考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析十九

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考研英语真题阅读理解试题与名师解析十九.doc

Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal s ...Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when amatching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Threeweeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struckgold,’ says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and wona position as in-house counsel for a company。

2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text1

2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text12019年考研英语二阅读理解第一部分讲的是情绪有关的内容，小编为大家提供2019考研英语二阅读理解真题及答案解析text1，一起来看看吧！2019考研英语二阅读理解真题text1Text 1Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing: A child who claims responsibility for knocking over a tower and tries to rebuild i t is engaging in behavior that’s not only reparative but also prosocial.In the popular imagination, of course, guilt still gets a bad rap. It evokes Freud’s ideas and religious hang-ups. More important, guilt is deeply uncomfortable—it’s the emotional equivalent of wearing a jacket weighted with stones. Who would inflict it upon a child? Yet this understanding is outdated. “There has been a kind of revival or a rethinking about what guilt is and what role guilt can serve,” Vaish says, adding that this revi val is part of a larger recognition that emotions aren’t binary—feelings that may be advantageous in one context may be harmful in another. Jealousy and anger, for example, may have evolved to alert us to important inequalities. Too much happiness (think mania) can be destructive.And guilt, by prompting us to think more deeply about ourgoodness, can encourage humans to atone for errors and fix relationships. Guilt, in other words, can help hold a cooperative species together. It is a kind of social glue.Viewed in this light, guilt is an opportunity. Work by Tina Malti, a psychology professor at the University of Toronto, suggests that guilt may compensate for an emotional deficiency. In a number of studies, Malti and others have shown that guilt and sympathy (and its close cousin empathy) may represent different pathways to cooperation and sharing. Some kids who are low in sympathy may make up for that shortfall by experiencing more guilt, which can rein in their nastier impulses. And vice versa: High sympathy can substitute for low guilt.In a 2014 study, for example, Malti and a colleague looked at 244 children, ages 4, 8, and 12. Using caregiver assessments and the children’s self-observations, they rated each child’s overall sympathy level and his or her tendency to feel negative emotions (like guilt and sadness) after moral transgressions. Then the kids were handed stickers and chocolate coins, and given a chance to share them with an anonymous child. For the low-sympathy kids, how much they shared appeared to turn on how inclined they were to feel guilty. The guilt-prone ones shared more, even though they hadn’t magically become more sympathetic to the other child’s deprivation.“That’s good news,” Malti says. “We can be prosocial because of our empathetic proclivity, or because we caused harm and we feel regret.”21. Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help__________.A. regulate a child’s basic emotionsB. improve a child’s intellectual abilityC. intensify a child’s positiv e feelingsD. foster a child’s moral development22. According to Paragraph 2, many people still guilt to be _________.A. deceptiveB. addictiveC. burdensomeD. inexcusable23. Vaish holds that the rethinking about guilt comes from an awareness that________.A. an emotion can play opposing rolesB. emotions are socially constructiveC. emotional stability can benefit healthD. emotions are context -independent24. Malti and others have shown that cooperation and sharing_______.A. may help correct emotional deficienciesB. can bring about emotional satisfactionC. can result from either sympathy or guiltD. may be the outcome of impulsive acts25. The word “transgressions” (line4 para5) is closest in meaning to________.A. wrongdoingsB. discussionsC. restrictionsD. teachings2019考研英语二阅读理解答案解析text121. 答案【A】foster a child’smoral development解析：本题目为因果关系题，考察因果关系对应关系。

2019年考研英语一真题及答案解析完整版(20200520190227)

2019年考研已经结束，为方便考生备考，特整理2019年全国硕士研究生考试真题，供各位考生复习使用，以下是2019年英语（一）考研真题及答案解析。

Section ⅠUse of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A,B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps areavailable on our smart phones. 1 of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. Butphones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize. 3 you get lost without aphone or a compass, and you 4 can’t find north, a few tricks to help you navigate 5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land...When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer twoquestions: Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area And where is the nearest water sourceHumans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water. 9 , if you head downhill,and follow any H2O you find, you should 10 see signs of people.If you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights—you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 : Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 , even in dense forest,you should be able to 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths peoplecarve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At night, scan the horizon for 17light sources, such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you’re lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave onthe landscape. Trail blazes, tire tracks, and other features can 20 you to civilization.1. [A]Some [B]Most [C]Few [D]All2. [A]put[B]take[C]run [D]come3. [A]Since [B] If [C] Though [D]Until4. [A]formally [B] relatively [C] gradually [D] literally5. [A] back [B] next [C] around [D] away6. [A]onto [B]off[C]across [D]alone7. [A]unattractive[B] uncrowded [C]unchanged [D]unfamiliar8. [A] site[B]point [C]way [D]place9. [A] So [B] Yet [C]Instead [D]Besides10. [A]immediately [B] intentionally [C]unexpectedly [D] eventually11. [A]surprised [B]annoyed [C]frightened [D]confused12. [A] problem [B]option [C]view [D]result13. [A] Above all [B]In contrast [C] On average [D] For example14. [A]bridge [B]avoid [C]spot [D]separate15. [A] from [B] through [C]beyond [D] under16. [A] posts [B]links [C]shades [D]breaks17. [A] artificial [B] mysterious [C] hidden [D] limited18. [A] Finally [B] Consequently [C] incidentally [D] Generally19. [A] memories [B] marks [C] notes [D] belongings20. [A] restrict [B] adopt [C] lead [D] expose1-20参考答案及解析：1. 生活在一个GPS系统，数字地图和其他导航应用程序都在我们的智能手机上轻易获取”。

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解共15页

2019年全国硕士研究生入学统一考试英语真题答案及详解Section I Use of English1-5 CDBBA 6-10 BADCA 11-15 BCDCB 16-20 DADAC1．C解析：语义逻辑题。

第一句含义是“古希腊哲学家亚里士多德把笑看作是“有益于身体健康的宝贵锻炼”，第二句意思是“但是一些人提出相反的意见，轻笑可能对身体健康影响极小”，两句之间是转折关系，A、B、C、D四个选项中只有C选项表转折“尽管”，故是正确选项。

2．D解析：语义辨析题。

上下文语境是“笑确实能短期的改变”。

A. reflect“反映”，B. demand“要求”，C. indicate“表明，暗示”，D. produce“产生”，只有D 选项符合语境，所以是正确答案。

3．B解析：语义搭配题。

文中提到“笑能够心律呼吸速率。

” A. stabilizing 意思是“安定，稳定”，B. boosting“促进，推进”，C. impairing“损害，削弱”，D. determining“决定”，根据语境应该是“笑能够促进心律呼吸速率”，B为正确答案。

4．B解析：语义辨析题。

这句话意思是“但是因为大笑很难，一次狂笑不可能……”，四个选项的含义分别是 A. transmit “传播”，B. sustain“维持”，C. evaluate “评估”，D. observe“观察”，根据语境，只有B. sustain符合语境。

5．A解析：语义辨析题。

这句话意思是“一次狂笑不可能像比如走路或者慢跑那样对心血管功能产生益处。

” A. measurable“重大的，重要的”，B. manageable“易控制的”，C. affordable“负担得起的”，D. renewable“可再生的”，四个选项中能和“益处”搭配的只有A. measurable，故是正确答案。

6．B解析：逻辑分析题。

第二段第一句是说“其他的锻炼可以拉紧增强肌肉，很显然笑确是起到了……作用”，对上文有承接还有转折的关系，A. In turn 意思是“轮流”，C. In addition是“另外”，D. In brief 意思是“简而言之”，都不符合语境，只有B. In fact“事实上”符合上下文语境，是正确选项。

2019考研英语二阅读理解text1、text2真题答案及解析是什么

2019考研英语二阅读理解text1、text2真题答案及解析是什么2019考研已经结束，相信很多考生在考研英语二印象最深的就是阅读理解，这次阅读理解text1、text2的答案是什么呢?下面让我们一起来看看这篇2019考研英语二阅读理解text1、text2真题答案及解析是什么?2019考研英语二阅读理解text1真题答案及解析是什么21. [C] foster a child’s moral development22. [B] burdensome23. [D] an emotion can play opposing roles24. [B] can result from either sympahty or guilt25. [D] wrongdoings解析：21. 根据题干Researchers think that guilt can be a good thing because it may help______.内容定位到第一段最后一句This is why researchers generally regard so-called moral guilt, in the right amount, to be a good thing. 由最后一句的this指代词，可知原因在第一段的前几句，根据第一句Unlike so-called basic emotions such as sadness, fear, and anger, guilt emerges a little later, in conjunction with a child’s growing grasp of social and moral norms. 和第二句Children aren’t born knowing how to say “I’m sorry”; rather, they learn over time that such statements appease parents and friends—and their own consciences. 可知内疚不是天生的，而是和一个孩子的道德规范有关，是通过后天学习获得的。

19考研英语试题及答案

19考研英语试题及答案一、阅读理解（共20分，每题2分）1. According to the passage, what is the main cause of the decline in honeybee populations?A. PesticidesB. Climate changeC. Loss of habitatD. Disease答案：C2. What does the author suggest as a solution to the honeybee crisis?A. Government interventionB. Public awareness campaignsC. Reintroduction of wild beesD. Development of alternative pollinators答案：A3. What is the primary purpose of the article?A. To inform readers about the honeybee crisisB. To promote the use of wild beesC. To criticize government policiesD. To encourage public participation in conservation efforts 答案：A4. Which of the following statements is NOT true according to the passage?A. Honeybees are essential for crop pollination.B. The decline in honeybee populations has led to a decrease in crop yields.C. Wild bees can pollinate crops as effectively as honeybees.D. The use of pesticides is the sole cause of the honeybee crisis.答案：D5. What is the author's attitude towards the honeybee crisis?A. OptimisticB. PessimisticC. IndifferentD. Concerned答案：D二、完形填空（共20分，每题1分）In recent years, the number of honeybees has dramatically decreased, which has raised serious concerns among scientists and farmers alike. The decline in honeybee populations is primarily due to the loss of habitat, as agricultural expansion and urbanization have destroyed many of the natural environments where bees once thrived. This situation has led to a significant impact on crop pollination, as honeybees play a crucial role in the reproduction of many plants.6. In recent years, the number of honeybees has ____________.A. increasedB. remained stableC. dramatically decreasedD. fluctuated答案：C7. The decline in honeybee populations is primarily due to____________.A. the loss of habitatB. the use of pesticidesC. climate changeD. disease答案：A8. Agricultural expansion and urbanization have ____________.A. improved the environment for beesB. destroyed many of the natural environmentsC. had no effect on bee populationsD. increased the use of pesticides答案：B9. The situation has led to a significant impact on____________.A. crop yieldsB. beekeeping industryC. urban developmentD. agricultural expansion答案：A10. Honeybees play a crucial role in the ____________ of many plants.A. reproductionB. growthC. harvestingD. transportation答案：A三、翻译（共20分，每题5分）11. 请将以下句子翻译成英文：“由于气候变化，许多物种的生存受到了威胁。

2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AS the Waters Rise

2019考研英语阅读题源文章解析：AS the WatersRiseFrom The EconomistSept.27,2007AS the Waters RiseAs world leaders met to discuss climate change at the United Nations this week, protesters outside seemed unconvinced that drowning islands and expanding deserts were the plane's biggest woe. Latin Americans lamented the imperialism of the United States. Vietnamese with Buddhist flags decried their govermnent's impiety, while emigres from Iran deplored their rulers' religious fervour.Inside the building, concerns were almost as diffuse. Some thought the most pressing aspect of climate change was rising sea levels; others, the growing intensity of storms and droughts; and others the spread of pests and diseases. Many poor countries felt more money was needed to address the problem; rich ones fretted about a lack of political will and popular enthusiasm. South Africa wanted more "mainstreaming of women and youth". Bolivia's president, Evo Morales, called capitalism the “worst enemy”，A sheikh from the United Arab Emirates said too vigorous a response to global warming could wreck oil-dependent economies. And President George Bush, not content with the UN event, held his own meeting on climate change on September 27th.In theory, both his gathering and the UN one aimed to foster debate about a successor to the Kyoto protocol theUN's existing treaty on climate change, which expires in 2012. But the rhetoric surrounding the two deliberations was very different. At the UN meeting, almost every leader spoke of "common but differentiated responsibilities”---jargon forthe idea that rich countries must cut their emissions of greenhouse gases, while poor ones carry on as normal unlessthe rich world pays for them to clean up their act. The White House affair, meanwhile, focused on disseminating green technology. The implicit message was that binding emissions targets are counter-productive, and that any solution must involve poor countries as well as rich ones.Yvo de Boer, head of the agency that oversees Kyoto andits precursor, the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, says the gulf between America and the rest is less wide than it appears. Although Mr. Bush is not yet ready to contemplate a binding international treaty that wouldlimit greenhouse-gas emissions, he does advocate policiesthat could help trim America's emissions. As it is, states representing over half of America's emissions have pledgedcuts of some kind. Congress, meanwhile, is contemplating several bills that would impose a national cap. Australia,the other rich country that rejected Kyoto, is also workingon an emissions-reduction plan.Poor countries, for the most part, are still refusing to accept any targets of their own. Theyargue that rich countries have not made enough use of the Clean Development Mechanism(CDM), a scheme under Kyoto thatlets countries with emissions-reduction targets meet them in part through projects in poor countries. Cuba's foreign minister, for one, dismissed rich countries' efforts to date as modestisimo：he questioned the "moral authority” of leaders like Mr. Bush. India merely vowed that its emissions per head would never exceed the level of rich countries, a formula that still permits enormous growth.But a few developing countries hinted at a more flexible stance. Mexico suggested tying the aid given to poor countries through programmes like the CDM to their efforts to combat climate change. Indonesia's president, amid more talk of "differentiated responsibilities", said all countries should take on bigger burdens, and told fellow leaders to "think outside the box". There was much discussion--albeit mostly on the sidelines--of poor countries taking on targets for emissions per head, or per unit of output in certain industries.All this hints at the shape of things to come. America and Australia can probably be enticed to limit emissions, especially if, as expected, both get new governments in the next year or two. But the oversight and administration of such a deal might be looser than under Kyoto, given America's suspicion of global bureaucrats. Poor countries might he induced to take on targets of some sort, albeit of a less exacting sort than the straight emissions cuts faced by rich countries. But forging such a deal could take an age：neither America nor the UN expect any conclusion before late 2008.Perhaps those low-lying islands should not count on staying dry.。

2009年考研英语真题阅读理解试题(附答案、解析、翻译)

A history of long and effortless success can be a dreadful handicap, but, if properly handled, it may become a driving force. When the United States entered just such a glowing period after the end of the Second World War, it had a market eight times larger than any competitor, giving its industries unparalleled economies of scale. Its scientists were the world's best, its workers the most skilled. America and Americans were prosperous beyond the dreams of the Europeans and Asians whose economies the war had destroyed.It was inevitable that this primacy should have narrowed as other countries grew richer. Just as inevitably, the retreat from predominance proved painful. By the mid-1980s Americans had found themselves at a loss over their fading industrial competitiveness. Some huge American industries, such as consumer electronics, had shrunk or vanished in the face of foreign competition. By 1987 there was only one American television maker left, Zenith. (Now there is none: Zenith was bought by South Korea's LG Electronics in July。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析十九.doc

考研英语第19套题

第十九套题Part ADirections:Read the following four texts. Answer the questions below each text by choosing A, B, C or D. Mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET 1. (40 points)Text 1 07.8Whenever the phrase “compensation culture”is used, an active coalition of trade unionists, Whitehall officials and Left-leaning publications leap into action to deny that such a thing exists in Britain. They point out that the number of claims has been falling for the past two or three years, that the average pay-out is low, that it isn’t easy to get compensation, and that the media blow up absurd cases that come to court but bury the fact that the case subsequently failed. All this may be true; yet it is equally undeniable in this weekend that marks the 40th anniversary of the Aberfan disaster, that a compensation culture exists today where it never did before.It’s hard to read about that day in Merthyr Tydfil without your feelings welling up. On the one hand, the example of the deputy headmaster found dead with five children in his arms, as if protecting them. On the other, the life-on-Mars behaviour of the Coal Board, which demanded ￡150,000 out of the ￡160,000 relief fund in order to move the slag heaps. And yet the villagers refused to sue the board as that would be “to bow to vengeance”.Then, a generation later in 1990, a young woman issued a writ suing the board for the psychological damage she suffered as a witness to the events. She received more than any of the more proximate victims. Whatever the rights and wrongs of her claim, it demonstrated a very significant social shift: a compensation culture didn’t exist at the time of the disaster in 1966 but had clearly started to form 25 years later. And it evolved rapidly. Nine years after the Hillsborough disaster in 1989, a number of police officers who had attended the carnage at the football ground claimed substantial payments for post traumatic stress. A former sergeant got ￡300,000. Fourteen other officers accepted ￡1.2 million between them. Phil Hammond, who lost a 14-year-old son, received ￡3,500. He called the payments to the police (who belonged to an organisation that had caused the disaster to happen, as Lord Justice Taylor reported) “disgusting”. The culture has now mutated and we hear daily reports of its manifestations. It is in this context that you can connect a wide range of different phenomena. The fact that cans of nuts present the warning “Contains nuts” is connected to the fact that teache rs won’t put a plaster on your child’s knee without written consent, which is also connected to the fact that tens of thousands of gravestones all over the country are being laid flat. Why? Because people sue for compensation when things go wrong.The authorities say it’s to do with public safety; it isn’t true. A child was killed when a gravestone fell on him. But the councils reacted only when a ￡30,000 award was made to the mother three years later. It is the cost to the public purse caused by compensation cases that produces this bizarre behaviour. It’s the threat of legal suit and large pay-outs that give bite to Health and Safety procedures.［530 words］1. What does the example of the Aberfan disaster illustrate?［A］Disaster victims don’t tend to get proper compensation.［B］Compensation culture didn’t exist in Britain.［C］The authorities’ statements are far from truth.［D］The public was poorly educated concerning its legal rights.2. When mentioning “a wide range of different phenomena” (Lines 2, Paragraph 4), the author is talking about .［A］all kinds of sues for compensation［B］exaggerated media reports of cases［C］precautionary measures against law suits［D］the beneficiaries of compensation culture 3. The author believes that safety procedures have now been drawn up because of .［A］the consideration of public safety［B］the denial of compensation culture［C］the pressure from the public［D］the fear of compensation4. Which of the following is true according to the text?［A］The British government has attached importance to compensation culture.［B］One indirect victim of Aberfan disaster has been compensated.［C］All Hillsborough victims have been granted good compensation.［D］the councils reacted swiftly to the gravestone accident.5. Toward compensation culture, the writer’s attitude can he said to be .［A］supportive［B］objective［C］disgusted［D］indifferentText 2 07.6The provision of positive incentives to work in the new society will not be an easy task. But the most difficult task of all is to devise the ultimate and final sanction to replace the ultimate sanction of hunger—the economic whip of the old dispensation. Moreover, in a society which rightly rejects the pretence of separating economics from politics and denies the autonomy of the economic order, that sanction can be found only in some conscious act of society. We can no longer ask the invisible hand to do our dirty work for us.I confess that I am less horror-struck than some people at the prospect, which seems to me unavoidable, of an ultimate power of what is called direction of labour resting in some arm of society, whether in an organ of state or of trade unions. I should indeed be horrified if I identified this prospect with a return to the conditions of the pre-capitalist era. The economic whip of laissez-faire undoubtedly represented an advance on the serf-like conditions of that period: in that relative sense, the claim of capitalism to have established for the first time a system of “free” labour deserves respect. But the direction of labour as exercised in Great Britain in the Second World War seems to me to represent as great an advance over the economic whip of the heyday of capitalist private enterprise as the economic whip represented over pre-capitalist serfdom.Much depends on the effectiveness of the positive incentives, much, too, on the solidarity and self-discipline of the community. After all, under the system of laissez-faire capitalism the fear of hunger remained an ultimate sanction rather than a continuously operative force. It would have been intolerable if the worker had been normally driven to work by conscious fear of hunger; nor, except in the early and worst days of the Industrial Revolution, did that normally happen. Similarly in the society of the future the power of direction should be regarded not so much as an instrument of daily use but rather as an ultimate sanction held in reserve where voluntary methods fail. It is inconceivable that, in any period or in any conditions that can now be foreseen, any organ of state in Great Britain would be in a position, even if it had the will, to marshal and deploy the labour force over the whole economy by military discipline like an army in the field. This, like other nightmares of a totally planned economy, can be left to those who like to frighten themselves and others with scarecrows.［439 words］6. The word “sanction”(Line 2, Paragraph 1) is closest in meaning to.［A］corrective measures［B］encouraging methods［C］preventive efforts［D］revolutionary actions7. Which of the following is implied in the first paragraph?［A］People used to be forced to work under whips.［B］The author dislikes the function of politics in economy.［C］Incentives are always less available than regulations.［D］People have an instinct of working less and getting more.8. The author’s attitudes towards future, as is indicated in the beginning of the second paragraph, is one of.［A］reluctant acceptance［B］sheer pessimism［C］mild optimism［D］extreme hopefulness9. The author of the text seems to oppose the idea of.［A］free market［B］military control［C］strict regulations［D］unrestrained labors10. The last sentence of the text indicates the author’s.［A］hatred［B］affection［C］stubbornness［D］rejectionText 3 07.8If the British government’s plans to introduce identity cards stay on track, Britons will, within three years, begin to receive cards containing personal details, together with a digital photograph, fingerprints and an iris scan. A nation that has not possessed identity cards since 1952 will, in a step, acquire the world’s most complex system.At the heart of the scheme is a national identity register, which will record basic personal details: name, sex, date and place of birth, address, nationality, immigration status and the numbers of documents such as driver’s licences and passports. Those who fear the lengthening arm of the state should note that all of this information (and a good deal more) is already in government hands. Nor will the register be a patch on some commercial databases. Pieter Kasselman of Cybertrust, an information-security company, points out that consumer data and credit-reference companies already know much more about what people get up to.The beauty of the new database, from the government’s point of view, is that the information it holds on a citizen will be dependable and reliably linked to that person. The errors and multiple entries that plague existing systems ought to be eliminated. As a result, and thanks to the introduction of a unique identifying number, government departments will be able to share information much more easily. At the moment, it is often difficult to know whether the John Bull known to one agency is the John Bull known to another.Prophets of technological doom will probably be disappointed by a system that ought to suffer no more than the usual teething troubles. Although government IT projects have an unhappy record in Britain, serious trouble has usually come not from technology, but from extra burdens and bureaucratic reforms brought in at the same time. In 1999, for example, the Passport Agency tried to upgrade its computer system while changing the rules about who had to apply for a passport. Fifty-day delays and angry queues were the result. Identity cards will be phased in gradually, as people renew their passports, and, because the database does not replace something that already exists, there will be no “big bang” when older systems are switched off. Catastrophic failure cantherefore probably be avoided.But the project may prove costly. That is a danger because public support for the cards, which appears immune to concerns about civil liberties or effectiveness, depends on their price. Charles Clarke, the home secretary, tried to relieve fears by promising to cap the cost of an identity card. This is a meaningless gesture, since costs can easily be shunted to places where they will cause less offence. Much of the cost of collecting biometric and personal data has already been shifted to the passport service, on the grounds that passports must meet tougher international standards. New procedures mean the cost of a passport is predicted to reach ￡67.93 next year—almost twice as much as the figure for a passport last year. That allows politicians to claim identity cards are a fairly cheap add-on.［520 words］11. What is the author’s attitude towards the ID card plans?［A］strong disagreement.［B］enthusiastic support.［C］cautious opposition. ［D］reserved approval.12. From the first three paragraphs, it can be inferred that the current identity database .［A］is difficult and costly to access ［B］excludes inaccurate information［C］is inefficient at identifying individuals ［D］contains little personal details13. “Teething troubles” (Line 2, Paragraph 4) most probably means .［A］small problems ［B］serious drawbacks［C］heavy burdens［D］slight contempt14. According to the opponents, the ID card scheme is likely to.［A］result in needless bureaucracy［B］be a technological and political disaster［C］threaten a citizen’s privacy［D］drain money from people15. According to the author, if the new register project is too expensive, the government will probably .［A］win unchanged support from the public［B］create a false impression of a reasonable price ［C］replace ID cards with passports ［D］make it compulsory for everyone to get an ID card Text 4 07.8Farmers in the United States and around the world are likely to face serious challenges in the coming decades as new kinds of weather test their ability to bring us the food we all depend on. The weather, of course, has never been exactly dependable—farmers have always been at the mercy of the vagaries of sun and rain. But general weather patterns have at least been broadly predictable, allowing farmers to know when to sow their seed, when to transplant, when to harvest. As weather patterns become less reliable, growers will be tested to develop new rhythms and systems for growing crops.Climate change is likely to impact different parts of the world in vastly different ways, climatologists and agronomists say. Scientists at a recent international conference in London reported that warming temperatures could lead to substantial harvest reductions in major food crops such as wheat, soy and rice. And for years the World Bank and others have been warning that climate change will be especially burdensome on poor countries in the tropics, where soil quality is generally inferior. According to a study conducted in the Philippines, for every one degree C increase in temperature, there will be a 10-percent reduction in yields for rice, a staple crop for billions of people.But here in the U.S., most observers agree, it’s doubtful that climate change could cause a foodsecurity crisis. The U.S. food system—though highly concentrated in terms of ownership and control—is geographically very diverse, which means that crops could be shifted to other areas if necessary. Also, the U.S. produces so much surplus grains for animal feed and food processing that it would take enormous crop failures to create real food scarcities. At least for residents of the U.S., a climate-change induced famine is unlikely.Farmers are a famously adaptive lot, well accustomed to reacting to forces beyond their control. The worry among scientists is that if the agriculture establishment does not take climate change seriously enough, it will become much more difficult to respond effectively when weather disruptions hit. Easterling says the window for farmers to successfully adapt to new weather conditions is about six to ten years—the time it takes for researchers to breed new seed varieties s uited for specific conditions. “What would worry anyone is if climate change starts to exceed the system’s built-in adaptive response,”easterling says.Among farmers and researchers, there is disagreement about which types of growers climate change will impact most—large agribusiness growing operations, or smaller, family-run farms. Some agriculture industry observers say that the bigger farmers will have an advantage in coping with weather changes, as they will have more resources to switch to new crops. Others say that since family farms usually grow a wider range of crops, their biological diversity will make it easier to cope with whatever changes occur.What all agriculture experts agree on is that farmers need to start preparing today for climate change. Growers ought to be thinking about what warmer temperatures, fluctuations in precipitation, and an increase in extreme weather events will mean for their farms, and how they can respond. “This is change; it’s not necessarily disaster,”says Grubinger. “The disaster will come if people aren’t prepared.”［551 words］16.The most serious problem confronting the farmers is that.［A］they lack the knowledge about weather forecasts［B］once-dependable weather patterns are shifting［C］the farming pattern is changing in strange ways［D］the farmland is not as productive as it used to be17.It can be inferred that tropical developing countries are more vulnerable to.［A］global warming［B］dry weather［C］soil erosion ［D］too much rain at the wrong time18. The United States is unlikely to suffer from food crisis because of its.［A］geographical complexity［B］mechanization in agriculture［C］diversity of crops［D］abundance of food19. According to the text, the scientists seem to worry about .［A］farmer’s ability to produce food［B］the environment’s capacity to absorb pollution［C］agricultural system’s capacity of innovation［D］human’s ability to respond to emergency20. What advice might agricultural experts give about crop growing?［A］Don’t put all your eggs in one basket. ［B］The first step is the only difficulty.［C］Caution is the parent of safety.［D］Early start makes easy stages.Part B 07.8Directions:You are going to read a text about the tips on how to walk out of career dilemma, followed by a list of examples and quotations. Choose the best example from the list A-F for each numbered subheading (21-25). There is one extra example which you do not need to use. Mark your answers on ANSER SHEET 1. (10 points)As companies continue to cut costs, the days of frequent promotions are a distant memory. So are the days of endless opportunities to show off your skills. Layoff survivors, faced with fewer options are finding themselves in career suffering—there’s no way up and no way out.After talking to career coaches, managers, recruiters, and psychologists, Fortune puts together eight tips to help workers break free from the inertia.21. Avoid taking coverDon’t hide out behind your computer.22. Look beyond your job descriptionPeople don’t get promotions just because they do their jobs well; they get promotions because they take initiative.23.Be creativeRemember, says Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, “people hire us to think, not just to do.”This is the perfect time to tackle the project that you’ve always wished you had more time for.24.Take responsibility for your successBe proactive, not reactive. Says Kennedy: “If you’re waiting for something to happen to you, it’s not going to be anything positive.”Figure out your goals and let managers know what they are; identify your weaknesses and work on them; find better ways to harness your strengths. For nontangible skills—leadership, management, communication—coaches recommend hiring a coach.25. Adjust your attitudeDon’t panic. Even though the economy is in a recession, your career is not coming to an end. How you look at the situation will have a big impact on whether you stay stuck or move ahead.［256 words］［A］Dee Soder, founder of the CEO Perspective Group, recommends scheduling an hour each day to work on extra things such as new initiatives or ways to improve your job or that or those above you.［B］It might be helpful to hunt for motivation in other places. “Now is the time to start taking a look at how fulfilling your life is outside of work,”says Lois Frankel, president of Corporate Coaching International. Find exciting activities to replenish yourself with—and then bring that positive spirit into the office.［C］“You should really work to increase or maintain the visibility that you have,”says David Opton, founder and CEO of career management firm ExecuNet. Speak up in meetings, join task forces, and volunteer for difficult projects that co-workers aren’t willing to tackle.［D］Fortify your current relationships and work on making new ones, both within and outside the office. “Allies will be helpful in terms of letting you know information, like if there’s a job possibility that comes up, ”says Soder.［E］Lauren Doliva, a partner at recruiting firm Heidrick & Struggles International, has a client looking to hire a COO. When someone brought up the VP of operations, who was the obvious candidate for the job, the CEO rejected him outright. “He said no because the VP only does what’s expected,”says Doliva. “The CEO didn’t see him as someone who would take the risks and the time to do the job better.”［F］ A client of Soder’s was put into a new management role, but didn’t feel like she had what it took to oversee a bigger team. She went out and hired a coach who helped her learn how to interact with top executives as well as how to run a bigger territory. She has since been promoted again.Part C 06.8Directions:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written clearly on ANSWER SHEET 2.(10 points)Wisdom born of experience should tell us that war is obsolete.（26）There may have been a time when war served as a negative good by preventing the spread and growth of an evil force, but the destructive power of modern weapons eliminates even the possibility that war may serve any good at all. In a day when vehicles hurtle through outer space and guided ballistic missiles carve highways of death through the stratosphere, no nation can claim victory in war. A so-called limited war will leave little more than a calamitous legacy of human suffering, political and spiritual disillusionment. A world war will leave only smoldering ashes as mute testimony of a human race whose folly led inexorably to ultimate death. （27）If modern man continues to toy unhesitatingly with war, he will transform his earthly habitat into a hell such as even the mind of Dante (但丁) could not imagine.（28）Therefore I suggest that the philosophy and strategy of nonviolence becomes immediately a subject for study and for serious experimentation in every field of human conflict, by no means excluding the relations between nations. It is, after all, nation states, which make war, which have produced the weapons that threaten the survival of mankind and which are both genocidal and suicidal in character.We have ancient habits to deal with, vast structures of power, indescribably complicated problems to solve.（29）But unless we resign our humanity altogether and yield to fear and impotence in the presence of the weapons we have ourselves created, it is as possible and as urgent to put an end to war and violence between nations as it is to put an end to poverty and racial injustice.I do not minimize the complexity of the problems that need to be faced. （30）But I am convinced that we shall not have the will, the courage and the insight to deal with such matters unless in this field we are prepared to undergo a mental and spiritual re-evaluation, a change of focus which will enable us to see that the things that seem most real and powerful are indeed now unreal and have come under sentence of death. We need to make a supreme effort to generate the readiness, indeed the eagerness, to enter into the new world, which is now possible, “the city which hath foundation, whose Building and Maker is God”.［418 words］答案1.B2.C3.D4.B5.B6.A7.B8.A9.C10.D11.D12.C13.A14.C15.B16.B17.A18.D19.C20.A21.C22.E23.A24.F25.B26.也许曾经有一段时间，战争通过阻止邪恶势力的扩张和发展而成为负面的善举，但现代武器的巨大破坏力消除了战争成为善举的任何可能性。

2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text2）

2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text2) 2019考研英语一阅读理解第二部分讲的是分数膨胀，为大家提供2019考研英语一真题阅读理解真题及答案解析考研英语一真题阅读理解真题及答案解析(text2)(text2)(text2)，，一起来看看吧！Text 2Grade inflation Grade inflation——the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades (grade-point averages) over the past few decades——is often considered considered a a product product of of a consumer consumer era era in higher education, education, in in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force another, related force——a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called "grade forgiveness"catalogs called "grade forgiveness"—— is helping raise GPAs. Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student a student’’s overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has aelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their graduation rates. When this practice first started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now most colleges,save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven. College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree program and graduation without incurring a big penalty. “Untimely,Untimely,”” said Jack Miner, Ohio State University said Jack Miner, Ohio State University’’s registrar, registrar, ““we see students achieve more suess because they retake a course and do better better in in subsequent subsequent contents contents contents or or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.the content that allows them to graduate on time.””That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges colleges’’ ownneeds as well. For public institutions, state funds are sometimes tied partly to their suess on metrics such as graduation rates and student retention such as graduation rates and student retention——so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students——who, at the end of the day, are paying the bill bill——feel they they’’ve gotten a better value value for for their their tuition tuition tuition dollars, dollars, dollars, which which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed, grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers universities are responding to consumers’’ expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a collegedegree degree to to lead lead to to a a job, job, it it is is is in in the the best best best interest interest interest of of a a school school to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible to turn out graduates who are as qualified as possible——or at least appear to be. On this, students students’’and colleges' incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is monly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students' indifference to GPAS.C. Colleges' neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgiveness?A. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges' graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities' ine from tuition.28. Aording to Paragraph 5, grade forgiveness enables colleges toA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments' needs.29. 29. What What does does the the phrase phrase "to "to be aligned"(Line aligned"(Line 5, 5, Para. Para. 6) 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each other.B. To plement each other.C. To be identical with each other.D. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA. assessing its feasibility.B. analyzing the causes behind it.C. paring different views on it.D. listing its long-run effects.26. 26. 答案【答案【答案【D D 】 The influence of consumer culture. 解析：本题目为原因细节题，考察具体细节。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十九)

2019年考研英语试题与答案解析(完整版)

2019年考研英语试题与答案解析（完整版）Section I Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word (s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET (10 points)Today we live in a world where GPS systems, digital maps, and other navigation apps are available on our smart phones. I of us just walk straight into the woods without a phone. But phones 2 on batteries, and batteries can die faster than we realize, 3 you get lost without a phone or a compass, and you 4 cant find north, a few tricks to help you navigate_5 to civilization, one of which is to follow the land.When you find yourself well 6 a trail, but not in a completely 7 area, you have to answer two questions:Which 8 is downhill, in this particular area? And where is the nearest water source? Humans overwhelmingly live in valleys, and on supplies of fresh water._9 ,if you head downhill, and follow any H20 you find, you should 10 see signs of peopleIf you’ve explored the area before, keep an eye out for familiar sights-you may be 11 how quickly identifying a distinctive rock or tree can restore your bearings.Another 12 Climb high and look for signs of human habitation. 13 even in dense fores, you should be ableto 14 gaps in the tree line due to roads, train tracks, and other paths people carve 15 the woods. Head toward these 16 to find a way out. At might can the horizon for 17 light sources such as fires and streetlights, then walk toward the glow of light pollution.18 , assuming you're lost in an area humans tend to frequent, look for the 19 we leave on the landscape. Trail blazes tire tracks. and other features can 20 you to civilization.1.[A]Some[B]Most[C] Few[D] All2.[A]put[B]take[C] run[D] come3.[A]Since[B]If[C]Though[D] until4.[A]Formally[B]relatively[C] gradually[D] literally5.[A] back[B]next[C] around[D] away6.[A] onto[B]off[C]across[D] alone7.[A] unattractive[B]uncrowded[C]unchanged[D]unfamiliar8.[A] site[B]point[C]way[D] place9.[A] So[B]Yet[C]Instead[D] Besides10.[A] immediately[B] intentionally[C] unexpectedly[D]eventually11.[A] surprised[B] annoyed[C] frightened[D]confused12[A] problem[B]option[C]view[D] result13.[A] Above all[B] In contrast[C]On average[D] For example14.[A]bridge[B] avoid[C]spot[D] separate15.[A]form[B]through[C] beyond[D] Under16.[A] posts[B]links[C] shades[D]breaks17.[A] artificial[B] mysterious[C]hidden[D]limited18.[A] Finally[B]Consequently[C]Incidentally[D] Generally19.[A] memories[B]marks[C]notes[D]belongings20.[A]restrict[B]adopt[C] lead[D] exposeSection II Reading ComprehensionPart ADirections:Read the following four texts, Answer the questions each text by choosing A B. C or D.Mark your answers on the ANSWER SHEET (40 points)Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.Starting next year. any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 1o years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this " clawback" rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk taking and to restore public trust in financial institution, Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations, to build a stronger economy for future generations.“Short-termism”or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded companies.says the Bank of England's top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a gaint of classical economics, Alfred Marshall in describing this financial impatience as acting like" Children who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once”rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain. he notes has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from companies, can hinder a firms efforts to invest in lone-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed "quarterly capitalism”.In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. " There seems to be a predominance of short- term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,”said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week.In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of 2002 has pushed most public companies to defer performance bonuses for senior executives by about a year, slightly helping reduce"short-termism. " In its latest survey of CEO pay The Wall street Journal finds that"asubstantial part"of executive pay is now tied to performance.Much more could be done to encourage "long-termism, such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a company investment for at least two years can sometimes can more voting rights in a company.Within companies, the right compensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the companyand on behalf of all stakeholders, Britain’s new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance not just for the short term but for the long term.21. According to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers' sense of responsibilityB help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded companiesD. "short-termism" in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public companies can beA. inditedB. adverseC. minimal D temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing "short-termism.B. the significance or long term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting long-termism.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the textA. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking BankersText 2Grade inflation-the gradual increase in average GPAs (grade-point averages) over the past few decades-is often considered a product of a consumer era in higher education, in which students are treated like customers to be pleased. But another, related force -a policy often buried deep in course catalogs called grade forgiveness"- is helping raise GPAs.Grade forgiveness allows students to retake a course in which they received a low grade, and the most recent grade or the highest grade is the only one that counts in calculating a student's overall GPA.The use of this little-known practice has accelerated in recent years, as colleges continue to do their utmost to keep students in school (and paying tuition) and improve their gradation rates.When this practice fir started decades ago, it was usually limited to freshmen, to give them a second chance to take a class in their first year if they struggled in their transition to college-level courses. But now mostcolleges, save for many selective campuses, allow all undergraduates, and even graduate students, to get their low grades forgiven.College officials tend to emphasize that the goal of grade forgiveness is less about the grade itself and more about encouraging students to retake courses critical to their degree programand gradation without incurring a big penalty. "Untimely. "said Jack Mine, Ohio State University's registrar. "we see students achieve more success because they retake a course and do better in subsequent contents or master the content that allows them to graduate on time.That said, there is a way in which grade forgiveness satisfies colleges own needs as well. For public institutions state finds are sometimes tied partly to their success on metrics suchas graduation rates and student retention so better grades can, by boosting figures like those, mean more money. And anything that raises GPAs will likely make students who, at the end of the day are paying the bill-feel they’ve gotten a better value for their tuition dollars, which is another big concern for colleges.Indeed grade forgiveness is just another way that universities are responding to consumers' expectations for higher education. Since students and parents expect a college degree to lead to a job, it is in the best interest of a school to tum out gradates who are as qualified as possible-or at least appear to be. On this, students' and colleges’incentives seem to be aligned.26. What is commonly regarded as the cause of grade inflation?A. The change of course catalogs.B. Students indifference to GPAS.C Colleges neglect of GPAS.D. The influence of consumer culture.27. What was the original purpose of grade forgivenessA. To help freshmen adapt to college learning.B. To maintain colleges graduation rates.C. To prepare graduates for a challenging future.D. To increase universities’ income from tuition.28. According to Paragraph 5. grade forgiveness enables collegesA. obtain more financial support.B. boost their student enrollments.C. improve their teaching quality.D. meet local governments’needs.29. What does the phrase “to be aligned” (Line 5. Para. 6) most probably mean?A. To counterbalance each otherB. To complement each other.C. To be identical with each otherD. To be contradictory to each other.30. The author examines the practice of grade forgiveness byA assessing its feasibilityB.analyzing the causes behind it.C. comparing different views on it.D. listing its long-run effectsText 3This year marks exactly two centuries since the publication of Frankenstein, or. The Modem Prometheus by Mary Shelley. Even before the invention of the electric light bulb, the author produced a remarkable work of speculative fiction that would foreshadow many chical questions to be raised by technologies yet to come.Today the rapid growth of artificial intelligence (An) raises fundamental questions: "What is intelligence, identity, or consciousness? what makes humans humans? What is being called artificial general intelligence, machines that would imitate the way humans think continues to evade scientists. Yet humans remain fascinated by the idea of robots that would look, move, and respond like humans, similar to those recently depicted on popular sci-fi Tv series such as"Westworld and"Humans".Just how people think is still far too complex to be understood let alone reproduced, says David Eagleman, a Stanford University neuroscientist, "We are just in a situation where there are no good theories explaining what consciousness actually is and how you could ever build a machine to get there.”But that doesn't mean crucial ethical issues involving Al aren't at hand. The coming use of autonomous vehicles. for example poses thorny ethical questions. Human drivers sometime makesplit-second decisions. Their reactions may be a complex combination of instant reflexes. input from past driving experiences, and what their eyes and ears tell them in that moment. AI "vision"today is not nearly as sophisticated as that of humans. And to anticipate every imaginable driving situation is a difficult programming problem.Whenever decisions are based on masses of data. "you quickly get into a lot of ethical questions, "notes Tan Kiat How, chief executive of a Singapore-based agency that is helping the government develop a voluntary code for the ethical use of Al. Along with Singapore, othergovernments and mega-corporations are beginning to establish their own guidelines. Britain is setting up a data ethics center. India released its Al ethics strategy this spring.On June 7 Google pledged not to"design or deploy Ar" that would cause"overall harm, "or to develop Al-directed weapons or use Al for surveillance that would violate international norms. It alsopledged not to deploy AI whose use would violate international laws or human rights.While the statement is vague, it represents one starting point, So does the idea that decisions made by Al systems should be explainable, transparent. and fair. To put it another way. How can we make sure that the thinking of intelligent machines reflects humanity’s highest values? Only then will they be useful servants and not Frankenstein’s out-of-control monster.31. Mary Shelley’s novel Frankenstein is mentioned becauseA. fascinates Al scientists all over the worldB.has remained popular for as long as 200 years.C. involves some concerns raised by Al todayD.has sparked serious ethical controversies32. In David Eagleman's opinion, our current knowledge of consciousnessA. helps explain artificial intelligence.B. can be misleading to robot makingC. inspires popular sci-fi TV seriesD.is too limited for us to reproduce it33.The solution to the ethical issues brought by autonomous vehiclesA. can hardly ever be found.B. is still beyond our capacityC. causes little public concernD.has aroused much curiosity34. The authors attitude toward Google’s pledges is one ofA. AffirmationB. skepticismC. contemptD. respect35. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Al’s Future: In the Hands of Tech giantsB. Frankenstein, the Novel Predicting the Age of AC. The Conscience of Al: Complex But InevitableD. AI Shall Be Killers once out of ControlText 4States will be able to force more people to pay sales tax when they make online purchases under a Supreme Court decision Thursday that will leave shoppers with lighter wallets but is a big financial win for states.The Supreme Courts opinion Thursday overruled a pair of decades-old decisions that states said cost them billions of dollars in lost revenue annually. The decisions made it more difficultfor states to collect sales tax on certain online purchases.The cases the court overturned said that if a business was shipping a customers purchase to a state where the business didn’t have a physical presence such as a warehouse or office. the business did 't have to collect sales tax for the state. Customers were generallyresponsible for paying the sales tax to the state themselves if they weren’t charged it, but most didn’t realize they owed it and few paid.Justice Anthony Kennedy wrote that the previous decisions were flawed. Each year the physical presence rule becomes further removed from economic reality and results in significant revenue losses to the States." he wrote in an opinion joined by four other justices, Kennedy wrote that the rule limited states ability to seek long-term prosperity and has prevented market participants from competing on an even playing field.”The ruling is a victory for big chains with a presence in many states, since they usually collect sales tax on online purchases already Now, rivals will be charging sales tax where they hadn't before, Big chains have been collecting sales tax nationwide because they typically have physical stores in whatever state a purchase is being shipped to. Amazon. com. with its network of warehouses also collects sales tax in every state that charges it, though third-party sellers who use the site don 't have to.Until now, many sellers that have a physical presence in only a single state or a few states have been able to avoid charging sales taxes when they ship to addresses outside thosestates Sellers that use eBay and Etsy. which provide platforms for smaller sellers, also hat collecting sales tax nationwide. Under the ruling Thursday, states can pass laws out.. state sellers to collect the state's sales tax from customers and send it to the staleRetail trade groups praised the ruling. saying it levels the playing field for local and online businesses. The losers, said retail analyst Neil Saunders, are online-only retailersespecially smaller ones. Those retailers may face headaches complying with various state sales tax laws. The Small Business Entrepreneurship Council advocacy group said in a statement"Small businesses and internet entrepreneurs are not well served at all by this decision.36. The Supreme Court decision Thursday willA. Dette business relations with statesB. put most online business in a dilemmaC. make more online shoppers pay sules taxD. force some sates to ct sales tax37. It can be learned from paragraph 2 and 3 that the overruled decisionsA. have led to the domainance of e-commerceB. have cost consumers a lot over the yearsC. were widely criticized by online purchaseD. were consider unfavorable by states38. According to Justice Anthony Kennedy, the physical presence rule hasA. hindered economic developmentB. brought prosperity to the countryC. harmed fair market competitionD. Boosted growth in states, revenue39. Who are most likely to welcome the Supreme Court rulingA. Internet entrepreneursB. Big- chair ownersB. Third-party sellersD. Small retailers40. In dealing with the Supreme Court decision Thursday the authorA. gives a factual account of it and discusses its consequencesB. describes the long and complicated process of its makingC. presents its main points with conflicting views on themD. cities some saces related to it and analyzes their implications Part BDirections.The following paragraphs are given in a wrong order. For Questions 41-45. you are required to reorganize these paragraphs into a coherent article by choosing from the list A-G and filling then into the numbered boxes. Paragraphs C and F have been correctly placed. Mark your answerson ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)A. These tools can help you win every argument- not in the unhelpful sense of beating your opponents but in the better sense of learning about the issues that divide people learning why they disagree with us and learning to talk and work together with them. If we readjust our viewof arguments-from a verbal fight or tennis game to a reasoned exchange through which we all gain mutual respect, and understanding-then we change the very nature of what it means to"win"an argument.B. Of course, many discussions are not so successful. Still, we need to be careful not to accuse opponents of bad arguments too quickly. We need to lean how to evaluate them properly. A large part of evaluation is calling out bad arguments, but we also need to admit good arguments by opponents and to apply the same critical standards to ourselves. Humility requires you to recognize weakness in your own arguments and sometimes also to accept reasons on the opposite side.C. None of these will be easy but you can start even if others refuse to Next time you state your position, formulate an argument for what you claim and honestly ask yourself whether your argument is any good. Next time you talk with someone who takes a stand, ask them to give you a reason for their view Spell out their argument fully and charitably. Assess its strength impartially. Raise objections and listen carefully to their replies.D. Carnegie would be right if arguments were fights, which is how we often think of them. Like physical tights, verbal fights can leave both sides bloodied. Even when you win, you end up no better off. Your prospects would be almost as dismal if arguments were even just competitions like. Say, tennis games. Pairs of opponents hit the ball back and forth until one winner emerges from all who entered. Everybody else loses. This kind of thinking is why so many people try to avoid arguments. especially about politics and religion.E. In his 1936 work How to Win Friends and Influence People, Dale Carnegie wrote: "There is only one way. to get the best of an argument-and that is to avoid it. " This aversion to arguments is common, but it depends on a mistaken view of arguments that causes profound problems forour personal and social lives- and in many ways misses the point of arguing in the first place.F. These views of arguments also undermine reason. If you see a conversation as a fight or competition. you can win by cheating as long as you don go caught. You will be happy to convince people with bad arguments. You can call their views stupid or joke about how ignorant they are. None of these tricks will help you understand them, their positions or the issues that divide you, but they can help you win-in one way.G. There is a better way to win arguments. Imagine that you favor increasing the minimum wage in our state, and I do not. If you yell, "Yes, "and I yell. "No, "neither of us learns anything. We neither understand nor respect each other. and we have no basis for compromise or cooperation. In contrast, suppose you give a reasonable argument: that full-time workers should not have to live in poverty. Then I counter with another reasonable argument: that a higher minimum wage will force businesses to employ fewer people for less time. Now we can understand each other's positions and recognize our shared values, since we both care about needy workers.41E-42D-F-43G-44B-C-45APart CDirections:Read the following text carefully and then translate the underlined segments into Chinese. Your translation should be written neatly on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)It was only after I started to write a weekly column aboutthe medical journals, and beg read scientific papers from beginning to end that I realized just how bad much of the medical literature frequency was, I came to recognize various sins of a bad paper: the kind of paper that purports to show that people who est more than one kilo of broccoli a week were 1.17 times more likely than those who eat less to suffer late in life from pernicious anaemia. 46. There is a great deal of this kind of nonsense in the medical journals which, when taken up by broadcasters and the lay press, generate both health scores andshort-lived dietary enthusiasms.Why is so much bad science published? A recent paper, titled “The Natural Selection of Bad Science”, published on the Royal Society’s open science website, attempts to answer this intriguing and important question. It says that the problem is not merely than people do bad science,but than out current system of career advancement positively encourages it.what is important is not truth,but inflationary process at work: (47) Nowadays anyone applying for a research post has to have published twice the number of papers than would have been required for the same post only 10 years ago. Never mind the quality,then count the number. (48)Attempts have been made to curd this tendency,for example by trying to incorporate some measure of quality as well as quantity into the assessment of an applicant’s papers. This is the famed citation index,that is to say the number of times a paper has been quoted else where in the scientific literature the assumption being that an important paper will be cited more often than one of small account.(49) This would be reasonable if it were not for the fact that scientist can easily arrange to cite themselves in their future publicat or get associates to do so for them in return for similar favours.Boiling down an individual’s output to simple metrics, such as number of publications or journal impacts,entails considerable saving in time,energy and ambiguity.Unfortunate the long-term costs of using simple quantitative metrics to assess researcher merit are likely to be quite great.(50) If we are serious about ensuring that our science is both meaningful and reproducible ,we must ensure that our institutions encourage that king of science.46【参考译文】在医学杂志上有很多这样的无稽之谈，如果广播公司和非专业媒体报道这些无稽之谈，那么就会引起健康恐慌和短暂的饮食狂热。

2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析（text1）

2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1) 2019年考研英语一阅读理解真题已公布，为大家提供2019考研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析研英语一阅读理解真题及答案解析(text1)(text1)(text1)，一起来学习一下吧！，一起来学习一下吧！ Text 1Financial regulators in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks. Starting next year, any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed 10 years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing. The main purpose of this this ““clawback clawback”” rule is to hold bankers aountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution. Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit: more long term decision-making not only by banks but but by by all all corporations, corporations, corporations, to to build a stronger stronger economy economy for future generations.“Short-termism Short-termism”” or the desire for quick profits, has worsened in publicly traded panies, says the Bank of England England’’s top economist. Andrew Haldane. He quotes a giant of classical economics, Alfred Marshall, in describing this financial impatience impatience as as acting like like ““Children Children who who pick the plums out of their pudding to eat them at once their pudding to eat them at once”” rather than putting them aside to be eaten last.The average time for holding a stock in both the United States and Britain, he notes, has dropped from seven years to seven months in recent decades. Transient investors, who demand high quarterly profits from panies, can hinder a firm firm’’sefforts to invest in long-term research or to build up customer loyalty. This has been dubbed This has been dubbed ““quarterly capitalism quarterly capitalism””In addition, new digital technologies have allowed more rapid trading of equities, quicker use of information, and thus shorters attention spans in financial markets. "There seems to be a predominance of short-term thinking at the expense of long-term investing,long-term investing,”” said Commissioner Daniel Gallagher of the US Securities and Exchange Commission in a speech this week. In the US, the Sarbanes-Oxley Acl of xx has pushed most public panies to defer performance bonuses for seniorexecutives by about a year, slightly helping reduce “short -termism .-termism .”” In its latest survey of CEO pay ,The Wall Street Journal finds that that ““a substantial part part ”” of executive pay is now tied to performance .Much more could be done to encourage Much more could be done to encourage ““long-termism long-termism，”，” such as changes in the tax code and quicker disclosure of stock acquisitions. In France, shareholders who hold onto a panyinvestment for at least two years can sometimes earn more voting rights in a pany.Within panies, the right pensation design can provide incentives for executives to think beyond their own time at the pany and on behalf of all stakeholders. Britain's new rule is a reminder to bankers that society has an interest in their performance, not just for the short term but for the long term.21. Aording to Paragraph 1, one motive in imposing the new rule is theA. enhance bankers A. enhance bankers’’ sense of responsibilityB. help corporations achieve larger profitsC. build a new system of financial regulationD. guarantee the bonuses of top executives22. Alfred Marshall is quoted to indicateA. the conditions for generating quick profitsB. governments B. governments’’ impatience in decision-makingC. the solid structure of publicly traded paniesD. D. ““short-termism short-termism”” in economic activities23. It is argued that the influence of transient investment on public panies can beA. indirectB. adverseC. minimalD. temporary24. The US and France examples and used to illustrateA. the obstacles to preventing A. the obstacles to preventing ““short-termism short-termism””.B. the significance of long-term thinking.C. the approaches to promoting C. the approaches to promoting ““long-termism long-termism””.D. the prevalence of short-term thinking.25. Which of the following would be the best title for the text?A. Failure of Quarterly CapitalismB. Patience as a Corporate VirtueC. Decisiveness Required of Top ExecutivesD. Frustration of Risk-taking Bankers21. 21. 答案【答案【答案【A A 】 enhance bankers enhance bankers’’sense of responsibility 解析：本题目为细节题，考察具体细节。

2019考研英语(一)真题阅读理解详细解析(完整版)(解析版)

第1段:英国对其高管推行新规定，鼓励“长期效益主义”；第2段~4段：短期效益主义；（短期效益占主流、短期效益主义的弊端、美国短期效益占主导地位）第5~6段：列举美法推行“长期效益主义”的措施；第7段：英国新规定提醒银行高管重视“长期效益”；（【兔子考研】微信公众号）1,one motive in imposing is the_________.22.Alfred Marshall is quoted to23.It is argued that the influence be__________.24.The US and France examples are used to illustrate____________.25.Which of the following would be the best title for the text?由楼上题干分析可知，此篇文章围绕长期效益和短期效益展开论述。

❶Financial regulations in Britain have imposed a rather unusual rule on the bosses of big banks.❷Starting next year,any guaranteed bonus of top executives could be delayed10years if their banks are under investigation for wrongdoing.❸The main purpose of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmful risk-taking and to restore public trust in financial institution.❹Yet officials also hope for a much larger benefit:more long term decision-making not only byeconomy for future generations.have（强调新规其不同寻常）on the bosses of big banks.❷Starting next（高管的保证金）of top if their banks areunder investigation for❸主要目的和次要目的）of this“clawback”rule is to hold bankers accountable for harmfulrisk-taking and to restore.（转折之后为重点，重点往往是考点）officials also hope for a much larger点）more long term decision-making not only by banks but by all corporations,to build a stronger economy for future generations.（【兔子考研】微信公众号）翻译：❶英国的金融法规对大银行的老板实施了一项不寻常的规定。

考研英语真题阅读理解试题及名师解析(十九).doc

2019年考研英语真题答案及解析

但又……时，你必须回答两个问题：在这片区域内哪一……是下坡路？最近的水源在哪里？可见，上
段末与本句构成“概说（迷路后的对策）细说”的语义场，故本句 When you find yourself________a
trail 实际在重申上述假设前提（When 表示“条件”），即“如果迷路”，off 作介词课表“偏离”，由程
表示“（机器/设备依靠某种能源）运转”。
3. [A] Since 自……以来；因为，既然
[B] If 如果；是否；即使
[C] Though 尽管；不过
[D] Until 直到……为止
【答案】B
【考点】句内语义逻辑。
【解析】本题考查句内逻辑，从句、主句大意分别为“在没有导航工具的情况下迷路”、“我们有一
帮助迷路者重返文明社会，one of which 引导定于从句，引出其中一个技巧：沿着陆地走。
6. [A] onto 到……上，朝……上
[B] off 离开；不在（某地）上
[C] across 穿过，越过；朝，向
[D] alone 单独，独自；孤身一人
【答案】B
【考点】介词搭配。
【解析】上段末句指出，迷路后的对策之一是沿着陆地走。本句指出，当发现自己_____小路/路线，
意为“助你找回/明确方向”，故________to civilization 应体现“返回文明社会”之意，[A] back 正确。
词汇注释与难句分析
GPS 全球定位系统（Global Positioning System） die 停止运转
navigation 导航；领航
Straight 径直；笔直地
探索过区域迷路后的对策“寻找熟悉景物”。第四段 1 句冒号后内容“登高并寻找人类居住的迹象”在

2019年考研英语一试题及答案解析【杨顺国】

2019年考研英语一试题及答案解析Section Ⅰ Use of EnglishDirections:Read the following text. Choose the best word(s) for each numbered blank and mark A, B, C or D on the ANSWER SHEET. (10 points)Could a hug a day keep the doctor away? The answer may be a resounding "yes!"_____（1）helping you feel close and _____（2）to people you care about, it turns out that hugs can bring a _____（3）of health benefits to your body and mind. Believe it or not, a warm embrace might even help you _____（4）getting sick this winter.In a recent study _____（5）over 400 healthy adults, researchers from Carnegie Mellon University in Pennsylvania examined the effects of perceived social support and the receipt of hugs_____（6）the participants' susceptibility to developing the common cold after being_____（7）to the virus. People who perceived greater social support were less likely to come_____（8）with a cold, and the researchers_____（9）that the stress-reducing effects of hugging _____（10）about 32 percent of that beneficial effect. _____（11）among those who got a cold, the ones who felt greater social support and received more frequent hugs had less severe_____（12）."Hugging protects people who are under stress from the _____（13）risk for colds that's usually _____（14）with stress," notes Sheldon Cohen, a professor of psychology at Carnegie, Hugging " is a marker of intimacy and help _____（15）the feeling that others are there to help_____（16）difficulty."Some experts_____（17）the stress-reducing, health-related benefits of hugging to the release of oxytocin, often called "the bonding hormone"_____（18）it promotes attachment in relationships, including that between mothers and their newborn babies. Oxytocin is made primarily in the central lower part of the brain, and some of it is released into the bloodstream. But some of it _____（19）in the brain, where it _____（20）mood, behavior and physiology.1. A．Besides B．Unlike C．Throughout D．Despite2. A．equal B．restricted C．connected D．inferior3. A．view B．host C．lesson D．choice4. A．avoid B．forget C．recall D．keep5. A．collecting B．affecting C．guiding D．involving6. A．on B．in C．at D．of7. A．devoted B．attracted C．lost D．exposed8. A．along B．across C．down D．out9. A．imagined B．denied C．doubted D．calculated10.A．served B．restored C．explained D．required11.A．Thus B．Still C．Rather D．Even12.A．defeats B．symptoms C．errorsD．tests13.A．highlighted B．increased C．controlled D．minimized14.A．presented B．equipped C．associated D．compared15.A．assess B．generate C．moderate D．record16. A．in the name of B．in the form of C．in the face of D．in the way of17.A．attribute B．commit C．transfer D．return18.A．unless B．because C．though D．until19.A．remains B．emerges C．vanishes D．decreases20.A．experiences B．combines C．justifies D．influences1A．BesidesB．UnlikeC．ThroughoutD．Despite【答案】A【解析】根据本句句内逻辑关系，“it turns out that hugs…”说明拥抱还有其他结果。

英语阅读19(带答案)

三、阅读下面短文，在空白处填入一个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。

Life doesn't always give us the joys we want. We don't always get our hopes and dreams __1__ we don't always get our own way.But don't ___2__ (give) up hope. You can make a difference, one situation and one person at a time. Look for love around you. You'll find love in a smile, a kind word_ 3_ a helping hand. Believe in the love of friends, family, and humankind. Love __4__(be) all around, if you just_ 5_(look) for it. Show ___6___ (you) love. You will find the power in life along with the joy,_ 7 __(happy), patience, and understanding.Love ___8___ bring you hope and beat everything.Even when you feel that there isn't a lot you can do_ 9__ (change) unhappiness or problems, you can always do a little. A little at a time __10___ ( final) makes a big difference.1.__________2.___________3.____________4._____________5.____________6.____________7.___________8._____________9._____________10.____________ 1.and 2. give 3. or 4.is 5. look 6.your 7.happiness 8.can 9. to change 10. finally完形3Henry Bond was about ten years old when his father died. His mother found it _1_ to provide for a large family. By good management, however, she _2_ to do so, and also to send Henry, the oldest, to school, and to buy him, for the most parts such books as he needed.At one time, however, Henry wanted a _3_ in order to join a class, and his mother could not _4_ him with the money to buy it. He was very much troubled about it, and went to bed with a heavy heart, thinking what could be done. _5_ he woke in the morning, he found that a deep snow had fallen, and the cold wind was blowing _6_ “Ah," said he,“every problem brings an advantage for some people. He rose, ran to the house of a neighbor, and offered his service to clear a path around his house. The _7_ was accepted. When he had completed this work, and received his pay, he went to_ 8_ place for the same purpose, and then to another, until he had gotten enough money to buy a grammar. When school began, Henry was _9_ his seat, the happiest boy there, ready to begin the lesson in his new book. From that time, Henry was always the first in all his classes. He knew no such word as fail, but always _10_ in all he tried. Having the will, he always found the way.1. A.successful B.easy C. difficult D. important2. A. agreed B. managed C. decided D. tried3. A.seat B. notebook C. schoolbag D. grammar4. A. provide B. protect C. promise D. produce5. A. Because B.If C. As soon as D. Until6. A. quietly B. slowly C. hard D. hardly7. A. offer B. agreement C. plan D. decision8. A. other B. another C. the other D. some9. A. over B. in C. at D. with10. A. resulted B. arrived C. failed D. succeeded答案：CBDAC CABCD。

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Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal s ...Hunting for a job late last year, lawyer Gant Redmon stumbled across CareerBuilder, a job database on the Internet. He searched it with nosuccess but was attracted by the site’s “personal search agent”.It’s an interactive feature that lets visitors key in job criteriasuch as location, title, and salary, then E-mails them when amatching position is posted in the database. Redmon chose thekeywords legal, intellectual property, and Washington, D.C. Threeweeks later, he got his first notification of an opening. “I struckgold,’says Redmon, who E-mailed his resume to the employer and wona position as in-house counsel for a company。

With thousands of career-related sites on the Internet, findingpromising openings can be time-consuming and inefficient. Searchagents reduce the need for repeated visits to the databases. Butalthough a search agent worked for Redmon, career experts seedrawbacks. Narrowing your criteria, for example, may work against you:“Every time you answer a question you eliminate a possibility。

”says one expert。

For any job search, you should start with a narrow concept—whatyou think you want to do—then broaden it. “None of these programsdo that,”says another expert. “There’s no career counselingimplicit in all of this。

”Instead, the best strategy is to use theagent as a kind of tip service to keep abreast of jobs in aparticular database; when you get E-mail, consider it a reminder tocheck the database again. “I would not rely on agents for findingeverything that is added to a database that might interest me,”saysthe author of a job-searching guide。

Some sites design their agents to tempt job hunters to return. When CareerSite’s agent sends out messages to those who have signed upfor its service, for example, it includes only three potential jobs—those it considers the best matches. There may be more matches in the database; job hunters will have to visit the site again to findthem—and they do. “On the day after we send our messages, we see asharp increase in our traffic,”says Seth Peets, vice president ofmarketing for CareerSite。

Even those who aren’t hunting for jobs may find search agentsworthwhile. Some use them to keep a close watch on the demand fortheir line of work or gather information on compensation to armthemselves when negotiating for a raise. Although happily employed, Redmonmaintains his agent at CareerBuilder. “You always keep youreyes open,”he says. Working with a personal search agent meanshaving another set of eyes looking out for you。

21. How did Redmon find his job?[A] By searching openings in a job database.[B] By posting a matching position in a database[C] By using a special service of a database[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database。

22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?[A] Lack of counseling。

[B] Limited number of visits。

[C] Lower efficiency。

[D] Fewer successful matches。

23. The expression “tip service”(Line 3, Paragraph 3) mostprobably means[A] advisory. [B] compensation. [C] interaction. [D] reminder。

24. Why does CareerSite’s agent offer each job hunter only threejob options?[A] To focus on better job matches.[B] To attract more returning visits。

[C] To reserve space for more messages。

[D] To increase the rate of success。

25. Which of the following is true according to the text?[A] Personal search agents are indispensable to job-hunters。

[B] Some sites keep E-mailing job seekers to trace their demands。

[C] Personal search agents are also helpful to those alreadyemployed。

[D] Some agents stop sending information to people once they areemployed。

名师解析21. How did Redmon find his job? Redmon是如何找到工作的[A] By searching openings in a job database.通过搜索工作数据库中的空缺职位。

[B] By posting a matching position in a database。

通过在数据库里面张贴匹配职位。

[C] By using a special service of a database.通过使用某数据库的一项特别服务。

[D] By E-mailing his resume to a database。

通过将他的简历以电子邮件的方式寄给某数据库。

【答案】C【考点】事实细节题。

【分析】题干的关键信息就是“Redmon”我们在第一段里面可以看见“Redmon”的内容。

要答对本题考生必须仔细查看究竟“Redmon”是怎样利用该数据库来找到工作的。

在第一段里面作者提到他使用了“个人搜索代理”输入几个关键词几个星期以后得到了职位空缺的通知然后他又把他的履历寄给雇主从而获得这份工作。

整个过程就是这样的。

[A]只反映了他整个求职过程的一部分。

[B]故意颠倒了“post”(张贴)这个动作的主语张贴的人要么是求职网要么是寻人单位却不是“Redmon”。

选项[D]同样颠倒了主语因为是数据库发电子邮件给“Redmon”而不是反过来。

选项[C]“通过使用某数据库的特别服务”虽然泛了一点却是正确的因为“个人搜索代理”正是这样的一个特殊服务。

22. Which of the following can be a disadvantage of search agents?下列哪项可能是搜索代理的缺点[A] Lack of counseling. 缺少咨询。