管理学复习资料

管理学复习资料

Manager

Someone who coordinates and oversees the work of other people so that organizational goals can be

accomplished.

First-line manager, middle manager and top manager. (concepts & difference)

First-line Managers

Managers at the lowest level of the organization that manage the work of nonmanagerial employees.

Middle Managers

Managers between the first level and the top level of the organization who manage the work of first-line

managers.

Top Managers

Managers at or near the upper levels of the organization structure who are responsible for making

organization-wide decisions and establishing the goals and plans that affect the entire organization.

基层管理者(First-line manager)通常称为监工。在制造工厂中，基层(或最低层)管理者可能被称为领班。

在运动队中，这项职务是由被称为教练的人担任的。

中层管理者(middle manager)可能享有部门或办事处主任、项目经理、单位主管、地区经理、系主任、主教，或部门经理的头衔。

高层管理者(top manager)处在或接近组织最高领导位置的管理者的头衔，通常有诸如总裁、副总裁、校长、总监、总经理、首席执行官或者董事会主席。

The four contemporary functions of management:

Planning: Defining goals, establishing strategies, and developing plans to coordinate activities

Organizing: Arranging work to accomplish organizational goals.

Leading: Working with and through people to accomplish goals.

Controlling: Monitoring, comparing, and correcting the work

计划、组织、领导和控制

10 managerial roles developed by Mintzberg. （英文版在p11）

Interpersonal roles: Figurehead, Leader, Liaison

Informational roles: Monitor, Disseminator, Spokesperson

Decisional roles: Entrepreneur, Disturbance handler, Resource allocator, Negotiator

Organizational culture

The shared values, principles, traditions, and ways of doing things that influence the way organizational members act .

组织文化:共有的价值体系。在每个组织中，都存在着随时间演变的价值观、信条、仪式、神话及实践的体系或模式，这些共有的价值观在很大程度上，决定了雇员的看法及对周围世界的反应。当遇到问题时，组织文化通过提供正确的途径来约束雇员行为，并对问题进行概念化、定义、分析和解决。

Programmed decisions & nonprogrammed decisions

Programmed decisions : A repetitive decision that can be handled by a routine approach. Nonprogrammed decisions : A unique that requires a custom-made solution.

程序化决策(Programmed decision)

它是能够运用例行方法解决的重复性决策。程序化决策变成了依据先例的决策，管理者仅须按别人在相同情况下所做的那样做，经理只需求助于一个系统化的程序、规则或政策就可以了。

非程序化决策(Nonprogrammed decisions)

这些决策是独一无二的，是不重复发生的。当管理者面临结构不良问题或新出现的问题时，是没有事先准备好的解决方法可循的。它需要一种定式的反应。

Purposes of planning

●Provides direction to managers and nonmanagers alike.

●Reduces uncertainty by forcing managers to look ahead, anticipate change ,consider

the impact of change, and develop appropriate responses.

●Minimizes waste and redundancy.

●Establishes the goals or standards used in controlling

计划可以给出方向，减小变化的冲击，使浪费和冗余减至最少，以及设立标准以利于控制。

Strategic management

What managers do to develop the organization’s str ategies.

The steps in the strategic management process.

Step 1: Identifying the organization’s current mission, goals, and strategies

Step 2: Doing an external analysis