二语习得博士入学考试复习题

二语言习得考试复习题

1. acquisition& learning

➢The term “acquisition” is used to refer to picking up a second language through exposure, whereas the term “learning” is used to refer to the conscious study of a second language. Now most of the researchers use them interchangeably, irrespective of whether conscious or unconscious processes are involved

2. incidental learning & intentional learning

➢While reading for pleasure a reader does not bother to look up a new word in a dictionary, but a few pages later realizes what that word means, then incidental learning is said to have taken place.

➢If a student is instructed to read a text and find out the meanings of unknown words, then it becomes an intentional learning activity. ngauage

➢Language is a system of arbitrary vocal symbols used for human communication .That is to say , language is systematic (rule-governed ), symbolic and social.

nguage Acquisition Device

➢The capacity to acquire one’s FIRST LANGUAGE , when this capacity is pictured as a sort of mechani sm or apparatus.

5.Contrastive analysis

❖Under the influence of behaviorism, researchers of language teaching developed the method of contrastive analysis (CA) to study learner errors. Its original aim is to serve foreign language teaching.

6.Error analysis

❖Error analysis aims to 1) find out how well the learner knows a second language, 2) find out how the learner learns a second language, 3) obtain information on common difficulties in second language learning, and to 4) serve as an aid in teaching or in the preparation and compilation of teaching materials (Corder, 1981).It is a methodology of describing Second Language Learners’ language system s.

7.interlanguage

❖It refers to the language that the L2 learner produced .

❖The language produced by the learner is a system in its own right.

❖The language is a dynamic system, evolving over time.

8.Krashen and His Monitor Model

❖ 1. The Acquisition-Learning Hypothesis

❖ 2. The Monitor Hypothesis

❖ 3. The Natural Hypothesis

❖ 4. The Input Hypothesis

❖ 5. The Affective Filter Hypothsis

9. input hypothesis

❖Its claims : The learner improves and progresses along the “natural order” when s/he receives second language “input” that is one step beyond his or her current stage of linguistic competence. For example, if a le arner is at a stage “i”, then acquisition takes place when s/he is exposed to “Comprehensible Input” that belongs to level “i+1”.

10. affective filter hypothesis

❖The hypothesis is based on the theory of an affective filter, which states that successful second language acquisition depends on the learner’s feelings. Negative attitudes (including a lack of motivation or self-confidence and anxiety) are said to act as a filter, preventing the learner from making use of INPUT, and thus hindering success in language learning.

11.Shumann’s Acculturation Model

❖This model of second language acquisition was formulated by John.H.Schumann(1978), and applies to the natural context of second language acquisition where a second language is acquired without any instruction in the environment. Schumann defines acculturation as the process of becoming adapted to a new culture or rather , the social and psychological integration of the learner with the target language group.

12.Universal Grammar

⏹The language faculty built into the human mind consisting of principles and parameters.

⏹This is the universal grammar theory associated with Noam Chomsky.

⏹Universal Grammar sees the knowledge of grammar in the mind as having two components: “principles＂that all languages have in