英文版居里夫人介绍解析
居里夫人的人物传记英语作文
居里夫人的人物传记英语作文Marie Curie was a remarkable woman who made significant contributions to the fields of physics and chemistry. She was born in Warsaw, Poland in 1867 and later moved to Paris, where she conducted the majority of her groundbreaking research.Curie is best known for her pioneering work on radioactivity, for which she was awarded two Nobel Prizes.In 1903, she became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize in Physics, which she shared with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel for their work on radioactivity. In 1911, she won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for her discovery of the elements radium and polonium.Curie's research laid the foundation for the development of X-ray technology and cancer treatment. Her work on radioactivity also led to the development of radiation therapy, which is still used to treat cancer today. In addition to her scientific achievements, Curie was also an advocate for women's rights and education.Despite facing discrimination as a woman in a male-dominated field, Curie persevered and made significant contributions to science. Her legacy continues to inspire future generations of scientists and researchers.居里夫人（Marie Curie）是一位杰出的女性，对物理学和化学领域做出了重大贡献。
原创英语阅读理解居里夫人 Curie
原创英语阅读理解居里夫人 Curie
简介
居里夫人（Marie Curie）是一位著名的科学家，也是第一位获
得两次诺贝尔奖的人。
她在物理和化学领域的贡献被广泛认可，对
放射性研究的开创性工作产生了重大影响。
早年生活
居里夫人于1867年11月7日出生在波兰的华沙。
她在家庭的
鼓励下展示了对科学的浓厚兴趣。
在求学期间，她面临了许多困难，但坚持追求自己的科学梦想。
放射性研究
居里夫人的最重要贡献之一是对放射性的研究。
她与丈夫皮埃尔·居里一起进行了一系列研究，发现了两种新元素——钋和镭。
这一发现对于理解原子结构和核能的性质具有重要意义。
诺贝尔奖
居里夫人因其卓越的科学成就而获得了两次诺贝尔奖。
她在1903年获得了物理学奖，成为第一位获得该奖项的女性。
她在
1911年又获得了化学奖，这使她成为史上唯一一个获得两个不同科学领域诺贝尔奖的人。
科学遗产
居里夫人的工作不仅对科学界有着深远的影响，也对人类社会做出了巨大贡献。
她的成就鼓舞了无数的科学家，对放射性应用于医学和工业产生了重要影响。
居里夫人是一位杰出的科学家，她的成就令人敬佩。
她不仅在学术研究上做出了巨大贡献，也为女性在科学领域的地位争取了更多的机会。
参考文献。
居里夫人的人生简介英语版讲解
Kang Ling
Why?
• To have deep love for learning • To treat scientific reasearch seriously and never give up • To be indifferent to fame and fortune
First Marie needed a lab. She had to settle for a storeroom. The storeroom was crowded and damp, but somehow she overcame its problems. She started off by studying a variety of chemical compounds.
But other scientists did not trust the announcement, for the Curies did not have enough polonium and radium to see and weigh. The Curies would have to separate the two elements from the other substances they were mixed with. And Curies continued their work in an abandoned shed nearby.
“On the way to fame, but the blood flow is not sweat, their name is not with the pen but lives in.”
居里夫人发明家英语作文
居里夫人发明家英语作文（中英文版）Curie, the Pioneering InventressMarie Curie, née Sklodowska, was a Polish-born physicist and chemist, a luminous figure in the annals of science.Her groundbreaking work in radioactivity not only revolutionized scientific understanding but also earned her the distinction of being the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, a testament to her ingenuity and perseverance.居里夫人，原名斯克沃多夫斯卡，这位波兰裔物理学家和化学家，在科学史上犹如一颗璀璨的明星。
她在放射性研究方面开创性的工作，不仅改变了科学的认知，也使她成为首位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，这是对她创新精神和坚韧不拔的最好证明。
An ardent advocate for scientific discovery, Madame Curie"s inventions were not limited to the laboratory.She developed the first mobile radiography units, which provided invaluable service during World War I, aiding in the treatment of wounded soldiers.This practical application of her scientific prowess saved countless lives and exemplified her commitment to using science for the betterment of humanity.居里夫人不遗余力地倡导科学发现，她的发明也不仅仅局限于实验室。
居里夫人自我介绍英文简短版
居里夫人自我介绍英文简短版Marie Curie: A Brief Introduction。
Marie Curie, born Maria Skłodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, was a pioneering physicist and chemist who made groundbreaking contributions to science, particularly in the field of radioactivity. Her achievements not only revolutionized our understanding of the natural world but also paved the way for significant advancements in medical treatments and technologies.From a young age, Curie demonstrated an insatiable curiosity and a remarkable aptitude for learning. Despite facing numerous obstacles, including restrictions on higher education for women in Poland, she pursued her passion for science with unwavering determination. In 1891, she left her homeland to further her studies in Paris, where she enrolled at the Sorbonne University.It was in Paris that Curie's extraordinary career truly began to flourish. Under the guidance of esteemed scientists, she delved into the emerging field of radioactivity, a term she coined herself. In 1898, along with her husband Pierre Curie and Henri Becquerel, she discovered two new elements: polonium and radium. This groundbreaking research not only earned her a Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903 but also solidified her place in history as the first woman to win a Nobel Prize.Undeterred by adversity, Curie continued her pioneering work, becoming the first woman to lecture at the Sorbonne and the first female professor at the University of Paris. Despite facing prejudice and discrimination as a woman in a male-dominated field, she remained steadfast in her commitment to scientific inquiry.In addition to her groundbreaking research, Curie's legacy is also defined by her tireless advocacy for the use of radiation in medicine. During World War I, she championed the use of mobile X-ray units to diagnose injuries on the battlefield, earning her the nickname "Madame Curie, the Radiologist."Tragically, Curie's relentless exposure to radioactive materials ultimately led to her premature death on July 4, 1934. However, her legacy lives on, as her contributions to science continue to inspire future generations of researchers and innovators.In conclusion, Marie Curie's life and work serve as a testament to the power of perseverance, passion, and intellect. Her groundbreaking discoveries not only transformed our understanding of the natural world but also revolutionized the fields of physics, chemistry, and medicine. As we celebrate her legacy, let us remember her as not only a brilliant scientist but also a trailblazer for women in STEM.。
居里夫人英语作文40词
居里夫人英语作文40词English: Madame Curie, born Marie Sklodowska Curie, was a Polish-born French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the only person to win Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields. Her groundbreaking work laid the foundation for advancements in the fields of chemistry, physics, and medicine. Not only did she make significant contributions to science, but she also shattered gender barriers and became an inspiration for future generations of women in STEM fields. Madame Curie's legacy continues to live on as she remains one of the most influential scientists in history.中文翻译: 居里夫人，出生于波兰的法国物理学家和化学家Marie Sklodowska Curie，在放射性方面进行了开拓性的研究。
她是第一个获得诺贝尔奖的女性，也是唯一一位获得两个不同科学领域诺贝尔奖的人。
她的突破性工作为化学、物理和医学领域的进步奠定了基础。
介绍居里夫人英语作文六年级
介绍居里夫人英语作文六年级Marie Curie, born on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, was a remarkable scientist who revolutionized the field of radioactivity. Despite facing numerous challenges and obstacles throughout her life, Curie persevered and made groundbreaking discoveries that have had a profound impact on science and medicine.Curie's journey to becoming a scientist was not an easy one. She lived in a time and place where women's roles were severely limited, especially in the field of science. However, Curie was determined to pursue her passion for research, and she defied societal norms to do so. She moved to Paris to further her studies and conducted research on radioactivity, a relatively new and unexplored area of science.Curie's most famous work was her research on the elements radium and polonium. She discovered these elements and studied their radioactive properties, which led to groundbreaking understandings of how radiation works andits potential applications. Her work has had a significantimpact on medicine, particularly in the development of radiation therapy for cancer treatment.Curie's achievements were not recognized without struggle, however. She faced discrimination and sexism throughout her career, often being denied the same opportunities and recognition as her male colleagues. Despite these obstacles, Curie persevered and was eventually recognized for her groundbreaking work. She became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in two different fields.Curie's legacy is not just in her scientific discoveries, but also in her unwavering commitment to science and her dedication to breaking down barriers. She was a role model for women in science and an inspirationfor generations of scientists. Her life and work remind us of the importance of perseverance, curiosity, and the power of science to transform our understanding of the world.**居里夫人：开创性的科学家**居里夫人，1867年11月7日出生于波兰华沙，是一位杰出的科学家，她在放射性领域取得了革命性的成就。
居里夫人英文简介
居里夫人英文简介Maria Curie (born in Warsaw, Poland, on November 7, 1867) was one of the first woman scientists to win worldwide fame, and indeed, one of the great scientists of this century. She had degrees in mathematics and physics. Winner of two Nobel Prizes, for Physics in 1903 and for Chemistry in 1911, she performed pioneering studies with radium and polonium and contributed profoundly to the understanding ofradioactivityMaria was born in 1867 in Warsaw. For the tsarist aggression,She is very tired of the oppressive education .After graduating from high school ,She used to suffer from a year of mental illness. Maria met another lecturer in Sorbonne—Pierre Curie—her husband ，In1895,shemarried Pierre Curie and in 1897,their first daughter Irène borned Perhaps the most famous of all women scientists, Maria -Curie is notable for her many firsts:She was the first to use the term radioactivity for this phenomenon. ?She was the first woman in Europe to receive her doctorate of science. ?In 1903, she became the first woman to win a Nobel Prizefor Physics. The award, jointly awarded to Curie, her husband Pierre, and Henri Becquerel, was for the discovery of radioactivity.She was also the first female lecturer, professor and head of Laboratory at the Sorbonne University in Paris (1906).In 1911, she won an unprecedented second Nobel Prize (this time in chemistry) for her discovery and isolation of pure radium and radium components.She was the first person ever to receive two Nobel Prizes. She received 15 gold medals, 19 degrees, and other honors.5. puppy loveShe ever fall in love with her student —Kazimier zorawski in tutor family , but zorawski family looked down upon her poor status. His parents disagree with them，Maria lost much for this relationship. She didn’t leave her homeland until receive a letter of separate from Kazimierzorawski.Husbdndshe married Pierre Curie in 1897,he is a friend as well as a teacher, they married and have two daughters. the older became the second women scientist who got the Nobel Reward. and the little wrote the novel 《Madame Curie》.Late—Life loveshe was in love with her husband‘s student— Paul Langevin .butsoon the Beau Pere was found by Mrs Langevin. their love letter was announced by Work Newspaper. Maria used to fall in dilemma, Once want to death to the bit-level.。
介绍一位你崇拜的科学家英语作文
介绍一位你崇拜的科学家英语作文英文回答：In the vast pantheon of scientific luminaries, one towering figure whose brilliance has illuminated countless lives stands out: Marie Curie. A pioneer in the field of radioactivity, this extraordinary woman defied societal norms and shattered scientific barriers with her groundbreaking research and unwavering determination.Marie Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, Poland, in 1867. From a tender age, her insatiable curiosity and exceptional intellectual abilities were evident. Despite the limited opportunities for women in science at the time, she pursued her education with unyielding passion. Following her studies in Paris, she married physicist Pierre Curie and embarked on a transformative collaboration that would forever change the course of scientific history.Curie's groundbreaking work focused on theinvestigation of radioactive elements. In 1898, she and Pierre discovered polonium and radium, two elements with remarkable properties that would later revolutionize medical science. Curie coined the term "radioactivity" to describe the emission of energy by these elements. Her meticulous research and subsequent publications not only shed light on the nature of atomic structure but also paved the way for the development of applications ranging from X-ray imaging to cancer treatment.Beyond her scientific achievements, Marie Curie was a trailblazer for women in STEM fields. She was the first woman to receive a Nobel Prize, the first person to be awarded two Nobel Prizes, and the only woman to date to have Nobel Prizes in two different scientific disciplines (physics and chemistry). Her unwavering dedication to scientific inquiry and her relentless pursuit of knowledge inspired generations of scientists and broke down barriers for countless women who aspired to careers in the sciences.Curie's life was not without its challenges. Her relentless pursuit of scientific knowledge often came atpersonal cost. She worked tirelessly in her laboratory, with little regard for her own safety. As a result, she suffered from radiation exposure and its debilitating effects. However, her determination never wavered, and she continued to make groundbreaking contributions to science until her untimely demise in 1934.Marie Curie's legacy is one of groundbreakingscientific discoveries, unwavering determination, and extraordinary resilience. Her name is synonymous with the pursuit of knowledge, the advancement of science, and the breaking down of barriers. As we navigate the complexities of the 21st century, her spirit of inquiry, her refusal to be deterred by adversity, and her unwavering pursuit of excellence remain an inspiration to scientists, scholars, and all who seek to make a positive impact on the world.中文回答：我崇拜的科学家——居里夫人。
介绍居里夫人英语作文带翻译
介绍居里夫人英语作文带翻译介绍居里夫人英语作文带翻译导语：相信每一位老师和同学都知道居里夫人一生所取得的伟大成就吧!她的成就是与她的勤奋和锲而不舍的精神是分不开的。
下面是yjbs作文网小编为您收集整理的英语作文，希望对您有所帮助。
居里夫人英语作文(1)There are quite a lot in my mind that I respect. Among them, the person I admire most is a female scientists - marg. Curie.Madame Curie, a world famous scientist, was awarded the Nobel Prize twice, twice found radioactive elements, and radium is one of them, then, madam Curie's discovery shocked the world. But it will radium purification method known for her, not for personal gain. If you think Madame Curie palatial home that would be wrong, Madame Curie home only two chairs, one is her, another one is her husband. Madame Curie also notoriously frugal, a sweater to wear for 20 years; Wine was brought a stack back to the hotel, because these CARDS formula of easy to remember... Madame Curie devoted all life dedication to science, to the human. Madame Curie once said a shocking sentence: "human needs dreamer, need to be bent on the career of selfless people". In Europe a philosopher said: "now if you have European members of the Marie Curie little character, Europe's future is bright." Yeah! Which country if the quality of the people have this kind of selfless and always give top priority to the interests of the human, that the country will be prosperous and strong. Madame Curie's noble quality to my great respect, but also deeply sorrow for her to leave. Madame Curie life science, but only at the end of the tortured by leukemia...Madame Curie is not only the person I respect is I adore,though you have gone, but your character is imprinted in my heart, I want to learn from you, to make great efforts in dream.在我的脑海里有许许多多令我尊敬的人。
居里夫人基本信息英语作文
居里夫人基本信息英语作文Marie Curie, born Maria Salomea Skłodowska on November 7, 1867, in Warsaw, Poland, was a renowned physicist and chemist. She is best known for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity and the discovery of the elements polonium and radium. Curie was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize and the first person to win the prize in two different scientific fields.Curie received her education in both Poland and France, earning her PhD in physics from the University of Paris in 1903. She married Pierre Curie, a fellow scientist, in 1895, and together they conducted extensive research on radioactivity. Their work led to the isolation of polonium and radium, and they shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with Henri Becquerel for their discoveries.After Pierre's tragic death in 1906, Marie continued her research and became the first female professor at the University of Paris. She won a second Nobel Prize, this time in Chemistry, in 1911 for her work on radium and its compounds. Throughout her career, Curie made significant contributions to the understanding of radioactivity and its applications in medicine, including the development of X-ray technology.Marie Curie passed away on July 4, 1934, due to aplastic anemia, likely caused by her prolonged exposure to radiation during her research. Her legacy continues to inspire generations of scientists, and her dedication to her work remains an outstanding example of the power of perseverance and the pursuit of knowledge.中文翻译:居里夫人,1867年11月7日出生于波兰华沙,原名玛丽亚·萨洛梅亚·斯克沃道夫斯卡,是一位著名的物理学家和化学家。
英文版居里夫人介绍.
• In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for physics.
• In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on working.
• She received the second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
化学诺贝尔奖人物简介
——居里夫人
材料收集：XX PPT制作：XX
演讲者：XX
Madame Curie
Basic information Achievement Evaluation
Famous
Basic information
• Mary Curie Madame Curie （ 1867.11.7 —1934.7.4） studied in Paris Poles University . • Won the Nobel Prize • In 1895 she married twice for physics and Pierre Curie, and then chemistry they worked together on • Physicist, radiation the research into chemist radioactive matter.
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Honor like toys, Make is People life have into a can play only and fantasy, willpower, or they must not always be thenaccomplish will fantasy into guarding it.
居里夫人基本信息英语作文
居里夫人基本信息英语作文Marie Curie, born Maria Salomea Skłodowska in 1867, was a Polish-born physicist and chemist who revolutionized the field of radioactivity.玛丽·居里，原名玛丽亚·萨尔姆·斯克沃多夫斯卡，1867年出生，是一位出生于波兰的物理学家和化学家，她彻底改变了放射性领域。
Known for her groundbreaking research on radioactivity, Curie became the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, and the first person to win two Nobel Prizes in two different scientific fields.居里夫人因其在放射性方面的开创性研究而闻名，成为第一位获得诺贝尔奖的女性，也是第一位在两个不同科学领域获得两项诺贝尔奖的人。
Her discoveries in radioactivity had far-reaching impacts on medicine, physics, and chemistry, leading to advancements in cancer treatment and nuclear power.她在放射性领域的发现对医学、物理学和化学产生了深远的影响，推动了癌症治疗和核能的发展。
Curie's dedication to science and her perseverance in the face of adversity inspired generations of scientists and researchers.居里夫人对科学的献身精神以及她在逆境中的坚韧不拔激励了数代科学家和研究人员。
居里夫人简介英文版
Marie CurieFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMarie Skłodowska Curie, c. 1920Marie Skłodowska-Curie (/ˈkjʊri,kjʊˈri/;[2]French: [kyʁi]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering research on radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska (pronounced [ˈmarʲja ˈsalɔˈmɛaskwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the RussianEmpire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her older sister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequentscientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband PierreCurie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[3]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium.Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatmentof neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[4][5] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland.[6] She named the first chemical element that she discovered – polonium, which she isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a]Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, dueto aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation – including carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research and her service during World War I inmobile X-ray units created by her.[7]Contents[hide]∙ 1 Biographyo 1.1 Early yearso 1.2 New life in Pariso 1.3 New elementso 1.4 Nobel Prizeso 1.5 World War Io 1.6 Postwar yearso 1.7 Death∙ 2 Legacy∙ 3 Awards, honours, and tributes∙ 4 See also∙ 5 Notes∙ 6 References∙7 Further readingo7.1 Nonfictiono7.2 Fiction∙8 External linksBiographyMaria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachersBronisława,née Boguska, and Władysław Skłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born 1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12]Her father, Władysław Skłodowski, taught mat hematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of two Warsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9]The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9]She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had died of typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific workMaria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governess in Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relativ es of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15]Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as an old man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sitcontemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continuedto educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry and Agriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's OldTown.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]New life in ParisIn late 1891 she left Poland for France.[18] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before rentinga garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.[19][20] She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.[20]Marie studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.[8] Meanwhile she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[8][20][b]Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the The Society for the Encouragement of National Industry (Société d'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale[1]).[20] That same year Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.[21] Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry,the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville deParis (ESPCI).[8] They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor JózefKowalski-Wierusz, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Kowalski-Wierusz thought Pierre had access to.[8][20] Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.[20]Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.[8][20] Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.[8] Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if meant being reduced to teaching French.[8] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.[20] She was still laboring under the illusion that shewould be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman.[10] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.[20] At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his researchon magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.[20] A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre's biggest discovery."[10] On 26 July 1895 they were married in Sceaux (Seine);[22] neither wanted a religious service.[8][20] Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.[20] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer.[10] In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.[10]New elementsPierre and Marie Curie in the laboratoryIn 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.[23] In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.[23] He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.[8] Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.[8][23]She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge.[23] Using Pierre's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[23] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.[23] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself.[23]This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.[23][24]In 1897 her daughter Irène was born.[18] To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure.[18] The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry.[18] The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.[25] They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. TheSchool did not sponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.[18][25][26]Curie's systematic studies included two uraniumminerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).[25] Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.[25][27] She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that theelement thorium was also radioactive.[23]Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.[18][25]The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[28]She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie des Sciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have gone to Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[29] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier,Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[30]At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." Shelater would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[30] On 14 April 1898 the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.[30]In July 1898 Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires.[8] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the Latin word for "ray".[18][25][31] In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".[8]To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.[25] Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.[25] Radium, however, was more elusive; it is closely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.[32]The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910 Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal.[25][33] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.[25]Between 1898 and 1902 the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium,diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.[34]In 1900 Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.[35][36] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.[18]Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris.[18][37] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to.[38] Meanwhile a new industry began developing, based on radium.[35]The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.[25][35]Nobel Prizes1903 Nobel Prize portraitIn December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."[18] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[39] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[18]Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.[38][39] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.[39] The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.[39] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.[18][35][36] Upon Pierre's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.[39]In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève.[39] She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters her native language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[6]On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture.[18][40] Curie was devastated by her husband's death.[41] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie.[41] She accepted it hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre.[41][42] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.[18]Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now CurieInstitute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the PasteurInstitute and the University of Paris.[42] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.[18][43] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.[43]In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre:the curie.[42] Nevertheless, in 1911 the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one[18] or two votes.[44] Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wireless telegraph.[45] A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led tothe Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.[18][44] During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist.[44] Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.[18]In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre's[46]—a married man who was estranged from his wife.[44] This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.[47] When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of a friend.[44]1911 Nobel Prize diplomaInternational recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[10] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkable element."[48] She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each.A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her nativecountry.[10] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.[43] A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment.[48] For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.[48] She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.[48]In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.[43][48] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.[43] The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.[43][48][49]World War ICurie in a mobile X-ray vehicleDuring World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons.[49]After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developedmobile radiography units, which came to be popularly known as petites Curies ("Little Curies").[49]She became the director of the Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first military radiology centre, operational by late 1914.[49] Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.[43][49] Later, she began training other women as aides.[50]In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identified as radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue.[50] She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.[50]It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.[14][43] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.[43] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.[49]Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French National Bank refused to accept them.[50] She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money.[50] She was also an active member in committeesof Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause.[51] After the war, she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War (1919).[50]Postwar yearsIn 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur(1822–95).[43] In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, createda Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.[43][52] In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the 1 gram of radium collected in the United States.[53][54] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.[54][55] In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine.[43] She also travelled to other countries, appearing publicly and giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.[56]Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[57]Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others beingthe Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.[57][58]In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newly created International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation of the League of Nations.[59] In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie.[60] In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw.[43] Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium;。
居里夫人的英文简介居里夫人介绍英文
居里夫人的英文简介:居里夫人介绍英文.Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934) was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. The world called "Marie Curie", full name: Maria Scovodovska Curie. French famous Polish scientist, physicist, chemist.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics forthe study of radioactivity. In 1911, the discovery of the element polonium and radium again won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thus becoming the world's first two Bell of the people. Curie's achievements include the creation of a radioactive theory, the invention of the separation of radioisotope technology, found two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people use radioisotopes for the first time in the treatment of cancer. Due to prolonged exposure to radioactive material, Mrs. Curie died on 7 July 1934 due to malignant leukemia.School stageNovember 7, 1867, was born in the Polish kingdom of Warsaw City, a middle school teacher's family.In September 1891, went to Paris to study, in November into the University of Sultan (ie, the University of Paris) Department of Physics.In 1894, by the Polish scholar, Professor of Physics at the University of Fortune, Switzerland, Joseph Kovarsky introduced, with Biel Curie met in order to take advantage of Curie's leading equipment for better laboratories.In 1895 April, Mary Scrodovsky's paper "Radiation of uranium and thorium compounds" was read by Lippmann at the Academy of Sciences.July 26, 1895, Mary and Beier Curie in the suburbs of Paris shuttle town married. Marie Curie is a female middle school teacher.Research stageIn August 1896, Mary passed the university graduates as a teacher's title exam. (1827-1897), Mary worked for the post, working in the physical laboratory, working with Bier (room director).In 1898 July, Curie couple to the Academy of Sciences "on the bitumen uranium ore in a radioactive new material"Explain the discovery of new radioactive elements 84, four hundred times stronger than uranium, similar to bismuth, and Mrs. Curie suggested poles (polonium) to construct the name of the new element in her motherland's name. Since the Curie couple work closely together to study the establishment of the earliest methods of radiochemical work.In 1898 December, Curie couple and colleague Beimont to the Academy of Sciences, "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a highly radioactive new material," that also found the new element 88, radio than uranium million times, named as Radium. Mary Curie reports of the discovery of new elements polonium, published in the Polish version of Warsaw's "Swift Art" magazine.In March 1900, Mary taught the physics at the Saifuer Women's Higher Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary 's paper "On the atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds". Curie couples at the Paris International Physics Society read the paper "on the new radioactive material and its emission."In October 1900, two German scholars, Valcoff and Gizelle, declared that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. After the couples confirmed that the laser will burn the skin.In 1902, after three and nine months of refining, the Curie couple separated a few grams of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, measuring the radium content of 225, and the resulting exact number of 226.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.In 1908, for the "Biel Curie writings" sequel, recall the author's performance. The book by the French Institute of Physics commissioned by the editor of Lang, published in Paris. Promoted to professor.In 1911, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded for the separation of pure metal radium. In the same year, participated in the first Solvay meeting held in Brussels.In 1915, from the University of Solborn University physics laboratory moved to the radium Institute of Radiology Laboratory. Travel around the country at home and abroad, to guide eighteen field medical service team.In 1916, in the radium Institute for the health staff to open radiology crash course, teach doctors to find the body of foreign body (such as: shrapnel) location of the new law, by the Allied military praise.In 1921, according to wartime notes finishing, written as "radiology and war", published in Paris.On March 8, 1921, he met with Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to visit, invited Curie to Peking University lectures. Answer: "This can not go, when the summer vacation in the future seek." Never finished.In May 1921, the mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States, to accept the United States Mary Curie Fund Raising Committee "Mary Curie Committee" presented a radium. The ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept the new thorium five grams; she was the first to use their own piezoelectric quartz to the United States philosophical society. The paper "on isotope and isotope" was published in Paris.In February 1922, he was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.In May 1922, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations established by the First World War, Sir David Draham, participated in the International Commission for Cultural Co-operation, which was established last year, at the invitation of the decision of the International Council. The first member was elected as vice chairman. To this end, often to Geneva to attend the meeting.In 1930, the French government applied for special research subsidies, received 500,000 francs.In 1934, the book "radioactive" (two volumes) written in 1935 published. Yorio Curie, under the guidance of Mrs. Curie, found artificial radioactive.June 1934, live in the province of Sava province Sangseluo Mo sanatorium. July 4, with anemia (caused by radium) died in nursing homes. Dr. Tommy wrote this report: "The disease he has received is a rapid development, accompanied by fever with secondary anemia. Bone marrow without hematopoietic response, may be due to long-term accumulation of radiation damage caused." "I lost everything." Cai Yuanpei was also very sad, and on July 8, 1934, he sent a letter of condolence in French to pay tribute: "The president of theUniversity of Paris, the president of the University of Paris, I am grateful for the death of the members of the French Academy of Sciences, and I would like to pay tribute to my family. "Cai Yuanpei." July 6, buried in the Paristown town where the tomb. Her brother (Joseph Scrodovsky) (Blooney Schrava de luska) sprinkled the gravel from Poland to the tomb.Research areas1, found radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).2, presented the idea that the ray (now known to be composed of electrons) is negatively charged particles.Scientific resultsIn the experimental study, Mrs. Curie designed a measuring instrument that not only measured the presence or absence of a substance, but also measuredthe strength of the ray. After repeated experiments, she found that theintensity of uranium was proportional to the amount of uranium in the substance, regardless of the state of uranium and the external conditions.Marie Curie has conducted a thorough examination of the known chemical elements and all the compounds, and has obtained the important discovery that an element called thorium can also automatically emit an invisible ray, indicating that the element can emit a ray Not just the characteristics of uranium, but some elements of the common characteristics. She called this phenomenon radioactive, the elements of this nature is called radioactive elements. They release the ray called "radiation".At the end of 1902, Mrs. Curie extracted a tenth of a very pure gram of radium chloride and accurately measured its atomic weight. The existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a very rare natural radioactive material, its body is shiny, like a fine salt-like white crystal, radium with a slight blue fluorescence, and this is the beautiful light blue fluorescence, into A woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is notthe same as the line of any known element. Although radium is not the first human discovery of radioactive elements, but it is the most radioactive elements. Using its powerful radioactivity, it is possible to further identify many new properties of radiation. So that many elements get further practical application. Medical research found that the radiation for a variety ofdifferent cells and tissues, the role is very different, those breeding fast cells, once the radium irradiation was soon destroyed. This discovery makes radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancer is caused by the rapid propagation of cells, the laser for its destruction than the surroundinghealth tissue damage much more. This new treatment soon developed in the world.In the French Republic, radium therapy is known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of scientific theory and the application of practical, have a very important significance.感谢您的阅读，祝您生活愉快。
居里夫人简介英文版
Marie CurieFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaMarie Skłodowska-Curie (/ˈkjʊri,kjʊˈri/;[2]French: [kyʁi]; 7 November 1867 – 4 July 1934) was a Polish and naturalized-French physicist and chemist who conducted pioneering researchon radioactivity. She was the first woman to win a Nobel Prize, the first person and only woman to win twice, the only person to win twice in multiple sciences, and was part of the Curie family legacy of five Nobel Prizes. She was also the first woman to become a professor atthe University of Paris, and in 1995 became the first woman to be entombed on her own merits in the Panthéon in Paris.She was born Maria Salomea Skłodowska (pronounced [ˈmarʲja ˌsalɔˈmɛa skwɔˈdɔfska]) in Warsaw, in what was then the Kingdom of Poland, part of the Russian Empire. She studied at Warsaw's clandestine Floating University and began her practical scientific training in Warsaw. In 1891, aged 24, she followed her oldersister Bronisława to study in Paris, where she earned her higher degrees and conducted her subsequent scientific work. She shared the 1903 Nobel Prize in Physics with her husband Pierre Curie and with physicist Henri Becquerel. She won the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.Her achievements included a theory of radioactivity (a term that she coined[3]), techniques for isolating radioactive isotopes, and the discovery of two elements, polonium and radium. Under her direction, the world's first studies were conducted into the treatmentof neoplasms, using radioactive isotopes. She founded the Curie Institutes in Paris and in Warsaw, which remain major centres of medical research today. During World War I, she established the first military field radiological centres.While a French citizen, Marie Skłodowska Curie (she used both surnames)[4][5] never lost her sense of Polish identity. She taught her daughters the Polish language and took them on visits to Poland. [6] She named the first chemical element that she discovered –polonium, which she isolated in 1898 – after her native country.[a] Curie died in 1934 at the sanatorium of Sancellemoz (Haute-Savoie), France, due to aplastic anemia brought on by exposure to radiation – including carrying test tubes of radium in her pockets during research and her service during World War I in mobile X-ray units created by her.[7]BiographyMaria Skłodowska was born in Warsaw, in the Russian partition of Poland, on 7 November 1867, as the fifth and youngest child of well-known teachers Bronisława, née Boguska, and WładysławSkłodowski.[8] Maria's older siblings were Zofia (born1862), Józef (1863), Bronisława (1865) and Helena (1866).[9]Władysław Skłodowski with daughters (from left)Maria, Bronisława, Helena, 1890On both the paternal and maternal sides, the family had lost their property and fortunes through patriotic involvements in Polish national uprisings aimed at restoring Poland's independence (the most recent had been the January Uprising of 1863–65).[10] This condemned the subsequent generation, including Maria, her elder sisters and her brother, to a difficult struggle to get ahead in life.[10]Maria's paternal grandfather, Józef Skłodowski, had been a respected teacher in Lublin, where he taught the young Bolesław Prus,[11] who would become a leading figure in Polish literature.[12] Her father,Władysław Skłodowski, taught mathematics and physics, subjects that Maria was to pursue, and was also director of twoWarsaw gymnasia for boys.[9] After Russian authorities eliminated laboratory instruction from the Polish schools, he brought much of the laboratory equipment home, and instructed his children in its use.[9] The father was eventually fired by his Russian supervisors for pro-Polish sentiments, and forced to take lower-paying posts; the family also lost money on a bad investment, and eventually chose to supplement their income by lodging boys in the house.[9] Maria's mother Bronisława operated a prestigious Warsaw boarding school for girls; she resigned from the position after Maria was born.[9]She died of tuberculosis in May 1878, when Maria was ten years old.[9] Less than three years earlier, Maria's oldest sibling, Zofia, had diedof typhus contracted from a boarder.[9] Maria's father was an atheist; her mother a devout Catholic.[13] The deaths of Maria's mother and sister caused her to give up Catholicism and become agnostic.[14]When she was ten years old, Maria began attending the boarding school of J. Sikorska; next she attended a gymnasium for girls, from which she graduated on 12 June 1883 with a gold medal.[8] After a collapse, possibly due to depression,[9] she spent the following year in the countryside with relatives of her father, and the next year with her father in Warsaw, where she did some tutoring.[8] Unable to enroll in a regular institution of higher education because she was a woman, she and her sister Bronisława became involved with the clandestine Flying University, a Polish patriotic institution of higher learning that admitted women students.[8][9]At a Warsaw laboratory, in 1890–91, Maria Skłodowska did her first scientific workMaria made an agreement with her sister, Bronisława, that she would give her financial assistance during Bronisława's medical studies in Paris, in exchange for similar assistance two years later.[8][15] In connection with this, Maria took a position as governess: first as a home tutor in Warsaw; then for two years as a governessin Szczuki with a landed family, the Żorawskis, who were relatives of her father.[8][15] While working for the latter family, she fell in love with their son, Kazimierz Żorawski, a future eminent mathematician.[15] His parents rejected the idea of his marrying the penniless relative, and Kazimierz was unable to oppose them.[15] Maria's loss of the relationship with Żorawski was tragic for both. He soon earned a doctorate and pursued an academic career as a mathematician, becoming a professor and rector of Kraków University.[10] Still, as anold man and a mathematics professor at the Warsaw Polytechnic, he would sit contemplatively before the statue of Maria Skłodowska which had been erected in 1935 before the Radium Institute that she had founded in 1932.[10][16]At the beginning of 1890, Bronisława — who a few months earlier had married Kazimierz Dłuski, a Polish physician and social and political activist — invited Maria to join them in Paris.[8] Maria declined because she could not afford the university tuition; it would take her a year and a half longer to gather the necessary funds.[8] She was helped by her father, who was able to secure a more lucrative position again.[15] All that time she continued to educate herself, reading books, exchanging letters, and being tutored herself.[15] In early 1889 she returned home to her father in Warsaw.[8] She continued working as a governess, and remained there till late 1891.[15] She tutored, studied at the Flying University, and began her practical scientific training (1890–91) in a chemical laboratory at the Museum of Industry andAgriculture at Krakowskie Przedmieście 66, near Warsaw's Old Town.[8][9][15] The laboratory was run by her cousin Józef Boguski, who had been an assistant in Saint Petersburg to the Russian chemist Dmitri Mendeleev.[8][15][17]New life in ParisIn late 1891 she left Poland for France.[18] In Paris, Maria (or Marie, as she would be known in France) briefly found shelter with her sister and brother-in-law before renting a garret closer to the university, in the Latin Quarter, and proceeding with her studies of physics, chemistry and mathematics at the University of Paris, where she enrolled in late 1891.[19][20] She subsisted on her meager resources, suffering from cold winters and occasionally fainting from hunger.[20] Marie studied during the day and tutored evenings, barely earning her keep. In 1893 she was awarded a degree in physics and began work in an industrial laboratory of Professor Gabriel Lippmann.[8] Meanwhile she continued studying at the University of Paris, and with the aid of a fellowship she was able to earn a second degree in 1894.[8][20][b]Marie had begun her scientific career in Paris with an investigation of the magnetic properties of various steels, commissioned by the TheSociety for the Encouragement of National Industry (Sociétéd'encouragement pour l'industrie nationale[1]).[20] That sameyear Pierre Curie entered her life; it was their mutual interest in natural sciences that drew them together.[21] Pierre was an instructor at the School of Physics and Chemistry, the École supérieure de physique et de chimie industrielles de la ville de Paris (ESPCI).[8] They were introduced by the Polish physicist, Professor Józef Kowalski-Wierusz, who had learned that Marie was looking for a larger laboratory space, something that Kowalski-Wierusz thought Pierre had access to.[8] [20] Though Pierre did not have a large laboratory, he was able to find some space for Marie where she was able to begin work.[20]Their mutual passion for science brought them increasingly closer, and they began to develop feelings for one another.[8][20] Eventually Pierre proposed marriage, but at first Marie did not accept as she was still planning to go back to her native country.[8] Pierre, however, declared that he was ready to move with her to Poland, even if meant being reduced to teaching French.[8] Meanwhile, for the 1894 summer break, Marie returned to Warsaw, where she visited her family.[20] She was still laboring under the illusion that she would be able to work in her chosen field in Poland, but she was denied a place at Kraków University because she was a woman.[10] A letter from Pierre convinced her to return to Paris to pursue a PhD.[20] At Marie's insistence, Pierre had written up his research on magnetism and received his own doctorate in March 1895; he was also promoted to professor at the School.[20] A contemporary quip would call Marie, "Pierre's biggest discovery."[10] On 26 July 1895 they were marriedin Sceaux (Seine);[22] neither wanted a religious service.[8][20] Marie's dark blue outfit, worn instead of a bridal grown, would serve her for many years as a laboratory outfit.[20] They shared two pastimes: long bicycle trips, and journeys abroad, which brought them even closer. [10] In Pierre, Marie had found a new love, a partner, and a scientific collaborator on whom she could depend.[10]New elementsPierre and Marie Curie in the laboratoryIn 1895 Wilhelm Roentgen discovered the existence of X-rays, though the mechanism behind their production was not yet understood.[23] In 1896 Henri Becquerel discovered that uranium salts emitted rays that resembled X-rays in their penetrating power.[23] He demonstrated that this radiation, unlike phosphorescence, did not depend on an external source of energy but seemed to arise spontaneously from uranium itself.[8] Influenced by these two important discoveries, Marie decided to look into uranium rays as a possible field of research for a thesis.[8] [23]She used an innovative technique to investigate samples. Fifteen years earlier, her husband and his brother had developed a version of the electrometer, a sensitive device for measuring electric charge. [23] Using Pierre's electrometer, she discovered that uranium rays caused the air around a sample to conduct electricity.[23] Using this technique, her first result was the finding that the activity of the uranium compounds depended only on the quantity of uranium present.[23] She hypothesized that the radiation was not the outcome of some interaction of molecules but must come from the atom itself. [23]This hypothesis was an important step in disproving the ancient assumption that atoms were indivisible.[23][24]In 1897 her daughter Irène was born.[18] To support her family, Curie began teaching at the École Normale Supérieure.[18] The Curies did not have a dedicated laboratory; most of their research was carried out in a converted shed next to the School of Physics and Chemistry.[18] The shed, formerly a medical school dissecting room, was poorly ventilated and not even waterproof.[25] They were unaware of the deleterious effects of radiation exposure attendant on their continued unprotected work with radioactive substances. The School did notsponsor her research, but she would receive subsidies from metallurgical and mining companies and from various organizations and governments.[18][25][26]Curie's systematic studies included two uraniumminerals, pitchblende and torbernite (also known as chalcolite).[25] Her electrometer showed that pitchblende was four times as active as uranium itself, and chalcolite twice as active. She concluded that, if her earlier results relating the quantity of uranium to its activity were correct, then these two minerals must contain small quantities of another substance that was far more active than uranium.[25][27] She began a systematic search for additional substances that emit radiation, and by 1898 she discovered that the element thorium was also radioactive.[23]Pierre was increasingly intrigued by her work. By mid-1898 he was so invested in it that he decided to drop his work on crystals and to join her.[18][25]The [research] idea [writes Reid] was her own; no one helped her formulate it, and although she took it to her husband for his opinion she clearly established her ownership of it. She later recorded the fact twice in her biography of her husband to ensure there was no chance whatever of any ambiguity. It [is] likely that already at this early stage of her career [she] realized that... many scientists would find it difficult to believe that a woman could be capable of the original work in which she was involved.[28]She was acutely aware of the importance of promptly publishing her discoveries and thus establishing her priority. Had not Becquerel, two years earlier, presented his discovery to the Académie desSciences the day after he made it, credit for the discovery of radioactivity, and even a Nobel Prize, would instead have goneto Silvanus Thompson. Curie chose the same rapid means of publication. Her paper, giving a brief and simple account of her work, was presented for her to the Académie on 12 April 1898 by her former professor, Gabriel Lippmann.[29] Even so, just as Thompson had been beaten by Becquerel, so Curie was beaten in the race to tell of her discovery that thorium gives off rays in the same way as uranium; two months earlier,Gerhard Carl Schmidt had published his own finding in Berlin.[30]At that time, no one else in the world of physics had noticed what Curie recorded in a sentence of her paper, describing how much greater were the activities of pitchblende and chalcolite than uranium itself: "The fact is very remarkable, and leads to the belief that these minerals may contain an element which is much more active than uranium." She later would recall how she felt "a passionate desire to verify this hypothesis as rapidly as possible."[30] On 14 April 1898 the Curies optimistically weighed out a 100-gram sample of pitchblende and ground it with a pestle and mortar. They did not realize at the time that what they were searching for was present in such minute quantities that they would eventually have to process tons of the ore.[30]In July 1898 Curie and her husband published a joint paper announcing the existence of an element which they named "polonium", in honour of her native Poland, which would for another twenty years remain partitioned among three empires.[8] On 26 December 1898, the Curies announced the existence of a second element, which they named "radium", from the Latin word for "ray".[18] [25][31] In the course of their research, they also coined the word "radioactivity".[8]To prove their discoveries beyond any doubt, the Curies sought to isolate polonium and radium in pure form.[25] Pitchblende is a complex mineral; the chemical separation of its constituents was an arduous task. The discovery of polonium had been relatively easy; chemically it resembles the element bismuth, and polonium was the only bismuth-like substance in the ore.[25] Radium, however, was more elusive; it isclosely related chemically to barium, and pitchblende contains both elements. By 1898 the Curies had obtained traces of radium, but appreciable quantities, uncontaminated with barium, were still beyond reach.[32]The Curies undertook the arduous task of separating out radium salt by differential crystallization. From a ton of pitchblende, one-tenth of a gram of radium chloride was separated in 1902. In 1910 Marie Curie isolated pure radium metal.[25][33] She never succeeded in isolating polonium, which has a half-life of only 138 days.[25]Between 1898 and 1902 the Curies published, jointly or separately, a total of 32 scientific papers, including one that announced that, when exposed to radium, diseased, tumor-forming cells were destroyed faster than healthy cells.[34]In 1900 Curie became the first woman faculty member at the École Normale Supérieure, and her husband joined the faculty of the University of Paris.[35][36] In 1902 she visited Poland on the occasion of her father's death.[18]Pierre and Marie Curie, c. 1903In June 1903, supervised by Gabriel Lippmann, Curie was awarded her doctorate from the University of Paris.[18][37] That month the couple were invited to the Royal Institution in London to give a speech on radioactivity; being a woman, she was prevented from speaking, and Pierre alone was allowed to.[38] Meanwhile a new industry began developing, based on radium.[35]The Curies did not patent their discovery and benefited little from this increasingly profitable business.[25][35]Nobel Prizes1903 Nobel Prize portraitIn December 1903, the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences awarded Pierre Curie, Marie Curie, and Henri Becquerel the Nobel Prize in Physics, "in recognition of the extraordinary services they have rendered by their joint researches on the radiation phenomena discovered by Professor Henri Becquerel."[18] At first, the Committee intended to honour only Pierre and Becquerel, but one of the committee members and an advocate of woman scientists, Swedish mathematician Magnus Goesta Mittag-Leffler, alerted Pierre to the situation, and after his complaint, Marie's name was added to the nomination.[39] Marie was the first woman to be awarded a Nobel Prize.[18]Curie and her husband declined to go to Stockholm to receive the prize in person; they were too busy with their work, and Pierre, who disliked public ceremonies, was feeling increasingly ill.[38][39] As Nobel laureates were required to deliver a lecture, the Curies finally undertook the trip in 1905.[39] The award money allowed the Curies to hire their first laboratory assistant.[39] Following the award of the Nobel Prize, and galvanized by an offer from the University of Geneva, which offered Pierre a position, the University of Paris gave Pierre a professorship and the chair of physics, although the Curies still did not have a proper laboratory.[18][35][36] Upon Pierre's complaint, the University of Paris relented and agreed to furnish a new laboratory, but it would not be ready until 1906.[39]In December 1904, Curie gave birth to their second daughter, Ève. [39] She later hired Polish governesses to teach her daughters hernative language, and sent or took them on visits to Poland.[6]On 19 April 1906, Pierre was killed in a road accident. Walking across the Rue Dauphine in heavy rain, he was struck by a horse-drawn vehicle and fell under its wheels, causing his skull to fracture.[18] [40] Curie was devastated by her husband's death.[41] On 13 May 1906 the physics department of the University of Paris decided to retain the chair that had been created for Pierre and to offer it to Marie.[41] She accepted it hoping to create a world-class laboratory as a tribute to Pierre.[41][42] She was the first woman to become a professor at the University of Paris.[18]Curie's quest to create a new laboratory did not end with the University of Paris, however. In her later years, she headed the Radium Institute (Institut du radium, now Curie Institute, Institut Curie), a radioactivity laboratory created for her by the Pasteur Institute and the University of Paris.[42] The initiative for creating the Radium Institute had come in 1909 from Pierre Paul Émile Roux, director of the Pasteur Institute, who had been disappointed that the University of Paris was not giving Curie a proper laboratory and had suggested that she move to the Pasteur Institute.[18][43] Only then, with the threat of Curie leaving, did the University of Paris relent, and eventually the Curie Pavilion became a joint initiative of the University of Paris and the Pasteur Institute.[43]In 1910 Curie succeeded in isolating radium; she also defined an international standard for radioactive emissions that was eventually named for her and Pierre: the curie.[42] Nevertheless, in 1911the French Academy of Sciences did not elect her to be a member by one[18] or two votes.[44] Elected instead was Édouard Branly, an inventor who had helped Guglielmo Marconi develop the wirelesstelegraph.[45] A doctoral student of Curie, Marguerite Perey, became the first woman elected to membership in the Academy – over half a century later, in 1962. Despite Curie's fame as a scientist working for France, the public's attitude tended toward xenophobia—the same that had led to the Dreyfus affair–which also fuelled false speculation that Curie was Jewish.[18][44] During the French Academy of Sciences elections, she was vilified by the right wing press who criticised her for being a foreigner and an atheist.[44] Her daughter later remarked on the public hypocrisy as the French press often portrayed Curie as an unworthy foreigner when she was nominated for a French honour, but would portray her as a French hero when she received a foreign one such as her Nobel Prizes.[18]In 1911 it was revealed that in 1910–11 Curie had conducted an affair of about a year's duration with physicist Paul Langevin, a former student of Pierre's[46]—a married man who was estranged from his wife.[44] This resulted in a press scandal that was exploited by her academic opponents. Curie (then in her mid-40s) was five years older than Langevin and was misrepresented in the tabloids as a foreign Jewish home-wrecker.[47] When the scandal broke, she was away at a conference in Belgium; on her return, she found an angry mob in front of her house and had to seek refuge, with her daughters, in the home of a friend.[44]1911 Nobel Prize diplomaInternational recognition for her work had been growing to new heights, and the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, overcoming opposition prompted by the Langevin scandal, honored her a second time, with the 1911 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.[10] This award was "in recognition of her services to the advancement of chemistry by the discovery of the elements radium and polonium, by the isolation of radium and the study of the nature and compounds of this remarkableelement."[48] She was the first person to win or share two Nobel Prizes, and remains alone with Linus Pauling as Nobel laureates in two fields each. A delegation of celebrated Polish men of learning, headed by novelist Henryk Sienkiewicz, encouraged her to return to Poland and continue her research in her native country.[10] Curie's second Nobel Prize enabled her to persuade the French government into supporting the Radium Institute, built in 1914, where research was conducted in chemistry, physics, and medicine.[43] A month after accepting her 1911 Nobel Prize, she was hospitalised with depression and a kidney ailment.[48] For most of 1912 she avoided public life but did spend time in England with her friend and fellow physicist, Hertha Ayrton.[48] She returned to her laboratory only in December, after a break of about 14 months.[48]In 1912 the Warsaw Scientific Society offered her the directorship of a new laboratory in Warsaw but she declined, focusing on the developing Radium Institute to be completed in August 1914, and on a new street named Rue Pierre-Curie.[43][48] She visited Poland in 1913 and was welcomed in Warsaw but the visit was mostly ignored by the Russian authorities.[43] The Institute's development was interrupted by the coming war, as most researchers were drafted into the French Army, and it fully resumed its activities in 1919.[43][48][49]World War ICurie in a mobile X-ray vehicleDuring World War I, Curie saw a need for field radiological centres near the front lines to assist battlefield surgeons.[49]After a quick study of radiology, anatomy, and automotive mechanics she procured X-ray equipment, vehicles, auxiliary generators, and developedmobile radiography units, which came to be popularly knownas petites Curies ("Little Curies").[49]She became the director ofthe Red Cross Radiology Service and set up France's first militaryradiology centre, operational by late 1914.[49] Assisted at first by a military doctor and by her 17-year-old daughter Irène, Curie directed the installation of 20 mobile radiological vehicles and another 200 radiological units at field hospitals in the first year of the war.[43] [49] Later, she began training other women as aides.[50]In 1915 Curie produced hollow needles containing 'radium emanation', a colorless, radioactive gas given off by radium, later identifiedas radon, to be used for sterilizing infected tissue.[50] She provided the radium from her own one-gram supply.[50]It is estimated that over a million wounded soldiers were treated with her X-ray units.[14][43] Busy with this work, she carried out very little scientific research during that period.[43] In spite of all her humanitarian contributions to the French war effort, Curie never received any formal recognition of it from the French government.[49]Also, promptly after the war started, she attempted to donate her gold Nobel Prize medals to the war effort but the French NationalBank refused to accept them.[50] She did buy war bonds, using her Nobel Prize money.[50] She was also an active member in committees of Polonia in France dedicated to the Polish cause.[51] After the war, she summarized her war time experiences in a book Radiology in War (1919).[50]Postwar yearsIn 1920, for the 25th anniversary of the discovery of radium, the French government established a stipend for her; its previous recipient was Louis Pasteur(1822–95).[43] In 1921, Marie was welcomed triumphantly when she toured the United States to raise funds for research on radium. Mrs. William Brown Meloney, after interviewing Marie, created a Marie Curie Radium Fund and raised money to buy radium, publicising her trip.[43][52] In 1921, US President Warren G. Harding received her at the White House to present her with the1 gram of radium collected in the United States.[53][54] Before the meeting, recognising her growing fame abroad, and embarrassed by the fact that she had no French official distinctions to wear in public, the French government offered her a Legion of Honour award, but she refused.[54][55] In 1922 she became a fellow of the French Academy of Medicine.[43] She also travelled to other countries, appearing publiclyand giving lectures in Belgium, Brazil, Spain, and Czechoslovakia.[56] Led by Curie, the Institute produced four more Nobel Prize winners, including her daughter Irène Joliot-Curie and her son-in-law, Frédéric Joliot-Curie.[57]Eventually, it became one of four major radioactivity research laboratories, the others being the Cavendish Laboratory, with Ernest Rutherford; the Institute for Radium Research, Vienna, with Stefan Meyer; and the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, with Otto Hahn and Lise Meitner.[57][58]In August 1922, Marie Curie became a member of the newlycreated International Commission for Intellectual Cooperation ofthe League of Nations.[59] In 1923, she wrote a biography of Pierre, entitled Pierre Curie.[60] In 1925, she visited Poland, to participate in the ceremony that laid foundations for the Radium Institute in Warsaw.[43] Her second American tour, in 1929, succeeded in equipping the Warsaw Radium Institute with radium; it was opened in 1932 and her sister Bronisława became its director.[43][54] These distractions from her scientific labours and the attendant publicity caused her much discomfort but provided resources needed for her work.[54] In 1930, she was elected a member of the International Atomic Weights Committee where she served until her death.[61]WarsawCurie visited Poland for the last time in early 1934.[10][62] A few months later, on 4 July 1934, she died atthe SancellemozSanatorium in Passy, in Haute-Savoie, from aplastic anemia believed to have been contracted from her long-term exposure。
描写居里夫人的高一英语作文
描写居里夫人的高一英语作文居里夫人是一位举世闻名的物理学家、化学家，她把自己的一生无私地奉献给了人类，奉献给了科学事业。
下面，帮你整理了描写居里夫人的高一英语作文，希望你喜欢!描写居里夫人的高一英语作文篇1Madame Curie was one of the GREatest scientists in the world. She was born in 1867. She first lived in Poland, then went to France. When she was very young she was interested in science. She worked very hard and discovered the element radium. She received the Nobel Prizes in 1903 and in 1911.For the last ten years of her life she was almost blind. the radium with which she had worked for many years had caused blindness and illness and finally a disease of the blood. She died in Paris at the age o~ 66.Today she is remembered as a GREat scientist. But she is also remembered for her determination and courage.描写居里夫人的高一英语作文篇2Madame Curie was one of the GREatest scientists in the world. She was born in 1867. She first lived in Poland, then went to France. When she was very young she was interestedin science. She worked very hard and discovered the element radium. She received the Nobel Prizes in 1903 and in 1911.For the last ten years of her life she was almost blind. the radium with which she had worked for many years had caused blindness and illness and finally a disease of the blood. She died in Paris at the age o~ 66.Today she is remembered as a GREat scientist. But she is also remembered for her determination and courage.描写居里夫人的高一英语作文篇3As a great scientist who has won the Nobel Prize twice in her whole life, words of wisdom delivered by Madame Curie are really of value. Also it is convincing from my friends Mary's experience.It was last Friday when we got the math problem assigned by our teacher. Since most of us considered it beyond our power, I gave it up without second thoughts. However Mary refused to say „no‟ so easily. She made up her mind to accept the challenge. Try as she might, the math problem seemed to be such a tough stone that nobody could move it. But Mary held the firm belief that she could break it through. Finally, to our surprise, she made it after another two days of hard work.Mary‟s experience again proves Madame Curie‟s words: We must believe in ourselves and work until we succeed. It is one‟s will power and passions that matters most with which we can bravely pursue our dream.。
居里夫人的英文简介
居里夫人的英文简介玛丽·居里,世称“居里夫人”，法国著名波兰裔科学家、物理学家、化学家。
下面是店铺为你整理的居里夫人的英文简介，希望对你有用! 玛丽·居里简介.Marie Skłodowska Curie (1867-1934) was born on November 7, 1867 in Warsaw. The world called "Marie Curie", full name: Maria Scovodovska Curie. French famous Polish scientist, physicist, chemist.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for the study of radioactivity. In 1911, the discovery of the element polonium and radium again won the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, thus becoming the world's first two Bell of the people. Curie's achievements include the creation of a radioactive theory, the invention of the separation of radioisotope technology, found two new elements polonium and radium. Under her guidance, people use radioisotopes for the first time in the treatment of cancer. Due to prolonged exposure to radioactive material, Mrs. Curie died on 7 July 1934 due to malignant leukemia.玛丽·居里人物生平School stageNovember 7, 1867, was born in the Polish kingdom of Warsaw City, a middle school teacher's family.In September 1891, went to Paris to study, in November into the University of Sultan (ie, the University of Paris) Department of Physics.In 1894, by the Polish scholar, Professor of Physics at the University of Fortune, Switzerland, Joseph Kovarsky introduced, with Biel Curie met in order to take advantage of Curie's leadingequipment for better laboratories.In 1895 April, Mary Scrodovsky's paper "Radiation of uranium and thorium compounds" was read by Lippmann at the Academy of Sciences.July 26, 1895, Mary and Beier Curie in the suburbs of Paris shuttle town married. Marie Curie is a female middle school teacher.Research stageIn August 1896, Mary passed the university graduates as a teacher's title exam. (1827-1897), Mary worked for the post, working in the physical laboratory, working with Bier (room director).In 1898 July, Curie couple to the Academy of Sciences "on the bitumen uranium ore in a radioactive new material"Explain the discovery of new radioactive elements 84, four hundred times stronger than uranium, similar to bismuth, and Mrs. Curie suggested poles (polonium) to construct the name of the new element in her motherland's name. Since the Curie couple work closely together to study the establishment of the earliest methods of radiochemical work.In 1898 December, Curie couple and colleague Beimont to the Academy of Sciences, "on the asphalt uranium ore contains a highly radioactive new material," that also found the new element 88, radio than uranium million times, named as Radium. Mary Curie reports of the discovery of new elements polonium, published in the Polish version of Warsaw's "Swift Art" magazine.In March 1900, Mary taught the physics at the Saifuer Women's Higher Normal School in southwest Paris. Mary 's paper "On the atomic weight of radioactive barium compounds". Curie couples at the Paris International Physics Society read the paper"on the new radioactive material and its emission."In October 1900, two German scholars, Valcoff and Gizelle, declared that radium had a peculiar effect on biological tissues. After the couples confirmed that the laser will burn the skin.In 1902, after three and nine months of refining, the Curie couple separated a few grams of radium chloride RaCl2 from several tons of residue, measuring the radium content of 225, and the resulting exact number of 226.In 1903, Curie and Becquerel were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics.In 1908, for the "Biel Curie writings" sequel, recall the author's performance. The book by the French Institute of Physics commissioned by the editor of Lang, published in Paris. Promoted to professor.In 1911, the Nobel Prize for Chemistry was awarded for the separation of pure metal radium. In the same year, participated in the first Solvay meeting held in Brussels.In 1915, from the University of Solborn University physics laboratory moved to the radium Institute of Radiology Laboratory. Travel around the country at home and abroad, to guide eighteen field medical service team.In 1916, in the radium Institute for the health staff to open radiology crash course, teach doctors to find the body of foreign body (such as: shrapnel) location of the new law, by the Allied military praise.In 1921, according to wartime notes finishing, written as "radiology and war", published in Paris.On March 8, 1921, he met with Cai Yuanpei, president of Peking University. Cai arrived in Paris on his way to visit, invited Curie to Peking University lectures. Answer: "This can not go,when the summer vacation in the future seek." Never finished.In May 1921, the mother and daughter crossed the sea to the United States, to accept the United States Mary Curie Fund Raising Committee "Mary Curie Committee" presented a radium. The ceremony was held at the White House in Washington on the 20th, presided over by the President of the United States. To Philadelphia, accept the new thorium five grams; she was the first to use their own piezoelectric quartz to the United States philosophical society. The paper "on isotope and isotope" was published in Paris.In February 1922, he was elected academician of the Paris Academy of Medical Sciences.In May 1922, the Secretary-General of the League of Nations established by the First World War, Sir David Draham, participated in the International Commission for Cultural Co-operation, which was established last year, at the invitation of the decision of the International Council. The first member was elected as vice chairman. To this end, often to Geneva to attend the meeting.In 1930, the French government applied for special research subsidies, received 500,000 francs.In 1934, the book "radioactive" (two volumes) written in 1935 published. Yorio Curie, under the guidance of Mrs. Curie, found artificial radioactive.June 1934, live in the province of Sava province Sangseluo Mo sanatorium. July 4, with anemia (caused by radium) died in nursing homes. Dr. Tommy wrote this report: "The disease he has received is a rapid development, accompanied by fever with secondary anemia. Bone marrow without hematopoietic response, may be due to long-term accumulation of radiationdamage caused." "I lost everything." Cai Yuanpei was also very sad, and on July 8, 1934, he sent a letter of condolence in French to pay tribute: "The president of the University of Paris, the president of the University of Paris, I am grateful for the death of the members of the French Academy of Sciences, and I would like to pay tribute to my family. "Cai Yuanpei." July 6, buried in the Paris town town where the tomb. Her brother (Joseph Scrodovsky) (Blooney Schrava de luska) sprinkled the gravel from Poland to the tomb.玛丽·居里科研成就Research areas1, found radioactive elements polonium (Po) and radium (Ra).2, presented the idea that the ray (now known to be composed of electrons) is negatively charged particles.Scientific resultsIn the experimental study, Mrs. Curie designed a measuring instrument that not only measured the presence or absence of a substance, but also measured the strength of the ray. After repeated experiments, she found that the intensity of uranium was proportional to the amount of uranium in the substance, regardless of the state of uranium and the external conditions.Marie Curie has conducted a thorough examination of the known chemical elements and all the compounds, and has obtained the important discovery that an element called thorium can also automatically emit an invisible ray, indicating that the element can emit a ray Not just the characteristics of uranium, but some elements of the common characteristics. She called this phenomenon radioactive, the elements of this nature is called radioactive elements. They release the ray called "radiation".At the end of 1902, Mrs. Curie extracted a tenth of a verypure gram of radium chloride and accurately measured its atomic weight. The existence of radium has been confirmed. Radium is a very rare natural radioactive material, its body is shiny, like a fine salt-like white crystal, radium with a slight blue fluorescence, and this is the beautiful light blue fluorescence, into A woman's beautiful life and unyielding faith. In spectral analysis, it is not the same as the line of any known element. Although radium is not the first human discovery of radioactive elements, but it is the most radioactive elements. Using its powerful radioactivity, it is possible to further identify many new properties of radiation. So that many elements get further practical application. Medical research found that the radiation for a variety of different cells and tissues, the role is very different, those breeding fast cells, once the radium irradiation was soon destroyed. This discovery makes radium a powerful means of treating cancer. Cancer is caused by the rapid propagation of cells, the laser for its destruction than the surrounding health tissue damage much more. This new treatment soon developed in the world. In the French Republic, radium therapy is known as Curie therapy. The discovery of radium fundamentally changed the basic principles of physics, for the promotion of scientific theory and the application of practical, have a very important significance.。
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Achievement
• The first woman who win the Nobel Prize • The first one who win the Prize twice
Famous
Honor like toys, Make is People life have into a can play only and fantasy, willpower, or they must not always be thenaccomplish will fantasy into guarding it.
• In 1904 she and her husband were given the Nobel Prize for physics.
• In 1906 Pierre died, but Marie went on working.
• She received the second Nobel Prize for Chemistry in 1911. So she became the first scientist in the world to win two Nobel Prizes.
化学诺贝尔奖人物简介
——居里夫人
材料收集：XX PPT制作：XX
演讲者：XX
Madame Curie
Basic information Achievement Evaluation
Famous
Basic informaame Curie （ 1867.11.7 —1934.7.4） studied in Paris Poles University . • Won the Nobel Prize • In 1895 she married twice for physics and Pierre Curie, and then chemistry they worked together on • Physicist, radiation the research into chemist radioactive matter.
Achievement
• Study of radioactive phenomena, found that two kinds of natural radioactive elements radium and polonium • "the mother of radium"
Achievement
Evaluation
• "Of all the famous people inside, Marie Curie was the only person who has not been well-known spoiled! -------Albert Einstein • Her example inspired a lot of people
reality. nothing.
Ending
• She was the first to use the term radioactivity for this phenomenon. • She was the first woman in Europe to receive her doctorate of science.
Achievement