美国文学史及选读考研复习笔记2

History And Anthology of American Literature

（2）

Part ⅡThe Literature of Reason And Revolution理性和革命时期文学

1．托马斯·佩因《常识》Thomas Paine’s “Common Sense”;

托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》Thomas Jefferson “Declaration of Independence”

2．在经济方面，英国要求美出口原材料，后从英国购回高成本的机器they hampered colonial economy by requiring Americans to ship raw materials abroad and to import finished goods at prices higher than the cost of making them in this country.

3．在政治方面，要求他们归英国政府统一管理，交各种税收但在议会中却没有代表by ruling the colonies from overseas and by taxing the colonies without giving them representation in Parliament.

4．美独立战争持续了八年（1776-1783）The War for Independence.

诺亚·韦伯斯特（Noah Webster）说：文化上的独立，艺术上的著名。

5．文学上独立的代表作：

1785年杰弗逊：《弗吉尼亚洲的声明》Jefferson’s “Notes on the State of Virginia”;

1791年巴特姆：《旅行笔记》“Travels” by Bartram

Ⅰ. Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林1706-1790殖民地时期作家。独立战争前惟一的杰出的美国作

家in the colonial period, the only good American author before the Revolutionary War.

1．出生于波士顿Boston,曾创办《半岛公报》。

1732-1758出版《穷人理查德的年鉴》“Poor Richard’s Almanac” collocation of proverbs.

2．建立一秘密俱乐部the Junto, informal discussion of scientific, economic and political ideals.建立可借图书馆，创办宾夕法尼亚大学。商业上成功，科学上贡献卓越，政治上的贡献也不可磨灭successful in business, renowned in science also served his nation brilliantly.协助杰弗逊起草“独立宣言”aided Jefferson in writing “The Declaration of Independence”.同法国谈判获得援助，后作为议会代表起草美国宪法Constitution.

3．其还是美国第一位主要作家the first major writer非凡表达能力，简洁明了，有点幽默，还是一位讽刺天才as an author he had power of expression, simplicity, a subtle humor. He was also sarcastic. 4．他最好作品收录在《自传》“Autobiography”。编辑了美国第一份殖民地杂志“General Magazine”

“对这个年青的国家来说，他的损失比其它任何人的都要大“his shadow lies heavier than any other

man’s on this young nation.

5．教材作品《自传》”The Autobiography”

Ⅱ. Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因（1737-1809）

1．被称为“人类最平凡的人“（Great Commoner of Mankind）.美国著名政治小册子作家pamphleteer.

2．1762年税务官职务employed as an excise officer.

1772年《收税官的案子》“The Case of the Officers of

the Excise”第一部政治性小册子。1774年富兰克林

给他写介绍信“an ingenious worthy young man”去美

国费城Philadelphia, edited the “Pennsylvania

Magazine”and contributed to the “Pennsylvania

Journal”是政治讽刺的天才 a political satirist of

genius.

3．1776年1月10日his famous pamphlet “Common Sense” appeared 《常识》，署名“By an Englishman”.

书中大胆拥护“独立宣言”各主张it boldly advocated

a “Declaration for Independence”.成了美国独立革命

思想的代言人became forthwith the most articulate

spokesman of the American Revolution.

4．1776-1783《美国危机》“American Crisis”signed “Common Sense”was a series of sixteen pamphlets.

第一篇于1776年黑色12月出版，这些册子在部队

中被广泛传阅，极大恢复士气鼓舞民兵斗志，增强

胜利信心was read at once to all regiments, it restored

the morale and inspired the success of that citizen’s

army。最后一篇1783年12月9日出版。

5．战争结束后perfecting the model of an iron bridge without piers。

(1791-1792)《人权》“Rights of Man”。拥护卢梭自由

理念，号召推翻英国君主制not only championed

Rousseau’s doctrines of freedom, but also suggested

the overthrow of the British monarchy.

6．在法国他因反对绞死路易十六和反对恐怖统治入狱, he opposed the execution of Louis XVI and the

Reign of Terror, was imprisoned.

《理性的时代》“The Age of Reason”1794-1795，这部

自然神论的作品主张宗教观念的理性：a deistic

treatise advocating a rationalistic view of religion. 他

最后一部作品1797《土地公平》“Agrarian Justice”.

7．教材作品：《美国危机》：“The American Crisis”.

Ⅲ. Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊（1743-1826）

1．美国历史上最为广泛影响人物his thought and personality have influenced his countryman more

deeply and remained more effectively alive.同富兰克

林一样具人道主义精神vigorous humanitarian

sympathies.启蒙运动的产物 a product of the

Enlightenment,对各领域都有兴趣：law, philosophy,

education, science, mechanics…..

2．尽全力为美国寻找一条自由、自我之路：where the

1