unstressed syllables into a pattern.节奏，韵律，节拍Foot:a rhythm unit,a specific combination of stressed and unstressed syllables.Meter:rhythm reduced to law; a regular pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.Rhyme:the repetition of sounds in two or more words or phrases that usually close to each other in a poem.6. Kinds of footIambic:one unstressed, one stressed抑扬格Trochaic:one stressed, one unstressed扬抑格Anapestic:two unstressed, one stressed抑抑扬格Dactylic:one stressed, two unstressed扬抑抑格Spondaic:two stressed syllables扬扬格Iambic is the most popular in English poetry7. Line:named after the number of feet it containsMonometer:one foot in a lineDimeter二音步诗:two feet in a lineTrimeter三音步诗:three feet in a lineTetrameter:four feet in a linePentameter:five feet in a lineHexameter, heptameter,octameter（六，七，八音步诗）The iambic pentameter五步格诗i s found in all the plays of Shakespeare’s,all heroic couplets,all sonnets.8. Stanza诗节Stanza:the paragraph of poems;a stanza pattern is determined by the number of lines.Four-line is the commonest.It includes:couplet对句, tercet, quatrain, cinquain, sestet, septet, octet（三~八行押韵诗9. Rhyme韵脚(1) According to the locations there are three kinds:end-rhyme,head-rhyme,internal-rhyme.尾韵，头韵，中间韵(2) According to the number of syllables音节there are three kinds:single-rhyme,double-rhyme,triple-rhyme.(3) Imperfect rhyme:eye-rhyme,slant rhyme,vocalic –rhyme(4) Rhyme-schemes:use letters of the alphabet to denote patterns of rhyme,(ababbcc)10. The use of soundAssonance:the repetition of two or more vowel sounds within a line.Consonance: the repetition of two or more consonant sounds within a line.Alliteration:repetition of two or more initial consonant sounds in words within a line.It is popular used in the earliest English literature.11. The use of repetitionRepetition of a single wordRepetition of a phraseRepetition of the whole structure12. The intellectual form of poetryAccording to the subject matter English poetry can be divided into narrative verse and lyric verse.13. Narrative verse叙事诗Epic:great length, a story of heroic action,in dignified 史诗Mock epic:deals with un-heroic matter仿史诗Ballad:a simple, fairly short narrative poem民谣，民歌Fable:a tale conveying some moral truth or a bit of wisdom寓言，童话Didactic poetry:teaching poetry,putting moral,political ,religious point of view教学的诗Satire:similar to didactic,but by the method of attacking words,follies or opposing points of view by ridicule and wit.讽刺Epistle:a letter in verse to friends or famous person书信体诗文14. Lyric verse抒情诗Occasional verse:written to comment a particular event(epithalamium新婚喜歌,elegy挽歌)Ode:a fairly long poem,dignified in style,addressed to some solemn public occasion颂诗，颂歌Epigram:very short,crisp poem,witty and often satirical暗含讽刺,usually with a stinging climax讽刺诗，警句Pastoral:presents a setting of country life田园诗Verse drama:large cast,complex plot and multiple settings舞台剧Eclogue:originally a characteristic form of pastoral,of poetic dialogue牧歌，田园诗Verse dialogue: be used to cover a rather wider field of miniature小型的dramaDramatic lyric:a kind of tiny play using a single voice15. Some traditional verse formsBlank verse:a sequence of unrhymed iambic pentameter,the principle form for English poetry.Couplet:a pair of lines,in any meter, rhyming.(heroic couplets;octosyllabics)（相连并押韵的两行诗，对句）Triplet:a group of three lines,in any meter,rhymingQuatrain:any verse of four rhyming linesSonnet:a poem of fourteen iambic pentameter lines,with the particular rhyme-scheme十四行诗Octava rima:eight iambic pentameter rhyming abababccSpenserian stanza:eight iambic pentameters followed by one iambic hexameter and rhyming ababbcbccFree verse:neither regular pattern of rhymes,or a recognizable traditional meter自由诗16. Imagery(1) The terms of imagery and image is to make poetry concrete not abstract,it covers the use of descriptive language to represent objects,actions,feelings,thoughts,ideas,states of mind and any sensory experience.(2) Two main patterns of imagery:a series of images;a single dominant image.17. Rhetorical修辞devices in poetrySimile明喻, Metaphor暗喻, Metonymy换喻,Synecdoche提喻, Apostrophe撇号，所有格符号，省略符号, Personification拟人, Hyperbole夸张, Litotes曲言法, Paradox自相矛盾, Symbolism象征手法,Pun双关, Allusion暗指，典故，影射18.Argument(1) A form of discourse in which reason is used to influence or change people's ideas or actions.(2) Writers practice argument most often when writing nonfiction, particularly essays or speeches.Example: In his famous speech delivered to the House of Burgesses on March 23,1775, Patrick Henry advances the argument that only by armed resistance can the colonies defend themselves against England and gain their liberty. Heconcludes: "I know not what course others may take; but as for me, give me liberty or give me death! "Main Terms in British and American Literature19.Blank Verse(1) Blank verse is one of the principal English verse patterns in which most long English poems are written.(2) It must not be confused with free verse which follows no regular pattern. Blank verse is written in unrhymed iambic pentameter; in other words, it follows two requirements of pattern: a regular line length of five stresses and a rhythm pattern of alternate unstressed and stressed syllables.Example: Look at Frost's "Mending Wall", which is written in blank verse form, and compare it with Whitman's "I Hear America Singing", which is written in free verse.(3)The unrhymed iambic lines of blank verse prove particularly appropriate in treating serious themes, and have been used by many great American and British poets, including William Shakespeare, John Milton, William Cullen Bryant and Robert Frost.20.Caricature夸张讽刺的描绘(1) Writing that exaggerates certain individual qualities of a person and produces a burlesque, ridiculous effect.(2) Caricature, unlike the highest satire讽刺文学, is likely to treat merely personal qualities; although, like satire, it also lends itself to the ridicule 嘲笑，奚落of political, religious and social foibles.小缺点(3)A work of fiction, history, or biography that traffics in excessive distortion扭曲，畸变or exaggeration may be regarded as a caricature.21. Characters and Characterization(1) Characters are persons -- or animals, things, or natural forces presented as persons -- appearing in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.(2) Characters are sometimes described as dynamic 动态的or static静态的.(3) Dynamic characters experience some change in personality or attitude. This change is an essential one and usually involves more than a mere change in surroundings or condition.(4) In Nathaniel Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter, Hester Prynne, for example, undergoes a major change from being rebellious at the beginning of the novel to being submissive and repentant at the end.(5) Static characters remain the same throughout a narrative. They do not develop or change beyond the way in which they are first presented.(6) Keeney, in the previous play, is an example of a static character. His character is the same at the end of the play as it is at the play's beginning: he is a stem, determined man who puts his pride and reputation before the needs of his wife and the other crew members.(7) Characters in a novel are generally more fully developed than those in a short story, for example. Not only does the novelist have room to develop perhaps more than one dynamic character, but he or she may reveal a main character in many different stages of change. Pip, in Charles Dickens' novel Great Expectations, is a character who, in the course of growing up, undergoes important and basic changes in personality and outlook.(8) Characters are sometimes classified as flat or round.(9) Flat characters have only one or two "sides," representing one or two traits. They are often stereotypes that can be summed up in a few words, for example, an "anxious miser" or a "strong, silent type."(10)Round characters are complex and have many "sides" or traits. Their behavior is unpredictable because they are individuals, and their personalities are fully developed and require lengthy analysis.(11)Flat characters, when developed by a skillful writer, may be as impressive as round characters.(12)Characterization refers to the personality a character displays; also, it is the means by which an author reveals that personality.(13) Generally, a writer develops a character in one or more of the following ways: (1) by showing the character acting and speaking; (2) by revealing a physical description of the character; (3) by revealing the character's thoughts; (4) by revealing what other characters think about the character; (5) by commenting directly on the character. The first four methods are indirect methods of characterization. The writer shows or dramatizes the character and allows you to drawyour own conclusions. The writer tells you directly what a character is like.(15)Direct characterization is always supported by indirect techniques, as characters must act or speak if the writer is developing a story. Also, if characters are to be believable, the reader must hear or see, rather than simply be told, what the characters think or feel or do.22. Conflict(1) Conflict is a struggle between two opposing forces or characters in a short story, novel, play, or narrative poem.(2) Conflict can be external or internal, and it can take one of these forms: (1) a person against another person; (2) a person against society; (3) a person against nature; (4) two elements or ideas struggling for mastery within a person 23.Diction措词Diction is a writer's choice of words, particularly for clarity, effectiveness, and precision.A writer's diction can be formal or informal, abstract or concrete.In choosing the right word, writers must think of their subject and their audience.Words that are appropriate in informal dialogue would not always be appropriate in a formal essay.24.Exposition阐述Exposition is the kind of writing that is intended primarily to present information.Exposition is one of the major forms of discourse. Although it is used in fiction as well as nonfiction, the most familiar form it takes is in essays.Exposition is also that part of a play in which important background information is revealed to the audience.In Romeo and Juliet for example, William Shakespeare begins by giving us essential information about the Montagues and the Couplets. He presents the conflict between these two houses before introducing the love story.25.Fable寓言，童话A fable is a short story, often with animals as its characters, which illustrates a moral.The fable is an ancient form, dating back to ancient Greek and Roman times in which appeared two great world-famous fable writers: Aesop and Phaedrus.Another fabulist with a world-wide fame is the 17th century French writer La Fontaine.Among important American fable writers are Ambrose Bierce and George Ade.26.Free VerseFree verse is a kind of poetry that lacks regular meter or pattern and may or may not rhyme.Depending on natural speech rhythms, its lines may be of different lengths and may switch abruptly from one rhythm to another.When used by a skillful poet, free verse displays special rhythms and melodies unlike any traditional poetic forms.Walt Whitman was the first American poet to use free verse extensively, because it is an appropriate form for his liberating view of life and for his poetry that would allow every aspect of life to speak without restraint.He tried to approximate the natural cadences of speech in his poetry, carefully varying the length of his lines according to his intended emphasis.Most traditional poets dislike this form, but it is in fact a very ancient form (the Psalms of the Bible are written in free verse).As Whitman shows, it can be very effective. If this form ignores some elements of poetic structure, it gives greater importance to others, notably repetition and parallel constructions.27.IronyIrony always involves a contrast, a disparity between the expected and the actual.When the irony implies a discrepancy between what is said and what is meant, it is verbal irony, the most familiar kind. Stories often contain other kinds of irony besides verbal irony: whenever we sense a sharp distinction between the ideas or opinions of the narrator of a story and those of the author, we are generally reading a work written from an ironic point of view——especially when the narrator is telling us something that we are clearly expected to doubt or to interpret very differently.Storyteller are sometimes fond of irony of fate (or a cosmic irony) developments that reveal a terrible, distance between what people deserve and what they get, between what is and what ought to be.O. Henry's "The Cop and the Anthem" best exemplifies this kind of irony. The story's surprise ending suggests that some malicious fate is deliberately frustrating human efforts, and the reader's sympathy is aroused.28.NarrationLike description, narration is a part of conversation and writing.Narration is the major technique used in expository writing, such as autobiography.Successful narration must grow out of good observation, to-the-point selection from observation, and clear arrangement of details in logical sequence, which is usually chronological.Narration gives an exact picture of things as they occur."The Dynamo and The Virgin" is a typical narrative. In this writing, Adams tells his story from the third-person point of view. He presents the reader with an objective process of his thinking development stimulated by the two incidents. The readers follow him to the revelation of his thesis, that is, the dynamic theory of history.29.Nonfiction非小说类文学作品Nonfiction refers to any prose narrative that tells about things as they actually happened or that presents factual information about something.Autobiography and biography are among the major forms of nonfiction.The purpose of this kind of writing is to give a presumably accurate accounting of a person's life.Essays are also common forms of nonfiction. They are generally personal observations on some subject.Other kinds of nonfiction include the stories, editorials, and letters to the editor found in newspapers, as well as diaries, journals, and travel literature.Writers of nonfiction use the major forms of discourse: description (an impression of the subject); narration (the telling of the story); exposition (explanatory information); and persuasion (an argument to influence people's thinking).30.PersuasionPersuasion is the type of speaking or writing that is intended to make its audience. adopt a certain opinion or perform an action or do both.Persuasion is one of the major forms of discourse.Modern examples of persuasion include political speeches, television commercials, and newspaper editorials.31.PlotPlot is the first and most obvious quality of a story.Plot is what happens in a story. Unlike life, which is random and unpredictable, the short story will usually be shaped by a chain of events, one leading inevitably to another in a line of rising action to a moment of crisis the climax.In "A Good Man Is Hard to Find”, the grandmother's secret taking of the cat on the journey; her chance thought to visit the old plantation; and the conversation with Red Sammy are all carefully arranged events by the author that combine to advance the plot, and lead to the final tragedy.The outcome of climax we call the denouement, a French word meaning the untangling of a knot.For the reader, the plot is the underlying pattern in a work of fiction; the structural element trait gives it unity and order.For the writer, the plot is the guiding principle of selection and arrangement. The writer will usually add coherence to the plot by signaling to the reader in advance the outcome of the action. We call these hints foreshadowing.When the reader finishes "A Good Man Is Hard to Find", he may realize that actually the outcome is foreshadowed several times in the early episodes.Sometimes the author may interrupt the action in a flashback in order to describe crucial events that occurred earlier.The flashback is one form of exposition, the process of giving the reader necessary information concerning characters and events existing before the action proper of a story begin32. Point of ViewThe vantage point from which an author presents a storyThree basic points of view may be distinguished.Firstly, the omniscient -- the author serves as a seemingly all-knowing maker.Secondly, the third person -- the author chooses a character and the story is related in terms of that character in such a way that the field of vision is confined to him or her alone.Thirdly, first person narrative -- a character in the story may tell the story as he or she experienced it; if the character does not comprehend the implications of what is told, the character is called a "naive narrator".33. RealismRealism is, in the broadest literary sense, fidelity to actuality in its representation; a term loosely synonymous with VERISIMILITUDE.Generally, realists are believers in democracy, and the materials they elect to describe are the common, the average, the everyday.Realists espouse what is essentially a mimetic theory of art, concentrating on the thing imitated and asking for something close to a one-to-one correspondence between the representation and the subject.34. SettingBy the setting of a story we mean its time and place——its geography, era, season, and society.Most writers invoke particular places and particular times, and their stories establish these settings precisely.Precise setting helps to establish the truth of the story, to persuade the reader of the validity of the tale.In "Rip Van Winkle”, by a detailed description of a remote, isolated "little village of great antiquity", Iriving creates a quiet, tranquil, ante-bellum social aura, which may betray his personal dislike of change, revolution and war: on the other hand, this setting prepares readers for the following exotic experience of Rip.Setting can give us information, vital to plot and theme.Often, setting and character will reveal each other.At the start of "A Rose for Emily", Faulkner depicts Emily Grierson's house, once handsome but now "an eyesore among eyesores" surrounded by a gas station. Still standing refusing to yield its old-time horse-and buggy splender to the age of the automobile, the house in "its stubborn and coquettish decay" embodies the character of its owner.In some stories, a writer will seem to draw a setting mainly to evoke atmosphere.The atmosphere is the aura or mood, or the general pervasive feeling aroused by the work which shapes the reader’s attitudes and expectations.Gothic fiction and Edgar Allan Poe's horror stories abound with settings of this kind.35. Simile and MetaphorSimiles and metaphors both are comparisons made between two unlike things.A simile makes the comparison through the use of connecting words such as like, as, than, or resembles.The comparison must be made between two essentially dissimilar things. "Peter is like a dog" is a simile, while "Peter is like his father" is not.Like a simile, a metaphor also points out a resemblance between two unlike things with the intent of giving added meaning to one of them.Unlike a simile, a metaphor does not use a connecting word to state a comparison but identifies the two things as one: "Life is a dream" is an example of metaphor.Sometimes a metaphor is suggested or implied. It does not directly state that one thing is another, different thing. This is called an implied metaphor.See examples in "Success Is Counted Sweetest" ("To comprehend a nectar/requires sorest need.") and in Whitman's "O Captain! My Captain!“Similes and metaphors are two important forms of figures of speech. They are used in virtually all forms of literature. They help make things more vivid, true-to-life and easy to understand.Many poets in this book, such as Dickinson, Frost, and Hughes, like to use metaphors to help express their deep thoughts or complicated ideas.36. The SonnetAs one of the most popular of traditional poetic forms, the sonnet is a lyric poem of fourteen lines written in iambic pentameter, i.e. a meter with five accents in each line.Sonnets may vary in structure and rhyme scheme, but they usually express a single theme or idea.Generally speaking, there are two types of sonnets: the Petrachan or Italian sonnet and the Shakespearean or English sonnet.Originated by Italian poets during the thirteenth century, this poetic form reached perfection a century later in the work of Francesco de Petrarch (Italian poet, 1304 - 1374), thus coming to be known as the Petrarchan or Italian sonnet.When English poets of the sixteenth century discovered Petrarch, they were challenged by the demands the Italian sonnet made upon a poet's artistry. In experimenting with this verse form, they often changed its structure and its original rhyme scheme.The most notable variation of the sonnet was made by William Shakespeare, hence the appearance of the Shakespearean or English sonnet.The Italian sonnet consists of two parts and imposes a rigid rhyme scheme: the first eight-line part is called the octave, with a rhyme scheme of abbaabba; the second six-line part is called the sestet, with a rhyme scheme of cdecde. Generally, the octave presents the poet's subject or raises a question, while the sestet indicates the significance of the subject, or answers the question or resolves the problem posed in the octave.Unlike the Italian sonnet, the English sonnet is made up of three quatrains and a concluding couplet, with the rhyme scheme of abab cdcd efef gg. In the Italian sonnet, the last six lines usually present a comment on or a summary of the argument put forward in the first eight lines, but in the English sonnet, the conclusion is usually given briefly in the final two lines.Many modern poets have experimented with the sonnet form, combining features of the Italian and the English forms or even inventing new patterns.Of the major American poets of the nineteenth century, Longfellow was the one most influenced by European verse patterns.Therefore, when he attempted the sonnet, he had both the Italian and the English tradition to draw upon.It is typical of his interest in Old World literature that he chose the older Italian form but sometimes made some changes, as in "Mezzo Cammin”37. StanzaThe stanza is a structural division of a poem, consisting of a series of verse lines which usually comprise a recurring pattern of meter and rhyme.In traditional English poetry, there are various stanzaic forms containing two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight or nine lines.The two-line stanza form is called the couplet, the best-known being the heroic couplet which is written in iambic pentameter with all end rhyme:So long as men can Breathe or eyes can see,So long lives this, and this gives life to thee.-- William Shakespeare (1564--1616)The three-line stanza is called the triplet.There are two kinds of triplets: one is called tercet, rhyming aaa, bbb, ccc, and so on; the other is adopted from the Italian, called terza rima, with the first and third lines in rhyme and the second supplying the rhyme for the first and third lines of the following stanza and so on to the end,thus having a rhyme scheme of aba, bcb, cdc, etc.Speak gently, Spring, and make no sudden sound;For in my windy valley yesterday I foundNewborn foxes squirming on the ground——Lew Sarett (1888--1954)I wake to sleep, and take waking slow.I feel my fate in what I cannot fear.I learn by going where I have to go.-- Theodore Roethke (1908--1963)The stanza composed of four lines is called the quatrain, which is the most popular of all stanzaic forms. Its rhyme scheme is generally abab, or abcb, but with variations of aabb, or abba.Many poets included in this book like to use this form. "The Yellow Violet" and "To a Waterfowl" selected here both consist of eight quatrains with a rhyme scheme of abab, cdcd, efef, and so forth.The five-line stanza, called tile quintain, is considered by some poets as one of the most musical forms of stanza we possess, because it is capable of almost endless variety, and the proportions of rhymes, three and two, seem especially conducive to harmony. Edgar Allan Poe's "To Helen" and Robert Frost's "The Road Not Taken" are good examples.The six-line stanza, called the sestet, may be made up of three couplets, a quatrain and a couplet, or two triplets. See Poe's "Annabel Lee".The seven-line stanza is called septet, of which the best-known form is the Chaucerian stanza, named after the English poet Geoffrey Chaucer (1340-1400). Its rhyme scheme is ababbcc.The eight-line stanza, or octave, consists either of two quatrains or of a more complex combination of two triplets and a final couplet, with the latter rhyming abababcc. The octave can be either a separate stanza in a poem or the first part of the sonnet (See Longfellow's "Mezzo Cammin" ).The nine-line stanza is called the nonet. Like the septet, the nonet has one notable form known as the Spenserian stanza after the English poet Edmund Spenser (1552-1599), who used it in The Faerie Queene. The Spenserian stanza is made up of eight lines of iambic pentameter and a concluding Alexandrine (one iambic hexameter line), rhyming ababbcbcc. 38. Symbols and SymbolismSymbols are a part of our everyday lives. The eagle is a symbol of America; the skull and crossbones on a bottle is a symbol of poison; and the dove is a symbol of peace.The literary symbol shares something similar. Generally speaking, a symbol is a sign which suggests more than its literal meaning.Literary symbols are of two broad types: the conventional ones and the occasionally coined ones. Certain symbols occur again and again in literature, thus becoming conventional and possessing almost settled symbolic meanings.For instance, roses symbolize love; spring symbolizes life, and winter death; a journey on the road often symbolizes the journey through life. These conventional symbols are easy to recognize and identify. However, in order to convey particular meanings, writers often create their own symbols in their writing. This type of symbols acquires its suggestiveness not only from qualities inherent in itself but also from the way in which it is used in a given work or context.For example, Whitman and Sandburg both use grass in their poems as a symbol to represent nature.In "Mending Wall", Robert Frost seems to be talking about a simple and familiar process--mending a wall with a neighbor in spring. Yet, by the end of the poem, the wall, the neighbor, and the act of mending a wall become symbolic; they come to represent things larger than themselves.Symbolism is especially appropriate for poetry because it enables poets to compress a very complex idea or set of ideas into one image or even one word.Therefore, symbolism is one of the most powerful devices that poets employ in creation.39. Tone and StyleWhatever leads us to infer the author's attitude is called tone.The tone of a speech or a piece of writing can be formal or intimate, outspoken or reticent, abstruse or simple, solemn or playful, angry or loving, serious or ironic.One of the clearest indications of the tone of a story is the style in which it is written.In general, style refers to how speakers or writers say what they say.The style of a particular work or writer maybe analyzed in terms of the characteristic modes of its diction, or choice of words; its sentence structure and syntax; the density and types of its figurative language; the patterns of its rhythm, component sounds, and other formal features, and its rhetorical aims and devices.Mark Twain, for instance, had an uncanny ability to capture the swing and bite of ordinary speech, to reproduce its。
2000门课程名称翻译大全(十八)
2000门课程名称翻译大全(十八)西方近现代建筑史 History of Western Contemporary Architecture西方科学与哲学评价 ment of Western Science Philosophy西方美术史 History of Western Art西方文化讲座 Lecture of Western Culture西方文学理论 Theories of Western Literature吸收式及蒸喷式制冷机 Absorption Evaporation Refrigerator吸收式制冷机 Absorption Refrigerator系统辨识 System Discrimination系统程序设计基础 Basic of System Program Design系统动力学 System Dynamics系统工程 System Engineering系统工程及经济分析概论Introduction to System Engineering Economic Analysis系统建模与响应 System Modeling Response系统结构 System Structure系统与泵站 System Pump Station细胞生物学 Cell Biology细杆式制冷压缩机 Thin Pole pressor纤维光学 Fibre Optics显示技术 Display Technique显示技术及装置 Display Technique Equipment显示仪表 Displaying Meter现代汉语 Modern Chinese现代控制论 temporary Control Theory现代生物概率 Probability of Modern Biology现代文学 Modern Literature现代文学作品选读 Selected Readings of Contemporary Literature现代西方哲学 Contemporary Western Philosophy现代西方哲学评价 ments on Contemporary Western Philosophy现代语言学 Modern Linguistics现代作品选讲 Lectures on Selected Contemporary Writings线性代数 Linear Algebra线性规划 Linear Programming线性系统与分析 Linear System Analysis相似理论在热工中应用 Application of Similarity Theory in Heat Engineering项目可行性研究与评诂 Research Evaluation of Project Fearibility 小区规划设计 Small Zone Planning小型客积式压缩机 Small-Volumed pressor小型制冷装置 Small Refrigerating Equipment写作 Writing写作基础 Basis for Writing新时期小说专题 Current Issues on Contemporary Novels新闻采访学 News Gathering新闻概论 Introduction to Journalism新闻管理专题 Current Issues on Journalism Administration新闻学理论 Theories of Journalism Science新闻评论学 News mentary新闻摄影 News Photography新闻史 History of Journalism新闻世界史 World History of News新闻事业管理 Journakism Administration新闻文化学 News Culturology新闻写作 News Writing新闻心理学 News Psychology新闻总编赏析 Appreciation Analysis of General Editing心理学 Psychology信号变换与处理 Signal Conversion Processing信号分析 Signal Analysis信号交换处理 Signal Exchange Processing信号与线性系统 Signal Linear System信息传输基础 Information Transmission System信息光学 Information Optics信息论 Informatics信息论与编码 Informatics Coding信息系统设计 Information System Design信息系统设计与分析 Analysis of Information System Designing 形式逻辑 Formal Logics形势与教育 Situation Education形势与政策 Situation Policy行政法 Administrative Law行政管理学 Administration Science修辞讲座 Lectures on Rhetorics学科专研究 Subject Research循环分析 Analysis of Cycling循环力学 Cycling Mechanics训估学 Phonology。
西方文化史重点知识(考点+名词解释)
第三部分《西方文化史》1-4章考点+名词解释第一章第一章西方文化的起源◆最初的奴隶制文明、现代西方文化的源头：爱琴文化◆现代西方文化的“基石”：希腊—罗马古典文化◆西方文化的精神祖先：古代希伯来人、古代希腊人一．一．欧洲史前文化（一）（一）旧石器文化1. 1.早期文化有三个：阿布维利文化、阿舍利文化、克拉克文化2. 2.阿布维利—阿舍利文化代表工具：手斧3. 3.克拉克文化代表工具：石片4. 4.欧洲最早发现的早期智人化石：尼安德特人化石5. 5.尼安德特人创造的文化：莫斯特文化6. 6.欧洲晚期智人：克罗马农人（现代欧洲白种人的祖先）7.7.晚期智人阶段主要文化：奥瑞纳文化、梭鲁特文化、马德林文化8.8.克罗马农人最突出的文化成就：岩画艺术（多以动物为题材）代表作：阿尔塔米拉洞穴岩画（西班牙）拉斯科洞穴岩画（法）最早的雕刻：“持角杯的少女”（也称“洛塞尔的维纳斯”）（二）（二）新石器文化1. 1.欧洲中石器文化的代表：阿齐尔文化（法）、马格尔莫斯文化（北欧）2. 2.阿齐尔文化主要工具：石镞、骨镞、骨质鱼叉3. 3.马格尔莫斯文化：鱼叉、鱼钩------渔猎生活4. 4.新石器文化主要特征：磨制石器和陶器的使用家畜驯养和定居农业的出现5. 5.欧洲最早的农业居民遗址在：南欧6. 6.欧洲最早的奴隶制文明：克里特岛进入青铜时代二．二．爱琴文化—克里特-迈锡尼文化（一）（一）爱琴文化的发现◆发现者：亨利•谢里曼（德）阿瑟•伊文斯（英）：发现米诺斯王宫（二）（二）克里特文化（前2600---前1250）1. 1.早期爱琴海非希腊语居民（创造早期爱琴文化）：皮拉斯吉人、卡里亚人或勒列吉人2. 2.克里特岛最为强大的奴隶制小国：米诺斯王朝3. 3.克里特重要雕刻品：石雕（“斗士杯”和“军官杯”）；克里特人有斗牛的习俗4. 4.米诺斯王朝书写形式：从图形符号发展为线形音节文字（线形文字A）5. 5.克里特人是海上民族，航海业发达；克里特文化兼具海洋性和开放性（三）（三）迈锡尼文化1. 1.迈锡尼文化的创造者：阿该亚人2. 2.阿该亚人创造了另一种泥板文书：线形文字B3. 3.表明迈锡尼社会进入奴隶制阶段的是：线形文字B里有关奴隶的字样4. 4.特洛伊战争时间：前12世纪初5. 5.以爱琴社会为题材的著作：《荷马史诗》，对于希腊精神的塑造产生了巨大的影响三．三．古代近东文化◆古代近东居民：美索不达米亚各族、埃及人、腓尼基人、希伯来人（一）（一）自然环境与古代近东文化1. 1.底格里斯河与幼发拉底河造就美索不达米亚尼罗河孕育埃及2. 2.“尼罗河的赠礼”：埃及“肥沃的新月地带”：两河流域包括巴勒斯坦3. 3.古代埃及与美索布达米亚地区都经历了由城邦走向统一的过程，形成了奴隶制神权统治，王权与法律均来自神授4. 4.埃及文化：单一发展进程5. 5.两河流域最早奴隶制文明创造者：苏美尔人6. 6.古代埃及人发明了：太阳历（二）（二）古代美索不达米亚文化（以苏美尔文化为基础，由阿卡德人、巴比伦人、亚述人等发展而来）1. 1.阿摩利人的古巴比伦王国，亚述人的亚述帝国以及迦勒底人的新巴比伦王国先后统治美索不达米亚地区2. 2.前3000年：苏美尔人开始使用楔形文字3. 3.最初的学校出现在：苏美尔4. 4.亚述学：通过楔形文字来研究两河流域历史文化5. 5.美索不达米亚最著名的史诗：《吉尔伽美什史诗》6. 6.美索不达米亚人的宗教观：多神信仰、神的人格化、灵魂不死观7.7.古巴比伦珍贵遗产：《汉谟拉比法典》（共282条），保留了原始的“同态复仇”习惯法8.8.《汉谟拉比法典》实质是：维护奴隶主阶级统治其进步意义：1）以成文法的形式使古巴比伦社会人人有法可依2）规定了明确的诉讼程序9.9.美索不达米亚建筑杰出代表：“空中花园”（世界七大奇观之一）“七级大庙塔”10.10.几何学：巴比伦人运用勾股定理11.11.代数学：巴比伦人使用十进位与六十进位制12.12.古巴比伦人制定太阴历13.13.今天历法中星期制度的来历：每周七天，即日、月、水、火、木、金、土（三）（三）古代埃及文化1. 1.象形文字的发明者：古代埃及人2. 2.使文字开始具有抽象含义的是：表意符号的出现3. 3.埃及的象形文字由三个部分构成：表形、表意、表音4. 4.字母文字的创造者：腓尼基人5. 5.埃及学诞生的标志：1882年商博良（法）释读象形文字6. 6.古代埃及人最初的宗教信仰：图腾崇拜7.7.埃及法老被视为太阳神的化身，又被称为太阳神之子，其权力来自神授8.8.法老阿蒙霍特普四世创作：《阿顿颂诗》9.9.古代埃及著名诗歌：《打谷歌》《阿顿颂诗》10.10.古代埃及最著名的箴言《伊浦味箴言》11.11.古代埃及著名建筑：金字塔、“迷宫”、底比斯的阿蒙神庙12.12.古代埃及雕塑代表：狮身人面像、涅菲尔提提王后像（阿玛尔纳艺术）13.13.数学成就：埃及人应用十进位法、求出圆周率3.1614.14.天文成就：世界上最早的太阳历（四）（四）古代近东文化对西方文化的影响1. 1.古代近东文化包括：美索不达米亚文化、埃及文化2. 2.西方文化的两大精神祖先：希腊人、希伯来人3. 3.《旧约圣经》中“通天塔”的原型：巴比伦城的七级大庙塔4. 4.古代希腊字母：由腓尼基字母发展而来，腓尼基字母（22个）是世界上第一套拼音字母；希腊字母后来发展成拉丁字母和斯拉夫字母5. 5.希腊雕像考罗斯：具有埃及人的气质6. 6.埃及的《阿顿颂诗》影响了《旧约圣经》的《诗篇》7.7.前45年，朱里亚.凯撒在埃及立法的基础上制定“朱里亚历”（“儒略历”），在罗马推行8.8.16C末，教皇格里高利十三世制定“格里高利历”（今天通行世界的“公历”）9.9.数学方面，希腊数学家欧几里德继承古代埃及几何学四．四．希伯来文化希伯来宗教伦理思想成为现代西方宗教和伦理思想的主要源泉，希伯来人是西方文化的精神始祖之一（一）（一）希伯来人与犹太教1. 1.希伯来人宗教思想的核心内容之一：“摩西十诫”2. 2.所罗门死后，希伯来人国家分裂为：以撒玛利亚为都城的以色列（北部）以耶路撒冷为都城的犹太（南部）3.著名先知以西结极大发展了犹太教，增加了救世主（弥赛亚）4.犹太人宗教与社会生活的中心：犹太会堂5.犹太教分裂出的教派：法利赛派、撒都该派、艾塞尼派6.研究古代希伯来人宗教与历史的珍贵资料：《死海古卷》7.犹太教思想成为基督教主体思想，其经典构成了基督教的《旧约圣经》8.以色列及散居各地的犹太人的名族语言：希伯来语（二）（二）《旧约圣经》（犹太教的经典）1. 1.《旧约圣经》共39卷，由法律书、先知书、圣录三部分组成2. 2.旧约的主题和核心：“法律书”，在旧约中地位最高，包括《创世纪》《出埃及记》《利未记》《名数记》《申命记》（为摩西所传，又称《摩西五经》）3. 3.“先知书”地位次于“法律书”，从希伯来人建国至新巴比伦征服犹太王国这段时间的历史记载和先知言行录4. 4.“圣录”的地位次于“先知书”，内容包括“巴比伦囚徒”至波斯统治时期的犹太历史和诗篇5. 5.《七十子希腊译本》：被翻译成希腊文的旧约，比希伯来文经典多出一部分经卷，人们把没有争议的经卷称为“正典”，有争议的称为“后典”（三）（三）希伯来人的宗教---伦理思想1. 1.犹太教宗教思想的特点：1）坚持一神论，只有雅赫维才是唯一真神2）契约观念3）注重戒律，如摩西十戒4）弥赛亚和天国观念第二章第二章西方古典文化的繁荣理性主义与人文主义，民主与科学的精神，是希腊古典文化的精髓，造就了西方文化中的古典传统。
【出国必备】西方文化之西方专有名词
【出国必备】西方文化之西方专有名词你很熟悉，但却没有一个中国人能准确说出这80个词汇的含义（ZZZ）来源：赵公超??的日志1、乌托邦：源出希腊文ou（无）和topos（处所），意即“乌有之乡”。
1516年，英国空想社会主义者莫尔在其《乌托邦》一书中，描述了一个他所憧憬的美好社会，即乌托邦。
那里一切生产资料均归全民所有，生活用品则按需分配；人人都从事生产劳动，并有充足的时间供科学研究和娱乐；那里没有酒店妓院，也没有堕落和罪恶……。
故此词喻指根本无法实现的理想或空想的美好社会。
2. 柏拉图式恋爱：柏拉图是古希腊著名的唯心主义哲学家，苏格拉底的弟子，亚里士多德的老师。
他在对话体著作《会饮篇》中，阐述了自己对爱情的看法：爱神是人与神之间的中介，他用神秘的激情控制着世界，使人以一种不可遏止的欲望去追求永恒的美。
这个追求是一个逐渐上升的认识过程。
爱的最低级的形式是热恋中的情人“专注于对方美的形体”，渴望与对方肉体的结合，爱的较高形式则是从沉湎于美的形体升华到爱恋形体所表现出来的美，爱的最高形式是沉思的美，即不带感性形体的美。
他由此提出了将真、善、美合为最高理想的看法。
后来，人们把男女之间那种与性无涉的、理想化的相互爱慕情谊，称为柏拉图式恋爱，现代语也叫精神恋爱。
3.犹大的亲吻：犹大是《圣经》中耶稣基督的亲信子弟12门徒之一。
耶稣传布新道虽然受到了百姓的拥护，却引起犹太教长老司祭们的仇恨。
他们用30个银币收买了犹大，要他帮助辨认出耶稣。
他们到客马尼园抓耶稣时，犹大假装请安，拥抱和亲吻耶稣。
耶稣随即被捕，后被钉死在十字架上。
人们用犹大的亲吻比喻可耻的叛卖行为4.海妖之歌：出自希腊神话。
传说在一个岛上住着一些以美妙歌声迷人害人的海妖，名叫塞壬。
后奥德赛路经该岛，事先得到瑟西女仙的警告，用蜡封住同伴们的耳朵，又把自己绑在桅杆上，同伴们奋力划桨，终于战胜了迷人的歌声。
比喻那种骗人的甜言蜜语。
5.苹果之争：出自希腊神话。
英国文学专业术语翻译
英国文学专业术语翻译01. Humanism (人文主义)Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance(文艺复兴). 2> it emphasizes the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life. Humanists voiced their beliefs that man was the center of the universe and man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of the present life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.02. Renaissance (文艺复兴)The word “Renaissance” means “rebirth”,it meant the reintroduction into Western Europe of the full cultural heritage of $2 and >the essence of the Renaissance is Humanism. Attitudes and feelings which had been characteristic of the 14th and 15th centuries persisted well down into the era of Humanism and > the real mainstream of the English Renaissance is the Elizabethan drama with William Shakespeare being the leading dramatist.03. Metaphysical poetry (玄学派诗歌)Metaphysical poetry is commonly used to name the work of the 17th century writers who wrote under the influence of John >with a rebellious spirit, the Metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love >the diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassicalperiods, and echoes the words and cadences of common >the imagery is drawn from actual life.04. Classism (古典主义)Classism refers to a movement or tendency in art, literature, or music that reflects the principles manifested in the art ofancient $2 and $2. Classicism emphasizes the traditional and the universal, and places value on reason, clarity, balance, and order. Classicism, with its concern for reason and universal themes, is traditionally opposed to Romanticism, which is concerned with emotions and personal themes.05. Enlightenment (启蒙运动)Enlightenment movement was a progressive philosophical and artistic movement which flourished in France and swept through western Europe in the 18th > the movement was a furtherance(助长) of the Renaissance from 14th century to the mid-17th >its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic >it celebrated reason or rationality, equality and science. It advocated universal >famous among the great enlighteners in $2 were those great writers like Alexander pope. Jonathan Swift.06. Neoclassicism (新古典主义)In the field of literature, the enlightenment movement broughtabout a revival of interest in the old classical >this tendency is known as neoclassicism. The Neoclassicists held that forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers such as Homer and Virgil and those of the contemporary French > they believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.07. The Graveyard School (墓地派诗歌)1>The Graveyard School refers to a school of poets of the 18th century whose poems are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life. Past and present, with deathand graveyard as themes.2>Thomas Gray is considered to be the leading figure of this school and his Elegy written in a country churchyard is its most representative work.08. Romanticism (浪漫主义)1>In the mid-18th century, a new literary movement called romanticism came to Europe and then to $2.2>it was characterized by a strong protest against the bondage of neoclassicism, which emphasized reason, order and elegant wit. Instead romanticism gave primary concern to passion, emotion, and natural beauty.3>In the history of literature. Romanticism is generally regarded as the thought that designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and experience.4> the English romantic period is an age of poetry. This prevailed in $2 from 1798 to 1837. The major romantic poets include Wordsworth, Byron, and Shelley.09. Byronic Hero (拜伦式英雄)Byronic hero refers to a proud, mysterious rebel figure of noble > with immense superiority in his passions and powers, this Byronic Hero would carry on his shoulders the burden of righting all the wrongs in a corrupt society. And would rise single-handedly against any kind of tyrannical rules either in government, in religion, or in moral principles with unconquerable wills and inexhaustible > Byron’s ch ief contribution to English literature is his creation of the “Byronic Hero”10. Critical Realism (批判现实主义)Critical Realism is a term applied to the realistic fiction in thelate 19th and early 20th > It means the tendency of writers and intellectuals in the period between 1875 and 1920 to apply the methods of realistic fiction to the criticism of society and the examination of social > Realist writers were all concerned about the fate of the common people and described what was faithful to > Charles Dickens is the most important critical realist.11. Aestheticism（美学主义）The basic theory of the Aesthetic movement--- “art for art’s sake” was set forth by a French poet, Theophile Gautier. the first Englishman who wrote about the theory of aestheticism was Walter > aestheticism places art above life, and holds that life should imitate art, not art imitate life. 3> According to the aesthetes, all artistic creation is absolutely subjective as opposed to objective. Art should be free from any influence of egoism. Only when art is for art’s sake, can it be immortal. They believed that art should be unconcerned with controversial issues, such as politics and morality, and that it should be restricted to contributing beauty in a highly polished > This is one of the reactions against the materialism and commercialism of the Victorian industrial era, as well as a reaction against the Victorian convention of art for morality’s sake, or art for money’s sake.美学运动的基本原则”为艺术而艺术”最初由法国诗人西奥费尔.高缔尔提出,英国运用该美学理论的第一人是沃尔特.佩特.美学主义崇尚艺术高于生活,认为生活应模仿艺术,而不是艺术模仿生活.在美学主义看来,所有的艺术创作都是绝对主观而非客观的产物.艺术不应受任何功利的影响,只有当艺术为艺术而创作时,艺术才能成为不朽之作.他们还认为艺术不应只关注一些热点话题如政治和道德问题,艺术应着力于以华丽的风格张扬美.这是对维多利亚工业发展时期物质崇拜的一种回应,也是向艺术为道德或为金钱而服务的维多利亚传统的挑战.Victorian period (维多利亚)In this period, the novel became the most widely read and the most vital and challenging expression of progressive thought. While sticking to the principle of faithful representation of the 18th century realist novel, novelists in this period carried their duty forward to criticism of the society and the defense of the > although writing from different points of view and with different techniques, they shared one thing in common, that is, they were all concerned about the fate of the common people. They were angry with the inhuman social institutions, the decaying social morality as represented by the money-worship and Utilitarianism, and the widespread misery, poverty and >their truthful picture of people’s life and bitter and stron g criticism of the society had done much in awakening the public consciousness to the social problems and in the actual improvement of the > Charles Dickens is the leading figure of the Victorian period.13. Modernism (现代主义)Modernism is comprehensive but vague term for a movement ,which begin in the late 19th century and which has had a wide influence internationally during much of the 20th > modernism takes the irrational philosophy and the theory of psycho-analysis as its theoretical > the term pertains to all the creative arts. Especially poetry, fiction, drama, painting, music and > in England from early in the 20th century and during the 1920s and 1930s, in America from shortly before the first world war and on during the inter-war period, modernist tendencies were at their most active and >as far as literature is concerned, Modernism reveals a breaking away from established rules, traditions and conventions. Fresh ways of looking at man’s position and function in the universe and many experiments inform and style. It is particularly concerned with language and how to use it and with writing itself.14. Stream of consciousness (意识流) (or interior monologue)In literary criticism, Stream of consciousness denotes a literary technique which seeks to descri be an individual’s point of view by giving the written equivalent of the character’s thought processes. Stream of consciousness writing is strongly associated with the modernist movement. Its introduction in the literary context, transferred from psychology, is attributed to May Sinclair. Stream of consciousness writing is usually regarded as a special form of interior monologue and is characterized by associative leaps in syntax and punctuation that can make the prose difficult to follow, tracing as they d o a character’s fragmentary thoughts and sensory feelings. Famous writers to employ this technique in the English language include James Joyce and William Faulkner.学术界认为意识流是一种通过直接描述人物思维过程来寻求个人视角的文学写作技巧。
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Nouveau Roman
新小说派
Existentialism
存在主义
The Theatre of the absurd
荒诞剧
Black Humor
黑色幽默
Catch-22
第二十二条军规
Fauvism
野兽派
Expressionism
表现主义
Cubism
立体主义
Futurism
未来主义
Dadaism
holy communion
圣餐
The Crusades
十字军东征
Carolingian Renaissance
加洛林复兴
Alfred the Great
阿尔弗雷德大帝
National Epic
民族史诗
Beowulf
贝奥武甫
Song of Roland
罗兰之歌
The Divine Comedy
神曲
The Canterbury Tales
为米罗辩护
ProSestio
为塞斯提乌斯辩护
Cleopatra
克里欧佩特拉
Julius Caesar
尤里乌斯凯撒
Commentaries
高卢战记
Lucretius
卢克来修
On the Nature of Things
物性论
TheAeneid
埃涅阿斯纪
The Pantheon
万神殿
Pont duGard
现代主义
Id
本我
Ego
自我
superego
超我
Oedipus Complex
俄狄浦斯情节，恋母情节
The Waste Land
荒原
Ulysses
尤利塞斯
The Lost Generation
迷失一代
Hemingway
海明威
The Beat Generation
垮掉的一代
Angry Young Men
Exodus
出埃及记
Noah’s Ark
诺亚方舟
The prophets
先知
The Book of Daniel
但以理书
The Edict of Milan
米兰赦令
The four accounts in the New Testament
四福音书
King James’ version of Bible
耶稣会
Don Quixote
唐吉可德
William Shakespeare
威廉莎士比亚
Columbus
哥伦布
Copernicus
哥白尼
Kepler’sLaws
开普勒定律
the laws of gravitation
万有引力
the Great Instauration
伟大复兴
Inductive method
Aphrodite
阿佛洛狄忒
Venus
维纳斯
Constantine
康斯坦丁
Byzantium
拜占庭
Constantinople
君士坦丁堡
Turks
土耳其人
MarcusTulliusCicero
马尔库斯图留斯西塞罗
Ciceronian
西塞罗风格
DeLegibus
论法律
DeOfficus
官吏论
ProMilone
论法的精神
Rousseau’sThe Social Contract
卢梭社会契约论
Henry Fielding
亨利费尔丁
Faust
浮士德
Wilhelm Tell
威廉退尔
The Viennese School
维也纳乐派
Romanticism
浪漫主义
Byronic hero
拜伦式英雄
LesMiserables
陶立克式
PaxRomana
罗马和平
Virgil
维吉尔
Agamemnon
阿加迈农
Homer
荷马
Sappho
萨福
Pindar
品达
Lesbos
莱斯博斯岛
Aeschylus
埃斯库罗斯
Prometheus Bound
被缚的普罗米修斯
Persians
波斯人
Sophocles
索福克勒斯
Oedipus the King
诗学
Rhetoric
修辞学
Sophists
诡辩家
Protagoras
普罗塔格拉
The Cynics
犬儒哲学派
TheSceptics
怀疑论者
The Epicureans
伊壁鸠鲁学派
Euclid
欧几里得
Archimedes
阿基米德
Ionic style
爱奥尼亚式
Corinthian style
科林斯柱式
Greco-Roman element
希腊罗马元素
Judeo-Christian element
犹太基督教元素
Iliad
伊里亚特
Odyssey
奥德赛
Herodotus
希罗多德
Socrates
苏格拉底
Dialecticalmethod
辩证法
Plato
柏拉图
Diogenes
狄奥艮尼
Stoics
斯多哥派
Doric Style
圣汤玛斯阿奎那
Scholasticism经来自哲学Roger Bacon
罗杰培根
Experimental Science
实验科学
Dante Alighieri
但丁
Geoffrey Chaucer
杰弗里乔叟
Romanesque
罗马式建筑
Renaissance
文艺复兴
Humanism
人文主义
LeonardodaVinci
归纳法
Thomas Hobbes’s political thought
霍布斯的政治思想
Lock’s Social Contract
洛克的社会契约论
The English Revolution
英国革命
The Glorious Revolution
光荣革命
The Bill of Rights
权利法案
Descartes’ Theory of Knowledge
钦定版本圣经
Fall of Man
人的堕落
Ten Commandments
摩西十诫
Book of Joshua
约书亚书
Book of Judges
士师记
Book of Samuel
撒母耳记
Books of Kings
列王记
Books of the Chronicles
历王记
Book of Ezra
以斯拉书
达达派
Book of Nehemiah
尼希米记
Book of Job
约伯记
Book of Psalms
诗篇
Ecclesiastes
旧约传道书
Song of Solomon
所罗门之歌
Amos
阿摩司
Jeremiah
耶利米
Matthew
马太
Mark
马克
Luke
路加
John
约翰
Crucifixion
耶稣钉死在十字架上个的画
TheParthenon
帕特农神庙
The Acropolis at Athens
雅典卫城
Discus Thrower
掷铁饼者
Venus de Milo
米罗的维纳斯
Laocoongroup
拉奥孔
Black-figurepaintings
黑彩绘画
Red-figure paintings
红彩绘画
Byron’s Isles of Greece
Maron
马龙
Sons ofOrsiphantes
欧尔喜庞司之子
Thespians
塞士比斯之徒
Dithyrambus
狄图拉姆波斯
Son ofHarmatides
哈尔玛提戴斯之子
Leodidas
莱奥尼达斯
Peloponnese
伯罗奔尼撒
Thucydides
修昔底德
Syracuse
锡拉库扎
Macaulay
拜伦《哀希腊》
Shelley’s Hellas
雪莱《海勒斯》
Prometheus Unbound
解放的普罗米修斯
Keats’s Ode on a Grecian Urn
济慈《希腊古瓷颂》
Corinth
科林斯
citizen-assembly
公民大会
servility
奴性
Zeus
宙斯
Jupiter
朱庇特
悲惨世界
EngeneOnegin
叶普盖尼奥涅金
Romantic Music
浪漫主义英雄
Surrealism
超现实主义
Realism
现实主义
The Human Comedy
人家喜剧
Naturalistic Novel
自然主义小说
Ibsen
易卜生
Impressionism in Art
印象派
Modernism
坎特伯雷故事集
Gothic
哥特式建筑