血管炎新分类
中国脑血管病分类最终版
中国脑血管疾病分类(2015)中华医学会神经病学分会中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组一、缺血性脑血管病(一)短暂性脑缺血发作1、颈动脉系统(包括一过性黑矇)2、椎-基底动脉系统(二)脑梗死包括:脑动脉与入脑前动脉闭塞或狭窄引起得脑梗死1、大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死(1)颈内动脉闭塞综合征(2)大脑前动脉闭塞综合征(3)大脑中动脉闭塞综合征(4)大脑后动脉闭塞综合征(5)椎-基底动脉闭塞综合征(6)小脑后下动脉闭塞综合征(7)其她2、脑栓塞(1)心源性(2)动脉源性(3)脂肪性(4)其她(反常栓塞、空气栓塞)3、小动脉闭塞性脑梗死4、脑分水岭梗死5、出血性脑梗死6、其她原因(真性红细胞增多症、高凝状态、moyamoya病,动脉夹层等)7、原因未明(三)脑动脉盗血综合征1、锁骨下动脉盗血综合征2、颈动脉盗血综合征3、椎-基底动脉盗血综合征(四)慢性脑缺血二、出血性脑血管病不包括:外伤性颅内出血(一)蛛网膜下腔出血1、动脉瘤破裂(1)先天性动脉瘤(2)动脉硬化性动脉瘤(3)感染性动脉瘤(4)其她2、脑血管畸形3、中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血4、其她原因:(moyamoya病、夹层动脉瘤、颅内静脉系统血栓形成、血液病、抗凝治疗并发症等)5、原因未明(二)脑出血1、高血压脑出血(1)壳核出血(2)丘脑出血(3)尾状核出血(4)脑叶出血(5)脑干出血(6)小脑出血(7)脑室出血(无脑实质出血)(8)多灶性脑出血(9)其她2、脑血管畸形或动脉瘤3、淀粉样脑血管病4、药物性(溶栓、抗凝、抗血小板治疗及应用可卡因等)5、瘤卒中6、脑动脉炎7、其她原因:(moyamoya病、夹层动脉瘤、颅内静脉系统血栓形成、血液病等)8、原因未明(三)其她颅内出血1、硬膜下出血2、硬膜外出血三、头颈部动脉粥样硬化、狭窄或闭塞(未形成脑梗死)(一)头颈部动脉粥样硬化(二)颈总动脉狭窄或闭塞(三)颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞(四)大脑前动脉狭窄或闭塞(五)大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞(六)椎动脉狭窄或闭塞(七)基底动脉狭窄或闭塞(八)大脑后动脉狭窄或闭塞(九)多发性脑动脉狭窄或闭塞(十)其她头颈部动脉狭窄或闭塞四、高血压脑病五、颅内动脉瘤(一)先天性动脉瘤(二)动脉粥样硬化性动脉瘤(三)感染性动脉瘤(四)外伤性假性动脉瘤(五)其她六、颅内血管畸形(一)脑动静脉畸形(二)海绵状血管瘤(三)静脉性血管畸形(四)颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(五)毛细血管扩张症(六)脑-面血管瘤病(七)颅内—颅外血管交通性动静脉畸形(八)硬脑膜动静脉瘘(九)其她七、脑血管炎(一)原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(二)继发性中枢神经系统血管炎1、感染性疾病导致得脑血管炎(梅毒、结核、钩端螺旋体、HIV、莱姆病等)2、免疫相关性脑血管炎(1)大动脉炎、(2)巨细胞动脉炎(颞动脉炎)(3)结节性多动脉炎(4)系统性红斑狼疮性脑血管炎(5)其她(抗磷脂抗体综合征、Sneddon综合征、白塞病等)3、其她(药物、肿瘤、放射性损伤等)八、其她脑血管疾病(一)脑底异常血管网症(moyamoya病)(二)肌纤维发育不良(三)脑淀粉样血管病(四)伴有皮层下梗死及白质脑病得常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)与伴有皮层下梗死及白质脑病得常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病(CARASIL)(五)头颈部动脉夹层(六)可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(八)可逆性后部脑病综合征(九)其她九、颅内静脉系统血栓形成(一)上矢状窦血栓形成(二)横窦、乙状窦血栓形成(三)直窦血栓形成(四)海绵窦血栓形成(五)大脑大静脉血栓形成(六)脑静脉血栓形成(七)其她十、无急性症状得脑血管病(一)无症状性脑梗死(未引起急性局灶神经功能缺损得脑梗死)(二)脑微出血(未引起急性局灶神经功能缺损得脑实质内小量出血)十一、急性脑血管病后遗症(一)蛛网膜下腔出血后遗症(二)脑出血后遗症(三)脑梗死后遗症(四)脑血管病后癫痫(五)其她十二、血管性认知障碍(一)非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(二)血管性痴呆1、多发梗死性痴呆2、关键部位得单个梗死痴呆(如丘脑梗死)3、脑小血管病性痴呆(包括皮质下动脉硬化性脑病、脑白质病变、脑淀粉样血管病、脑微出血)4、脑分水岭梗死性痴呆(低灌注性痴呆)5、出血性痴呆(如丘脑出血、SAH、硬膜下血肿)6、其她(如CADASIL)十三、急性脑血管病后抑郁关于《中国脑血管病分类》修订得几点说明目前我国脑血管病分类仍采用1995年中华医学会神经病学分会第四届脑血管病学术会议制定得分类方法,随着研究得深入与检查治疗技术手段得进步,对脑血管病得认识不断更新,原分类方法已无法满足临床得需求。
最新EULAR 血管炎分类文献原文
EULAR points to consider in the development of classification and diagnostic criteria in systemic vasculitisNeil Basu1, Richard Watts2, Ingeborg Bajema3,Bo Baslund4, Thorsten Bley5, Maarten Boers6, Paul Brogan7, Len Calabrese8, Maria C. Cid9, Jan Willem Cohen-Tervaert10, Luis Felipe Flores-Suarez11, Shouichi Fujimoto12, Kirsten de Groot13, Loic Guillevin14, Gulen Hatemi15, Thomas Hauser16, David Jayne17, Charles Jennette18, Cees G. M. Kallenberg19, Shigeto Kobayashi20, Mark A. Little21, Alfred Mahr14, John McLaren22, Peter A. Merkel23,Seza Ozen24, Xavier Puechal25, Niels Rasmussen4, Alan Salama26, Carlo Salvarani27, Caroline Savage21, David G. I. Scott28, Mårten Segelmark29, Ulrich Specks30,Cord Sunderkotter31, Kazuo Suzuki32, Vladimir Tesar33, Allan Wiik34, Hasan Yazici15, Raashid Luqmani35Affiliations1. University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, UK2. University of East Anglia, School of Medicine, Norwich, UK3. Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands4. Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark5. University Hospital Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany6. VU University Medical Center, Amsterdam, Netherlands7. Institute of Child Health, London, UK8. Cleveland Clinic Foundation,Cleveland, USA9. Hospital Clinic, University of Barcelona.IDIBAPS Barcelona, Spain10. Maastricht UMC, Masstricht, Netherlands11. Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición, Mexico City, Mexico12. Miyazaki University, Miyazaki, Japan13. Klinikum Offenbach, Offenbach, Germany14. University of Paris Descartes, Paris, France15. University of Istanbul, Istanbul, Turkey16. Immunologie-Zentrum Zürich, Zurich, Switzerland17. Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge, UK18. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, USA19. University Hospital Groningen, Groningen, Netherlands20. Juntendo Koshigaya Hospital, Saitama, Japan21. Renal Institute of Birmingham , University of Birmingham, Birmingham, UK22. Whytemans Brae Hospital, Kirkcaldy, UK23. Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, USA24. Hacettepe University, Ankara, Turkey25. Centre Hospitalier Le Mans, Le Mans, France26. Imperial College London, London, UK27. Arcispedale S Maria Nuova, Reggio Emilia, Italy28. Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital Trust, Norwich, UK29. Lund University, Lund, Sweden30. Mayo Clinc, Minnesota, USA31. Universitätsklinikum Münster, Münich, Germany32. Chiba University Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba, Japan33. Charles University, Prague, Czech Republic34. Statens Serum Institut, Copenhagen, Denmark35. University of Oxford, Oxford, UKKey words: Systemic vasculitis, Wegener's granulomatosis; Giant Cell Arteritis; VasculitisCorresponding authorRaashid Luqmani DM, FRCPConsultant Rheumatologist, Nuffield Orthopaedic CentreSenior Lecturer, University of OxfordWindmill Road, Oxford OX3 7LDUKTelephone: 00441865 738106Fax: 00441865 738058email: raashid.luqmani@The Corresponding Author has the right to grant on behalf of all authors and does grant on behalf of all authors, an exclusive licence (or non exclusive for government employees) on a worldwide basis to the BMJ Publishing Group Ltd to permit this article (if accepted) to be published in ARD and any other BMJPGL products and sublicences such use and exploit all subsidiary rights, as set in our licence(/iflora/licence.pdf).AbbreviationsAAV Anti neutrophil cytoplasm antibody associated vasculitis ACR American College of RheumatologyANCA Anti neutrophil cytoplasm antibodyCHCC Chapel Hill Consensus ConferenceCRYO Cryoglobulinemic vasculitisCSS Churg-Strauss syndromeCT Computed TomographyEULAR European League Against RheumatismELISA Enzyme-linked immunosorbant assayGBM Glomerular basement membraneGCA– Giant cell arteritisHIV – Human immunodeficiency virusHSP Henoch Schönlein purpuraHV Hypersensitivity vasculitisIIF – Indirect immunofluorescenceKD Kawasaki diseaseLV Leucocytoclastic vasculitisMRA Magnetic Resonance AngiographyMRI Magnetic Resonance ImagingMPA Microscopic polyangiitisPAN– Polyarteritis nodosaPET - Positron Emission Tomography scanningTAK Takayasu diseaseWG Wegener’s granulomatosisAbstractObjectives: The systemic vasculitides are multi-organ diseases where early diagnosis and therapy can significantly improve outcomes. Robust nomenclature reduces diagnostic delay. However, key aspects of current nomenclature are widely perceived to be out of date, these include disease definitions, classification and diagnostic criteria. Therefore, the aim of the present work was to identify deficiencies and provide contemporary points to consider for the development of future definitions and criteria in systemic vasculitis.Methods: The expert panel identified areas of concern within existing definitions/criteria. Consequently, a systematic literature review was undertaken looking to address these deficiencies and produce ‘points to consider’ in accordance with standardised European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) operating procedures. In the absence of evidence, expert consensus was used.Results: There was unanimous consensus for re-evaluating existing definitions and developing new criteria. 17 points to consider were proposed, covering 6 main areas: biopsy, laboratory testing, diagnostic radiology, nosology, definitions and research agenda. Suggestions to improve and expand current definitions were described including the incorporation of ANCA and aetiological factors, where known. The importance of biopsy in diagnosis and exclusion of mimics was highlighted, while equally emphasizing its problems. Thus, the role of alternative diagnostic tools such as MRI, ultrasound and surrogate markers were also discussed. Finally, structures to develop future criteria were considered.Conclusions: Limitations in current classification criteria and definitions for vasculitis have been indentified and suggestions provided for improvement. Additionally it is proposed that,, in combination with the updated evidence, these should form the basis of future attempts to develop and validate revised criteria and definitions of vasculitis.IntroductionThe primary systemic vasculitides are a group of uncommon diseases (combined annual incidence >100 new cases per million),1 some of which are associated with an untreated 1-year mortality of >80%.2 Early diagnosis and treatment significantly improves outcome. Unfortunately, however, their relative rarity and heterogeneity frequently leads to diagnostic delay,3 which could be improved by better nomenclature.The terms ‘disease definition’, ‘classification’ and ‘diagnostic criteria’ are essential components of the nomenclature of any disease. However, they are frequently and incorrectly used interchangeably. For example the American College of Rheumatology (ACR) classification criteria for rheumatoid arthritis (RA) are unhelpful in diagnosing early RA.4 In the vasculitides, each condition should be described (ie, disease definition), criteria listed to allow distinction from the general population and from similar, non-vasculitic ‘mimic’ conditions (ie, diagnostic criteria) and further criteria are required to distinguish one form of vasculitis from another (ie, classification criteria). The primary purpose of diagnostic criteria is to diagnose the conditions of individual patients, but they can also be used to distinguish one type of vasculitis from another. Classification criteria are primarily intended to generate homogeneous (usually ‘classic’) sets of patients for research.5In the absence of validated diagnostic criteria for systemic vasculitis, the ACR classification criteria5 and the Chapel Hill Consensus Conference (CHCC)6 definitions are often used as substitutes.The ACR classification criteria for vasculitis have sensitivities of 71.0% to 95.3% and specificities between 78.7 and 99.7%.5 The most sensitive and specific criteria were for Churg–Strauss syndrome (CSS), giant cell arteritis (GCA) and Takayasu disease (TAK); hypersensitivity vasculitis (HV) was the least well defined condition (sensitivity 71.0%,specificity 83.9%).7 The ACR criteria have facilitated epidemiological and clinical studies. However, they have three main disadvantages:1.The failure to include microscopic polyangiitis (MPA), which was notcommonly used during the 1980s, despite its description in 1948.82.The lack of application of anti-neutrophil cytoplasm antibody (ANCA) as acriterion in the diagnosis of Wegener's granulomatosis (WG),9,–,11 MPA,10and CSS12 (and also in polyarteritis nodosa (PAN), because of itsabsence).13e of the initial diagnosis made by the participating doctor as the goldstandard.The ACR criteria were derived by determining which features distinguished one form of vasculitis from another. Unsurprisingly, the ACR criteria demonstrate poor reliability when applied as diagnostic criteria,14 as they were not designed for this purpose.The CHCC definitions for primary vasculitis,6 including MPA, describe features that should be present in a patient to warrant using a given term for either classification or diagnosis, but they do not specify what observations or criteria should be used to definitively determine that a given patients has a specific form of vasculitis. Attempts to validate CHCC definitions as diagnostic criteria (by including surrogate markers such as ANCA) have been unsuccessful.1516There is widespread controversy in relation to the use of ACR criteria and CHCC definitions. A recent survey of an international panel of experts reflects this (Table 1). The majority felt the ACR criteria for PAN, CSS, Henoch–Schönlein purpura (HSP) and HV and CHCC definitions for WG, MPA and PAN were no longer fit for purpose. Paediatricians have already developed a set of classification criteria addressing new developments based on their experience in childhood.17The European League Against Rheumatism (EULAR) convened an expert consensus group to consider re-evaluating definitions, classification and diagnostic criteria insystemic vasculitis, in order to highlight areas which require updating or are of concern and indicate what should be considered next.MethodsWorking groupA consensus group was formed comprising 39 experts in vasculitis. In order to encourage universal acceptance of the conclusions, we incorporated multiple disciplines and nationalities: rheumatology (15), nephrology (7), immunology (5), internal medicine (3), pathology (2), paediatrics (2), otolaryngology (1), pulmonology (1), dermatology (1), radiology (1) and clinical epidemiology (1) were represented from 10 European countries, USA, Mexico and Japan.The project conformed to the EULAR standing committees published standard procedures for the elaboration of recommendations.18 Since the groups' findings were based on a systematic literature review rather than a data-driven approach, it is appropriate to use the term ‘points to consider’ rather than ‘guidelines’ or‘recommendations’.Expert opinionWe used an iterative process to establish the major areas of concern/difficulties with the existing definitions/criteria. This involved a questionnaire to committee members who were asked to identify the key questions and issues relating to the current definitions, classification and diagnostic criteria, followed by a modified Delphi process. As a result, a set of questions was produced that provided the basis for a systematic literature search exploring studies on the diagnosis and classification of systemic vasculitis. These were used to fuel discussion and delineate points to consider as we develop and testnew/updated definitions and criteria in the future.Literature reviewWe used the PubMed Medical Subject Headings (MeSH) database and Cochrane library. Where MeSH terms were unavailable (eg, MPA), free text was used. Searches were not limited by time or language; reference lists were manually searched. We excluded studies without abstracts; those with cohorts of less than 10 patients; case reports; reviews and letters. We examined relevant studies of all forms of systemic vasculitis including paediatric and secondary forms. Antiglomerular basement membrane (anti-GBM) disease was also explored since it is closely related to the vasculitides. Search strings were derived by consensus, for example to examine the role of ANCA in diagnosis, the following string was employed: (‘vasculitis’ (MeSH) or ‘anti-GBM disease’ (MeSH) or ‘erythema induratum’ (MeSH) or ‘MPA’ or ‘cryo’ or ‘rheumatoid vasculitis’ or ‘nodular vasculitis’ or ‘infection associated vasculitis’ or ‘ANCA associated vasculitis’ or‘immune complex vasculitis’ or ‘renal vasculitis’ or ‘drug induced vasculitis’) and‘antibodies, antineutrophil cytoplasmic’ (MeSH) and ‘diagnosis’ (MeSH).We included all papers with an outcome identified in the Delphi exercise. Evidence was categorised according to the EULAR evidence hierarchy for diagnostic studies (Table 2).1920Results and discussionQuestions raised by Delphi exerciseA total of 10 questions were generated through the modified Delphi exercise (see Table3). Some questions could only be addressed by supplementing published evidence with consensus.Points for considerationThe results of the literature search were grouped into three main diagnostic topics (Table 4). The following discussion combines the results of the literature search and expert opinion and attempts to cover the questions raised through the modified Delphi exercise. From the results, 17 ‘points to consider’ were extrapolated (Table 5).Diagnostic toolsBiopsyHistology is fundamental to the diagnosis of most forms of vasculitis and more importantly, perhaps, the exclusion of mimics. This is best highlighted by brain biopsy in central nervous system (CNS) vasculitis, where despite the potential for significant iatrogenic morbidity and variable yield (36% to 83%),2122 it remains the gold standard investigation due to its role in identifying alternative diagnoses such as infection. Significant variation exists in the utility of biopsy depending on the target organ. For example, the yield of kidney and temporal artery biopsies is high (80%2324 and 87%25 respectively). In contrast, ear, nose and throat (ENT) and transbronchial biopsies have a low reported sensitivity (0% to 42%).2326,–,30Clinically directed biopsies can improve yield as exemplified in the nerve,3132 lung23 and temporal artery.25 Further studies examining temporal artery sampling support the need for a prompt biopsy to reduce unnecessary corticosteroid exposure33,–,36;adequate sampling by length (0.5–2 cm)333738 with multiple sectioning39 and bilateral biopsies,25 in view of the problem of skip lesions. It would be difficult to justify the latter routinely.A more effective approach may be sequential sampling of cases where the first biopsy is negative, in patients with a high pretest probability of GCA.40Although previous proposed criteria and definitions have incorporated histology, there are no universally recognised histological criteria and little evidence to justify the inclusion of specific pathological features. Perhaps the exception is IgA as an essential criterion in the diagnosis of HSP. In a study of 182 cases of skin vasculitis, the presence of IgA was 98% sensitive for the clinical diagnosis of HSP; however, the specificity was very low (24%)41Laboratory testingThe discovery of specific autoantibodies characterised by immunofluorescence patterns, cytoplasmic ANCA (cANCA) and perinuclear ANCA (pANCA) and subsequently by the relevant target antigens, proteinase 3 (PR3-ANCA) and myeloperoxidase (MPO-ANCA),has been a major advance in the diagnosis of small vessel vasculitis,42 particularly WG and MPA. Sensitivity of ANCA varies significantly (34% to 92%)101143,–,47due to non-standardised assays,1148 different study designs,1444 differences in treatment, disease activity and disease type in the populations studied. MPO-pANCA predominates in MPA and PR3-cANCA in WG, however, this is not absolute. Geographical variation has been observed with the presence of MPO-pANCA in 60% of a cohort of Chinese patients with WG.49 In contrast, specificity is consistent between studies.104345 Most studies include disease controls, predominantly containing patients with inflammatory bowel disease, systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) and RA, rather than healthy controls. However, the ideal control group should include vasculitis mimics.1042The combined use of indirect immunofluorescence and ELISA provides optimal performance.11105051 A meta-analysis of seven studies provided a weighted pooled sensitivity of 85.5% and specificity of 98.6% for MPO-pANCA and PR3-cANCA in the diagnosis of WG, MPA or renal limited vasculitis.43 PR3-ANCA and MPO-ANCA are the only ANCA specificities with proven diagnostic value for small vessel vasculitis. However, additional ANCA specificities may emerge as useful diagnostic markers in future.52The prevalence of ANCA in CSS is lower than in WG or MPA (38% to 73%). ANCA-positive CSS is associated with a higher frequency of glomerulonephritis.12In some vasculitides, the absence of ANCA can be of value. For example, in PAN, which, historically, has been difficult to differentiate from MPA.1353,–,55ANCA are only present in low titre or completely absent in all other vasculitides such as GCA56 and Kawasaki disease (KD).57 ANCA are not 100% specific for vasculitis; they are found in other autoimmune diseases and vasculitis mimics such as SLE,58 RA,59 HIV,60 tuberculosis,6162 inflammatory bowel disease,63 primary sclerosing cholangitis,64 drug reactions (eg, cocaine65 and propylthyourracil66), infective endocarditis and septic shock.67Thus ANCA analysis should not be abused for general screening purposes. Selectivity of test ordering improves positive predictive value51 and the use of ANCA requesting guidelines to avoid indiscriminate use may be justified.68Diagnostic radiologyRadiological diagnostics are of increasing use in the assessment of large vessel vasculitis. Traditionally, conventional contrast angiography has been an essential criterion in the diagnosis of TAK.6970 More recently, the less invasive applications of CT angiography and magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) have produced similar diagnostic performance (sensitivities of 95%71 and 100%72 respectively and specificity of 100%7172 for both, where contrast angiography is the reference standard). They provide the added advantage of visualising mural changes, although, overall the performance of angiographic techniques in early disease is poor. In contrast MRI and ultrasound (US) both detected mural inflammation,73,–,75 which may be useful in early diagnosis, but are inferior to angiography in late disease.737576 In future, early diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis may be facilitated by positron emission tomography scanning (PET) scanning. Retrospective studies suggesting sensitivities of 60% to 92% and specificities of 99% to 100% in the diagnosis of large vessel vasculitis, with greater sensitivity in detecting wall inflammation compared to MRI.77,–,79 There is, however, insufficient evidence at present to advocate PET as a standard in diagnostics, especially in view of its considerable radiation dose when combined with CT.US and MRI,80,–,82 but not PET83, may be a useful alternative to temporal artery biopsy for the diagnosis of GCA. In a meta-analysis of 23 studies (2036 patients), the diagnostic value of US in GCA, using the ‘halo’ sign, a dark area around the temporal artery vessel, provided a weighted sensitivity and specificity of 69% and 82% respectively, compared to biopsy and 55% and 94% compared to ACR criteria. Abnormal findings appear to increase the likelihood of disease, thereby justifying a biopsy, while negative results decrease the post-test probability and reduce the need for a biopsy.84 The presence of bilateral halos may obviate the need of biopsy.80 Alternatively, 3T MRI of cranial arteries provides high diagnostic sensitivity (89% to 94%) and specificity (92% to 100%) indetecting vessel wall inflammation, although studies are based on small numbers performed at a limited number of centres.8182The available evidence to support other radiological strategies is not convincing.Abdominal angiographic abnormalities, particularly microaneurysms, are regarded as synonymous with PAN. However, studies assessing angiography in PAN have included a significant number of patients with MPA.85,–,87 Reported sensitivities are variable (58% to 89%) and one study described a specificity of 89% in populations with suspected medium vessel vasculitis. In practice, despite the absence of evidence, the risks of formal angiography encourage increased use of digital subtraction angiography and MRA as alternatives.In terms of granulomatous antibody-associated vasculitides, CT and MRI can be useful in diagnosing ENT disease.Compared to CT, sinus visualisation with MRI is sensitive (92%) in detecting inflammatory changes in WG.88 In contrast, MRI is poor in delineation of destruction (5% of cases) compared to CT (40% of cases).89 Although not diagnostic, they are necessary for guided biopsies that may lead to a diagnosis.The use of radiology in CNS vasculitis is controversial. The lack of a gold standard has caused difficulties in assessing its diagnostic performance in this rare and heterogeneous condition. Conventional angiography has low specificity (14% to 60%)2190 and variable sensitivity (15% to 92%).91 Angiography alone is not pathognomonic and must be interpreted in the clinical context. Distinguishing reversible vasospasm is a particular problem. MRI, CT and MRA have a role, but no investigation provides diagnostic certainty.Surrogate markersIt is clear that currently available diagnostic tools are imperfect, thus future criteria, at least in the short term, will rely heavily on clinical surrogate markers.The ACR classification criteria is dominated by clinical characteristics.5 Supplementing CHCC definitions with clinical features and biomarkers to form diagnostic criteria has not been effective in WG and MPA, however, alteration of the criteria improves their performance16 as classification criteria in WG (specifically by not excluding cases with hypereosinophilia) but not in MPA. The development of novel biomarkers may ultimately prove superior to biopsy, which provides suboptimal yield in practice.Classification treeWe recommend the development of updated criteria and re-evaluation of current disease definitions.A preliminary nomenclature scheme based upon a classification tree was agreed as work in progress and provides a basis for future validated classification and diagnostic criteria.The proposed scheme will accommodate the following features:1.The group raised concerns that ‘inflammation of blood vessels’, the truepathological definition, captured many diseases not considered to beclinical forms of vasculitis. Future criteria should focus only on clinicallyrelevant vasculitis defined as a disease where pathological evidence ofblood vessel inflammation is considered to be an important part of thedisease. Thus, all forms of vascular disease will be defined as either‘vasculitis’ or ‘predominantly non-inflammatory vasculopathy’. The latterwould include atherosclerosis, haemolytic uraemic syndrome andfibromuscular dysplasia.2.The use of eponyms should be reviewed. There is evidence linking Dr FWegener with the Nazi regime, but how substantial this link is remainsundetermined.92 Similar concerns have led to the removal of the term‘Reiter’s syndrome' in favour of reactive arthritis.93 The committee hasdiscussed this further with EULAR and ACR and have prepared adocument raising the relevant issues which is currently being reviewed bythe German society of rheumatology. We recognise that an alternative to the term for WG could be ANCA-associated vasculitis with granulomatosis (Wegener's granulomatosis).In general, it was agreed that wide-scale abandonment of historicallyestablished terms would cause confusion and therefore any change would need to be introduced gradually, with initial retention of the old names in addition to the new, more appropriate names.3.The name for any disease should, where possible, reflect itspathophysiological basis. Our understanding of specific aetiologies invasculitis is limited, but expanding. A significant proportion of patients with PAN and cryoglobulinaemic vasculitis (cryo) carry hepatitis B94 and C95 infections, respectively and there is evidence to suggest that theseviruses induce direct vessel damage via immune complex formation. This should be reflected in their definitions and names.4.Age is worthy of inclusion in the definitions of some forms of vasculitis,but not all.The spectrum of large vessel vasculitis has traditionally been set according to age5 with a cut-off of 50 years between GCA and TAK. The concept of ‘age at disease onset’ should be considered (as per the ACR criteria)5 since many patients with TAK present several years after their true disease onset with symptoms such as claudication. Age is currently used to define HSP, but at least 10% of cases occur in adulthood.50 Adults with HSP oftenfollow a distinct clinical course from children, in particular, with worse renal outcomes.96 In contrast, KD is mainly a paediatric disease. Adultcases are rare and benign.975.Vasculitis is divided into primary and secondary forms. Primary entitiesmay move into the secondary category if aetiologies are discovered.Secondary vasculitis includes vasculitis due to infection, drugs, malignancyand connective tissue diseases.6.The use of predominant vessel size and type will remain a majordiscriminator. In addition to ‘small’, ‘medium’ and ‘large’, a ‘nopredominant vessel size’ category would be incorporated. This allows theinclusion of syndromes such as Behçets disease, CNS vasculitis, Cogan'ssyndrome and relapsing polychondritis.ConclusionsThere is currently no gold standard test for the diagnosis of vasculitis. We have critically appraised the value of biopsy, serology and radiology for diagnosing vasculitis to define an evidence base from which to modernise current definitions and criteria. We have identified areas of potential improvement in current definitions and criteria. The available evidence is insufficient to make definitive recommendations for diagnostic criteria. However, the points represent position statements to allow the development of future definitions and validated diagnostic/classification criteria. There is clear consensus among the international community to embrace this challenge. This work provides the foundation for a proposed large multicentre study to develop new criteria from prospective cohorts that would take current diagnostic testing into consideration.Footnotes•Funding EULAR Executive Secretariat, Ministerio de Cienciae Innovación, SAF 08/04328 (MCC), and the American College of Rheumatology.•Provenance and peer review Not commissioned; externally peer reviewed. •Competing interest None.TablesTable 1 Percentage of committee dissatisfied with disease criteria/definition* Disease ACR (%) CHCC (%)GCA 38 27TAK 45 27PAN 76 59KD n/a 14WG 43 68MPA n/a 59CSS 76 36HSP 86 14HV 75 n/aLV n/a 41Cryo n/a 36GCA – Giant cell arteritis; TAK – Takayasu disease; PAN – Polyarteritis nodosa; KD – Kawasaki disease; WG – Wegener’s granulomatosis; MPA – Microscopic polyangiitis; CSS – Churg-Strauss syndrome; HSP – Henoch Sconlein purpura; HV – Hypersensitivity vasculitis; LV – Leucocytoclastic vasculitis; Cryo – Cryoglobulinemic vasculitis* 22 participantsTable 2: The EULAR evidence hierarchy for diagnosis based on study designGrade EvidenceIa Meta-analysis of cohort studiesIb Meta-analysis of case control studiesIIa Cohort studiesIIb Case control/cross sectional comparative studiesIII Non-comparative descriptive studiesIV Expert opinion。
anca相关血管炎分类标准
anca相关血管炎分类标准anca相关血管炎是一组自身免疫性疾病,以血管炎和坏死性小血管炎为主要特征,通常涉及肾脏和呼吸系统等器官,严重影响患者的生活质量和生存率。
目前,关于anca相关血管炎的分类标准一直备受关注和讨论,以便更好地诊断和治疗这一疾病。
本文将对进行详细介绍和分析。
第一,anca相关血管炎的分类标准主要包括临床表现和实验室检测结果。
根据临床表现的不同,可以将anca相关血管炎分为结节性多动脉炎(EGPA)、显微镜下多动脉炎(MPA)和颗粒性肉芽肿性肾炎(GPA)三种类型。
EGPA主要表现为气道和肺部病变,常伴有过敏性鼻炎、支气管哮喘等表现;MPA主要累及小血管,易导致肾脏和呼吸系统损害;GPA主要累及上呼吸道和肾脏,患者常呈现肾功能不全和肾小球肾炎等症状。
其次,对于实验室检测结果,主要包括血清抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)和肾脏活检。
血清ANCA检测是anca相关血管炎的重要诊断依据,根据ANCA的阳性率和抗体亚型可以进一步确定疾病的类型。
对于肾脏活检,可以发现肾小球和小血管的病变程度,并评估患者的肾功能。
另外,根据anca相关血管炎的发病机制和病理特点,还有一些新的分类标准和研究方向逐渐引起重视。
例如,最近有研究指出,anca相关血管炎患者中存在一些与炎症状态和肾功能相关的生物标志物,可以作为辅助诊断和预后评估的参考。
此外,针对不同的临床表现和病理类型,还可以进一步细化和个性化治疗方案,有助于提高患者的治疗效果和生存率。
梳理一下本文的重点,我们可以发现,anca相关血管炎的分类标准对于临床诊断和治疗具有重要意义,可以帮助医生更准确地判断患者的病情和预后。
未来,随着对anca相关血管炎病因和病理机制的深入研究,相信会有更多新的分类标准和治疗策略出现,为患者带来更好的康复效果和生活质量。
血管炎 病情说明指导书
血管炎病情说明指导书一、血管炎概述血管炎(vasculitis)是一组以血管壁或血管周围组织炎症伴坏死为基本特征的自身免疫性疾病,分为原发性和继发性。
原发性血管炎是指不合并有另一种已明确疾病的系统性血管炎,继发性血管炎是指继发于另一确诊疾病的血管炎,如感染、肿瘤、弥漫性结缔组织病等。
其症状随血管病变位置而呈现不同变化。
临床治疗以药物治疗为主,病情严重者可考虑进行手术治疗。
患者在确诊本病后,应及早就医治疗,可有效改善患者的预后情况。
英文名称:vasculitis。
其它名称:无。
相关中医疾病:暂无资料。
ICD疾病编码:暂无编码。
疾病分类:血液系统疾病。
是否纳入医保:部分药物、耗材、诊治项目在医保报销范围,具体报销比例请咨询当地医院医保中心。
遗传性:有一定的遗传相关性。
发病部位:其他。
常见症状:发热、乏力、关节肌肉疼痛、食欲减退。
主要病因:尚不完全清楚,可能与遗传、感染与免疫、药物等因素有关。
检查项目:体格检查、血液检查、尿常规、抗原抗体检测、血管造影、CT、血管MRI、彩色多普勒超声、病理活检。
重要提醒:血管炎可累及多器官病变,可能造成患者临床死亡,应及早就医治疗。
临床分类:根据主要受累血管的大小进行分类:1、累及大血管的系统性血管炎包括大动脉炎、巨细胞动脉炎。
2、累及中等大小血管的系统性血管炎包括结节性多动脉炎、血栓闭塞性脉管炎、川崎病。
3、累及小血管的系统性血管炎(1)ANCA(抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体)相关血管炎:包括显微镜下多血管炎、肉芽肿性多血管炎和嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎。
(2)免疫复合物性小血管炎:包括抗肾小球基底膜病、冷球蛋白性血管炎、IgA 血管炎、低补体血症性荨麻疹性血管炎。
4、累及血管大小可变的系统性血管炎包括贝赫切特病、科根综合征。
5、单器官血管炎包括皮肤白细胞破碎性血管炎、皮肤动脉炎、原发性中枢神经系统血管炎、孤立性主动脉炎。
6、与系统性疾病相关的血管炎包括红斑狼疮相关血管炎、类风湿关节炎相关血管炎和结节病相关血管炎。
血管炎简介
血管炎简介血管炎是一组与血管坏死及炎症有关的疾病。
管腔受损引起相应器官或组织的供血不足。
临床表现因受累血管的类型、大小、部位、炎症的病期和病损的特点而异。
多数病因不明,少数病因较明确,如血清病,药物变态反应及感染。
乙型肝炎病毒已证实是多种血管炎的病因,近而又发现巨细胞病毒、单纯疱疹病毒、成人T细胞白血病病毒均能引起血管炎。
大多数血管炎发病机制与免疫反应有关。
血中可测得免疫复合物说明免疫复合物是引起血管炎的重要机制。
血管炎可以累及体内任何血管,根据浸润细胞的种类与病理特点可分为①白细胞破碎性血管炎;②淋巴细胞肉芽肿性血管炎;③巨细胞性血管炎;④坏死性血管炎。
这些病变构成了血管腔狭窄或管壁瘤样变,使局部综合组织供血不足。
病理变化还有以下特点:①病变呈节段或局限性改变;②不同抗体阶段的病变和其严重程度往往不一致;③病变有时只涉及管壁一角,因此病理诊断可有一定难度。
分类一原发性血管炎(一)累及大、中、小血管大动脉炎(Takayasu动脉炎)颞动脉炎(巨细胞动脉炎)孤立性中枢神经系统血管炎(二)累及中、小血管结节性多动脉炎变应性肉芽肿血管炎(Churg—Strauss综合征)Wegener肉芽肿(三)累及小血管显微镜下多动脉炎过敏性紫癜(HenochSchonlein紫癜)皮肤白细胞破碎性血管炎(四)其他闭塞性血栓性血管病(Buerger病)Cogan综合征白塞病(Behcet病)Kawasaki病二、继发性血管炎感染相关血管炎结缔组织病相关血管炎继发于混合型原发性冷球蛋白血症血管炎恶性肿瘤相关血管炎低补体血症荨麻疹性血管炎器官相同移植后血管炎假性血管炎综合妇产征(粘液性瘤、心内膜炎、Sneddon综合征)血管炎按病因分类有困难,因为多数病因不明,同一病因又可引起几种不同类型血管炎。
例如乙型肝炎病毒感染可诱发荨麻疹性血管炎、冷球蛋白血症性血管炎和典型结节性多动脉炎。
从受累血管的种类、大小、分布以及移植组织学特征来进行等分类也有问题,因为许多血管炎有重叠性,例如Wegener肉芽肿和类风湿方面关节炎所并发的血管炎,均可以出现急性坏死性动脉炎、粒细胞或淋巴细胞性小血管炎及肉芽肿性血管炎。
2024中国儿童血管炎诊断与治疗系列专家共识(总论)
2024中国儿童血管炎诊断与治疗系列专家共识(总论)儿童血管炎是严重危害儿童健康的常见风湿性疾病,因临床表现缺乏特征性、多数血管炎无特异性实验室检查方法导致诊断困难,迄今为止国内大部分儿童血管炎缺乏诊断和治疗的共识或规范,为此中国医师协会儿科医师分会儿童风湿免疫学组组织儿科风湿免疫专业医师,依据自身临床经验并结合国内外相关文献,对儿童血管炎诊断和治疗达成—致意见,并共同撰写《中国儿童血管炎诊断与治疗系列专家共识》,以推动国内儿童血管炎诊断和治疗的不断进步。
本文为《中国儿童血管炎诊断与治疗系列专家共识之—总论》,将总体概括儿童血管炎的诊断与治疗。
1 定义和分类血管炎是以血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的—组异质性疾病,可累及各类血管和多个器官。
血管炎可分为原发性血管炎和继发性血管炎,后者指继发于感染、恶性肿瘤、药物和其他风湿性疾病等。
儿童血管炎分类主要基于临床表现(单器官与系统性血管炎)、受影响血管大小(小、中、大)和组织病理学特点(肉芽肿性与非肉芽肿性)。
2005年,欧洲风湿病联盟(EULAR)-欧洲儿科风湿病学会(PR eS)制订了第1个针对儿童的血管炎分类标准(见表1) [ 1 ]。
此标准在1398例患儿中进行了验证,其敏感度为89.6%~ 100.0%,特异度为87.0%~ 99.9%,与Chapel Hill共识会议系统性血管炎修订标准(2012)(2]相比较,其不包含巨细胞动脉炎。
在Chapel Hill共识会议系统性血管炎修订标准(2012)[ 2 ]中已将Wegener,s肉芽肿命名为肉芽肿性多血管炎( granulomatosis with polyangiitis , GPA ), Churg-strauss 刍宗合征命名为嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(eosinophilic granulomatosis with polyangiitis, EGPA),过敏性紫瘢(Henoch-Schonlein purpura, HS P)命名为l g A血管炎(lgA vasculitis, lgAV),以下均用新名称命名疾病。
系统性血管炎最新分类盘点
系统性⾎管炎最新分类盘点系统性⾎管炎⼀般指以⾎管壁炎症与坏死为主要病理特征的⼀组炎性⾃⾝免疫性疾病,分为原发性和继发性。
⾎管炎可引起⾎流减少或⾎管阻塞,导致组织缺⾎、坏死,⾎管本⾝也可因炎症受损,导致永久性狭窄、形成动脉瘤或者破裂。
1分类⼏⼗年来,⾎管炎的分类是⼀个具有挑战性的问题。
1990年,美国风湿病学会(ACR)提出的⾎管炎分类标准可以帮助诊断,但是缺乏⾜够的敏感性和特异性。
1994 年的Chapel Hill 共识会议(CHCC)提出了⾎管炎的疾病定义,但是并未体现疾病的组织病理学特点。
欧洲药品管理局(EMA)对抗中性粒细胞胞浆抗体(ANCA)相关⾎管炎以及结节性多动脉炎进⾏分类,以进⾏流⾏病学研究,但也有其局限性。
随着对疾病发病机制的认识,系统性⾎管炎的命名及定义在持续更新。
2012年CHCC根据主要受累⾎管的⼤⼩对⾎管炎进⾏了命名和分类,⽬前应⽤最为⼴泛(表1)。
根据病变⾎管的⼤⼩,系统性⾎管炎⼤致可分为⼤⾎管炎(LVV)、中⾎管炎(MVV)和⼩⾎管炎(SVV),但是有些疾病累及的⾎管⼤⼩可能会有重叠,另外,有的系统性⾎管炎累及⾎管⼤⼩可变。
在定义⾎管⼤⼩时,“⼤⾎管”是指主动脉及其主要分⽀,“中⾎管”是指主要的内脏动静脉及其初始分⽀,“⼩⾎管”是指⼩动脉、⽑细⾎管及⼩静脉。
1.1 ⼤⾎管炎1.1.1 ⼤动脉炎(TAK)⼤动脉炎指主要累及主动脉及其⼀级分⽀的慢性⾁芽肿性动脉炎。
通常在50岁之前发病,⼥性多见。
炎症和损伤往往局限于受累⾎管的⼀部分,但是也可出现⼴泛受累,例如全主动脉炎(pan-aortitis)。
1.1.2 巨细胞动脉炎(GCA)⼜称为颞动脉炎,常为⾁芽肿性动脉炎。
主要累及主动脉及其主要分⽀,包括颈动脉分⽀,尤其是颞动脉。
通常在50岁之后发病,其中70~90岁个体的发病率显著增加,常伴发风湿性多肌痛。
还有其他类型的⼤⾎管炎,有的尚⽆特定名称,如特发性孤⽴性主动脉炎;有的是其他类型⾎管炎或全⾝炎症性疾病的⼀部分,如科根综合征或复发性多软⾻炎。
系统性血管炎
结节性多动脉炎& 显微镜下多血管炎鉴别
受累血管大小 血管造影微动脉瘤 肾血管性高血压 急进性肾小球肾炎 肺出血 周围神经病变 B 型肝炎病毒感染 疾病复发 中性粒细胞胞浆抗体
结节性多动脉炎 中~小动脉 可阳性
有(10%-33%) 无 无
50%~80% 相关(30%)
较少 较少(<20%)
显微镜下多血管炎 微小血管为主 阴性 无 多见 有 10%~20% 无关 很常见
❖其他 ▪ 眼病(58%,首发15% ):角膜炎, 巩 膜炎, 葡萄膜炎, 视网膜病变
▪ 皮肤(50%,首发15% ) ▪ 关节炎(75%,首发40%) ▪ 神经(25-50%,起病少见)
WG皮肤表现
❖ 下肢高出皮面的紫癜 ❖ 多形红斑 ❖ 斑疹、瘀点(斑) ❖ 丘疹、皮下结节 ❖ 坏死性溃疡形成 ❖ 浅表皮肤糜烂
性坏死,以淋巴细胞浸注为主 颈动脉、锁骨下动脉、
肾动脉、肺动脉
肉 芽 肿 性 动 脉 炎 , 可 有 动 脉 壁 头 颈 部 的 颅 外 动 脉 ,也
的坏死,以巨细胞为主的炎症 可累及主动脉及主要
细 胞 浸 润 ,受 损 动 脉 呈 局 限 性 、 分 枝
节段性公布,形成跳跃征象
血 管 全 层 纤 维 素 样 坏 死 , 多 种 广 泛 。常 为 节 段 性 ,在
➢MPA 和CSS以髓过氧化物酶-ANCA (MPO- ANCA) 为主
❖ ANCA的染色模型可根据间接免疫荧光检 测ANCA的染色模型的差异而分为:
❖细胞浆型ANCA(cANCA) ❖核周型ANCA(pANCA) ❖介于两者之间为非典型性ANCA(x-ANCA)
ANCA与血管炎及相关疾病
ANCA型 胞浆内抗原 c-ANCA 蛋白酶3
儿童血管炎新分类(2005年维也纳国际会议)
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核 、单核 、嗜酸性细胞浸润 ,血 管壁纤维蛋 白样坏死。伴有 肾脏病变者肾小球节段坏死并有新月体形成 口 ] 。
根 据 血管 炎 的 病 因 可分 作 原 发性 、继 发 性 两 大类 。根 据
管 炎 :高 敏性 血 管 炎 、变 应 性 肉 芽肿 性 血 管 炎 、风 湿 性动 脉
儿 童期 结 节 性 多 动 脉 炎 皮 肤多 动 脉 炎
川崎 病 Ⅲ 小 血 管 炎
炎、结节性动脉炎和颞动脉炎。以后血管炎的分型均不 同程
度 衍 生 于 Z e 型 法 。近 年 随着 免疫 学 、病 理 学 、 临床 医 ek分 学 的深 入 研 究 ,尤 其 是 D v s 先 报 告 抗 中性 粒 细 胞 胞 浆 ai 首 e
孤 立 的皮 肤 白细 胞 碎裂 性 血 管 炎 低 补 体 血 症 荨 麻 疹 血管 炎
Ⅳ 其他 血 管 炎 白塞 氏病 继 发 于 感 染 、 瘤 、 物 的 血 管 炎 , 括 过 敏 性 血 管 炎 肿 药 包
更适合 于儿童血管炎的分类 ,并对小血管炎 中肉芽肿性病 变
衷 1 C a e Hi 图 际会 议 血 管炎 分 类 h pl l l 大 血 管 性血 管 炎
AAV诊治策略专题知识
ANCA有关性血管炎(AAV)
AAV旳基本病理特征
GPA和EGPA血管周围有肉芽肿形成。
肉芽肿:中央坏死、边沿类上皮细胞和多核巨细胞、外周淋巴细胞
急性期:中性或嗜酸粒浸润/中性粒细胞碎裂,慢 性期:小血管纤维化,官腔狭窄。
肾脏最易受累,92%肾小球可见新月体形成, 64.3%患者新月体百分比>50%,半数以上伴肾小 球毛细血管袢节段坏死。绝大多数存在严重旳肾 小管间质病变。
肾脏:肾性高血压、蛋白尿、异常尿沉渣、坏死性 肾小球肾炎
消化系统:腹泻、腹痛、消化道出血、肝酶升高。
化验异常:血Cr及BUN升高、贫血、WBC升高、血小 板降低、低补体血症、高γ球蛋白、血沉增快、 CRP增高
ANCA阳性、抗内皮细胞抗体阳性 影像学体现
By January 2023, a total of 658 patients had been recruited by 33 sites from 18 countries.
声门下狭窄
肺部结节
多系统受累旳皮肤血管炎
多发性单神经炎
眶内球后肿物
AAV以外ANCA(+)旳疾病
CTD (SLE, SSc, RA…..) 非AAV旳血管炎 胃肠道疾病(UC,CD,PSC) 感染性疾病 恶性肿瘤(淋巴瘤……)
抗内皮细胞抗体 (Antiendothelial cell antibodies,AECA)
中档血管炎:结节性多动脉炎、川崎病
小血管炎:韦格纳肉芽肿、显微镜下多血管炎、 Churg-Strauss综合征、过敏性紫癜、皮肤白细胞 破碎性血管炎、冷球蛋白血症性血管炎
大中小动脉、静脉均可受累:贝赫切特综合征 (白塞病)
不足
还有一部分血管炎未被纳入该分类:如血栓 闭塞性脉管炎,某些不常见旳血管炎(肺出血 肾炎综合征,Cogan综合症,低补体性血管炎) 以及继发性血管炎;
血管炎
目前缺乏中国的人口数据,但大多数中国患者也是 MPOANCA 阳性的
J Am Soc Nephrol. 2015 Oct;26(10):2314-27.
全身 症状
发热、食欲减退、体重减 轻、乏力
骨骼、 肌肉 肌痛、关节痛(游走性)
ANCA相关血 管炎的 临床特征
皮肤
高出皮肤的紫癜、荨麻疹
肾脏 损害 呼吸 道
病因与发病机制
大多数血管炎的病因至今不明,其发病机 理也多不清楚。目前认为血管炎的发病机 制主要是感染原对血管的直接损害和免疫 异常介导的炎症反应
发病机制
细菌、立克次体 螺旋体、病毒… 乙肝病毒 A b+A g (CIC ) 抗内皮细胞抗体 抗基底膜抗体
直接损伤
激活补体
中性粒细胞 单核细胞 ANCA
肺部表现
治疗
诱导缓解治疗(初始治疗)
强化免疫抑制治疗
维持缓解治疗
复发治疗
MP冲击的适应症
血浆置换的适应症
合并抗GBM抗体 肺出血 ARF依赖透析
新月体性肾炎 纤维素样坏死 肺出血
诱导治疗:糖皮质激素和CTX
强的松
剂量:1mg/kg· d,4-6周 10-15mg/d 维持
总的分布是50岁以上的患者患病率为50 Canon Jan Van Eyck 1358-1440
分类
系统性血管炎的分类多年来很杂乱,由于 受损血管的大小和分布不一,病理改变多 种多样,至今没有一个最完善的分类方法。 目前大多采用93年六国学者讨论的chapel hill 分类。
系统性血管炎
系统性血管炎(systemic vasculitis) 是一组以血管的炎症与坏死为主要病理改 变的炎性疾病。临床表现因受累血管的类 型、大小、部位及病理特点不同而表现各 异。其常累及全身多个系统,引起多系统 多脏器功能障碍,但也可局限于某一脏器。 系统性血管炎常累及的部位为皮肤、肾脏、 肺、神经系统等。 本组疾病临床表现复杂多样,变化多端, 大多数属疑难杂症。
几种常见皮肤血管炎的诊断与治疗
几种常见皮肤血管炎的诊断与治疗作者:王征贾玉玺来源:《中国社区医师》2008年第09期皮肤血管炎,是指由某种致病因素直接作用于皮肤血管壁引起的原发性血管炎症状,同时产生一定临床症状和体征者称血管炎疾病。
病因①原因不明(45%~55%):②感染性(细菌、病毒、真菌等)(18%~20%);⑧炎症性疾病(合并系统性疾病)(15%~20%):④某些药物(抗生素、抗惊厥药、避孕药等)(10%~15%);⑤肿瘤(5%)。
发病机制目前尚不十分清楚,一般认为与变态反应有关,主要为Ⅲ型变态反应,由可溶性免疫复合物沉积于局部或全身多处毛细血管基底膜后,激活补体,在一些效应细胞(血小板、嗜碱性粒细胞、中性粒细胞)参与作用下,引起的充血、水肿、局部坏死和中性粒细胞浸润为主要特征的炎症反应和组织损伤。
细胞介导的迟发性变态反应也可导致血管炎的发生。
致敏的淋巴细胞和抗原发生反应,释放淋巴因子,其中巨噬细胞移动抑制因子在免疫反应处吸引大量单核细胞,并转化为活化的巨噬细胞,可吞噬免疫复合物及释放溶酶体酶,破坏血管壁。
另外,这些细胞也可进一步转化为上皮样细胞,参与肉芽肿形成,产生肉芽肿性血管炎。
临床表现由于损害血管的大小、范围及炎症反应程度不同,临床表现多种多样。
但常具有共同特点,如小血管和毛细血管的炎症,主要表现为瘀点或瘀斑、水肿性红斑、坏死性丘疹、血疱或小结节等;中等或较大血管的炎症,可出现皮肤结节、坏死或溃疡等。
血管炎分类一般根据组织病理浸润细胞的种类,有无肉芽肿形成和侵犯血管的大小等分类。
①白细胞破碎性小血管炎,如变应性皮肤血管炎、变应性紫癜、血清病、荨麻疹性血管炎、白塞病及变应性一系统性血管炎;②淋巴细胞性小血管炎,如急性痘疮样、苔藓样糠疹及皮肤结节性血管炎。
现就临床比较常见的几种皮肤血管炎简介如下。
色素性紫癜性皮病色素性紫癜性皮病,是一组目前原因不明的毛细血管炎,包括进行性色素性紫癜性皮炎、毛细血管扩张性环状紫癜及色素性紫癜性苔藓样皮炎,其临床表现与组织病理比较类似。
血管炎分类
Chapel Hill 2012年新分类如下:
大血管炎(LVV):大动脉炎(TAK)和巨细胞动脉炎(GCA);
中等血管炎(MVV):结节性多动脉炎(PAN)和川崎病(KD);
小血管炎(SVV):
ANCA相关性小血管炎(AAV):显微镜下多血管炎(MPA),肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA),嗜酸细胞性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA)。
从病理特点来说,也叫寡免疫复合物小血管炎。
免疫复合物性小血管炎:抗GBM性疾病,冷球蛋白血症性血管炎,IgA血管炎(IgAV),低补体性荨麻疹性血管炎(抗C1q血管炎)(HUV)。
变异性血管炎(VVV):白塞氏(BD)和Cogan综合征(CS)。
白塞病可能累及大、中、小血管,归于此类。
单器官的血管炎(SOV):皮肤白细胞破碎性血管炎,皮肤动脉炎,原发性中枢神经系统血管炎,孤立性主动脉炎。
但是单独肾脏器官受累的,不属于此类,还是属于小血管炎。
与系统性疾病相关的血管炎:狼疮性血管炎,类风湿性血管炎,结节病性血管炎。
与可能的病因相关的血管炎:丙肝病毒相关性冷球蛋白血症性血管炎,乙肝病毒相关性血管炎,梅毒相关性主动脉炎,血清病相关性免疫复合物血管炎,药物相关性免疫复合物性血管炎,肿瘤相关性血管炎。
中国脑血管病分类(2015)最终版
中国脑血管疾病分类(2015)中华医学会神经病学分会中华医学会神经病学分会脑血管病学组一、缺血性脑血管病(一)短暂性脑缺血发作1、颈动脉系统(包括一过性黑矇)2、椎-基底动脉系统(二)脑梗死包括:脑动脉和入脑前动脉闭塞或狭窄引起的脑梗死1、大动脉粥样硬化性脑梗死(1)颈内动脉闭塞综合征(2)大脑前动脉闭塞综合征(3)大脑中动脉闭塞综合征(4)大脑后动脉闭塞综合征(5)椎-基底动脉闭塞综合征(6)小脑后下动脉闭塞综合征(7)其他2、脑栓塞(1)心源性(2)动脉源性(3)脂肪性(4)其他(反常栓塞、空气栓塞)3、小动脉闭塞性脑梗死4、脑分水岭梗死5、出血性脑梗死6、其他原因(真性红细胞增多症、高凝状态、moyamoya病,动脉夹层等)7、原因未明(三)脑动脉盗血综合征1、锁骨下动脉盗血综合征2、颈动脉盗血综合征3、椎-基底动脉盗血综合征(四)慢性脑缺血二、出血性脑血管病不包括:外伤性颅内出血(一)蛛网膜下腔出血1、动脉瘤破裂(1)先天性动脉瘤(2)动脉硬化性动脉瘤(3)感染性动脉瘤(4)其他2、脑血管畸形3、中脑周围非动脉瘤性蛛网膜下腔出血4、其他原因:(moyamoya病、夹层动脉瘤、颅内静脉系统血栓形成、血液病、抗凝治疗并发症等)5、原因未明(二)脑出血1、高血压脑出血(1)壳核出血(2)丘脑出血(3)尾状核出血(4)脑叶出血(5)脑干出血(6)小脑出血(7)脑室出血(无脑实质出血)(8)多灶性脑出血(9)其他2、脑血管畸形或动脉瘤3、淀粉样脑血管病4、药物性(溶栓、抗凝、抗血小板治疗及应用可卡因等)5、瘤卒中6、脑动脉炎7、其他原因:(moyamoya病、夹层动脉瘤、颅内静脉系统血栓形成、血液病等)8、原因未明(三)其他颅内出血1、硬膜下出血2、硬膜外出血三、头颈部动脉粥样硬化、狭窄或闭塞(未形成脑梗死)(一)头颈部动脉粥样硬化(二)颈总动脉狭窄或闭塞(三)颈内动脉狭窄或闭塞(四)大脑前动脉狭窄或闭塞(五)大脑中动脉狭窄或闭塞(六)椎动脉狭窄或闭塞(七)基底动脉狭窄或闭塞(八)大脑后动脉狭窄或闭塞(九)多发性脑动脉狭窄或闭塞(十)其他头颈部动脉狭窄或闭塞四、高血压脑病五、颅内动脉瘤(一)先天性动脉瘤(二)动脉粥样硬化性动脉瘤(三)感染性动脉瘤(四)外伤性假性动脉瘤(五)其他六、颅内血管畸形(一)脑动静脉畸形(二)海绵状血管瘤(三)静脉性血管畸形(四)颈内动脉海绵窦瘘(五)毛细血管扩张症(六)脑-面血管瘤病(七)颅内-颅外血管交通性动静脉畸形(八)硬脑膜动静脉瘘(九)其他七、脑血管炎(一)原发性中枢神经系统血管炎(二)继发性中枢神经系统血管炎1、感染性疾病导致的脑血管炎(梅毒、结核、钩端螺旋体、HIV、莱姆病等)2、免疫相关性脑血管炎(1)大动脉炎、(2)巨细胞动脉炎(颞动脉炎)(3)结节性多动脉炎(4)系统性红斑狼疮性脑血管炎(5)其他(抗磷脂抗体综合征、Sneddon综合征、白塞病等)3、其他(药物、肿瘤、放射性损伤等)八、其他脑血管疾病(一)脑底异常血管网症(moyamoya病)(二)肌纤维发育不良(三)脑淀粉样血管病(四)伴有皮层下梗死及白质脑病的常染色体显性遗传性脑动脉病(CADASIL)和伴有皮层下梗死及白质脑病的常染色体隐性遗传性脑动脉病(CARASIL)(五)头颈部动脉夹层(六)可逆性脑血管收缩综合征(八)可逆性后部脑病综合征(九)其他九、颅内静脉系统血栓形成(一)上矢状窦血栓形成(二)横窦、乙状窦血栓形成(三)直窦血栓形成(四)海绵窦血栓形成(五)大脑大静脉血栓形成(六)脑静脉血栓形成(七)其他十、无急性症状的脑血管病(一)无症状性脑梗死(未引起急性局灶神经功能缺损的脑梗死)(二)脑微出血(未引起急性局灶神经功能缺损的脑实质内小量出血)十一、急性脑血管病后遗症(一)蛛网膜下腔出血后遗症(二)脑出血后遗症(三)脑梗死后遗症(四)脑血管病后癫痫(五)其他十二、血管性认知障碍(一)非痴呆性血管性认知障碍(二)血管性痴呆1、多发梗死性痴呆2、关键部位的单个梗死痴呆(如丘脑梗死)3、脑小血管病性痴呆(包括皮质下动脉硬化性脑病、脑白质病变、脑淀粉样血管病、脑微出血)4、脑分水岭梗死性痴呆(低灌注性痴呆)5、出血性痴呆(如丘脑出血、SAH、硬膜下血肿)6、其他(如CADASIL)十三、急性脑血管病后抑郁关于《中国脑血管病分类》修订的几点说明目前我国脑血管病分类仍采用1995年中华医学会神经病学分会第四届脑血管病学术会议制定的分类方法,随着研究的深入和检查治疗技术手段的进步,对脑血管病的认识不断更新,原分类方法已无法满足临床的需求。
ANCA相关性血管炎
润的种类、数量、增殖状态 治疗中不宜过早停药,以免病情复发(有人治疗年后,
肾功稳定, 尿检正常,阴转才逐渐停药) 已进行透析者,仍应积极创造条件做肾活检 肾活检病变属急性活动期,主张积极治疗 肾活检组织示肾小球硬化间质纤维化,业已形成瘢 痕
39
临床表现
皮损:红斑性斑丘疹、可触性紫癜、皮肤或皮下结节 呼吸系统:哮喘、非固定性肺部浸润、鼻窦炎 肾脏:局灶性、节段性肾小球肾炎。单发或多发神经炎
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诊断标准 (参照年美国风湿并学会分类标准)
哮喘;
外周血嗜酸性细胞增多, > 分类计数的 ;
单发或多发性神经炎
非固定性肺内浸润
副鼻窦炎
15
血管炎皮肤损害
明显的紫癜,水 疱大疱疹损害, 丘疹,溃疡,指 栓塞和甲下线状 出血。
16
血管炎鼻部病变
鼻中隔侵蚀, 鼻中隔穿孔, 或者在多数患 者中,鼻梁塌 陷――即“鞍 鼻畸形”
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肺部表现
空洞结节
肺泡出血
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血管炎的基本病理改变
血管纤维素样坏死 炎性细胞浸润 微动脉瘤 个别有肉芽肿病变
要点。
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鉴别诊断
急进性肾炎()型及型 现已知原发性小血管炎导致的新月体肾炎 即为 型( 型为原
发性小血管炎) 及、型的鉴别关键在肾切片免疫荧光检查. 型病人及呈线
条样沉积于肾小球毛细血管壁,型及,呈颗粒样沉积于肾 小球系膜区及毛细血管壁,而型免疫沉积物基本阴性
46
鉴别诊断
继发性系统性血管炎的肾损害、 等疾病也常侵犯肾脏,但它们各自都 有自身特异的临床症状、实验室检查、 病理及免疫病理表现,不难以此及原 投性小血管炎肾损害鉴别.
血管炎新分类
血管炎新分类的启示血管炎(vascul itis)是指以血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的一组异质性疾病,可累及各种各样的血管,临床表现复杂多样且可交叉重叠。
合理的分类体系,有利于指导血管炎的诊断、病因和发病机制的分析以及治疗方法的选择。
由于众多复杂的因素,造成血管炎的分类比拟复杂和混乱,近年来先后出现了多个标准。
现就“2021年Chapel Hill会议(CHCC)的血管炎分类标准〞相关问题阐述如下。
1血管炎分类的开展历史1952年Zeek首先提出血管炎的分类方法,将血管炎分为过敏性动脉炎、过敏性肉芽肿性动脉炎、风湿性动脉炎、结节性动脉周围炎、颞动脉炎5类。
这个分类法相当粗糙,许多常见的血管炎[如韦格纳肉芽肿病(WG)、大动脉炎等]并不包括在内。
之后随着对血管炎的进一步认识,不断有新的分类标准产生,如1964年的Alarc6n-Segovia分类标准,1975年的De Shazo分类标准,1978年的Fauci分类标准,1988年的Scott分类标准等。
1990年ACR提出新的分类标准,对结节性多动脉炎、Churg-Strauss综合征(CSS)、WG、超敏性血管炎、过敏性紫癜、颞动脉炎、大动脉炎7种明确的血管炎做出了定义。
该分类标准较之以往有了很大的进步,对血管炎的定义更清晰、明确。
但临床常见的、1948年即被提及的“显微镜下的动脉周围炎〞〔即显微镜下多血管炎〕并未包括在内。
目前临床常用的血管炎分类方法是1993年CHCC推荐,于1994年正式发布的分类标准(CHCC1994分类标准),它按照受累血管的大小进行简单分类,分为大血管炎、中血管炎和小血管炎,这一方法因便于分类和应用而在科研、临床工作中沿用多年。
1994年Lie就CHCC阐述了不同意见,并提出了自己的分类标准,首次提出血管炎有原发性和继发性之分,并参加了中枢神经系统孤立性血管炎、伯格病〔Burguer病〕、科根综合征等,使血管炎的概念更为广泛,且更符合临床实际。
血管炎病(内科)
(二)结节性多动脉炎
• 结节性多动脉炎(polyarteritis nodosa,PAN) 是一种以中小动脉的节段性炎症与坏死为特征的非肉芽 肿性血管炎。主要侵犯中小肌性动脉,呈节段性分布,易 发生于动脉分叉处,并向远端扩散 • 病因不明,可能与感染(病毒、细菌)、药物及注射血清等 有一定关系,尤其是HBV感染 • 男性发病为女性的2.5~4.0倍,年龄几乎均在40岁以上
临床表现
骨骼、肌肉:约50%患者有关节痛,约1/3患者骨骼肌血 管受累而产生恒定的肌痛,以腓肠肌痛多见 神经系统: • 周围神经受累多见,约占60%,表现为多发性单神经炎或 (和)多神经炎、末梢神经炎 • 中枢神经受累约占40%,临床表现取决于脑组织血管炎的 部位和病变范围,可表现为弥散性或局限性单侧脑或多部 位脑及脑干的功能紊乱,出现抽搐、意识障碍、脑血管意 外等。
小血管炎肾损害
血尿、蛋白尿
可隐袭起病 多为非少尿性 易误诊
免疫病理和电镜
免疫复合物形成
光镜
袢坏死 新月体形成 病变不平行
概论(特殊检查)
• 1.ANCA的测定:c-ANCA与约70%的WG相关,p-ANCA与约40%的显微镜下 多血管炎相关,p-ANCA亦与变应性肉芽肿血管炎相关。 • 2.抗血管内皮抗体的测定 • 3.病理受累组织的活检 • 4.血管造影 • 5.血管彩色多普勒 • 6.血管CT、MRI
血管炎病各论
• • • • • 大动脉炎 结节性多动脉炎 显微镜下多血管炎 韦格纳肉芽肿 白塞病
(一)大动脉炎
• 大动脉炎 是指累及主动脉及其主要分支 的慢性非特异性炎症引起的不 同部位动脉狭窄或闭塞,出现 相应部位缺血表现,少数也可 引起动脉扩张或动脉瘤。
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血管炎新分类的启示血管炎(vasculitis)是指以血管壁的炎症和纤维素样坏死为病理特征的一组异质性疾病,可累及各种各样的血管,临床表现复杂多样且可交义重叠。
合理的分类体系,有利于指导血管炎的诊断、病因和发病机制的分析以及治疗方法的选择。
山于众多复杂的因素,造成血管炎的分类比较复杂和混乱,近年来先后出现了多个标准。
现就“2012年Chapel Hill会议(CHCC)的血管炎分类标准”相关问题阐述如下。
1血管炎分类的发展历史1952年Zeek首先提出血管炎的分类方法,将血管炎分为过敬性动脉炎、过敬性肉芽肿性动脉炎、风湿性动脉炎、结节性动脉周圉炎、颖动脉炎5类。
这个分类法相当粗糙,许多常见的血管炎[如韦格纳肉芽肿病(WG)、大动脉炎等]并不包括在内。
之后随着对血管炎的进一步认识,不断有新的分类标准产生,如1964年的Alarc6n-Segovia分类标准,1975年的De Shazo分类标准,1978年的Fauci分类标准,1988年的Scott分类标准等。
1990年ACR提出新的分类标准,对结节性多动脉炎、Churg-Strauss综合征(CSS)、WG、超敬性血管炎、过敏性紫瘢、颍动脉炎、大动脉炎7种明确的血管炎做出了定义。
该分类标准较之以往有了很大的进步,对血管炎的定义更清晰、明确。
但临床常见的、1948年即被提及的“显微镜下的动脉周圉炎”(即显微镜下多血管炎)并未包括在内。
U前临床常用的血管炎分类方法是1993年CHCC推荐,于1994年正式发布的分类标准(CHCC1994分类标准),它按照受累血管的大小进行简单分类,分为大血管炎、中血管炎和小血管炎,这一方法因便于分类和应用而在科研、临床工作中沿用多年。
"广nicy irwBWWT 业口:《5 绻眩&•.・.用rfec4•"弹H 5 ttrt ii»* .« AW W 金.佈予喉廿■勺之•• 0#田平松x :rtr^i*.»rmirtfcaw4ft.£.«if« .w««x?vjr«*••-*:.AM «w^wr ・tr 住 JR!■•簧ae« EfniJtmw 交2 CHCC 2012血管炎分类标准2.1大血管炎:包括大动脉炎和巨细胞动脉炎(GCA),是在所有类型的血管 炎中唯一具有1A 级循证医学证据的类型。
主要累及大动脉,但也有一部分大血 管炎患者以中小动脉受累为主要表现。
二者均好发于女性,临床表现、甚至组织病理学表现有很多相似性,往往难 以区分,最大的区别在于好发年龄:大动脉炎好发于年轻患者(年龄〈50岁), GCA 好发于中老年患者。
已有学者提出这二者实际上是同一种疾病,但该观点争 议较大,CHCC 2012分类标准维持了原有的分类方法。
2.2中血管炎(MW):包括结节性多动脉炎(PAN)和川崎病。
一般来说,中血 管炎的炎症反应较之大血管炎要更为剧烈,病程更短,更易引起组织坏死。
但PAN 与小血管炎某些时候在临床上、其至病理上均难以区分。
在CHCC 2012标准中, 明确指出PAX 与ANCA 不相关。
虽然ANCA 在血管炎发病机制中所起的作用还未完全清楚,但学界公认,ANCA 是小血管炎的一个可黑的标志物,也是小血管炎与PAN —个最重要的鉴别点。
川崎病在发病年龄及靶器官上有明显特点:儿乎只发生于婴幼儿,常累及冠状动 脉,与其他类型的血管炎不难区分。
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依据ANCA的类型将AAV再细分为3类:MPO-ANCA相关性AAV、PR3-ANCA相关性AAV、ANCA阴性AAV。
当某一患者有充分证据诊断为AAV,但血清ANCA检测始终阴性时,则诊断为ANCA 阴性AAV,类似于血清阴性的SLE和血清阴性的RA。
根据组织病理学特点将AAV分为显微镜下多血管炎(MPA)、肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA)、嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA)和单器官AAV,临床上一般也应用该分类法。
需要注意的儿点是:①一部分GPA/EGPA患者病变仅局限于呼吸系统,无其他器官、系统受累的依据,但其临床及病理学表现与GPA/EGPA累及呼吸道的患者完全一致,因此通常将这部分患者归为GPA/EGPA,而非单器官性血管炎(SOV) (尤其当ANCA 阳性时更支持此观点);②EGPA的血管外表现往往为非肉芽肿性;③ANCA阳性的EGPA患者肾损害发生率高。
CHCC 2012分类标准中的免疫复合物性小血管炎一般指原发性,包括抗肾小球丿念底膜病、冷球蛋白性血管炎、IgA性血管炎、低补体血症性尊麻疹性血管炎(HUV)o从广义上讲,免疫复合物性小血管炎包括的范圉相当广泛,许多与系统性疾病相关的血管炎、与可能病因相关的血管炎均以免疫复合物在血管壁沉积为特征 (如狼疮性血管炎、类风湿性血管炎等),但在该标准中将它们归为其他相应的类别。
2.4变异性血管炎(VW):为CHCC 2012分类标准新增内容,也是新标准较CHCC 1994标准最重要的变化之一。
包括白塞病和科根综合征(CS),以全层血管炎为主要特征,任何大小(大、中、小)及任何种类的血管(动脉、静脉、毛细血管)均可累及。
白塞病的本质为血管炎早已为学术界公认,其临床及组织病理学、病理生理学特点与大、中、小血管炎均不相同,CHCC 1994分类标准中并未将其列入,相关文献一般也将其单列,作为一种特殊类型的血管炎,此次CHCC 2012分类标准将其列入,使标准更为完善、合理。
科根综合征为罕见病,发病率极低,以眼前节及内耳血管炎为特征,大部分也以此为首发表现,角膜基质炎为最重要、最具有鉴别意义的临床表现。
早期曾认为其病变局限于眼、耳,而后的研究逐渐发现全身各种血管,均可累及,因此 CHCC 2012标准将其列为变异性血管炎。
2.5 SOV:亦为CHCC 2012分类标准新增内容。
血管炎病变局限在某一器官或系统,可发展为系统性血管炎。
需要注意的是,诊断S0V必须除外为系统性血管炎累及该器官/系统所致病变。
临床上系统性血管炎仅累及一个器官/系统的病例并不少见,如MPA仅累及肾脏、GPA/EGPA仅累及呼吸道、口塞病仅累及中枢神经系统等,若诊断某一系统性血管炎依据充分,且该器官/系统病变符合这一系统性血管炎特点,则应诊断为系统性血管炎,而非S0V。
因AVV、中血管炎、VVV缺乏特异性血清标志物,且往往很难取得具有诊断意义的病理学结果,有时在临床中与S0V难以区分。
2.6与系统性疾病相关的血管炎、与可能的病因相关的血管炎:与上述5 种类型的血管炎不同,该二者为继发性血管炎,与某个或某些因素相关,可能相关的因素非常广泛,如CTD、肿瘤、感染性疾病、淋巴细胞增殖性疾病、骨髄异常增生综合征、IgG4相关性疾病、某些药物等。
二者之间的界限比较模糊,区别仅在于与系统性疾病相关的血管炎与其原发病的关系基本已明确并得到公认,而与可能的病因相关的血管炎与其原发因素之间的关系尚不能确定。
3新标准的进步与不足综上所述,CHCC 2012标准较之CHCC 1994标准有三大重要变化:①除大血管炎、中血管炎、小血管炎以外,增加了变异性血管炎、单器官性血管炎、与系统性疾病相关的血管炎及与可能的病因相关的血管炎四大类;②根据ACR、美国肾脏病学会(ASN)和EULAR 3个学术机构的共同建议,将某些以人名命名的疾病更名为基于疾病特点或病因的命名,WG更名为肉芽肿性多血管炎(GPA), CSS 更名为嗜酸性肉芽肿性多血管炎(EGPA) o另外,将过敬性紫瘢更名为IgA性血管炎,也是基于类似原因;③将小血管炎细分为两大类:ANCA相关性血管炎和免疫复合物性小血管炎,阐述了二者之间在疾病特点、本质、病因等方面的异同点。