工程类稿件翻译标准
铁路工程建设标准英语版翻译指南.
C组碎石、砾石类填料Granular fill of group C
C组细粒土填料Fine soil fill of group C
DMI显示单元Display unit of DMI
保留煤柱retaining coal pillar
保温thermal insulation
保温层thermal insulation layer; thermal insulating layer
保温措施thermal insulation measure
保温钉thermal insulation bolt
安全钳safety tongs
安全色safety colour
安全设计safety design
安全生产法律法规laws and regulations on production safety
安全生产费safety production fees
安全生产网safety operation network
安装功率installed power
安装装置installation device
氨压缩机间ammonia compressor room
氨盐amine salt
氨制冷剂系统ammonia refrigerant systems
岸坎bank ridge
岸坡bank slope
按钮button
按钮表示button indication
T-梁、T型梁、T形梁、T梁T-beam; T-girder
T形刚构桥T-shaped rigid frame bridge
工程专业英语课文翻译（5篇）
工程专业英语课文翻译（5篇）第一篇：工程专业英语课文翻译合同规定，影响现金流量，的承建商必须认识到，实现对某一特定项目的现金流量，将取决于在一定程度上按照合同的约定。
的时间收到的收入，这是尤其如此，因此，它是重要的合同文件进行仔细检查，以充分了解合约条款将影响现金流的项目。
考虑几乎在每一个项目上的一些项目将被讨论。
付款时间表：该类型的合同规定的付款时间表的一般性质。
单价合同，投标本身的各种收费项目中列举。
收费项目的列表给出了一个清晰的信息需要进行一个现金流analysis.Of的特别兴趣项目，具体包括收费项目或明确排除的薪酬项目。
对于exrample，动员可以是一个大的成本项目的承包商，在项目的早期发生。
一个人可以许可动员的薪酬项目，仅仅是为了防止承包商承担一个大的负现金流，在项目的早期，有些业主支付的动员与等量的规定，被分配到复员。
有些业主sirrtply不支付动员，声称不提高项目本身的价值仅仅存在几件装备或一些临时建筑物。
其他项目，并不总是要在合同中的项目包括的模板，scaffoldinig，和支撑。
这些物品可能是必不可少的交付项目，但不这样做，对自己带来任何价值的项目。
例如，如果模板拆除混凝土浇筑前，没有任何价值被添加到项目中。
承包商会，当然，必须支付这些项目。
为了报销，承办商必须简单地分配这些成本在一些时尚的其他收费项目。
的分布可能是“一刀切”的费用可转移到一定的工资项目，可能会产生更有利的承包商的现金流。
这种分配的成本必须小心。
第二篇：制药工程专业英语 Unit 13 课文翻译Unit 13Sterile ProductsSterile ProductsSterile products are dosage forms of therapeutic agents that are free of viable microorganisms.Principally，these include parenteral，ophthalmic，irrigating preparations.Of these, and parenteral products are unique among dosage forms of drugsbecause they are injected through the skin or mucous membranes into internal body compartment.Thus，because they have circumvented the highly efficient first line of body defense，the skin and mucous membranes，they must be free from microbial contamination and from toxic components as well as possess an exceptionally high level of purity.All components and processes involved in the preparation of these products must be selected and designed to eliminate，as much as possible，contamination of all types，whether of physical，chemical，or microbiologic origin.Preparations for the eye, though not introduced into internal body cavities，are placed in contact with tissues that are very sensitive to contamination.Therefore，similar standards are required for ophthalmic preparations).Irrigating solutions are now also required to meet the same standards as parenteral solutions because during an irrigation procedure，substantial amounts of these solutions can enter the bloodstream directly through open blood vessels of wounds or abraded mucous membranes.Therefore，the characteristics and standards presented in this chapter for the production of large-volume parenteral solutions apply equally to irrigating solutions.Sterile products are most frequently solutions or suspensions，but may even be solid pellets for tissue implantation.The control of a process to minimize contamination for a small quantity of such a product can be achieved with relative ease.As the quantity of product increases，the problems of controlling the process to prevent contamination multiply.Therefore，the preparation of sterile products has become a highly specialized area in pharmaceutical processing.The standards established，the attitude of personnel，and the process control must be of a第13 单元无菌产品无菌产品无菌产品是不含微生物活体的治疗剂剂型，其主要包括非肠道用的、眼用的和冲洗用的制剂。
招标文件翻译
招标文件翻译【摘要】本文档旨在提供一份招标文件翻译的标准格式，以确保翻译内容准确、清晰，并满足任务描述的要求。
招标文件翻译是将招标文件从一种语言翻译成另一种语言的过程，要求回复的内容需要极致详细，内容和数据可以随意编写，字数控制在1500字左右。
【正文】一、翻译要求1. 翻译语言：将招标文件从源语言（例如英语）翻译成目标语言（例如中文）。
2. 翻译准确性：翻译内容应准确无误，确保源语言和目标语言之间的信息传达一致。
3. 翻译清晰度：翻译应表达清晰，避免歧义和模糊性，确保读者能够准确理解招标文件的内容。
4. 专业术语翻译：对于招标文件中的专业术语，应准确翻译并保持一致性。
5. 文档格式：翻译后的文档应与原文档格式一致，包括字体、字号、标题等。
二、翻译流程1. 熟悉招标文件：在开始翻译之前，翻译人员应仔细阅读招标文件，了解其内容和背景。
2. 术语研究：对于招标文件中的专业术语，翻译人员应进行研究，确保准确翻译并与行业标准保持一致。
3. 翻译：根据招标文件的内容，进行逐句、逐段的翻译工作。
翻译应准确、清晰，并保持与原文的一致性。
4. 校对：翻译完成后，进行校对工作，确保翻译结果准确无误。
5. 格式调整：根据原文档格式，对翻译后的文档进行格式调整，包括字体、字号、标题等。
三、翻译技巧1. 语言表达：翻译应使用准确、规范的语言表达，避免使用口语化、俚语化的表达方式。
2. 文化背景：考虑到不同的文化背景，翻译人员应确保翻译内容在目标语言中具有相同的意义和效果。
3. 上下文理解：理解招标文件的上下文是非常重要的，翻译人员应确保翻译结果与整体语境相符。
4. 文体风格：根据招标文件的特点和要求，选择合适的文体风格进行翻译，如正式、商务等。
四、质量控制1. 自查：翻译人员在翻译完成后，应自行进行检查和校对，确保翻译结果准确无误。
2. 互查：可以请其他翻译人员进行互相检查和校对，以确保翻译结果的准确性和一致性。
3. 专业人士审校：可以请具有相关领域知识的专业人士对翻译结果进行审校，以确保翻译内容的专业性和准确性。
建筑工程中英文翻译
建筑工程中英文翻译目录一、原文： (1)二、译文 (8)一、原文：建筑类型和设计大楼与人民息息相关，因为它提供必要的空间，工作和生活中。
由于其使用的分类，建筑主要有两种类型：工业建筑和民用建筑各工厂或工业生产中使用的工业大厦，而那些居住，就业，教育和其他社会活动的人使用的民用建筑。
工业楼宇厂房可用于加工和制造各类采矿业，冶金工业，机械制造，化学工业和纺织工业等领域。
可分为两种类型的单层和多层的厂房，民用建筑，工业建筑是相同的。
然而，工业与民用建筑中使用的材料，在使用它们的方式不同。
民用建筑分为两大类：住宅建筑和公共建筑，住宅建筑应满足家庭生活应包括至少有三个必要的房间：每个单位。
一个客厅，一个厨房和厕所，公共建筑，可以在政治文化活动，管理工作和其他服务，如学校，写字楼，公园，医院，商店，车站，影剧院，体育场馆，宾馆，展览馆，洗浴池，等等，他们都有不同的功能，这在需要以及不同的设计类型。
房屋是人类居住。
房屋的基本功能是提供遮风挡雨，但今天人们需要更他们的住房，一个家庭迁入一个新的居民区知道，如果现有住房符合其标准安全，健康和舒适。
附近的房屋是如何粮店，粮食市场，学校，商店，图书馆，电影院，社区中心，家庭也会问。
在60年代中期最重要的住房价值足够空间的内部和外部。
多数首选的一半左右1英亩的土地，这将提供业余活动空间单住宅的家庭。
在高度工业化的国家，许多家庭宁愿住尽量尽可能从一个大都市区的中心，“打工仔”，即使行驶一段距离，他们的工作。
不少家庭的首选国家住房郊区住房的大量的，因为他们的主要目的是远离噪音，拥挤，混乱。
无障碍公共交通已不再是决定性因素，在住房，因为大多数工人开着自己的车上班的人。
我们主要感兴趣的安排和房间的大小和卧室数目。
在建筑设计中的一个重要的一点是，房间的布局，应提供有关它们目的，最大可能的便利，在住宅，布局可根据三类认为：“天”，也必须注意“和”服务“。
支付提供这些地区之间容易沟通。
中国国家标准中英文对照翻译(城镇建设工程标准)
中国国家标准中英文对照翻译（城镇建设工程标准）中国国家标准——城镇建设工程标准GB〖CJJ1-90〗市政道路工程质量检验评定标准Standard for quality test and estimation of municipal road engineering〖CJJ2-2008〗城市桥梁工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of bridge works in city〖CJJ6-85〗排水管道维护安全技术规程Technical specification for safety maintenance of sewerage pipes〖CJJ7-2007〗城市工程地球物理探测规范Code for engineering geophysical prospecting and testing in city〖CJJ8-99〗城市测量规范Code for urban survey〖CJJ11-93〗城市桥梁设计准则The Criteria of Municipal Bridge Design〖CJJ12-99〗家用燃气燃烧器具安装及验收规程Specification for installation and acceptance of domestic gas burning appliances 〖CJJ13-87〗供水水文地质钻探与凿井操作规程Specification for operation of hydrographic geological drilling and digging for water-supply〖CJJ14-2005〗城市公共厕所设计标准Standard for design of public toilets in city〖CJJ15-87〗城市公共交通站、场、厂设计规范Code for design of urban public transportation station, ground and house〖CJJ17-2004〗生活垃圾卫生填埋技术规范Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill〖CJJ18-88〗市政工程施工、养护及污水处理工人技术等级标准Technical level standard for workers of construction maintenance and sewerage treatment of municipal engineering〖CJJ27-2005〗城镇环境卫生设施设置标准Standard for setting of town environmental sanitation facilities〖CJJ28-2004〗城镇供热管网工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city heating pipelines〖CJJ/T29-98〗建筑排水硬聚氯乙烯管道工程技术规程Technical specification of PVC-U pipe work for building drainage〖CJJ30-2009〗城市粪便处理厂运行维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of night soil treatment plants〖CJJ32-89〗含藻水给水处理设计规范Code for design of water supply treatment for water with algae〖CJJ33-2005〗城镇燃气输配工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of city and town gas distribution works〖CJJ34-2002〗城市热力网设计规范Design code of district heating network〖CJJ36-2006〗城镇道路养护技术规范Technical code of urban road maintenance〖CJJ37-90〗城市道路设计规范Code for design of municipal road〖CJJ39-91〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准（北方地区）Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in northern area)〖CJJ40-91〗高浊度水给水设计规范Code for design of water-supply for muddy water〖CJJ43-91〗热拌再生沥青混合料路面施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of hot-mixed and regenerated asphalt mixture road face〖CJJ45-2006〗城市道路照明设计标准Standard for lighting design of urban road〖CJJ47-2006〗生活垃圾转运站技术规范Technical code for transfer station of municipal solid waste〖CJJ48-92〗公园设计规范Code for design of parks〖CJJ50-92〗城市防洪工程设计规范Code for design of flood control engineering in city〖CJJ51-2006〗城镇燃气设施运行、维护和抢修安全技术规程Safety technical specification for operation, maintenance and rush-repair of city gas facilities〖CJJ/T52-93〗城市生活垃圾好氧静态堆肥处理技术规程Technical specification for static aerobic composting of municipal solid waste〖CJJ/T53-93〗民用房屋修缮工程施工规程Code for repairing construction of civil buildings〖CJJ/T54-93〗污水稳定塘设计规范Code for design of wastewater stabilization ponds〖CJJ55-93〗供热术语标准Standard for terminology of heat-supply〖CJJ56-94〗市政工程勘察规范Code for investigation and surveying of municipal engineering〖CJJ57-94〗城市规划工程地质勘察规范Code for geotechnical investigation and surveying of urban planning engineering〖CJJ58-2009〗城镇供水厂运行、维护及安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of city and town waterworks〖CJJ60-94〗城市污水处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation, maintenance and safety of municipal wastewater treatment plants〖CJJ61-2003〗城市地下管线探测技术规程Technical specification for detecting and surveying of under-ground pipelines and cables in city〖CJJ62-95〗房屋渗漏修缮技术规程Technical specification for repairing water creep of houses〖CJJ63-2008〗聚乙烯燃气管道工程技术规程Technical specification for polyethylene (PE) gas pipeline engineering〖CJJ64-2009〗城市粪便处理厂设计规范Code for design of night soil treatment plant〖CJJ/T65-2004〗市容环境卫生术语标准Standard for terminology of environmental sanitation〖CJJ66-95〗路面稀浆封层施工规程Slurry sealing specification〖CJJ67-95〗风景园林图例图示标准Standard for graphic of landscape architecture〖CJJ68-2007〗城镇排水管渠与泵站维护技术规程Technical specification for maintenance of sewers ＆ channels and pumping station in city〖CJJ69-95〗城市人行天桥与人行地道技术规范Technical specification of urban pedestrian overcrossing and underpass〖CJJ70-96〗古建筑修建工程质量检验评定标准(南方地区)Standard for quality test and estimation of ancient building repairing engineering (in southern area)〖CJJ71-2000〗机动车清洗站工程技术规程Technical specification for automotive rinsing station engineering〖CJJ72-97〗无轨电车供电线网工程施工及验收规范Code for installation and acceptance of trolley bus network〖CJJ73-97〗全球定位系统城市测量技术规程Technical specification for urban surveying using global positioning system〖CJJ74-99〗城镇地道桥顶进施工及验收规程Specification for construction and acceptance of underpass bridges in town by jacking method〖CJJ75-97〗城市道路绿化规划与设计规范Code for planting planning and design on urban roads〖CJJ/T76-98〗城市地下水动态观测规程Specification for dynamic observation of ground water in urban area〖CJJ/T78-97〗供热工程制图标准Drawing standard of heat-supply engineering〖CJJ/T81-98〗城镇直埋供热管道工程技术规程Technical specification for directly buried heating pipeline engineering in city〖CJJ/T82-99〗城市绿化工程施工及验收规范Code for construction and acceptance of plant engineering in city and town〖CJJ83-99〗城市用地竖向规划规范Code for vertical planning on urban field〖CJJ/T85-2002〗城市绿地分类标准Standard for classification of urban green space〖CJJ/T86-2000〗城市生活垃圾堆肥处理厂运行、维护及其安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste composting plant〖CJJ/T87-2000〗乡镇集贸市场规划设计标准Standard for market planning of town and township〖CJJ/T88-2000〗城镇供热系统安全运行技术规程Technical specification for safe operation of heating system in city〖CJJ89-2001〗城市道路照明工程施工及验收规程Specification for construction and inspection of urban road lighting engineering〖CJJ90-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧处理工程技术规范Technical code for projects of municipal solid waste incineration〖CJJ/T91-2002〗园林基本术语标准Standard for basic terminology of landscape architecture〖CJJ92-2002〗城市供水管网漏损控制及评定标准Standard for leakage control and assessment of urban water supply distribution system〖CJJ93-2003〗城市生活垃圾卫生填埋场运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal domestic refuse sanitary landfill〖CJJ94-2009〗城镇燃气室内工程施工与质量验收规范Code for construction and quality acceptance of city indoor gas engineering〖CJJ95-2003〗城镇燃气埋地钢质管道腐蚀控制技术规程Technical specification for control of external corrosion on underground gas pipeline of steel in area of cities and towns〖CJJ96-2003〗地铁限界标准Standard of metro gauges〖CJJ/T97-2003〗城市规划制图标准Standard for drawing in urban planning〖CJJ/T98-2003〗建筑给水聚苯乙烯类管道工程技术规程Technical specification of polyethylene (PE), cross-linked polyethylene (PE-X) and polyethylene of raised temperature resistance (PE-RT) pipeline engineering for water supply in building〖CJJ99-2003〗城市桥梁养护技术规范Technical code maintenance for city bridge〖CJJ100-2004〗城市基础地理信息系统技术规范Technical specification for urban fundamental geographic information system〖CJJ101-2004〗埋地聚乙烯给水管道工程技术规程Technical specification for buried polyethylene pipeline of water supply engineering〖CJJ/T102-2004〗城市生活垃圾分类及其评价标准Classification and evaluation standard of municipal solid waste〖CJJ103-2004〗城市地理空间框架数据标准Standard for urban geospatial framework data〖CJJ104-2005〗城镇供热直埋蒸汽管道技术规程Technical specification for directly buried steam heating pipeline in city〖CJJ105-2005〗城镇供热管网结构设计规范Code for structural design of heating pipelines in city and town〖CJJ/T106-2005〗城市市政综合监管信息系统技术规范Technical code for urban municipal supervision and management information system〖CJJ/T107-2005〗生活垃圾填埋场无害化评价标准Standard of assessment on municipal solid waste and fill〖CJJ/T108-2006〗城市道路除雪作业技术规程Technical specification of snow removal operation for city road〖CJJ109-2006〗生活垃圾转运站运行维护技术规程Technical specification for operation and maintenance of municipal solid waste transfer station〖CJJ110-2006〗管道直饮水系统技术规程Technical specification of pipe system for fine drinking water〖CJJ/T111-2006〗预应力混凝土桥梁预制节段逐跨拼装施工技术规程Technical specification for construction of span by span method of precast segment in prestressed concrete bridge〖CJJ112-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场封场技术规程Technical code for municipal solid waste sanitary landfill closure〖CJJ113-2007〗生活垃圾卫生填埋场防渗系统工程技术规范Technical code for liner system of municipal solid waste landfill〖CJJ/T114-2007〗城市公共交通分类标准Standard for classification of urban public transportation〖CJJ/T115-2007〗房地产市场信息系统技术规范Technical code for real estate market information system〖CJJ／T116-2008〗建设领域应用软件测评通用规范General code for measure and evaluation of application software in the field of construction〖CJJ/T117-2007〗建设电子文件与电子档案管理规范Code for management of electronic construction records and archives〖CJJ/T119-2008〗城市公共交通工程术语标准Terminology standard for urban public transport engineering〖CJJ120-2008〗城镇排水系统电气与自动化工程技术规程Technical specification of electrical & automation engineering for city drainage system〖CJJ124-2008〗镇（乡）村排水工程技术规程Technical specification of wastewater engineering for town and village〖CJJ/T126-2008〗城市道路清扫保洁质量与评价标准Standard for quality and assessment of city road sweeping and cleaning〖CJJ/T125-2008〗环境卫生图形符号标准Standard for figure symbols of environmental sanitation〖CJJ122-2008〗游泳池给水排水工程技术规程Technical specification for water supply and drainage engineering of swimming pool〖CJJ123-2008〗镇（乡）村给水工程技术规程Technical specification of water supply engineering for town and village〖CJJ128-2009〗生活垃圾焚烧厂运行维护与安全技术规程Technical specification for operation maintenance and safety of municipal solid waste incineration plant〖CJJ127-2009〗建筑排水金属管道工程技术规程Technical specification of metal pipe work for building drainage。
环境工程专业英语翻译的标准与翻译的过程.
C riteria and p rocess of t ranslation翻译的标准与翻译的过程Criteria of translation(翻译的标准)所谓翻译就是把一种语言文字的意义用另一种语言文字表达出来，即“give the sense of (word, speech, passage, book, etc) in another language”。
翻译标准是翻译实践的准绳和衡量译文好坏的尺度，清末的严复在翻译《天演论》时，提出著名的“信、达、雅”的翻译标准。
信——指译文要忠实于原文；达——指译文要通顺明了；雅——指译文要讲究文字修饰，译笔要有文采。
结合专业英语的翻译特点，在进行专业英语翻译时要坚持以下两个标准：①忠实：译文必须忠实、正确地传达原文的内容。
②通顺：译文的语言必须规范、流畅、通俗易懂。
z忠实于原文并不意味着在形式上或字面上与原文一致。
注：这里没提出“雅”作为翻译的标准之一，绝不意味着在专业文章的翻译中没有“雅”字的容身之地，而是寓“雅”于通顺之中。
语言规范、流畅、通俗易懂本身就谓之修辞，意味着“雅”。
Process of translation (翻译的过程)翻译既要忠实于原作，不能随意乱译，又要选择相应而适当的表达手段，不能机械地死译，不能使译文违背原文语言的全民规范。
①理解阶段（stage of comprehension）理解是准确表达的前提。
理解阶段主要是判别英语句子中的语言现象，分析句子中各个成分的逻辑关系和整个句子的语法结构，弄清词，词组，子句的含义和句子所叙述的概念，并将各个句子的理解贯串起来，在脑子中形成对于全文的完整的形象。
理解包括对原文语言的词汇，语法，专业内容三个方面，只有理解透彻，才能做出准确的表达。
②表达阶段（stage of representation)表达就是译者把对原文理解的内容用译文表达出来。
正确的表达来自于正确的理解，但正确的理解不一定等于正确的表达。
建筑专业英语文章的翻译标准与流程(2011初稿03)
建筑专业英语文章的翻译标准与流程（2011初稿）标准：直译为主——尽量保证每个单词在句子中的原意，适当意译——以调整语言顺序为主。
操作步骤：1、通过汉王软件（例如汉王OCR6.0版本，网上可免费下载），将扫描文件转换为电子版（word版本）。
具体操作与注意事项：(1) 在软件中打开要转换的扫描图片，注意先剪切掉其中的图片和注释部分，只保留正文。
可以分段转化（即一部分一部分的识别转化，这样便于识别）。
转化后可以先输出为.txt文档，然后再剪贴进word文件进行改错和整理。
或者转化后先对着原文修改其中的错误（扫描图片质量高的话，错误相对较少，主要是扫描中的边角处不清楚的地方转化后的拼写有问题，以及个别字符不易识别），然后再输出成txt文件，整理成word文件。
(2) 将输出的文件整理成一个完整的word文件，主要是正文，不用插入原文中的图片及注释，注意先整理成一个完整的英语原稿，再复制到模板中翻译。
2、翻译：翻译成英汉对照的word文件——套用提供的翻译模板，左边英文，右边汉语。
(1) 将整理好的word文件拷贝入翻译模板的左侧，翻译的中文在右侧，注意段落的相互对应关系。
(2) 若英文不太好，可以断成合适的短句先通过google在线翻译以及电子字典翻译，然后再整理。
注意一定要保证单词在原文中的意思及顺序。
(3) 将其中的重要单词或句子或不清楚的进行标示处理（具体参考范文）。
(4) 注意按不同的字号整理其中的标题、段落小标题；中文的段落空格以英文为准。
3、最终成果（word电子版）：一个完整的英语原文（没有错误），一个英汉对照的翻译版本。
4、注意事项：认真仔细就好，有问题随时沟通。
所选的文章都是国外相关的研究论文，相信翻译的过程中也是学习专业知识和能力的过程；注意多思考，争取理解其中所论述的内容。
中间有不明白的专业知识点要展开查找或与我沟通，并整理好附在翻译版本的后面，方便大家的阅读。
我会再整理大家发来的翻译稿，并反馈给大家，以及解答相关的问题，预祝我们一起学习进步！谢谢你的辛勤工作，祝你翻译顺利并体会到其中的学习乐趣和自己的学习进步！注：（本材料仅供内部交流学习使用）袁涛草拟2010.2.9翻译范文（袁涛自译，仅供内部交流学习使用）In her biography of Xenakis, Nouritza Matossian elaborates on the ‘coincidence' of conception between La Tourette and Xcnakis' first major orchestral work, Metastaseis. She quotes a reflective Xenakis thus:I found that problems in architecture were the same as in music. One thing I learned from architecture, which is different from the way musicians work, is to consider the overall shape of the composition, the way you see a building or a town. Instead of starting from a detail, like a theme, and building up the whole thing with rules, you have the whole in mind and think about the details and the elements and, of course, the proportions. That was a useful mode of thinking. I was young and I was not formed, so I thought that the best way to attack the problem was from both ends, detail and general.But not everything could be put into glass in the same way. In the spring of 1955, upon returning from Chandigarh, Le Corbusier called me into his office and showed me a sketch by Pierre Jeanneret I believe, of a glass partition made of regularly spaced vertical casings containing glass panes of variable heights but identical widths, piled one on top of the other covering the entire height of the story. This idea was to put to good use glass waste. Le Corbusier asked me to work on this idea for the glass facades of the Assembly at Chandigarh. My preoccupation with combinatories had not left me, but straight off, I chose several distances in golden sections drawn from the Modulor.My problem was: how to distribute these concrete upright casings - for which I with rabbets to hold the defined a standard section glass panes - on the facades. In other words, how to distribute points on a straight line. This problem may elicit an infinite number of answers. 在塞纳基斯的传记中，作者详细说明了拉土雷特和塞纳基斯第一个主要的作曲作品‘Metastaseis’之间的概念“巧合”，她引用了塞纳基斯的回应：我发现在建筑中的问题与在音乐中的相同，我从建筑中学到的一件事，不同于音乐家的工作方式——是考虑创作的整体形式，你看一个房或一个小镇的方式。
工程类专业英语 翻译技巧
倒译法 e.g. About one third of all accidents happen when it is dark although obviously there is more traffic during daytime.
尽管白天交通明显繁忙得多，然而约三分之 一的交通事故却发生在夜晚。
高程之间的距离用水平投影测量。
e.g. Much progress has been made in civil engineering in less than one century.
不到一个世纪，土木工程已经取得很大进展。
被动句的翻译
译成被动句（通过，由，被，受到，使…) e.g.The construction project performance is greatly influenced by its risk management level.
省译法
省略冠词（a, an, the） e.g. The memory is the important part of a computer system.
存储器是计算机系统中的重要组成部分。
省略介词 e.g.The critical temperature is different for different kind of steel.
钢的种类不同，临界温度也不相同。
省译法
省略代词 e.g. If you know the relationship between the cost and the schedule, you can balance them to get best performance.
如果你知道成本和进度之间的关系，就可 以权衡二者，以取得最佳绩效。
铁路工程建设标准英语版翻译指南
office automation system semi-compensated catenary suspension partly-exposed basement semi-enclosed sound barrier semi-arid region semi-transverse ventilation semi-open yard cut and fill subgrade locomotive semi-loop routing; locomotive half-circularity routing partial pressure culvert semi-permanent bridge semi-automatic block system optical/ electric converter (used) in the transmission of semi-automatic blocking mixed mortar berm width wall rod welding rod insulator cladding locomotive crew responsible system package; parcel parcel underpass parcel house parcel storehouse; package storage wrap-reinforced earth retaining wall package counter package hall saturated frozen soil saturation saturation degree saturated unit weight saturated unconfined compression strength saturated self-weight pressure protection tube protection well protection panel
工程建设标准英文版翻译细则
National Standard of the People’s Republic ofChina中华人民共和国国家标准Professional standard of the People’s Republic ofChina中华人民共和国行业标准×××Provincial Standard for EngineeringConstruction×××工程建设地方标准Issued by ××××××发布Issued by Ministry of Construction of the People’sRepublic of China由中华人民共和国建设部发布Jointly issued by Ministry of Construction andGeneral Administration of Quality Supervision, Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国建设部、国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布Jointly issued by Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development and General Administration of Quality Supervision,Inspection and Quarantine of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部、国家质量监督检验检疫总局联合发布Issued on May 23,20062006 年5月23日发布Implemented on M D,Y(Implemented on May 23,2006)××××年××月××日实施(2006年5月23日实施)工程建设标准英文版翻译细则×××× edition××××版Chief Development Department主编部门Chief Development Organization主编单位Approval Department批准部门Implementation date施行日期Announcement of Ministry of Construction of thePeople’s Republic of China中华人民共和国建设部公告Announcement of Housing and Urban-RuralDevelopment of the People’s Republic of China中华人民共和国住房和城乡建设部公告Notice on publishing the national standard of ×××关于发布国家标准×××的通知Announcement of publishing the partial revisionof national standard ×××关于发布国家标准×××局部修订的公告×××has been approved as a national standard witha serial number of ×××现批准×××为国家标准,标准编号为××××××are compulsory provisions and must beenforced strictly×××为强制性条文,必须严格执行××× shall be abolished simultaneously原×××同时废止The standard(code)comprises××chapters withthe main contents as follows本标准（规范）共分××章，其主要内容为Ministry of Construction is in charge of the administration of this standard(code)and the explanation of the compulsory provisions 本标准（规范）由建设部负责管理和对强制性条文的解释×××is responsible for the explanation of specifictechnical contents由×××负责具体技术内容的解释Authorized by×××,this code is published anddistributed by ×××本规范由×××组织×××出版发行be valid as usual继续有效Review复审Put on records备案Record Number备案号Additional explanation附加说明Foreword前言According to the requirements of Document JianBiao[×××]NO.×××issued by Ministry of Construction(MOC)-“Notice on Printing the Development and Revision Plan of National Engineering Construction Standards in ×××”根据建设部建标[×××]×××号《关于印发“×××年工程建设标准制订、修订计划”的通知》的要求The provision(s)printed in bold type is(are) compulsory one(ones)and must be enforced strictly 本规范以黑体字标志的条文为强制性条文，必须严格执行All relevant organizations are kindly requested tosum up and accumulate your experiences in actual practices during the process of implementing this code.The relevant opinions and advice, whenever necessary, can be posted or passed on to ×××请各单位在执行本标准过程中，注意总结经验，积累资料，相关的见解和建议，随时寄交×××Participating Development Organizations参编单位Participating Organizations参加单位Chief Drafting Staff主要起草人Routine management日常管理Specific explanation具体解释Contents目次（目录）General provisions总则Terms and symbols术语和符号Appendix附录Explanation of Wording in this code本规范用词说明This code is formulated with a view to ×××为了×××，制定本规范Safety and usability安全适用Economy and rationality经济合理This standard (code) is applicable to ……本标准(规范)适用于……This standard (code) is not applicable to ……本标准（规范）不适用于……Construction, extension and renovation新建、扩建、改建Not only the requirements stipulated in this standard(code),but also those in the current relevant ones of the nation shall be complied with 除应符合本标准(规范)要求外,尚应符合国家现行有关标准（规范）的规定Must必须Must not严禁Shall应Shall not不应Should宜Should not不宜May可May not不可Be in accordance with the following requirements符合下列规定（要求）Shall meet the requirements of ×××应符合×××的规定（要求）Shall comply with ×××应按×××执行Be in compliance with the following requirements遵守下列规定（要求）Be in accordance with those specified in Table×××符合表×××的规定（要求）Be determined according to those set out in Table×××按照表×××的规定（要求）确定Be calculated according to the following equation按下式计算Be calculated according to the following formulae按下列公式计算If one of the following requirements is met,……shall ……符合下列情况之一的，应……Where式中Note注Figure or Fig.图Be larger than大于Be less than小于Be equal等于Exceed超过Current relevant standard of the nation国家现行有关标准Current national standard现行国家标准General requirement一般规定（要求）Basic requirement基本规定（要求）Particular requirement特殊规定（要求）1.Words used for different degrees of strictnessare explained as follows in order to mark the differences in executing the requirements in this code.1.为了便于在执行本规范条文时区别对待，对要求严格程度不同的用词说明如下：1)Words denoting a very strict or mandatoryrequirement:1) 表示很严格，非这样做不可的用词：“Must”is used for affirmation;“must not”fornegation.正面词采用“必须”，反面词采用“严禁”。
工程技术类译文质量标准
工程技术类译文质量标准1．目的为了规范全国翻译服务企业协作网成员单位的译文质量，同时考虑到工程技术内译文的译制周期较短，专业技术要求准确，特制订本标准。
依据本标准，有助于工程技术类翻译的从业者能够清晰地量化译文质量。
对于一些专业术语要求较高的委托单位，应尽可能要求其提供符合现场实际的术语译名。
如无法提供，则选择专业词典中相近的译名。
这些要求在不同的场合有不同的重要性，而一些要求可能与某些工艺、技术和标准相抵触。
本标准为推荐使用标准。
2．适用范围本标准仅适用于工程技术类译文的范畴。
本标准为外译中工程技术类译文的质量标准，中译外译文的质量标准另订。
3．参考标准新出图[1997]79号图书质量管理规定GB788－87图书杂志开本及其幅面尺寸ISO6716－1983印刷技术―教科书与期刊GB11668－89图书和其他出版物的书脊规格GB11668－89科学技术期刊编排格式GB11668－89中文书刊名称汉语拼音写法4．工程技术类译文质量的分级和标准4.1工程技术类译文质量的范围包括：翻译、审校、编辑、排版、校对及定版等方面。
为了便于管理，本标准将内容相近的翻译和审校合并成译校项，编辑、排版、校对及定版合并成编校项。
用户对编校项有特殊要求的不适用本标准，应按非标件处理，但其差错率可按本标准计算。
4.2译文质量分为两级：合格或不合格。
4.2.1差错率低于或等于5／10000为合格。
4.2.2差错率高于5／10000为不合格。
4.2.3以上所述的译文质量标准为各单位在合理的译校时间内完成的译文。
少于合理的译校时间完成的译文，其质量标准应相应降低或不作表述。
4.2.4译文质量差错率，是用一本或一批资料的总字数却除该本或该批资料中所发现的总差错数后计算出来“万分比”。
4.2.5译文总字数的计算方法，一律以该本或该批资料的版面字数为准，即：总字数*＝每面行数×每行字数×总面数4.2.5.1凡连续编排页码的正文、目录、辅文等，不论是否排字，均按一面满版计算字数。
工程建设标准英文版翻译细则（试行）
工程建设标准英文版翻译细则（试行）工程建设标准英文版翻译细则（试行）为规范工程建设标准英文版的翻译工作，根据《工程建设标准翻译出版工作管理办法》，制定本细则。
1 翻译质量及技术要求1.1 基本要求1）工程建设标准的翻译必须忠于原文，并遵守完整、准确、规范、统一的原则。
2）标准的译文应当完整。
标准的前引部分、正文部分、补充部分都应全文翻译；脚注、附录、图、表、公式以及相应的文字都应翻译并完整地反映在译文中，不得误译、缺译、漏译、跳译。
3）强制性条文的翻译必须准确无误，译文用黑体字注明。
4）译文的内容、术语应当准确，语法应当恰当，行文流畅。
5）标准中的典型语句、术语、计量单位、专业词汇应当前后统一。
6）标准翻译稿的幅面、版面、格式、字体等应当规范并符合《工程建设标准英文版出版印刷规定》，图表、公式的编号应与原文相一致。
1.2 具体要求1）数字表达应符合英文表达习惯。
2）标准中的符号、代号、计量单位、公式应直接引用原文，时间、货币、标点符号可按英文惯例翻译或表达。
3）日期按译文语言，应采用公历，按月、日、年顺序排列（例如，December 1,2006）。
4）术语的英文翻译，应以中文版中的英文术语为准。
如果中文版中英文术语表达不准确或出现错误，应由翻译人员与编制组共同商议后做出必要修正，并在译文中注明。
5）标准名称应以中文版的英文译名为准。
如果中文版标准名称的英文译文不准确，翻译人员可向翻译出版办公室提出书面修改建议。
6）人员的中文姓名译成英文时，采用标准汉语拼音。
外籍人员的姓名应按其原姓名或相应的英文姓名表达。
地名、团体名、机构名，使用惯用译名。
无惯用译名的，可自行翻译，必要时附注原文。
7）法律、法规、规范性文件等名称应采用官方或既定译法，其他文件、著作、文献名称采用既定译法。
8）缩写词首次出现时,应附注全称译文。
经前文注释过或意义明确的缩写词，可以在译文中直接使用。
9）译文的章节条款项的编号，应与中文版一致。
工程建设标准英文版翻译细则试行司便函
工程建设标准英文版翻译细则试行司便函Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation LetterIntroductionThe Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter is a document that provides guidelines for translating engineering construction standards into English. The document aims to provide standardized guidelines for effective translations to ensure clear communication across language barriers. This article discusses the Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter, its objectives, contents, and significance.ObjectivesThe primary objective of the Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter is to provide a standardized and comprehensive approach to translating engineering construction standards into English. This document aims to promote transparency, consistency, and accuracy in the way these standards are translated and communicated to the English-speaking world. Additionally, this document aims to ensure that the translations of the engineering construction standards retain the meaning, context, and relevance of the original construction standards.ContentsThe Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter contains a set of guidelines and instructions designed to ensure that the translator produces an accurate and clear translation of the engineering construction standards. The guidelines include:1. Ensuring the appropriate use of terminologyEngineers often use technical and specialized vocabulary that requires a good understanding of the field of engineering to translate correctly. The guidelines provide instructions on how to identify the proper technical terms and avoid using ambiguous, general, or inaccurate terminology.2. Ensuring the accuracy of the translationAccuracy is essential in engineering construction standards translation. The guidelines provide directives on ensuring that the translation reflects the same meaning and intent as the original text.3. Navigating the structural variationsThe guidelines offer directions on reflecting the design, construction, and other structural variations of engineering projects in the translated standards. This is essential in describing the essential details of the construction projects accurately.4. Keeping track of translationsFinally, the guidelines also offer directions on keeping track of translations, including version control and methods of updating the translated materials.SignificanceThe Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter is essential in ensuring that translations of engineering construction standards are clear, consistent, and accurate. Using these guidelines helps the English-speaking world understand the content, complexity, and standards of the engineering construction industry wherever they are located.This document is valuable in promoting universal standards across the industry, ultimately helping to reduce errors, misunderstandings, and risks associated with language barriers. Using these guidelines can help ensure that engineers and construction workers can effectively communicate, reducing the likelihood of safety risks, project delays, and disputes.In conclusion, the Engineering Construction Standards Translation Guidelines Implementation Letter provides valuable guidelines for the translation of engineering construction standards into English. This document is crucial in promoting clarity, consistency, and accuracy in the communication of standards in the construction industry. By using these guidelines, the industry can better navigate language barriers, reducing misunderstandings, errors, and risks.。
英文翻译 工程类毕业设计英文翻译
Talling building and Steel constructionAlthough there have been many advancements in building construction technology in general. Spectacular archievements have been made in the design and construction ofultrahigh-rise buildings.The early development of high-rise buildings began with structural steel fraing.Reinforced concrete and stressed-skin tube systems have since been economically and competitively used in a number of structures for both residential and commercial purposes.The high-rise buildings ranging from 50 to 110 stories that are being built all over the United States are the result of innovations and development of new structual systems.Greater height entails increased column and beam sizes to make buildings more rigid so that under wind load they will not sway beyond an acceptable limit.Excessive lateral sway may cause serious recurring damage to partitions,ceilings.and other architectural details. Inaddition,excessive sway may cause discomfort to the occupants of the building because their perception of such motion.Structural systems of reinforced concrete,as well as steel,take full advantage of inherent potential stiffness of the total building and therefore require additional stiffening to limit the sway.In a steel structure,for example,the economy can be defined in terms of the total average quantity of steel per square foot of floor area of the building.Curve A in Fig .1 represents the average unit weight of a conventional frame with increasing numbers of stories. Curve B represents the average steel weight if the frame is protected from all lateral loads. The gap between the upper boundary and the lower boundary represents the premium for height for the traditional column-and-beam frame.Structural engineers have developed structural systems with a view to eliminating this premium.Systems in steel. Tall buildings in steel developed as a result of several types of structural innovations. The innovations have been applied to the construction of both office and apartment buildings.Frame with rigid belt trusses. In order to tie the exterior columns of a frame structure to the interior vertical trusses,a system of rigid belt trusses at mid-height and at the top of the buildingmay be used. A good example of this system is the First Wisconsin Bank Building(1974) in Milwaukee.Framed tube. The maximum efficiency of the total structure of a tall building, for both strength and stiffness,to resist wind load can be achieved only if all column element can be connected to each other in such a way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box in projecting out of the ground. This particular structural system was probably used for the first time in the 43-story reinforced concrete DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago. The most significant use of this system is in the twin structural steel towers of the 110-story World Trade Center building in New YorkColumn-diagonal truss tube. The exterior columns of a building can be spaced reasonably far apart and yet be made to work together as a tube by connecting them with diagonal members interesting at the centre line of the columns and beams. This simple yet extremely efficient system was used for the first time on the John Hancock Centre in Chicago, using as much steel as is normally needed for a traditional 40-story building.Bundled tube. With the continuing need for larger and taller buildings, the framed tube or the column-diagonal truss tube may be used in a bundled form to create larger tube envelopes while maintaining high efficiency. The 110-story Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago has nine tube, bundled at the base of the building in three rows. Some of these individual tubes terminate at different heights of the building, demonstrating the unlimited architectural possibilities of this latest structural concept. The Sears tower, at a height of 1450 ft(442m), is the world’s tallest building.Stressed-skin tube system. The tube structural system was developed for improving the resistance to lateral forces (wind and earthquake) and the control of drift (lateral building movement ) in high-rise building. The stressed-skin tube takes the tube system a step further. The development of the stressed-skin tube utilizes the façade of the building as a structural element which acts with the framed tube, thus providing an efficient way of resisting lateral loads inhigh-rise buildings, and resulting in cost-effective column-free interior space with a high ratio of net to gross floor area.Because of the contribution of the stressed-skin façade, the framed members of the tube require less mass, and are thus lighter and less expensive. All the typical columns and spandrelbeams are standard rolled shapes,minimizing the use and cost of special built-up members. The depth requirement for the perimeter spandrel beams is also reduced, and the need for upset beams above floors, which would encroach on valuable space, is minimized. The structural system has been used on the 54-story One Mellon Bank Center in Pittburgh.Systems in concrete. While tall buildings constructed of steel had an early start, development of tall buildings of reinforced concrete progressed at a fast enough rate to provide a competitive chanllenge to structural steel systems for both office and apartment buildings.Framed tube. As discussed above, the first framed tube concept for tall buildings was used for the 43-story DeWitt Chestnut Apartment Building. In this building ,exterior columns were spaced at 5.5ft (1.68m) centers, and interior columns were used as needed to support the 8-in .-thick (20-m) flat-plate concrete slabs.Tube in tube. Another system in reinforced concrete for office buildings combines the traditional shear wall construction with an exterior framed tube. The system consists of an outer framed tube of very closely spaced columns and an interior rigid shear wall tube enclosing the central service area. The system (Fig .2), known as the tube-in-tube system , made it possible to design the world’s present tallest (714ft or 218m)lightweight concrete building ( the 52-story One Shell Plaza Building in Houston) for the unit price of a traditional shear wall structure of only 35 stories.Systems combining both concrete and steel have also been developed, an examle of which is the composite system developed by skidmore, Owings &Merril in which an exterior closely spaced framed tube in concrete envelops an interior steel framing, thereby combining the advantages of both reinforced concrete and structural steel systems. The 52-story One Shell Square Building in New Orleans is based on this system.Steel construction refers to a broad range of building construction in which steel plays the leading role. Most steel construction consists of large-scale buildings or engineering works, with the steel generally in the form of beams, girders, bars, plates, and other members shaped through the hot-rolled process. Despite the increased use of other materials, steel construction remained a major outlet for the steel industries of the U.S, U.K, U.S.S.R, Japan, West German, France, and other steel producers in the 1970s.Early history. The history of steel construction begins paradoxically several decades before the introduction of the Bessemer and the Siemens-Martin (openj-hearth) processes made it possible to produce steel in quantities sufficient for structure use. Many of problems of steel construction were studied earlier in connection with iron construction, which began with the Coalbrookdale Bridge, built in cast iron over the Severn River in England in 1777. This and subsequent iron bridge work, in addition to the construction of steam boilers and iron ship hulls , spurred the development of techniques for fabricating, designing, and jioning. The advantages of iron over masonry lay in the much smaller amounts of material required. The truss form, based on the resistance of the triangle to deformation, long used in timber, was translated effectively into iron, with cast iron being used for compression members-i.e, those bearing the weight of direct loading-and wrought iron being used for tension members-i.e, those bearing the pull of suspended loading.The technique for passing iron, heated to the plastic state, between rolls to form flat and rounded bars, was developed as early as 1800;by 1819 angle irons were rolled; and in 1849 the first I beams, 17.7 feet (5.4m) long , were fabricated as roof girders for a Paris railroad station.Two years later Joseph Paxton of England built the Crystal Palace for the London Exposition of 1851. He is said to have conceived the idea of cage construction-using relatively slender iron beams as a skeleton for the glass walls of a large, open structure. Resistance to wind forces in the Crystal palace was provided by diagonal iron rods. Two feature are particularly important in the history of metal construction; first, the use of latticed girder, which are small trusses, a form first developed in timber bridges and other structures and translated into metal by Paxton ; and second, the joining of wrought-iron tension members and cast-iron compression members by means of rivets inserted while hot.In 1853 the first metal floor beams were rolled for the Cooper Union Building in New York. In the light of the principal market demand for iron beams at the time, it is not surprising that the Cooper Union beams closely resembled railroad rails.The development of the Bessemer and Siemens-Martin processes in the 1850s and 1860s suddenly open the way to the use of steel for structural purpose. Stronger than iron in both tension and compression ,the newly available metal was seized on by imaginative engineers, notably bythose involved in building the great number of heavy railroad bridges then in demand in Britain, Europe, and the U.S.A notable example was the Eads Bridge, also known as the St. Louis Bridge, in St. Louis (1867-1874), in which tubular steel ribs were used to form arches with a span of more than 500ft (152.5m). In Britain, the Firth of Forth cantilever bridge (1883-90) employed tubular struts, some 12 ft (3.66m) in diameter and 350 ft (107m) long. Such bridges and other structures were important in leading to the development and enforcement of standards and codification of permissible design stresses. The lack of adequate theoretical knowledge, and even of an adequate basis for theoretical studies, limited the value of stress analysis during the early years of the 20th century,as iccasionally failures,such as that of a cantilever bridge in Quebec in 1907,revealed.But failures were rare in the metal-skeleton office buildings;the simplicity of their design proved highly practical even in the absence of sophisticated analysis techniques. Throughout the first third of the century, ordinary carbon steel, without any special alloy strengthening or hardening, was universally used.The possibilities inherent in metal construction for high-rise building was demonstrated to the world by the Paris Exposition of 1889.for which Alexandre-Gustave Eiffel, a leading French bridge engineer, erected an openwork metal tower 300m (984 ft) high. Not only was theheight-more than double that of the Great Pyramid-remarkable, but the speed of erection and low cost were even more so, a small crew completed the work in a few months.The first skyscrapers. Meantime, in the United States another important development was taking place. In 1884-85 Maj. William Le Baron Jenney, a Chicago engineer , had designed the Home Insurance Building, ten stories high, with a metal skeleton. Jenney’s beams were of Bessemer steel, though his columns were cast iron. Cast iron lintels supporting masonry over window openings were, in turn, supported on the cast iron columns. Soild masonry court and party walls provided lateral support against wind loading. Within a decade the same type of construction had been used in more than 30 office buildings in Chicago and New York. Steel played a larger and larger role in these , with riveted connections for beams and columns, sometimes strengthened for wind bracing by overlaying gusset plates at the junction of vertical and horizontal members. Light masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level, replaced the old heavy masonry curtain walls, supported at each floor level , replaced the old heavy masonry.Though the new construction form was to remain centred almost entirely in America for several decade, its impact on the steel industry was worldwide. By the last years of the 19th century, the basic structural shapes-I beams up to 20 in. ( 0.508m) in depth and Z and T shapes of lesser proportions were readily available, to combine with plates of several widths and thicknesses to make efficient members of any required size and strength. In 1885 the heaviest structural shape produced through hot-rolling weighed less than 100 pounds (45 kilograms) per foot; decade by decade this figure rose until in the 1960s it exceeded 700 pounds (320 kilograms) per foot.Coincident with the introduction of structural steel came the introduction of the Otis electric elevator in 1889. The demonstration of a safe passenger elevator, together with that of a safe and economical steel construction method, sent building heights soaring. In New York the 286-ft (87.2-m) Flatiron Building of 1902 was surpassed in 1904 by the 375-ft (115-m) Times Building ( renamed the Allied Chemical Building) , the 468-ft (143-m) City Investing Company Building in Wall Street, the 612-ft (187-m) Singer Building (1908), the 700-ft (214-m) Metropolitan Tower (1909) and, in 1913, the 780-ft (232-m) Woolworth Building.The rapid increase in height and the height-to-width ratio brought problems. To limit street congestion, building setback design was prescribed. On the technical side, the problem of lateral support was studied. A diagonal bracing system, such as that used in the Eiffel Tower, was not architecturally desirable in offices relying on sunlight for illumination. The answer was found in greater reliance on the bending resistance of certain individual beams and columns strategically designed into the skeletn frame, together with a high degree of rigidity sought at the junction of the bea ms and columns. With today’s modern interior lighting systems, however, diagonal bracing against wind loads has returned; one notable example is the John Hancock Center in Chicago, where the external X-braces form a dramatic part of the structure’s façade.World War I brought an interruption to the boom in what had come to be called skyscrapers (the origin of the word is uncertain), but in the 1920s New York saw a resumption of the height race, culminating in the Empire State Building in the 1931. The Empi re State’s 102 stories(1,250ft. [381m]) were to keep it established as the hightest building in the world for the next 40 years. Its speed of the erection demonstrated how thoroughly the new construction technique had been mastered. A depot across the bay at Bayonne, N.J., supplied the girders by lighter and truck on a schedule operated with millitary precision; nine derricks powerde by electric hoists lifted thegirders to position; an industrial-railway setup moved steel and other material on each floor. Initial connections were made by bolting , closely followed by riveting, followed by masonry and finishing. The entire job was completed in one year and 45 days.The worldwide depression of the 1930s and World War II provided another interruption to steel construction development, but at the same time the introduction of welding to replace riveting provided an important advance.Joining of steel parts by metal are welding had been successfully achieved by the end of the 19th century and was used in emergency ship repairs during World War I, but its application to construction was limited until after World War II. Another advance in the same area had been the introduction of high-strength bolts to replace rivets in field connections.Since the close of World War II, research in Europe, the U.S., and Japan has greatly extended knowledge of the behavior of different types of structural steel under varying stresses, including those exceeding the yield point, making possible more refined and systematic analysis. This in turn has led to the adoption of more liberal design codes in most countries, more imaginative design made possible by so-called plastic design ?The introduction of the computer by short-cutting tedious paperwork, made further advances and savings possible.高层结构与钢结构近年来，尽管一般的建筑结构设计取得了很大的进步，但是取得显著成绩的还要属超高层建筑结构设计。
学科(专业)英文标准翻译
学科（专业）英文标准翻译（适用于学术型）学院名称学科/专业英文材料科学与工程学院材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering电气工程学院仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology 电气工程Electrical Engineering控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering脉冲功率与放电等离子体Pulsed Power and Discharge Plasma 电子与信息Electronics and Information电子与信息工程学院电子科学与技术Electronic Science and Technology信息与通信工程Information and Communications Engineering 控制科学与工程Control Science and Engineering计算机科学与技术Computer Science and Technology网络空间安全Cyberspace Security电子与信息Electronics and Information法学院法学Law法律治理学Law and Governance公共政策与管理学院公共管理Public Administration 图书馆学Library Science管理学院管理科学与工程Management Science and Engineering工商管理Business Administration会计学Accounting电子与信息Electronics and Information战略管理与政策分析Strategy Management and Policy Analysis航天航空学院力学Mechanics航空宇航科学与技术Aeronautical and Astronautical Science and Technology化学工程与技术学院动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology机械工程学院机械工程Mechanical Engineering仪器科学与技术Instrument Science and Technology 先进制造Advanced Manufacturing金禾经济研究中心理论经济学Theoretical Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics经济与金融学院理论经济学Theoretical Economics 应用经济学Applied Economics理学院物理学Physics 化学Chemistry材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology马克思主义学院理论经济学Theoretical Economics中共党史History of the Communist Party of China 马克思主义理论Marxist Theory能源与工程动力学院动力工程及工程热物理Power Engineering and Engineering Thermophysics 核科学与技术Nuclear Science and Technology环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering评估中心教育学Education前沿科学技术研究院物理学Physics化学Chemistry生物学Biology材料科学与工程Materials Science and Engineering化学工程与技术Chemical Engineering and Technology 生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering人居环境与建筑工程学院建筑学Architecture土木工程Civil Engineering环境科学与工程Environmental Science and Engineering城乡规划学Urban and Rural Planning地球与人居环境科学及工程Earth and Built Environment Science and Engineering人文社会科学学院哲学Philosophy社会学Sociology教育学Education体育学Science of Physical Culture and Sports 文艺学Theory of Literature and Art新闻传播学Journalism and Communication社会发展与管理Social Development and Governance软件学院软件工程Software Engineering生命科学与技术学院生物学Biology生物医学工程Biomedical Engineering康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapeutics数学与统计学院数学Mathematics 统计学Statistics外国语学院外国语言文学Foreign Languages and Literature 语言文化系统学Systemics of Language and Culture医学部生理学Physiology 神经生物学Neurobiology 遗传学Genetics细胞生物学Cell Biology生物化学与分子生物学Biochemistry and Molecular Biology生物物理学Biophysics人体解剖与组织胚胎学Human Anatomy,Histology and Embryology免疫学Immunology病原生物学Pathogenic Biology病理学与病理生理学Pathology and Pathophysiology法医学Forensic Medicine口腔生物医学Stomatologic Biomedicine内科学Internal Medicine儿科学Pediatrics老年医学Geriatrics神经病学Neurology精神病与精神卫生学Psychiatry and Mental Health皮肤病与性病学Dermatology and Venereololgy影像医学与核医学Medical Imaging and Nuclear Medicine临床检验诊断学Clinical Laboratory Diagnostics外科学Surgery妇产科学Obstetrics and Gynecology眼科学Ophthalmology耳鼻咽喉科学Otorhinolaryngology肿瘤学Oncology康复医学与理疗学Rehabilitation Medicine and Physical Therapeutics 麻醉学Anesthesiology急诊医学Emergency Medicine临床护理学Clinical Nursing口腔基础医学Basic Science of Stomatology口腔临床医学Clinical Science of Stomatology流行病与卫生统计学Epidemiology and Health Statistics劳动卫生与环境卫生学Occupational and Environmental Health营养与食品卫生学Nutrition and Food Hygiene儿少卫生与妇幼保健学Maternal,Child and Adolescent Health中西医结合临床Clinical Discipline of Chinese and Western Integrative Medicine药物化学Medicinal Chemistry药剂学Pharmaceutics生药学Pharmacognosy药物分析学Pharmaceutical Analysis微生物与生化药学Microbial and Biochemical Pharmacy 药理学Pharmacology天然药物化学Natural Medicinal Chemistry 药事管理学Pharmacy Administration护理学Nursing。
建筑类外文翻译范例
土木工程概论摘要：土木工程是个庞大的学科，但最主要的是建筑，建筑无论是在中国还是在国外，都有着悠久的历史，长期的发展历程。
整个世界每天都在改变，而建筑也随科学的进步而发展。
力学的发现，材料的更新，不断有更多的科学技术引入建筑中。
以前只求一间有瓦盖顶的房屋，现在追求舒适，不同的思想，不同的科学，推动了土木工程的发展，使其更加完美。
关键词：土木工程；建筑；力学；材料土木工程是建造各种工程的统称。
它的原意是与“军事工程”相对应的。
在英语中，历史上土木工程、机械工程、电气工程、化工工程都属于Civil Engineering，因为它们都具有民用性。
后来，随着工程科学技术的发展，机械、电气、化工都已逐渐形成独立的科学，Civil Engineering就成为土木工程的专门名词。
至今，在英语中，Civil Engineering还包括水利工程、港口工程；而在我国，水利工程和港口工程也成为与土木工程十分密切的相对独立分支。
土木工程既指建设的对象，即建造在地上，地下，水中的工程设施，也指应用的材料设备和进行的勘测，设计施工，保养，维修等专业技术。
土木工程是一种与人们的衣、食、住、行有着密切关系的工程。
其中与“住”的关系是直接的。
因为，要解决“住”的问题必须建造各种类型的建筑物。
而解决“行、食衣”的问题既有直接的一面，也有间接的一面。
要“行”，必须建造铁路、道路、桥梁；要“食”，必须打井取水、兴修水利、进行农田灌溉、城市供水排水等，这是直接关系。
而间接关系则不论做什么，制造汽车、轮船也好，纺纱、织布、制衣也好，乃至生产钢铁、发射卫星、开展科学研究活动都离不开建造各种建筑物、构筑物和修建各种工程设施。
土木工程随着人类社会的进步而发展，至今已经演变成为大型综合性的学科，它已经出许多分支，如：建筑工程，铁路工程，道路工程，桥梁工程，特种工程结构，给水排水工程，港口工程，水利工程，环境工程等学科。
土木工程作为一个重要的基础学科，有其重要的属性：综合性，社会性，实践性，统一性。
工程类专业英语翻译技巧
工程类专业英语翻译技巧
作为一名工程类专业的学生或从业者，熟练的英语翻译能力至关重要。
下面是一些工程类专业英语翻译的技巧，帮助您提升翻译水平：
1.增强专业知识：熟悉工程类专业英语术语和常用短语，了解相关行
业的背景和概念。
掌握工程类专业的基础知识和常见问题，这样才能更好
地理解和翻译相关文本。
2.保持译文的准确性：在翻译过程中，应保持对原文的准确理解，并
确保翻译的各个方面都与原文保持一致。
要注意技术术语的精确和准确性，特别是涉及工程类专业的特定术语和表达。
3.润饰翻译语言：尽量使用准确、简洁、流畅的语言来翻译工程类专
业的文本。
避免使用过多的修饰词和冗长的句子，以免影响读者的理解和
阅读体验。
译文格式要求(工管)
成绩：班级：姓名：学号：译文文章标题（段前，段后各0.5倍行距，行间距为1.25倍多倍行距）×××××××（空行，小三字体，1.25倍多倍行距）1××正文标题（小四，中文黑体，数字，英文用Times New Roman体，首行缩进2字符，1.25倍多倍行距）××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
（正文为小四，宋体，首行缩进2字符，无段前，段后间距，1.25倍多倍行距）2××正文标题××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××××。
安徽工程合同翻译标准
安徽工程合同翻译标准在全球化的背景下，工程合同的翻译质量直接影响到项目的顺利进行和合同的法律效力。
安徽作为中国重要的工业和文化中心，其工程合同翻译标准也应符合国际惯例，同时兼顾地方特色。
以下是安徽工程合同翻译的几个关键标准：1. 准确性：翻译必须忠实原文，确保合同条款的法律意义和商业意图得到准确传达。
任何模糊或歧义的表述都可能导致合同执行中的纠纷。
2. 专业性：翻译人员应具备相应的工程背景知识，能够理解和准确翻译专业术语。
同时，还需熟悉合同法及相关法律条文，确保翻译内容的法律合规性。
3. 一致性：合同中使用的术语和表达方式应保持一致，避免因翻译不一致导致的理解偏差。
对于合同中的关键词汇，应建立统一的术语库，确保翻译的标准化。
4. 可读性：翻译文本应清晰、流畅，易于理解。
即使是非专业人士，也应能够理解合同的主要条款和条件。
5. 保密性：在翻译过程中，必须严格遵守保密协议，保护合同双方的商业秘密和个人隐私。
6. 文化适应性：考虑到不同文化背景下的法律习惯和商业实践，翻译时应适当调整语言风格，使之更符合目标语言的文化特点。
7. 审校和校对：翻译完成后，应由专业的审校人员进行校对，确保翻译的准确性和专业性。
必要时，可邀请法律专家进行审核，确保合同的法律效力。
8. 电子化和存档：随着数字化进程的推进，合同翻译也应采用电子化管理，便于存档和检索。
同时，应确保电子文档的安全性，防止数据泄露。
9. 持续更新：随着法律和行业标准的不断更新，翻译标准也应随之调整，以适应最新的行业需求。
10. 客户反馈：翻译服务提供商应建立客户反馈机制，根据客户的反馈不断优化翻译流程和质量控制体系。
通过遵循上述标准，安徽的工程合同翻译能够确保合同的国际性和地方性需求得到平衡，为项目的顺利执行提供坚实的语言保障。
翻译标准和格式
翻译格式要求中文格式要求1 整篇文章的大标题居中，用“宋体，2-3号字体”；2 正文用“5号字，宋体”；3 大标题与正文之间的标题的字号按“小3号——4号——小4号”的顺序，超过3极标题的仍按此顺序，排到“小4号”后，以后的几级标题都按“小4号”；4 每一自然段落的起头文字应退后两个字，符合中文排版习惯。
各自然段之间不需空行；5 原文是斜体的地方，译文也应用斜体，原文是加黑的地方，译文也应加黑；6 原文中的书名，中文应加书名号“《》”7 如客户在格式上有特殊要求的，应服从客户的要求，如有的客户要求一页对一页地翻译，有的客户要求按照原文格式，有的客户要求分栏排版等。
8 在该分页的地方，务必进行分页，分页时必须通过插入分页符进行，即在word中点菜单“插入”下的“分隔符”，严禁使用打多个回车键来达到分页的目的，这样在修改时就会产生混乱。
英文格式要求（注：其他外语语种可以参考该要求，特殊的应符合各自语言的惯例格式要求）1 整篇文章的大标题居中，用“Times New Roman”，小2号字体；2 正文用Times New Roman”，5号字体；3 大标题与正文之间的标题的字号按“3号——4号——5号”的顺序，超过3级标题的仍按此顺序，排到“5号”后，以后的几级标题都按“5号”；4 每一自然段落的起头文字不退后。
各自然段之间空一行；5 各级标题的编号选用应恰当，且不得出现中文编号，如“三”、“（三）”等，各级标题上下应各空一行。
6 不同级标题的编号处于不同的层次上，译者可以通过拖动word文件中的标尺来实现这个目的。
同级标题编号应对齐，整个文件中的所有正文应全部对齐。
整个文档必须清晰整齐。
译者也可以参考老外的一些正式文件，他们的文件在格式上非常漂亮。
7 不得在英文中出现书名号“《》”，英文中的书或文章的题目应采用斜体来标记，而不是书名号；8 外文译文按原中文格式，需斜体的地方，译文就斜体，需加黑的地方，译文也加黑；9 请高度重视单词大小写问题。
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工程技术类译文质量标准(讨论稿TSS-1022002.1A)
1.目的
为了规范全国翻译服务企业协作网成员单位的译文质量，
同时考虑到工程技术类译文的译制周期较短，专业技术要求准确，特制订本标准。
依据本标准，有助于工程技术类翻译的从业者能够清晰地量化译文质量。
对于一些专业术语要求较高的委托单位，应尽可能要求其提供符合现场实际的术语译名。
如无法提供，则选择专业词典中相近的译名。
这些要求在不同的场合有不同的重要性，而一些要求可能与某些工艺、技术和标准相抵触。
本标准为推荐使用标准。
2.适用范围
本标准仅适用于工程技术类译文的范畴。
本标准为外译中工程技术类译文的质量标准，中译外译文的质量标准另订。
3.参考标准
新出图[1997]79号图书质量管理规定
GB788-87图书杂志开本及其幅面尺寸
ISO6716-1983印刷技术—教科书与期刊
GB11668-89图书和其他出版物的书脊规格
GB11668-89科学技术期刊编排格式
GB11668-89中文书刊名称汉语拼音拼写法
4.工程技术类译文质量的分级和标准
4.1工程技术类译文质量的范围包括：翻译、审校、编辑、排版、校对及定版等方面。
为了便于管理，本标准将内容相近的翻译和审校合并成译校项，编辑、排版、校对及定版合并成编校项。
用户对编校项有特殊要求的不适用本标准，应按非标件处理，但其差错率可按本标准计算。
4.2译文质量分为两级：合格或不合格。
4.2.1差错率低于或等于5/10000为合格。
4.2.2差错率高于5/10000为不合格。
4.2.3以上所述的译文质量标准为各单位在合理的译校时间内完成的译文。
少于合理的译校时间内完成的译文，其质量标准应相应降低或不作表述。
4.2.4译文质量差错率，是用一本或一批资料的总字数去除该本或该批资料中所发现的总差错数后计算出来“万分比”。
4.2.5译文总字数的计算方法，一律以该本或该批资料的版面字数为准，即：
总面数Î每行字数Î总字数*=每面行数
4.2.
5.1凡连续编排页码的正文、目录、辅文等，不论是否排字，均按一面满版计算字数。
分栏排版的译文，各栏之间的空白也计算版面字数。
4.2.
5.2目录、索引、附录、书眉、单排的页码和边码，均按版面计算字数。
4.2.
5.3封面（包括封面、封二、封三、封底、勒口、书脊）和扉页，每面按正文版面的50%计算字数。
4.2.
5.4凡旁边串排正文的插图和表格，按正文版面字数计算；插图占一面的，按正文版面的50%计算；表格占一面的，按正文版面计算字数。
4.2.
5.5凡有文字说明的画册、产品图集、广告，一律按正文的版面字数全额计算；无文字说明的，按正文版面的30%计算。
5.译文质量要求及扣分标准
5.1开本及其幅面尺寸
考虑到我国目前的现状和工程技术资料的要求，开本一般为16开.
297Î（1）幅面尺寸210mm（公称尺寸），此尺寸为切后尺寸，（该尺寸俗称为“11开”）；260Î（2）幅面尺寸188mm（切后尺寸，该尺寸俗称为“16开”**）
*4.2.5中所指总字数是指质量差错率统计计算的字数，与标准TSS-303所指有计费
字数属于不同的概念。
**（2）中所规定的幅面尺寸将逐步淘汰，向（1）过渡。
5.2封面、书脊、封底的要求
5.2.1技术资料的封面要求简洁明了、庄重大方。
推荐使用的字体为：黑体、宋体和楷体。
资料的名称应大于上、下的署名并居中排列。
5.2.2如资料需要成批印刷，单本资料的书脊大于或等于5mm时应设计书脊。
书脊名称中含有外文、阿拉伯数字或汉语拼音字母时，外文、阿拉伯数字或汉语拼音字母自左向右排列。
5.2.3封底的右下角应印上翻译和印刷单位的名称，字号应小于封面下款的字号。
5.2.4封面、书脊、封底出现文字差错，每一处计2个差错。
5.3目次表
5.3.1目次表（目录）应包括该本资料的全部章、节及相应的页码（原文资料的页次可忽略）。
该页码为该章节的起始页。
目次条目与相应页码之间宜用连点连接。
5.3.2目次表应尽可能成为独立部分，以便查阅和复制。
5.3.3目次表一般置于内封后的第一页。
目次表应采用与原文正文不同的字体或字号编排，以示区别。
5.3.4目次表的目次条目、页码与正文不符，每处计0.1个差错。
5.4页码
5.4.1正文所编的页码应贯穿于全卷。
应当只用阿拉伯数字编页码。
页码位置位于每页下部居中。
封面、封二、封三和封底不编页码。
5.4.2双面印刷或双面复印时，正面页码应为单数，背面页码为双数。
5.4.3幅面A3及其以上的插图（表格）和折页为正文的整体，与正文一起编页码，插图和折页背面为空白时，该插图和折页应编2个页码（保证后边的正面为单数页码）。
5.4.4页码编错，每处计0.1个差错。
5.5正文
5.5.1工程技术类译文中，名词术语是反映工程技术专业概念的一种形式与意义相结合的语言符号，应遵循以下的原则：
单一性——术语是专用的、单一的，即“一词一义”的原则。
在工程技术类译文的翻译中，要求整本资料中的术语必须统一，不能出现同一词汇在整本资料中有两种或两种以上的译名。
对一些专有名词，翻译时无确定把握时，可在首次出现时用括号将外文注上。
技术性——工程技术类资料的术语定名应以技术概念为依据，准确反映事物的特征，按照其技术含义定出确切的术语。
一般来讲，应以全国科学技术名词审定委员会颁布的名词为准。
约定俗成——有些单位在行业内、地域内、或在前期工作中已对一些术语形成了一些固定的或特定的译名，在翻译中可按其约定俗成的译名进行翻译，此时的译名与全国名词委的译名相悖，但可不算译错。
通常应要求用户提供专有词汇，若用户不提供时，应以专业词典中最相近的词汇为准。
术语译错每处计1个差错。
同一词汇错译超过三处（含三处）时，整本资料按三处计算。
5.5.2工程技术资料因其有指导工程实施的特性，应仔细校译，不得出现原则性的差错，语义清晰，易懂，明确。
在修辞上不做规定。
原文不清和/或意思不明时，可用括号将原文列出。
有时因原文中出现的错误而导致译文错误，此时不计错译。
但译者如发现了该错误并予以改正时，应当用括号标出。
语义错译每处计1个差错。
漏译每句计1个差错。
5.5.3人名、地名和机构名称的翻译
外国人名、地名和机构名称的译名，以新华社译名室出版的《世界译名大全》为准。
中国人名按汉语拼音拼写。
人名、地名和机构名称译错每处计0.2个差错。
5.5.4参考文献、索引、公司地址及分支机构、版权页、参考文献、索引、公司地址及分支机构、版权页一般不用翻译。
索引和版权页不排印。
5.5.5标点符号
标点符号应符合GB-标点符号使用错误，每处计0.1个差错。
5.5.6量和单位
量和单位的译名应符合GB-原文中的英制单位翻译时应用括号标出公制单位。
量和单位翻译错误，每处计1个差错。
5.5.7插图和表格
工程技术类资料中含有大量的插图和表格。
插图和表格的翻译应遵循以下原则：
5.5.7.1插图中的译名应完整地排列在原图的相应位置。
因幅面的关系，原处编排不下的，应在相应的空白处标出，但必须用连线引至相应的位置，或用序号和符号。
例：在原处标出①，而在该图的空白处（或另外附纸）编排译文，同样标注①。
插图和译文应安排在同一版面中，一般不分开。
5.5.7.2图纸的翻译亦遵循5.5.7.1节的原则。
标题栏一般只翻译图号和名称。
图中文字太多，可采用5.5.7.1节所述的方式翻译。
5.5.7.3表格一般按照原文翻译，应尽量跟所涉及的文字一起编排在同一版面上，如不可能，应尽量做到不要离所涉及的文字太远。
表格过长时，应选择合适的行线处跨页，并在次页上重排表头，且在表头上加注“续表”，表序号和表格名称可以省略。
5.5.7.4插图译名不完全和/或标识不清，每处计0.2个差错。
表格译文错、错行或错栏，每处计1个差错。
6.工程技术类资料的译文质量评判，由全国翻译企业协作网（中国译协翻译服务工作委员会）专家组负责。
7.本标准由全国翻译企业协作网领导小组批准。
8.本标准由全国翻译企业协作网领导小组解释。
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