中国医科大学胸外科2013年考博真题
临床检验诊断学2013详细答案年考博真题考博试卷
三、论述题 1.已知基因序列，但不能分离足够的蛋白质，请设计定量荧光分析方法
2.黄疸测定比较表（3 种黄疸）
一、 分析题： 1 型糖尿病、昏迷
1 型糖尿病伴昏迷患者病因多是由于中断胰岛素或胰岛素用量不足。 高糖摄入和输入如大量摄入含糖饮料、高糖食物，诊断不明时或漏诊时静脉输入大量葡萄糖 液，完全性静脉高营养，以及使用含糖溶液进行血液透析或腹膜透析等情况。尤其在某些内分泌疾病 合并糖代谢障碍的病人，如甲状腺功能亢进症、肢端肥大症、皮质醇增多症、嗜铬细胞瘤者等更易诱 发。 应激和感染如脑血管意外、急性心肌梗死、急性胰腺炎、消化道出血、外伤、手术、中暑或 低温等应激状态。感染，尤其是上呼吸道感染、泌尿系感染等最常诱发。 妊娠：尤其在妊娠后半阶段，由于胰岛素的需求显著增加，可能诱发酮症，甚至酮症酸中毒。 其他：某些药物如糖皮质激素的应用，某些疾病如库欣病、肢端肥大症、胰升糖素瘤等。
1、酶的 2 种活性测定方法（固定时间法，连续监测法），目前常用哪种方法？ 1）定时法： 通过测定酶反应开始后某一时间段内（t1 到 t2）产物或底物浓度的总变化量来求取酶反应初速度
的方法，称为两点法，其中 t1 往往取反应开始的时间。在酶反应一定时间后，往往通过加入强酸、 强碱、蛋白沉淀剂等，使反应完全停止，所以也叫中止反应法。
首都医科大学胸、心、血管外科2013年考博真题
考试科目：胸、心、血管外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题（比较基础）
二、名词解释
肺隔离症
结节病
胸廓出口综合症
短食管
ECMO
一个半心室修复术
SIMV
McGoon
杯口症
动脉栓塞
股青肿
Klippel-Trenaunary
15、动脉导管未闭有哪些治疗方法
16、法鲁四联症的病理解剖
17、胸腹主动脉瘤Crawford分型
18、主动脉夹层的Debakey分型
19、下肢动脉硬化闭塞征的FONTAIN临床分型
20、5P征对何种血管诊断有意义，5P中英文
三问答题
1、胸腺瘤临床分期WHO组织学分型
2、恶性食管、支气管瘘发生机制临床表现诊断治疗
3、小儿心脏术后肺动脉高压危象的治疗
4、肥厚性心肌病的治疗进展
5、主髂动脉闭塞的临床表现治疗方法每种方法的并发症
6、颈动脉内膜剥脱术的手术指针和术后并发症
7、Hemothorax手术指针
8、创伤性窒息的病生
9、贲门松驰缓症的手术指针
10、食管化学烧伤组织损伤的分度
11、食管、支气管瘘的病理分型
12、Carpentier二尖瓣病变的分型
13、简述Interrupted aortic arch分型
14、what are the major complication of cardiopulmonary bypass(in english)
(完整word版)全国外科学考博试题总结,推荐文档
全国外科学考博试题总结名词解释：1.高钾血症；2.心脏按摩；3.中心静脉压；4.非少尿型急性肾功能衰竭；5.呼吸性酸中毒；6.肠源性感染；7.脓毒症（sepsis）；8.Superinfection；9.ARDS；10.过继免疫疗法；11.CARS12.GVHR；13.SIADH；14．基因诊断；15.条件性感染；16.SIADH；17.SIRS；18. 预存式自体输血；19．休克抑制期；20. 痈；21.海绵状血管瘤；22.负氮平衡；23. 脑再灌注损伤；24.中厚皮片；25. 脓血症26.烧伤面积的中国九分法；27.systemic inflammatory response syndrome ；28.功能性细胞外液；29.心肺复苏；30.MSOF；31.ARF；32.ARDS；33.ICU；34.休克指数；35.MODS；36.条件感染；37.载体和重组质粒；38.MAC；39.导向复苏40.精准医疗论述题：1、较广泛的或剧烈的创伤性炎症对机体可引起哪些不利影响？（10 分）2、成人呼吸窘迫综合症的临床表现和分期（15 分）。
3.输血适应症4.外科抗菌药应用原则5.理想手术切口应具备的条件6.肾替代疗法应达到的指标7.DIC 的临床表现8.创伤治愈的分期、处理原则9.理想的肿瘤标志物应具备的特点10. 肾在体内酸碱平衡调节的机制11. 肠外营养的适应证和并发症12. 自体输血的方式和禁忌证13.试述肠内营养适应证14.试述自体输血的适应证与禁忌症15.分输血的种类和适应症16.肠源性感染的发病机制17.代谢性酸中毒的分型及常见原因18.创伤的检查与诊断步骤（13）19.脑复苏的现代观念及主要方法20.灭菌与消毒有何区别？21.高钾血症的原因和诊断处理？22.肠外营养有哪些常见并发症如何处理23.简述外科如何选择和使用抗菌药物？24..创伤后组织修复分几个阶段？简述其修复过程？25.创伤后组织修复过程分为哪几个阶段？各阶段的主要特点是什么？26.试述肿瘤浸润与转移过程中的相关因素？27.试述创伤的代谢变化及其临床意义？28.溶血反应的发病机理及病理变化？29.感染性休克病理生理变化过程中血流动力学改变有何特征？治疗要点是什么？30.全胃肠外营养的并发症31..肠细菌移位的发生机制32.腹部外科术后心力衰竭的紧急处理，应从哪些方面着手？33.有哪些腹部外科疾病与病毒感染有关？如何预防和治疗。
历年考博外科题目总汇.doc
历年考博外科题目总汇. .1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child-1、Tme及直肠系膜的概念2、胰头癌引起梗阻性黄疸的处理办法3、原位肝移植的手术方式与适应症胃癌的淋巴结清扫范围与手术根治程度分级乳腺癌的内分泌治疗的方法与药物乳癌治疗原则Sirs sepsis MODS的概念与相互关系营养不良的分类与支持的适应症直肠癌前切除术的主要并发症胰岛素瘤的定位诊断肝癌的综合治疗, 肝癌的治疗原则门脉高压上消化道出血的治疗MODS的发病机理MODS的治疗。
胆道出血的诊治慢性甲状腺炎的诊治SAP的治疗：胰腺炎的治疗Bismuth的分类；医源性胆管损伤按Bismuth分类：Ⅰ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以上。
Ⅱ型：距肝总管起始部向远端2cm以内。
Ⅲ型：左右肝管汇合部。
Ⅳ型：左侧肝管或右侧肝管。
Ⅴ型：左右肝管分支处。
甲状腺癌的病理特点胃癌的治疗原则如何正确的对手术病人进行术前肝功能评估，以利手术顺利进行？Child 评分Child：二问答1 PMC（甲状腺乳头状微小腺癌）及其目前治疗原则2 Budd-Chiari syndrome的分型及手术治疗方法布加综合征由各种原因所致肝静脉和其开口以上段下腔静脉阻塞性病变引起的常伴有下腔静脉高压为特点的一种肝后门脉高压症。
2013医学考博试题 4
2013广西医科大学内科博士考题，选择题：30分，都是临床的一些常见问题，难度不太大，估计至少能拿25分简答题：30分1.呼吸暂停综合征的定义及分型；2.上消化道出血的定义；3.心梗溶栓再通的指征；4.负反馈调节的机制，举例说明；5.小细胞低色素贫血有哪些。
论述题（内分泌专业）：40分1.病例分析（10分），给出一个病例（，难道不大应该是库欣）（1）诊断和鉴别诊断（2）要做哪些检查进行鉴别2.降糖药肠促胰素的分类和机制（15分）3.妊娠甲亢的治疗原则。
广西医科大学病理生理学博士考题，希望对来年报考的同学有帮助！一、名词解释（共5个）：钙超载、尿毒症、水中毒、混合性酸碱平衡紊乱、外源性致热源二、简答题（共3个小题）：1.低渗性脱水尿量有何改变？2.慢性肾功能衰竭时钾离子有何代谢紊乱？3.还有一题考完了之后一下子脑子短路想不起来了，等我想起来再补上三、论述题（共3个小题）：1.输入大量库存血所致缺氧与贫血性缺氧机制有何不同；2.心脏衰竭时机体如何代偿及其代偿的调控机制；3.DIC血液高凝的机制2013年广西医科大学基础医学院医学生物化学与分子生物学一名词解释1.蛋白质的二级结构2.启动子3.Klenow fragment4.内含子5.外显子6管家基因7顺式作用元件8蛋白伴侣9？10?二简答1真核生物RNA聚合酶的种类和功能？2大肠杆菌表达系统的条件3癌基因激活的方式？4简述酶的温度调节。
三讨论1蛋白质分离纯化的种类和原理2关于三羧酸循环和尿素循环的关联性？为什么说尿素循环的氮原子都直接或间接来源于体内的氨基酸？2013年广西医科大学病理学试题一、名词解释10 *3分：化生，肿瘤的异质性，围管浸润，炎性假瘤，机化，动脉瘤，肾病综合征，早期胃癌，R eed-Sternberg cell，infarction二、简答题4*5分1、一期愈合、二期愈合的主要区别？如何获得一期愈合？2、食管癌浸润性生长可引起哪些后果？3、炎症时血管通透性升高的发生机制。
2013年外科学真题回忆版(外科学+普通外科+[1]....
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2013年外科学真题回忆版(外科学+普通外科+骨外科+心胸外科+整形外科+泌尿外科)2013年外科主治医师考试相关专业知识真题2013年外科主治医师考试相关专业知识真题，考生回忆版，试题供各位考生参考。
1、距骨颈骨折手术入口：2、甲状腺手术后出现切口内出血：及时剪开缝线，迅速去除血肿。
3、17岁女生甲状腺二度肿大治疗方案：碘剂后手术。
4、硬膜外血肿：脑膜中动脉。
5、青年女生，洗澡时发现右乳外上象限一肿物，无痛：乳房纤维腺瘤。
6、乳腺癌患者乳房表面皮肤凹陷：累能Cooper韧带。
7、纵隔上、下两部：以胸骨角与第4胸椎下缘水平线为界。
8、脾切除后并发症除了：胰瘘。
9、十二指肠破裂最常见于：降部和水平部。
10、急性血源性骨髓炎最常见细菌：溶血性金葡菌。
11、胃十二指肠溃疡穿孔最常发生部位：胃小弯和十二指肠球部前壁。
12、病例：毕二式胃切除术后出现腹痛、发热、腹膜刺激征，腹穿秀胆汁样液体：十二指肠残端破裂。
13、成人肠套叠病因多见于：病理因素（肿瘤、肠息肉）。
14、阑尾炎保守治疗：化脓性阑尾炎。
15、直肠癌距肛门10cm，手术方案：经腹会阴联合直肠癌根治术。
16、下肢静脉曲张潘氏试验：深静脉是否通畅17、上消化道大出血最常见的原因：胃十二指肠溃疡。
18、可诱发急性胰腺炎：ERCP19、直径2cm的胆囊结石治疗方法：胆囊切除术。
20、有胆道回虫病史30年，近日出现发热、黄疸、腹痛，血象高，考虑诊断：急性化脓性胆管炎。
21、内分泌肿瘤中最常见的是：甲状腺。
22、壶腹癌与胰头癌的鉴别最可能是壶腹癌的是：肝内外胆管均扩张。
23、胃溃疡病人上消化道大出血，血压：80/60mmHg，选择止血方案是：三腔二囊管压迫止血。
24、急性胰腺炎出血坏死型，增强CT不仅可以明确诊断，而且可以发现坏死的胰腺组织。
25、膀胱憩室结石治疗方案：耻骨上膀胱切开取石。
26、耻骨支、坐骨支骨折后尿道滴血，属于哪种骨折？开放性骨折。
27、骨折后血肿吸收热一般不超过：38度。
首都医科大学胸、心、血管外科2013年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
首都医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：胸、心、血管外科 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、选择题（比较基础）
第1页 共1页
二、名词解释 肺隔离症 结节病 胸廓出口综合症 短食管 ECMO 一个半心室修复术 SIMV McGoon 杯口症 动脉栓塞 股青肿 Klippel-Trenaunary 三 问答题 1、胸腺瘤临床分期 WHO组织学分型 2、恶性食管、支气管瘘发生机制 临床表现 诊断治疗 3、小儿心脏术后肺动脉高压危象的治疗 4、肥厚性心肌病的治疗进展 5、主髂动脉闭塞的临床表现 治疗方法 每种方法的并发症 6、颈动脉内膜剥脱术的手术指针 和术后并发症 7、Hemothorax手术指针 8、创伤性窒息的病生 9、贲门松驰缓症的手术指针 10、食管化学烧伤组织损伤的分度 11、食管、支气管瘘的病理分型 12、Carpentier 二尖瓣病变的分型 13、简述Interrupted aortic arch 分型 14、what are the major complication of cardiopulmonary bypass(in english) 15、动脉导管未闭有哪些治疗方法
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16、法鲁四联症的病理解剖 17、胸腹主动脉瘤Crawford分型 18、主动脉夹层的Debakey 分型 19、下肢动脉硬化闭塞征的FONTAIN 临床分型 20、5P征对何种血管诊断有意义，5P中英文
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ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
第三军医大学3518外科学(普外)普通外科学2013年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
第三军医大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：3518外科学（普外）_普通外科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释
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1、richer疝 2、倾倒综合征（英文） 3、布加综合征（英文） 4、铠甲状癌 二、简答题 1、乳腺癌根治术切除范围 2、胰腺癌手术切除范围 3、简述直肠癌超低位保肛术 4、chiold分级及其临床意义 三、问答题 1、急性梗阻性黄疸治疗原则 2、论述胃癌外科治疗的最新进展
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全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年
全国医学博士外语统一考试英语真题2013年(总分：100.00，做题时间：180分钟)一、Part 1 ：Listening comprehension（30%） (总题数：15，分数：15.00)A.A coughB.Diarrhea √C.A feverD.Vomiting解析：A.TuberculosisB.RhinitisryngitisD.Flu √解析：A.In his bag.B.By the lamp.C.In his house. √D.No idea about where he left it.解析：A.He’s nearly finished his work.B.He has to work for some more time. √C.He wants to leave now.D.He has trouble finishing his work.解析：A.A patientB.A doctorC.A teacherD.A student √解析：A.2.6B.3.5C.3.9D.136 √解析：A.He is the head of the hospital.B.He is in charge of Pediatrics.C.He went out looking for Dan.D.He went to Michigan on business. √解析：A.He has got a fever.B.He is a talented skier.C.He is very rich.D.He is a real ski enthusiast. √解析：A.To ask local people for help.B.To do as Romans do only when in Rome.C.Try to act like the people from that culture. √D.Stay with your country fellows.解析：A.She married because of loneliness.B.She married a millionaire.C.She married for money. √D.She married for love.解析：A.AspirantB.Courageous √C.CautiousD.Amiable解析：A.He was unhappy.B.He was feeling a bit unwell. √C.He went to see the doctor.D.The weather was nasty.解析：A.You may find many of them on the bookseller’ shelves.B.You can buy it from almost every bookstore.C.It’s a very popular magazine.√D.It doesn’t sell very well.解析：A.A general practitioner.B.A gynecologist. √C.An orthopedistD.A surgeon.解析：A.ChemotherapyB.RadiationC.Injections √D.Surgery解析：二、Section B (总题数：3，分数：15.00)A.It is a genetic disorder.B.It is a respiratory condition in pigs. √C.It is an illness from birds to humans.D.It is a gastric ailment.解析：A.Eating pork.B.Raising pigs. √C.Eating chicken.D.Breeding birds.解析：A.Running noseB.Inappetence √C.Pains all overD.Diarrhea解析：A.To stay from crowds. √B.To see the doctor immediately.C.To avoid medications.D.To go to the nearby clinic.解析：A.It is a debate.B.It is a TV program. √C.It is a consultation.D.It is a workshop.解析：A.About 10,000,000. √B.About 1,000,000.C.About 100,000.D.About 10,000.解析：A.A cocktail of vitamins.B.A cocktail of vitamins plus magnesium. √C.The combination of vitamins A, C and E.D.The combination of minerals.解析：A.The delicate structures of the inner ear. √B.The inner ear cells.C.The eardrums.D.The inner ear ossicles.解析：A.General Motors.B.The United Auto Workers.C.NIH √D.All of above.解析：A.An industrial trial in Spain.itary trials in Spain and Sweden.C.Industrial trials in Spain and Sweden. √D.A trial involving students at the University of Florida. 解析：A.The link between obesity and birth defects. √B.The link between obesity and diabetes.C.The risk of birth abnormalities.D.The harmful effects of obesity.解析：A.Neural tube defects.B.Heart problems.C.Cleft lip and palateD.Diabetes √解析：A.20 million.B.200 million.C.400 million. √D.40 million.解析：A.A weight-loss surgery. √B.A balanced diet.C.A change of life style.D.More exercise.解析：A.Why obesity can cause birth defects.B.How obesity may cause birth defects. √C.Why obesity can cause diabetes.D.How obesity may cause diabetes.解析：三、Part II Vocabulary (10%) (总题数：10，分数：5.00)16.Having a bird’s eye view from the helicopter, the vast pasture was __________ with beautiful houses.（分数：0.50）A.overlappedB.segregatedC.intersectedD.interspersed √解析：17.As usual, Singapore Airlines will reduce trans-pacific capacity in _________ seasons this year. （分数：0.50）A.sternB.slack √C.sumptuousD.glamorous解析：18.As to the living environment, bacteria’s needs vary, but most of them grow best in a slightly acid ___________.（分数：0.50）A.mechanismB.miniatureC.medium √D.means解析：19.Under an unstable economic environment, employers in the construction industry place great value on ___________ in hiring and laying off workers as their volumes of work wax and wane. （分数：0.50）A.flexibility √B.moralityC.capacityD.productivity解析：20.In a stark _________ of fortunes, the Philippines –once Asia’s second richest country –recently had to beg Vietnam to sell its rice for its hungry millions.（分数：0.50）A.denialB.reversal √C.intervalD.withdrawal解析：21.Web portal Sohu has gone a step further and called for netizens to join in an all-out boycott of __________ content.（分数：0.50）A.wholesomeB.contagiousC.vulgar √D.stagnant解析：22.Experts urge a reforesting of cleared areas, promotion of reduced-impact logging, and_____________ agriculture, to maintain the rain forest.（分数：0.50）A.sustainable √B.renewableC.revivableD.merchandisable解析：23.In the U.S., the Republican’s doctrines were slightly liberal, whereas the Democrats’ were hardly _____________.（分数：0.50）A.rationalB.radicalC.conservative √D.progressive解析：24.Officials from the Department of Agriculture confirmed that the __________ floods and drought this summer did not affect the country’s grain output.（分数：0.50）A.ripplingB.waningC.fluctuatingD.devastating √解析：25.It is believed that the Black Death, rampant in the Medieval Europe __________, killed 1/3 of its population.（分数：0.50）A.at large √B.at randomC.on endD.on average解析：四、Section B (总题数：10，分数：5.00)26.Christmas shoppers should be aware of the possible defects of the products sold at a discount. （分数：0.50）A.deficitsB.deviationsC.drawbacks √D.discrepancies解析：27.The goal of this training program is to raise children with a sense of responsibility and necessary courage to be willing to take on challenges in life.（分数：0.50）A.despiseB.evadeC.demandD.undertake √解析：28.After “9.11”, the Olympic Games severely taxed the security services of the host country. （分数：0.50）A.improvedB.burdened √C.inspectedD.tariffed解析：29.The clown’s performance was so funny that the audience, adults and children alike, were all thrown into convulsions.（分数：0.50）A.a fit of enthusiasmB.a scream of frightC.a burst of laughter √D.a cry of anguish解析：30.We raised a mortgage from Bank of China and were informed to pay it off by the end of this year.（分数：0.50）A.loan √B.paymentC.withdrawalD.retrieval解析：31.The advocates highly value the “sport spirit”, while the opponent devalue it, asserting that it’s a sheer hypocrisy and self-deception.（分数：0.50）A.fineB.suddenC.finiteD.absolute √解析：32.Whenever a rattlesnake is agitated, it begins to move its tail and make a rattling noise. （分数：0.50）A.irritated √B.tamedC.stampedD.probed解析：33.The detective had an unusual insight into criminal’s tricks and knew clearly how to track them.（分数：0.50）A.inductionB.perception √C.interpretationD.penetration解析：34.My little brother practices the speech repeatedly until his delivery and timing were perfect. （分数：0.50）A.presentation √B.gestureC.rhythmD.pronunciation解析：35.In recent weeks both housing and stock prices have started to retreat from their irrationally amazing highs.（分数：0.50）A.untimelyB.unexpectedlyC.unreasonably √D.unconventionally解析：五、Part III Cloze (10%) (总题数：1，分数：10.00)Video game players may get an unexpected benefit from blowing away bad guys—better vision. Playing “action” video games improves a visual ability __51__ tasks like reading and driving at night, a new study says. The ability, called contrast sensitivity function, allows people to discern even subtle changes __52__ gray against a uniformly colored backdrop. It’s also one of the first visual aptitudes to fade with age. __53__ a regular regimen of action video game training can provide long-lasting visual power, according to work led by Daphne Bavelier of the University of Rochester. Previous research shows that gaming improves other visual skills, such as the ability to track several objects at the same time and __54__ attention to a series of fast-moving events. Bavelier said, “A lot of different aspects of the visual system are being enhanced, __55__.” The new work suggests that playing video games could someday become part of vision-correction treatments, which currently rely mainly on surgery or corrective lenses. “__56__ you’ve had eye surgery or get corrective lenses, exposing yourself to these games should help the optical system to recover faster and better, you need to retrain the brain to make use of the better, crisper information that’s coming in __57__ your improved eyesight,” Bavelier said. Expert action gamers in the study played first-person shooters Unreal Tournament 2004 and Call of Duty 2. A group of experienced nonaction gamers played The Sims 2, a “life simulation” video game. The players of nonaction video games didn’t see the same vision __58__, the study says. Bavelier and others are now trying to figure out exactly why action games __59__ seem to sharpen visual skill. It may be that locating enemies and aiming accurately is a strenuous, strength-building workout for the eyes, she said. Another possible __60__ is that the unpredictable, fast-changing environment of the typical action game requires players to constantly monitor entire landscapes and analyze optical data quickly. （分数：10.00）A.crucial for √B.available inC.resulting fromD.ascribed to解析：A.in disguise ofB.in shades of √C.in search ofD.in place of解析：A.This is howB.That’s why√C.It is not thatD.There exists解析：A.paidB.paysC.payD.paying √解析：A.thoughB.not to sayC.not just one √D.as well解析：A.UntilB.WhileC.UnlessD.Once √解析：A.as opposed toB.in addition toC.as a result of √D.in spite of解析：A.benefits √B.defectsC.approachesD.risks解析：A.in caseB.in advanceC.in returnD.in particular √解析：A.effectB.reason √C.outcomeD.conclusion解析：六、Part IV Reading Comprehension (30%) (总题数：6，分数：30.00)Passage one There is plenty we don’t know about criminal behavior. Most crime goes unrepor ted so it is hard to pick out trends from the data, and even reliable sets of statistics can be difficult to compare. But here is one thing we do know: those with a biological predisposition to violent behavior who are brought up in abusive homes are very likely to become lifelong criminals.Antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, but no one was sure whether this was due mostly to social-environmental factors or biological ones. It turns out both are important, but the effect is most dramatic when they act together. This has been illustrated in several studies over the past six years which found that male victims of child abuse are several times as likely to become criminals and abusers themselves if they were born with a less-active version of a gene for the enzyme monoamine oxidase A (MAO-A), which breaks down neurotransmitters crucial to the regulation of aggression. Researchers recently made another key observation: kids with this “double whammy” of predisposition and an unfortunate upb ringing are likely to show signs of what’s to come at a very early age. The risk factors for long-term criminality –attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, low IQ, language difficulties –can be spotted in kindergarten. So given what we now know, should n’t we be doing everything to protect the children most at risk? No one is suggesting testing all boys to see which variant of the MAO-A gene they have, but what the science is telling us is that we should redouble efforts to tackle abusive upbringings, and even simple neglect. This will help any child, but especially those whose biology makes them vulnerable. Thankfully there is already considerable enthusiasm in both the US and the UK for converting the latest in behavioral science into parenting and social skills: both governments have schemes in place to improve parenting in families where children are at risk of receiving poor care. Some people are uncomfortable with the idea of early intervention because it implies our behavior becomes “set” as we grow up, compromising the idea of free will. That view is understandable, but it would be negligent to ignore what the studies are telling us. Indeed, the cost to society of failing to intervene －in terms of criminal damage, dealing with offenders and helping victims of crime －is bound to be greater than the cost of improving parenting. The value to the children is immeasurable. （分数：5.00）(1).Researchers have come to a consensus: to explain violent behavior ________. （分数：1.00）A.in terms of physical environmentB.form a biological perspective √C.based on the empirical dataD.in a statistical way解析：(2).When we say that antisocial and criminal behavior tends to run in families, as indicated by the recent findings, we can probably mean that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.a particular gene is passed on in familiesB.child abuse will lead to domestic violenceC.the male victims of child abuse will pass on the tendency √D.the violent predisposition is exclusively born of child abuse解析：(3).The recent observation implicated that to check the development of antisocial and criminal behavior ___________. （分数：1.00）A.boys are to be screened for the biological predispositionB.high-risk kids should be brought up in kindergartenC.it is important to spot the genes for the risk factorsD.active measures ought to be taken at an early age √解析：(4).To defend the argument against the unfavorable idea, the author makes it a point to consider ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the immeasurable value of the genetic research on behaviorB.the consequences of compromising democracyC.the huge cost of improving parenting skillsD.the greater cost of failing to intervene √解析：(5).Which of the following can be the best title for the passage? （分数：1.00）A.Parenting Strategies for KidsB.The Making of a Criminal √C.Parental EducationD.Abusive Parenting解析：Passage two After 25 years battling the mother of all viruses, have we finally got the measure of HIV? Three developments featured in this issue collectively give grounds for optimism that would have been scarcely believable a year ago in the wake of another failed vaccine and continuing problems supplying drugs to all who need them. Perhaps the most compelling hope lies in the apparent “cure” of a man wit h HIV who had also developed leukemia. Doctors treated his leukemia with a bone marrow transplant that also vanquished the virus. Now US Company Sangamo Biosciences is hoping to emulate the effect patients being cured with a single shot of gene therapy, instead of taking antiretroviral drugs for life. Antiretroviral therapy (ART) is itself another reason for optimism. Researchers at the World Health Organization have calculated that HIV could be effectively eradicated in Africa and other hard-hit places using existing drugs. The trick is to test everyone often, and give those who test positive ART as soon as possible. Because the drugs rapidly reduce circulating levels of the virus to almost zero, it would stop people passing it on through sex. By blocking the cycle of infection in this way, the virus could be virtually eradicated by 2050. Bankrolling such a long-term program would cost serious money – initially around $3.5 billion a year in South Africa alone, ring to $85 billion in total. Huge as it sounds, however, it is peanuts compared with the estimated $1.9 trillion cost of the Iraq war, or the $700 billion spent in one go propping up the US banking sector. It also look small beer compared with the costs of carrying on as usual, which the WHO says can only lead to spiraling cases and costs. The final bit of good news is that the cost of ART could keep on falling. Last Friday, GlaxoSmithKline chairman Andrew Witty said that his company would offer all its medicines to the poorest countries for at least 25 per cent less than the typical price in rich countries. GSK has already been doing this for ART, but the hope is that the company may now offer it cheaper still and that other firms will follow their lead. No one doubt the devastation caused by AIDS. In 2007, 2 million people died and 2.7 million more contracted the virus. Those dismal numbers are not going to turn around soon –and they won’t turn around at all without huge effort and investment. But at least there is renewed belief that, given the time and money, we can finally start riddling the world of this most fearsome of viruses. （分数：5.00）(1).Which is the following can be most probably perceived beyond the first paragraph? （分数：1.00）A.The end of the world.B.A candle of hope. √C.A Nobel prize.D.A Quick Fix.解析：(2).According to the passage, the apparent “cure” of the HIV patient who had also developed leukemia would ___________. （分数：1.00）A.make a promising transition from antiretroviral medication to gene therapy √B.facilitate the development of effective vaccines for the infectionpel people to draw an analogy between AIDS and leukemiaD.would change the way we look at those with AIDS解析：(3).As another bit of good news, ___________. （分数：1.00）A.HIV will be virtually wiped out first in AfricaB.the cycle of HIV infection can be broken with ART √C.the circulating levels of HIV have been limited to almost zeroD.the existing HIV drugs will be enhanced to be more effective in 25 years解析：(4).The last reason for optimism is that ___________. （分数：1.00）ernments will invest more in improving ARTB.the cost of antiretroviral therapy is on the decline √C.everybody can afford antiretroviral therapy in the worldD.the financial support of ART is coming to be no problem解析：(5).The whole passage carries a tone of ___________. （分数：1.00）A.idealismB.activismC.criticismD.optimism √解析：Passage Three Archaeology can tell us plenty about how humans looked and the way they lived tens of thousands of years ago. But what about the deeper questions? Could early humans speak, were they capable of self-conscious reflection, did they believe in anything? Such questions might seem to be beyond the scope of science. Not so. Answering them is the focus of a burgeoning field that brings together archaeology and neuroscience. It aims to chart the development of human cognitive powers. This is not easy to do. A skull gives no indication of whether its owner was capable of speech, for example. The task then is to find proxies (替代物) for key traits and behaviors that have stayed intact over millennia. Perhaps the most intriguing aspect of this endeavor is teasing out the role of culture as a force in the evolution of our mental skills. For decades, development of the brain has been seen as exclusively biological. But increasingly, that is being challenged. Take what the Cambridge archaeologist Colin Renfrew calls “the sapient (智人的) paradox (矛盾)”. Evidence suggests that the human genome, and hence the brain, has changed little in the past 60,000 years. Yet it wasn’t until about 10,000 years ago that profound changes took place in human behavior: people settled in villages and built shrines. Renfrew’s paradox is why, if the hardware was in place, did it take so long for humans to start changing the world? His answer is that the software – the culture – took a long time to develop. In particular, the intervening time saw humans vest (赋予) meaning in objects and symbols. Those meanings were developed by social interaction over successive generations, passed on through teaching, and stored in the neuronal connections of children. Culture also changes biology by modifying natural selection, sometimes in surprising ways. How is it, for example, that a human gene for making essential vitamin C became blocked by junk DNA? One answer is that our ancestors started eating fruit, so the pressure to make vitamin C “relaxed” and the gene became unnecessary. By this reasoning, early humans then became addicted to fruit, and any gene that helped them to find it was selected for. Evidence suggests that the brain is so plastic that, like genes, it can be changed by relaxing selection pressure. Our understanding of human cognitive development is still fragmented and confused, however. We have lots of proposed causes and effects, and hypotheses to explain them. Yet the potential pay-off makes answers worth searching for. If we know where the human mind came from and what changed it, perhaps we can gauge where it is going. Finding those answers will take all the ingenuity the modern human mind can muster. （分数：5.00）(1).The questions presented in the first paragraph ___________. （分数：1.00）A.seem to have no answers whateverB.are intended to dig for ancient human minds √C.are not scientific enough to be answered hereD.are raised to explore the evolution of human appearance解析：(2).The scientists find the proxy to be ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the role of culture √B.the passage of timeC.the structure of a skullD.the biological makeup of the brain解析：(3).According to Renfrew’s paradox, the transition from 60,000 to 10,000 years ago suggests that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.human civilization came too lateB.the hardware retained biologically staticC.it took so long for the software to evolve √D.there existed an interaction between gene and environment解析：(4).From the example illustrating the relation between culture and biology, we might conclude that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.the mental development has not been exclusively biologicalB.the brain and culture have not developed at the same paceC.the theory of natural selection applies to human evolution √D.vitamin C contributes to the development of the brain解析：(5).Speaking of the human mind, the author would say that ___________. （分数：1.00）A.its cognitive development is extremely slowB.to know its past is to understand its future √C.its biological evolution is hard to predictD.as the brain develops, so as the mind解析：Passage Four Despite the numerous warnings about extreme weather, rising sea levels and mass extinctions, one message seems to have got lost in the debate about the impact of climate change.A warmer world won’t just be inconvenient. Huge swathes (片) of it, including most of Europe, the US and Australia as well as all of Africa and China will actually be uninhabitable--- too hot, dry or stormy to sustain a human population. This is no mirage. It could materialize if the world warms by an average of just 4°C, which some models predict could happen as soon as 2050. This is the world our children and grandchildren are going to have to live in. So what are we going to do about it? One option is to start planning to move the at-risk human population to parts of the world where it will still be cool and wet. It might seem like a drastic move, but this thought experiment is not about scaremongering (危言耸听). Every scenario is extrapolated from predictions of the latest climate models, and some say that 4°C may actually turn out to be a conservative estimate. Clearly this glacier-free, desertified world---with its human population packed into high-rise cities closer to the poles---would be a last resort. Aside from anything else, it is far from being the most practical option: any attempt at mass migration is likely to fuel wars, political power struggles and infighting. So what are the alternatives? The most obvious answer is to radically reduce carbon dioxide levels now, by fast-tracking green technologies and urgently implementing energy-efficient measures. But the changes aren’t coming nearly quickly enough and global emissions are still rising. As a result, many scientists are now turning to “Earth’s plan B”. PlanB involves making sure we have large scale geoengineeringtechnolo gies ready and waiting to either suck CO2 out of the atmosphere or deflect the sun’s heat. Most climate scientists were once firmly against fiddling with the Earth’s thermostat, fearing that it may make a bad situation even worse, or provide politicians with an excuse to sit on their hands and do nothing. Now they reluctantly acknowledge the sad truth that we haven’t managed to reorder the world fast enough to reduce CO2 emissions and that perhaps, given enough funding research and political muscle, we can indeed design, test and regulate geoengineering projects in time to avert the more horrifying consequences of climate change. Whatever we do, now is the time to act. The alternative is to plan for a hothouse world that none of us would recognize as home.（分数：5.00）(1).To begin with, the author is trying to remind us of ____________. （分数：1.00）A.the likelihood of climate change making life inconvenient √B.the warning against worsening climate changeC.the inevitable consequence of global warmingD.the misconception of a warmer world解析：(2).As the thought experiment shows, those at risk from global warming will ____________. （分数：1.00）A.live with the temperature raised by an average of 4°CB.have nowhere to go but live in the desertC.become victims as soon as 2050D.move closer to the poles √解析：(3).It is clear from the passage that a practical approach to global warming is _________. （分数：1.00）A.to reduce massively CO2 emissions √B.to take protective measures by 2025C.to prepare a blueprint for mass migrationsD.to launch habitual constructions closer to the poles解析：(4).Earth’s plan B is ambitious enough ___________. （分数：1.00）A.to stop climate scientists making a bad situation even worseB.to remove the sources of CO2 emissions altogetherC.to regulate geoengineering projects for efficiencyD.to manage the Earth’s thermostat√解析：(5).Which of the following statements are the supporters of “Earth’s plan B” for? （分数：1.00）A.It’s Time to Go GreenB.Energy-efficient measures must be taken √C.Mass migration to the poles is inevitableD.For the Planet’s Geoengineer or Catatrophe解析：Passage Five Brittany Donovan was born 13 years ago in Pennsylvania. Her biological father was sperm donor G738. Unbeknownst to Brittany’s m other, G738 carried a genetic defect known as fragile X-a mutation that all female children born from his sperm will inherit, and which causes mental impairment, behavioral problems and atypical social development. Last week, Brittany was given the green l ight to sue the sperm bank, Idant Laboratories of New York, under the state’s product liability laws. These laws were designed to allow consumers to seek compensation from companies whose products are defective and cause harm. Nobody expected them to be applied to donor sperm.Thousands of people in the US have purchased sperm from sperm banks on the promise that the donor’s history has been carefully scrutinized and his sample rigorously tested, only for some of them to discover that they have been sold a batch of bad seed. Some parents learn about genetic anomalies after their disabled child is born and they press the sperm bank for more information. Others realize it when they contact biological half-siblings who have the same disorder. So will Donovan vs Idant laboratories open the floodgates? It seems unlikely. New York’s product liability laws are highly unusual in that they consider donor sperm to be a product just like any other. Most other US states grant special status to blood products and body parts, including sperm. In these states, donor sperm is not considered a “product” in the usual sense, despite the fact that it is tested, processed, packaged, catalogued, marketed and sold. Similarly, European Union product liability law could not be used in this way. Even if this lawsuit is an isolated case, it still raises some difficult questions. First, to what lengths should sperm banks go to ensure they are supplying defect-free sperm? As we learn more and more about human genetics, there is growing list of tests that could be performed. Nobody would deny that donor sperm carrying the fragile X mutation should be screened out--- and there is a test that can do so ---but what about more subtle defects, such as language impairment or susceptibility to earl y Alzheimer’s? Donovan vs Idant Laboratories also serves as a reminder of the nature of the trade in human gametes. Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers. The Donovans are entitled to their day in court, but in allowing the product liability laws to be used in this way, the legal system is not doing much to dispel that notion. （分数：5.00）(1).Donovan sued Idant Laboratories for ______________. （分数：1.00）A.a cheat in boasting its biological productsB.donor sperm as a productC.problematic donor sperm √D.a breach of confidentiality解析：(2).It can be inferred from the passage that thousands of people in the US purchase sperm_____________. （分数：1.00）A.without knowing its potential dangers √B.regardless of repeated warningsC.for the reason of quality supplyD.for their desperate needs解析：(3).The question from the case is whether ___________. （分数：1.00）A.people are entitled to donor spermB.donated sperm should be just a product √C.Donovan is allowed to sue the sperm bankD.Donovan’s health problems have been clinically certified解析：(4).It seems that sperm banks are in no position to _______________. （分数：1.00）A.treat donor sperm as a productB.screen out the fragile X mutationC.manage their business as others do in NYD.guarantee sperm absolutely free of any defect √解析：(5).The statement Sperm bank catalogues can give the impression that babies are as guaranteed as dishwashers implies that _____________. （分数：1.00）A.Donovan will surely win the case in courtB.any product could have a defect in one way or another。
南方医科大学外科学(普外)2013年考博真题考博试卷
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南方医科大学
2013 年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：外科学（普外）
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
第一部分 外科学总论（共 28 分） 一、名词解释（每题 2 分，共 8 分） 1、痈 2、SIRS 3、三期愈合 4、急性肾衰竭 二、简答题（每题 5 分，共 20 分） 1、无菌术是什么，有何内容，灭菌和消毒的区别 2、代谢性酸中毒的治疗原则 3、肠外营养的指征 4、肿瘤共同的临床表现 三、问答题（共 6 题，每题 8 分，选答 4 题） 1、腹主动脉瘤的五大症状？ 2、腹部损伤行损伤控制性手术的三个阶段？ 3、腹腔间隔室综合征的五大减压措施或手段？ 4、腹股沟直疝与腹股沟斜疝手术中唯一鉴别的解剖学基础？ 5、腹腔镜胆囊切除术的术后并发症？ 6、多吉美（索拉菲尼）治疗原发性肝癌的原理？ 四、论述题（共 4 题，选答两题，每题 20 分） 1、急性乳腺炎的发病机制？如何治疗？ 2、原发性腹膜炎发生的细菌入侵四大途径？并举例说明。 (说明：下面两个题为病例分析题，只能写个大概，确实没办法一字一句的记 下来，有不对的请大家补充) 3、左肝原发性肝癌（具体位置确实记不清了）患者，全麻下行腹腔镜下左肝 叶部分切除，术中气腹压力维持在 15mHg，手术中发生肝左静脉破裂，出血 约 1100ml，止血后约 5 分钟出现心率下降，血压下降等，立即撤除气腹，抢 救 3 小时患者死亡。问题：
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（1）患者临床死亡最可能的原因是什么？ （2）应如何预防？ 4、某医学教授，平素体健，为预防脑血栓，长期服用拜阿司匹林十年，今日 出现上腹部隐痛，后拉黑便约 300ml,后出现呕鲜血约 400ml,急查血常规 RBC： 2.79*10 12/L,HB:73.3g/dL,请问： （1）患者的第一诊断是什么？ （2）需与哪些疾病相鉴别？ （3）如何抢救和治疗？
2013年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题
2013年全国医学博士英语统一考试真题全文共6篇示例，供读者参考篇1The Big Grown-Up TestHi there! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. I'm going to tell you all about this really big test that happened a few years ago. It was called the 2013 National Unified English Exam for Medical Doctoral Students. That's a really long name, isn't it? I'll just call it the Big Grown-Up Test.I didn't actually take the test myself because I'm just a kid. But my mom is a doctor and she had to take a test kind of like it when she was in medical school a long time ago. She said it was super hard and made her really nervous! The Big Grown-Up Test was only for the really smart adults who wanted to get their "doctoral" degree, which is like the highest level of education you can get.From what I understand, the test happened all across China on the same day. Thousands of grown-ups had to go to test centers and take it. Can you imagine having to sit still and take ahuge test for hours and hours? I don't think I could do that. I'd get way too antsy!The test had four main sections - listening, reading, writing, and speaking. For the listening part, the grown-ups had to listen to recordings and answer questions about what they heard. In the reading section, they had to read really long, complicated passages and answer questions proving they understood everything.But here's the crazy part - the whole test was in English! And not just simple English either. We're talking medical English with all those big fancy words that I can't even pronounce. My mom showed me a practice test once and I couldn't understand a word of it. Just a bunch of mumbo-jumbo if you ask me!For the writing section, the grown-ups had to write an essay or paper about some scientific topic. They couldn't just write "The cat ran after the bird" type stuff. They had to use their best English and fanciest words to discuss complex ideas. No "See Spot run" for these over-achievers!Then for the speaking portion, they had to actually talk out loud and have conversations in English about different medical scenarios. They were graded on their vocabulary, pronunciation, and how well they could explain things. If they slipped up andaccidentally spoke Chinese, it was an automatic fail! That's so much pressure.From what my mom told me, everyone taking the Big Grown-Up Test had studied English for years and years. They took special classes and worked really hard to prepare. But even then, the test was still incredibly difficult. I guess that's why they call it the "doctoral" level. Only the best of the best could pass!My mom said the listening section was the hardest part for her because you only get to hear things once. If you zone out for even a second, you're totally lost. And with all those crazy medical terms being fired at you rapid-fire, it was really easy to miss important details. She had to practice listening exercises every single day to get ready.The reading section was also a killer because the passages were just sooooooo long and dry. My mom showed me one that was 20 pages about the molecular biology of cancer. BO-RING! She said you had to be able to skim for key information really quickly but also understand every little detail. It took crazy focus.For the writing section, my mom's biggest challenge was making sure she used proper academic style. You couldn't just write normally like a letter to your friend. It had to be formal"scholarly" English with a clear and logical structure. No slang or contractions allowed!And then speaking English out loud without stumbling over vocabulary? My mom said that part made her want to cry. You had to be able to think and speak at the same time without any awkward pauses. One little "umm" and you could blow the whole thing. She practiced having fake doctor-patient conversations with her English tutor every week. Talk about nerve-wracking!Even though my mom studied so hard, she was still a nervous wreck before the Big Grown-Up Test. She stayed up late every night for weeks going over practice questions. The day of the test, she barely slept at all. I remember her pacing around the apartment that morning, muttering English words under her breath like "hematology...nephrology...gastroenterology." I thought she was going crazy!When she finally came home after the marathon test session, she looked like a zombie. She plopped down on the couch, completely drained from using her brain so much. All she could do was stare at the wall. But you know what? A few months later, she found out she passed! We had a huge family celebration. All that hard work had paid off.After hearing how brutal the Big Grown-Up Test was, I have even more respect for doctors like my mom. Can you imagine having to prove your medical knowledge IN ENGLISH at that level? With listening, reading, writing, speaking...the whole shebang? It's amazing that anyone can do it! I guess that's why kids can't just become doctors. You have to be one smart and determined grown-up.Well, that's the story of the 2013 National Unified English Exam for Medical Doctoral Students in China. It was basically a mental marathon testing the English skills of the cream of the crop. I don't know about you, but I'm staying far away from any exams that extreme! Give me some simple addition and subtraction any day. I'll leave those crazy Big Grown-Up Tests to the adults. Let me know if you ever want to hear about the "iguanas of the Galapagos" or something equally riveting like that killer medical exam. I'll keep my stories kid-friendly!篇2The 2013 Doctor TestHey guys! Today I'm going to tell you all about this really hard test that medical students have to take. It's called the 2013National Unified English Test for Medical Doctoral Students. That's a huge name for a test!My older sister Sarah is studying to be a doctor. She had to take this big important test last year. I watched her study for it and it looked super duper hard. There was a ton of big medical words I couldn't even pronounce!Sarah said the test had four different sections. The first part was listening. They played audio recordings and asked questions to see if you understood what you heard. My sister practices this by watching English TV shows and movies without subtitles. She said practicing listening is really important for talking to patients someday.The next section was reading. You had to read a bunch of different passages and articles and answer comprehension questions. Sarah read giant medical textbooks to get ready. The readings were probably really boring unless you're realllly into that doctor stuff.After that was the writing section. You had to write essays and reports based on pictures or prompts they gave you. Sarah practiced writing samples all the time. I helped her check for mistakes sometimes but a lot of it was way over my head!The final part was speaking. You had to record yourself answering questions and explaining things out loud. It tests if you can communicate well in English. Sarah set up a video camera and recorded herself talking for hours to get ready. I'm glad I didn't have to listen to all that practice!Overall it sounded like the toughest test ever. Sarah studied non-stop for months beforehand. She said it was crucial to do well since getting a high score can help you get into better medical programs and jobs after graduating.The test was administered on paper at testing centers across the country. Maybe thousands of students took it at the same time? I can't even imagine having to take a test that massive and important. No thank you!When Sarah finally took the real test, she was sooo nervous. But she felt prepared after all her hard work studying. She had to travel to the closest testing site which was a few hours away from our house. Can you believe she had to take the whole 4-hour test in just one sitting? No breaks! I don't know how she stayed focused that long.I'm telling you, this 2013 Unified English Test was no joke. Just listening to Sarah talk about it gave me anxiety! The test covered every little detail of medical communication in English. Itreally separated the students who were proficient in English from those who weren't quite there yet.After what felt like an eternity, Sarah got her score report in the mail. She passed with flying colors! We were all so proud and relieved for her. First she celebrated by going out for a huge ice cream sundae. She deserved It after that monster of a test!Apparently Sarah's high score will allow her to apply to lots of competitive medical residency programs after she finishes regular doctor school. That's really good news since those programs are super exclusive and tough to get into. All thanks to nailing the 2013 National English Test!Phew, I'm exhausted just from talking about this test! I'm definitely not cut out to be a doctor. I'll stick to cartoons and video games for now. But I'm really proud of my amazing big sis Sarah for powering through that incredibly difficult English exam. After hearing how intense it was, I have a whole new respect for doctors and medical students.Well, that's my extremely detailed and passionate summary of the 2013 National Unified English Test for you all! I hope I did a good job explaining it from a kid's point of view. Let me know if you have any other questions! Time for a snack break...篇3The Big Scary Test DayWow, today was a really big day! I had to wake up super early because my mom and dad said I had to take a really important test. They called it the "2013 National English Test for Medical Doctoral Students." That's a really long name for a test! I don't even know what a "doctoral student" is.When we got to the testing place, there were so many grown-ups there. I felt like a tiny little kid in a sea of giants! The room was huge, and there were desks set up everywhere. My mom pointed to a desk near the front and told me that was going to be my spot for the test. I was really nervous!The test proctor lady came in and started explaining all the rules. She said we couldn't talk, couldn't look at each other's papers, and had to keep our eyes on our own test booklets. It sounded really strict! I got even more nervous thinking about how I wasn't allowed to ask any questions during the test.Finally, the proctor said it was time to begin. She passed out the test booklets, and they were super thick! My booklet had to be at least 100 pages long. I gulped and thought to myself, "How am I ever going to finish this whole thing?"The first section was listening comprehension. The audio started playing, and a friendly-sounding lady's voice came through the speakers. She was talking about something called "medical ethics." I had no idea what that meant, but I tried my best to listen carefully and answer the questions.Next up was the reading section. The passages were all about science and medical stuff. There were so many big words that I didn't understand! I just tried to read slowly and carefully, and answer the questions to the best of my ability.After what felt like forever, we finally got to take a short break. I stretched my legs and used the bathroom. My brain felt like mush from trying so hard to concentrate.The writing section was probably the hardest part for me. We had to write a whole essay about some complicated medical topic. I did my best to string some sentences together, but I'm not sure if it made any sense. Writing is hard!The very last section was speaking. We had to goone-by-one into a different room and answer some questions out loud while a lady recorded us on a computer. I was so nervous that my hands were shaking! But the lady gave me an encouraging smile, and I tried my best to speak slowly and clearly.At long last, the whole test was finally over! My brain felt like a big jumbled mess, but I was so relieved that it was done. All the grown-ups were packing up their things and getting ready to leave. I found my mom and dad, and they gave me a big hug and told me they were proud of me for working so hard.On the way home in the car, I fell into a deep sleep. Taking that medical doctoral test was the most difficult thing I've ever done in my whole life! I sure hope I did okay on it. But either way, I'm just glad it's over. Phew, what a day!篇4Hi there! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. Mrs. Thompson asked me to write about my experience taking the 2013 National Medical Doctoral English Unified Exam. I know it sounds really hard for a kid like me, but I'll do my best to explain it!It all started a few weeks ago when my big sister Susie came home from medical school. She looked really stressed out. When I asked her what was wrong, she told me she had to take this huge exam called the "National Medical Doctoral English Unified Exam." It's a test that all medical students have to pass before they can become real doctors.Susie said the exam was going to be super duper hard because it's all in English. English is like a foreign language to her since we only speak Chinese at home. She had to learn all sorts of big fancy medical words in English. Just thinking about it made my head hurt!Anyway, Susie had to study day and night to get ready. Our house was covered in medical textbooks, flashcards, and empty coffee mugs. I tried to help her study, but I could barely even read the words, let alone understand what they meant!Finally, the day of the big exam arrived. Susie was so nervous, she barely ate any breakfast. I gave her a high-five for good luck as she headed out the door. "You've got this, sis!" I shouted. She just grimaced and kept walking.The exam was held at a huge testing center downtown. There were hundreds of students there, all looking just as stressed as Susie. The rules were super strict - no talking, no cheating, and definitely no bathroom breaks! I'm glad I wasn't the one taking it.Susie said the first part was listening comprehension. She had to listen to doctors giving instructions and answer questions about what they said. Next up was reading comprehension about different medical cases and procedures. Susie told mesome of the words were so long and confusing, she wanted to cry!After that was the writing section where she had to explain medical concepts in clear English. Susie's hand cramped up from writing so much. Then there were all sorts of other sections testing grammar, vocabulary, speaking ability, you name it!The exam lasted over 6 hours. SIX HOURS! I can't even sit still for that long when I'm watching cartoons. Susie looked exhausted when she finally emerged from the test center. Her face was pale and she could barely speak from using so much brainpower.I gave her a big celebratory hug when she got home. She plopped down on the couch and didn't move for like three hours. Mom made her favorite dumplings for dinner to congratulate her on surviving the epic exam day.A few weeks later, the results came in the mail. Susie passed!! She got high enough scores to start her medical residency. I was super proud of her for proving she was smart enough to be a doctor, even in English.In the end, Susie said the exam was one of the hardest things she'd ever done in her entire life. But she was also really glad shepushed herself and worked so hard to achieve her dream career. Seeing my big sis overcome that huge challenge inspired me to never give up, no matter how difficult things get.Who knows, maybe one day I'll be the one taking the crazy Medical Doctoral English Exam? Although I'll probably need to learn English first before I can think about becoming a doctor. Baby steps!Well, that's my tale of the legendary 2013 medical exam. I hope I explained it okay! Let me know if you need me to dumb it down even more. Writing at an 8-year-old level is harder than it looks. Now if you'll excuse me, I have an important kindergarten final coming up on finger painting...篇5My Trip to the DoctorHi! My name is Lily and I'm 8 years old. Today I'm going to tell you all about my trip to the doctor last week. It was a really exciting adventure!It all started on Monday morning. I woke up and my throat was super sore and scratchy. I could barely swallow without it hurting. "Uh oh," I thought, "I must be getting sick."I went to the kitchen where my mom was making breakfast. "Good morning sweetie," she said in a cheery voice. "Are you ready for another fun day at school?"I shook my head sadly. "No mom, my throat really hurts," I croaked out in a raspy voice. I stuck out my bright red, swollen tonsils for her to see.My mom's eyes got really wide. "Oh no, you poor thing!" she exclaimed. "That looks like a nasty case of tonsillitis. I better call the pediatrician right away to get you an appointment."The pediatrician is just a fancy word for a kids' doctor. My mom dialed their number and talked on the phone for a few minutes. When she hung up, she looked at me with a sympathetic smile."Okay sweetie, I was able to get you in to see Dr. Stevens this afternoon at 3 o'clock. In the meantime, I want you to go rest on the couch and I'll bring you some warm tea with honey to soothe your throat."I nodded listlessly and shuffled over to the living room couch, wrapping myself up in a fuzzy blanket. My mom brought me the tea a little later and I sipped it slowly, relieved by the smoothing sensation on my poor, abused throat.A few hours later, it was time to head to the doctor's office. We loaded into our blue minivan and off we went! I had visited Dr. Stevens many times before, so I knew the way to her office like the back of my hand.When we arrived, my mom checked me in at the front desk. "Lily Anderson to see Dr. Stevens for a 3 o'clock sick visit," she told the friendly receptionist. We only had to wait about 10 minutes before a nurse opened the door to the hallway."Lily Anderson?" she called out in a singsong voice. I perked up, time for the real fun to begin! We followed the nurse down the hallway lined with colorful drawings by kids. She brought us into the examination room and checked my temperature, blood pressure, and other vitals."The doctor will be right in," she told us before leaving the room. My mom and I had to wait just a couple of minutes before there was a knock at the door."Hello there!" the cheery voice of Dr. Stevens called out as she entered. "What seems to be the trouble today?""Lily has a really bad sore throat, I'm afraid she may have tonsillitis," my mom explained while I just nodded weakly.Dr. Stevens had me open my mouth wide and say "Ahhhh" while she inspected my crimson tonsils with a tongue depressor. She also felt around my neck checking for swollen lymph nodes."You're absolutely right, those tonsils are very inflamed and swollen," Dr. Stevens declared with a frown. "And I can feel her lymph nodes up as well. This is definitely a case of acute tonsillitis, most likely caused by a bacterial infection."My heart sank - bacterial infection sounded really serious and scary! I started to whimper but my mom gave my hand a reassuring squeeze."Not to worry Lily," Dr. Stevens said with a kind smile, "we'll have you feeling good as new in no time. I'm going to prescribe a course of antibiotics to get rid of that nasty tonsillitis."The antibiotics would be special medicine that I'd have to take for about 10 days to kill the bacterial infection making me sick. Dr. Stevens called the prescription into my regular pharmacy and told my mom I should start feeling better in a day or two once the antibiotics kicked in.As we left the office, I felt a huge wave of relief wash over me. Taking some occasional gross-tasting medicine was no big deal if it meant I would stop feeling so miserable! Sure enough, after acouple days of the antibiotics, the swelling in my throat had gone down dramatically and I was on the road to recovery.I was so thankful my mom took me to see Dr. Stevens right away. Tonsillitis sounds like no fun at all if you let it go untreated! From now on, if my throat ever starts feeling funny again, you can be sure I'll let my parents know immediately. Staying on top of your health is very important, even for kids. Getting check-ups and taking care of any issues right away is the key to staying healthy and happy!Well, that's the full scoop on my exciting trip to the doctor. Wasn't it a wild ride? I can't wait for my next doctor's visit adventure - I hear the lollipops they give out are the best! Thanks for reading, friends!篇6The 2013 Doctor English Test Was Really Hard!Hi everyone! My name is Timmy and I'm 8 years old. I really struggled with the 2013 national medical doctoral English unified exam this year. It was super duper difficult! I had to wake up at 6am to get to the test center by 8am. The test was scheduled from 8:30am to 5pm with just a short lunch break.That's a really long time for a kid to have to sit still and concentrate!The test had four sections - listening, reading, writing, and speaking. The listening section was first. We had to wear headphones and listen to conversations, lectures, and talks. Then we had to answer multiple choice questions about the main ideas, details, speaker's purposes, and making inferences. It was hard to pay attention the whole time without getting distracted!After listening, we moved right into the reading section. This part had really long and boring passages to read through. The passages were about all kinds of topics like science, history, culture, and academics. Some of the words were so advanced that I had never even heard them before! The questions asked about the main ideas, details, vocabulary, making inferences, and the author's views and purposes. My eyes started getting tired from all that reading.We then got a short lunch break, which was a nice break to rest my brain. But after lunch came the terrible writing section! We had to write two essays of different types, like an argument essay or a proposal essay. The prompt topics were really complex subjects that I didn't know much about. It was so hard to organize my thoughts and come up with enough supportingideas and examples to write a whole essay! My hand cramped up from all that writing.Finally after writing came the absolute worst part - the speaking section! We had to give spoken responses into a microphone about random topics and scenarios. I get so nervous speaking English out loud! We had to speak for 1-2 minutes on each question, using great vocabulary and organization. My mind just went blank under all that pressure. By the end, my mouth was dry from talking so much.This test was crazy difficult, way harder than anything we do in my regular English classes at school. I really hope I passed and don't have to take it again next year! I could barely stay awake driving home after the 9 hour exam. My brain felt like mush!Tests like this medical doctoral English exam seem way too hard for a little kid like me. How are adults even supposed to get through something so grueling and intense? Just thinking about it again makes me tired! I'll be happy if I never have to take another big standardized English exam for the rest of my life. No more essays, listening exercises, or speaking into microphones for me - I'm sticking to kids stuff from now on!。
2013年全国医学博士外语统一考试英语试卷讲解
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Conversation 12
W: Why didn’t you come to work yesterday?
M: I was feeling a little under the weather.
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中国医科大学博士入学考试试题汇总
目录目录 (1)中国医科大学病理生理学（基础）博士入学考试试题 (2)2004年（供内科、儿科、妇产科使用） (2)中国医科大学病理生理学（基础）博士入学考试试题2004年（供内科、儿科、妇产科使用）部分试题如下一、选择题15分：略二、判断：5分1.人体一次急性失血超过总血量的百分之十五以上，可引起休克2.通气/血流比值大于0.8可致静脉血搀杂3.水可在肾小管髓袢升支粗段与钠离子一起吸收入间质4.血液性缺氧时吸氧效果最好5.甲状腺素抵抗综合征是G蛋白异常性疾病6.动脉粥样硬化时血管平滑肌细胞凋亡和增殖均有增加，以增殖占主要地位7.引起DIC的原因中，血小板黏附聚集不受重视8.脂质A是外毒素致热的主要成分9.应激时胃黏膜蛋白分泌减少10.GFR下降是ARF的最重要机制三、填空10分1.低镁时，腺苷酸环化酶活性（）CAMP（）PTH分泌（）肾小管重吸收钙（），可导致低血钙症2.心室顺应性是指心室在（）变化下引起的（）改变，其倒数为（），反映心室顺应性的指标是（）3.病因是引起某一疾病的（）因素，它决定疾病的（）性四、概念10分SB 发热全身适应综合征健康细胞凋亡五、简答40分1.简述ARI时肾脏细胞的损伤情况2.简述GABA在肝性脑病发病中的作用3.呼吸衰竭引起心功能衰竭的病因4.心性哮喘的发病机制5.DIC引起出血的原因6.缺血再灌注损伤时氧自由基生成增多的机制7.血栓调节蛋白的抗凝血作用8.急性期反应蛋白的生物学功能六、论述20分1.为什么说混合性拮抗反应综合征是MSOF发生发展的基础2.试述血管内皮细胞损伤后，血小板的黏附激活过程。
北医、同济、中山、中国医科大学、哈医大、北京协和医院、武汉大学病理生理学考博真题合集
2012北医专业基础—病理生理学（原题）一、名词解释（30分）1.pathogenesis process2.hypervolemic hyponatremia3.anion gap4.histogenous hypoxia5.hyperthermia6.oxygen paradox7.shock8.restrictive hypoventilation9.pulmonary encephalopathy10.false neurotransmitter二、简答（70分）1.血管内外液体交换异常引起水肿的机制2.代谢性酸中毒的类型及发生原因3.热休克蛋白的定义及其功能4.DIC的分期及各期的特点5.什么是无复流现象，其发生机制如何6.呼吸困难在哪种类型的心衰最常见？该型心衰引起的呼吸困难与那些因素有关？7.急性肾衰少尿期最严重的并发症是什么？其发生机制是？2012年同济大学病理生理学真题（回忆）一、名词解释：1.脑死亡2.MODS3.ARDS4.肾功能不全5.呼吸衰竭6.应激性溃疡7.充血性心力衰竭8.PH反常9.内生致热源10.热休克蛋白11.心室重构12.微血管性溶血性贫血13.激素不敏感14.等渗性脱水二、选择题三、问答题1.急性全身性DIC为何会引起广泛出血和休克，其机制如何？2.心力衰竭者腹水的发生机制（是一个案例分析，大概是这个意思）3.风湿性心脏病二尖瓣狭窄的病理生理变化4.简述急性肾炎发生的机制5.肝性脑病时假神经递质有哪些？它们是如何引起肝性脑病的？2012中山大学病理生理（A）：1.名词解释：（都是英文）缺血再灌注损失凋亡心源性休克功能性分流2.论述题1）急性低钾血症和急性高钾血症引起肌无力的机制区别2）DIC的发病机制3）从细胞增殖和凋亡方面论述肿瘤的分子机制4）什么是SIRS、CARS、MARS？它们和多器官功能衰竭的关系？交大病生简答：内毒素引起MODS的机制。
DIC晚期患者易发生出血倾向的机制。
中国医科大学胸外科2013年考博真题试卷
二、填空题
记得有漏斗胸指数大于（）有手术指证；
食管癌好发于胸（）段
三、判断题并改错题
记得有细支气管肺泡癌和肺类癌预后好与坏的判断。
四、名词解释
1、连枷胸
2、纵膈扑动
3、创伤性窒息、
4、胸廓出口综合症、
5、漏斗胸。
五、简答题
1、胸腔闭式引流指证
2、肺癌的诊断方法
3、第七版肺癌分期中t3如何描述
4、胸导管的解剖行程
5、慢性脓胸的治疗原则。
六、病理分析题
列举了一个外伤的病例，
问题是
1、开放性气胸的病理生理改变；
2、胸外伤剖胸探查指证。
中国医科大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
中国医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：胸外科
Hale Waihona Puke 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题
10多个单选记得有问肺受压20%的处理原则；还有癌肿侵及食管全层，恶性程度高的病理形态类型的为哪个。
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博
真
题
中国医科大学
2013年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：胸外科
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、选择题
10多个单选记得有问肺受压20%的处理原则；还有癌肿侵及食管全层，恶性程度高的病理形态类型的为哪个。
多项选择n个记不太清，相对难些。其中有食管癌的病理诊断可能是哪个？选项有鳞癌、腺癌、腺鳞癌、癌肉瘤、移行细胞癌。
二、填空题
记得有漏斗胸指数大于（）有手术指证；
食管癌好发于胸（）段
三、判断题并改错题
记得有细支气管肺泡癌和肺类癌预后好与坏的判断。
四、名词解释
1、连枷胸
2、ห้องสมุดไป่ตู้膈扑动
3、创伤性窒息、
4、胸廓出口综合症、
5、漏斗胸。
五、简答题
1、胸腔闭式引流指证
2、肺癌的诊断方法
3、第七版肺癌分期中t3如何描述
4、胸导管的解剖行程
5、慢性脓胸的治疗原则。
六、病理分析题
列举了一个外伤的病例，
问题是
1、开放性气胸的病理生理改变；
2、胸外伤剖胸探查指证。