2021年美国文学诗歌赏析
美国文学14讲-诗歌赏析
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3 The Wild Honey Suckle(P29)The Wild Honey SucklePhilip FreneauFair flower, that dost so comely grow, Hid in this silent, dull retreat, Untouched thy honied blossoms blow, Unseen thy little branches greet:No roving foot shall crush thee here,No busy hand provoke a tear.By Nature's self in whitearrayed,She bade thee shun the vulgar eye,And planted here the guardian shade, And sent soft waters murmuring by; Thus quietly thy summer goes,Thy days declining to repose,Smit with those charms, that must decay, I grieve to see your future doom;They died - nor were those flowers more gay,The flowers that did in Eden bloom;Unpitying frosts, and Autumn's powerShall leave no vestige of this flower.From morning suns and evening dewsAt first thy little being came:If nothing once, you nothing lose,For when you die you are the same;The space between, is but an hour,The frail duration of a flower.1st stanza:The honey suckle lives an obscure, unknown, forgotten, serene, and safe life.2nd stanza:The pure, innocent honey suckle is not contaminated by the vulgar eye of people and protected, embraced, and nurtured by Nature.3rd stanza: grief upon the flower’s death4th stanza: nothing gained, nothing lost4. Success is counted sweetestSuccess is counted sweetestBy those who ne’er succeed.To comprehend a nectarRequires sorest need.Not one of all the purple HostWho took the Flag to-dayCan tell the definition,So clear, of victory,As he, defeated, dying,On whose forbidden earThe distant strains of triumphBurst agonized and clear!Interpretation:1. Only those who desire success most can tell howsweet it is; and people who easily obtain success can hardly realize what it really means.2. Even though the old-time fighters could not taste thesweetness of victory in all their life, they are thosewho know what success really is. Compared with the present easy success winners, they deserve more respect.3. In consideration of the poetess’s life experience andher temperament, here in this poem she may imply her determination to pursue or quest her ideal even though her value was not recognized at her time. That is to say, she firmly believes that even she was regarded as a loser at her time (few poems were published in her life), she herself clearly knows where she stands.4. In a broader sense, the little poem can serve as apiece of encouragement for those who are struggling for and pursuing their dreams and ideals---- if what you are fighting for is meaningful, don’t give up, no matter what the result is. The easy success is not so sweet.5. The Soul Selects Her Own SocietyThe Soul selects her own Society---Then---shuts the door---To her divine Majority---Present no more---Unmoved ---she motes the Chariots---pausing---At her low Gate---Unmoved---an Emperor be kneelingUpon her Mat---I’ve known her---from an ample nation---Choose One---Then---close the Valves or her attention---Like Stone---1) the soul made its choice and wanted no more. Thisshowed her resolution and determination.2) Unmoved by any other temptation3) Since I have made my choice, I will stick to it and willnever be tempted by other things.Soul, one: art , poetry, love, ideal。
美国文学期末考试作品赏析
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美国文学期末考试作品赏析The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.1.what is the location of this story?2.the atmosphere and the history of this area?3.who is the protagonist of this story?4.what is the main conflict?"The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is a short story by Washington Irving contained in his collection The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent., written while he was living in Birmingham, England, and first published in 1820. With Irving's companion piece "Rip Van Winkle", "The Legend of Sleepy Hollow" is among the earliest examples of American fiction still read today.The story is set circa 1790 in the Dutch settlement of Tarry Town, New York, in a secluded glen called Sleepy Hollow. It tells the story of Ichabod Crane, a lean, lanky, and extremely superstitious schoolmaster from Connecticut, who competes with Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, the town rowdy, for the hand of 18-year-old Katrina Van Tassel, the daughter and sole child of a wealthy farmer. As Crane leaves a party he attended at the Van Tassel home on an autumn night, he is pursued by the Headless Horseman, who is supposedly the ghost of a Hessian trooper who had his head shot off by a stray cannonball during "some nameless battle" of the American Revolutionary War, and who "rides forth to the scene of battle in nightly quest of his head". Ichabod mysteriously disappears from town, leaving Katrina to marry Brom Bones, who was "to look exceedingly knowing whenever the story of Ichabod was related".The dénouement of the fictional tale is set at the bridge over the Pocantico River in the area of the Old Dutch Church andBurying Ground in Sleepy Hollow. The characters of Ichabod Crane and Katrina Van Tassel may have been based on local residents known to the author. The character of Katrina is thought to have been based upon Eleanor Van Tassel Brush, in which case her name is derived from that of Eleanor's aunt Catriena Ecker Van Tessel.Although Irving knew an army colonel named Ichabod Crane from Staten Island, New York (who was also once the Commanding Officer of Lieutenant Stonewall Jackson), the character in "The Legend" may have been patterned after Jesse Merwin, who taught at the local schoolhouse in Kinderhook, further north along the Hudson River, where Irving spent several months in 1809.the wild honey suckle 的分析《野金银花》是Freneau在南卡罗莱纳州查尔斯顿散步时,看到一簇幽生的金银花,于是便有感而发,将这首短诗一气呵成。
外国诗歌赏析:《湖上夜钓》[美国]勃莱
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外国诗歌赏析:《湖上夜钓》[美国]勃莱罗伯特·勃莱《作者简介》罗伯特·勃莱(Robert Bly)1926年生于明尼苏达州,毕业于哈佛大学,第二次大战时曾在美海军服役,一生中长期住在明尼苏达西部的农村,以投稿、经营出版刊物、朗诵诗的收入为生。
他有意放弃了许多美国诗人乐意追求的大学教书的机会,认为只有在艰苦的农村生活才能够接近群众、接近大自然,才能给诗歌创作带来丰富的生活素材。
从50年代开始,他主编的刊物“五十年代”(后改名为“六十年代”、“七十年代”)在美国诗歌界有相当大的影响。
60年代中期,勃莱积极参加社会政治活动,倡议成立了“美国作家反对越南战争联盟”,并且创作了许多反战的诗篇,在全国各地的群众集会上朗诵。
《湖上夜钓》原文有人在船屋里留下一盏灯,为了引导夜间返航的渔民。
灯火寂然无声地向我们倾注,飞过湖波像一个翅膀的蝴蝶,它的途径是满船的垂死者,挣扎着要在破碎的波光中复活。
而那光只是来到了,却没有带来礼物,好像骆驼到了,却没有智慧的博士①。
它这样稳定,将我们维系向山上的老家。
现在我们望着月亮升上白杨林它也来得那么利索它透过切木屋四周的木板我们却打开门才穿过那个篱墙。
(郑敏译)注释:① 博士,指基督诞生之夜带着礼物来朝拜的博士。
【赏析】作为一个创作力旺盛的老诗人,勃莱的写作是和翻译介绍并行前进的,并具有不同于纯诗主义者们的显著特征。
他在诗作中经常将其精神世界同他对人生、对世界的看法紧密联系在一起,因此,不难理解他为何拒绝单纯的大学教书生活,以翻译和朗诵为生。
勃莱的“深度意象”与意象主义及超现实主义都有密切联系,却又并非两者的翻版,他在诗歌中将现实世界与精神世界通过“深度意象”联系起来的创作手法为许多后来的诗人效仿,《湖上夜钓》便是这一理念的诠释。
同其大多数作品一样,这首诗也是从外在的客观物象开始,“有人在船屋里留下一盏灯,/为了引导夜间返航的渔民”。
“灯”是贯穿全诗高度凝练的意象,“引导”是其主要功能。
美国文学选读诗歌赏析(可打印修改)
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One’s Self I SingThis poem was published as “Inscription” in Leaves of Grass (1867) and given its present title in 1871. According to Whitman’s plan, the poem is printed first in his book.As the title is “One’s Self,” not “Myself”, this already forms the bond between the reader and writer which again it’s what he is conveying in the poem.In the first stanza, the speaker sings of a simple separate person, but the alliteration lends more powerful symbolism to the words. The repetition seems to indicate that perhaps what he sings is not so simple at all. The poem celebrates the “simple, separate Person” as a physical, moral, intellectual, emotional, and aesthetical being, but declares that when he sings of himself, he uses the “word En-masse” to show that he represents the modern man. While he is one voice, he is speaking for a lot of people.In the second stanza, the theme changes when the poet refers to the spirit and physical body, and wisdom. Whitman tells us that he speaks for all colors, classes and creeds. He seems to be telling us to live together like one, accepting all. All organs in the body need others to function properly. No person can live without relying on the complete system.In the last stanza, the poet hammers us with alliteration. Though modern man fights for his freedom and individuality, the greatest freedom he has is his right to live.Altough Whitman consistently celebrated an average man, he was probably feeling his unique qualities. Divided between faith in democratic equality and belief in the individual rebel against society’s restrictions, he combined the figure of the average man and the superman in his conception of himself. He certainly differed in the hypersensitivity that made him as zealous in pursuing emotional freedom through love as he had been in pursuing social freedom in democracy. He differed also in his frequent, forceful declarations of his democratic love for man (The Female equally with the Male I sing), and he has been considered a homosexual.Fire and IceDesire and hate, believed by some to be the two largest faults of the human race. Robert Frost explains these two ideas in only nine lines. “Fire and Ice” is a perfect example of juxtaposition between fire and ice, or, desire and hate. Both are believed to destroy a person if they succumb to its hold.Frost begins with saying that some believe the world will end in fire, some believe ice. In other words, some believe that those who desire too much will perish; others believe that hating so much as to put their whole self into it will have the same result. Frost did not mean that having either of these faults meant physical death, more of a death of the spirit. Those who desire things such as power or wealth soon think of nothing else and lose all touch with everything around them; those who hate never enjoy life and lose touch with what truly matters in life. With either one, theperson who suffers from it exists, but does not live.Throughout the poem Frost also uses a rhyming scheme to separate the two ideas, every word coinciding with fire rhymes, “fire”and “desire,”and everything that coincides with ice rhymes also, “ice,”“twice,”“hate,” and “great.” It helps to emphasize the difference between the two, showing that, although they’re completely different, they have the same affect. “Fire and ice” was inspired by a passage in Canto 32 of Dante’s Inferno, in which the worst offenders of hell, the traitors, are submerged, while in a fiery hell, up to their necks in ice: “a lake so bound with ice, It did not look like water, but like a glass…right clear I saw, where sinners are preserved in ice.”Frost’s diction also notes that people who commit sins of desire are more common than people who commit sins of hate as it uses the pronoun “those” to describe people who commit sins of desire, suggesting plurality, and that the speaker himself has tasted it before. With his discussion of hatred, there is no mention of his having experienced it, leaving the reader to ponder whether his knowledge of hatred comes mostly from contemplation (“I think I know”) and not from experience.。
美国文学诗歌名篇翻译赏析
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美国文学诗歌名篇翻译赏析第一篇:美国文学诗歌名篇翻译赏析I shot an arrow……我射出一支箭……---Henry Wadsworth LongfellowI shot an arrow into the air,我把一支箭射向空中It fell to earth I knew not where;不知它落在何方For so swiftly it flew the sight飞得那么快Could not follow it in its fight.眼睛难以追寻它的方向I breathed a song into the air,我对着天空轻轻唱歌It fell to earth I knew not where;不知它消逝在何方For who has the sight so keen and strong谁的眼光能如此敏锐犀利That can follow the flight of a song.能跟上歌声的翅膀Long, long afterwards in an oak,很久很久以后,在一棵橡树上I found the arrow still unbroke;我找到了那支箭,仍未折断And the song, from beginning to end,也发现了那支歌,自始自终I found again in the heart of a friend.在朋友的心中欢唱This poem is written in a traditional iambic form with the feet “aabb aacc ddee”.In the poem, Longfellow sings the friendship implicitly and skillfully.The arrow and the song in this poem stand for the friendship.When he shot an arrow and breathed a song into the air, he did not expect to find them any more.But many years later, he came across with the arrow and found that hissong was always in the heart of his friend.This suggests that the friendship is everlasting.I’m Nobody!我是无名之辈Emily DickinsonI’m nobody!Who are you?我是无名之辈!你是谁?Are you nobody, too?你也是无名之辈吗?Then there’s a pair of us----don’t tell!那么我们就是一对儿了!千万不要透露出去They’d banish us, you know!不然我们都会被他们驱逐,你知道。
民主的挽歌--惠特曼《啊,船长,我的船长》赏析
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民主的挽歌--惠特曼《啊,船长,我的船长》赏析《啊,船长,我的船长》是美国著名诗人沃尔特·惠特曼为纪念美国南北战争时期的林肯总统所写的诗歌,被誉为美国近现代诗歌的典范。
下面是对这首诗的赏析:一、主题思想这首诗歌表达了诗人对林肯总统的崇敬和赞扬,同时也表达了对美国南北战争的反思和对未来的期许。
通过描绘林肯总统的形象和功绩,诗人展现了林肯作为一位伟大领袖所具备的品质和精神,同时也表达了对美国人民在南北战争中所经历的苦难和斗争的敬意。
二、艺术手法1.象征手法:这首诗歌运用了大量的象征手法,如“船长”、“航船”、“海洋”等意象都具有深刻的象征意义。
“船长”象征着林肯总统的领导能力和智慧,“航船”则象征着美国人民在南北战争中的历程,“海洋”则象征着美国社会的困难和挑战。
这些意象的交融,使得诗歌具有深刻的艺术感染力。
2.抒情与叙事结合:这首诗歌将抒情和叙事巧妙地结合在一起,既有对林肯总统的崇敬和赞扬,也有对南北战争的反思和回顾。
这种结合方式使得诗歌既有情感的表达,也有历史的叙事,使得诗歌具有更强的表现力和感染力。
3.独特的韵律和节奏:这首诗歌采用了独特的韵律和节奏,使得诗歌具有鲜明的音乐性和节奏感。
这种韵律和节奏的运用,使得诗歌在朗读时更具表现力和感染力。
三、文学价值《啊,船长,我的船长》是美国文学史上的经典之作,具有极高的文学价值。
首先,这首诗歌以其深刻的主题思想和独特的艺术手法成为了美国近现代诗歌的典范之一。
其次,这首诗歌在文学史上具有重要地位,它不仅是对林肯总统的纪念,也是对美国南北战争的反思和对未来的期许,具有深远的历史意义和社会价值。
总之,《啊,船长,我的船长》是一首充满情感、历史感和音乐性的诗歌,它以其深刻的主题思想和独特的艺术手法成为了美国文学史上的经典之作。
美国文学史诗歌重点赏析演示文稿
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• 朝阳和晚霞当初曾把你养 育,
• 让你这小小的生命来到 世上;
• 原来若乌有,就没什么可 失去,
• 因为你的死让你同先前一 样;
• 这来去之间不过是一个 钟点:
• 这就是脆弱的花享有的 天年。
第七页,总共四十五页。
1. iambic tetrameter 2. The poem is said to anticipate the nineteenth-century
• By Nature's self in white arrayed, She bade thee shun the vulgar eye, And planted here the gaurdian shade, And sent soft waters murmuring by; ...Thus quietly thy summer goes, ...Thy days declinging to repose.
• 这地方的古人并不如 此——
• 印第安人一朝离开世 上,
• 就再次同亲友坐在一 起,
• 重新把欢乐的宴席分 享。
第十三页,总共四十五页。
• His imaged birds, and painted bowl, And venison, for a journey dressed, Bespeak the nature of the soul, Activity, that knows no rest.
• 大自然把你打扮得一身 洁白,
• 她叫你避开庸俗粗鄙的目 光;
• 她布置了树阴把你护卫 起来,
• 又让潺潺的柔波淌பைடு நூலகம்你身 旁;
• 你的夏天就这样平静地消 逝,
• 这时候你日见萎蔫终将安 息。
《乌鸦》赏析
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《乌鸦》赏析导言《乌鸦》是美国诗人埃德加·爱伦·坡(Edgar Allan Poe)于1845年所创作的一首哀怨之诗,以乌鸦与悲痛失去恋人联想而作,叙述了主人公,也就是那个只能追忆已故恋人的人,被一只常鸣“Nevermore”(永不再此)的神秘乌鸦不断引向绝望。
该诗不仅有着深刻的悲苦情感,同时人物塑造、音韵的韵律感以及主旋律的渲染等方面也均给读者留下了深刻印象,是美国文学史上不可或缺的重要篇章之一。
正文诗人本身埃德加·爱伦·坡曾是19世纪美国浪漫主义诗歌和短篇小说的佼佼者,他的作品涉及到爱情、死亡、犯罪、恐怖等主题。
而该诗恰恰是他的代表之作,反映了他所独爱的主题:痛苦和孤独。
他自幼丧父、少年时代又被遗弃,一生中伴随着许多悲惨遭遇,也为此体验了很深刻的痛苦,因而在创作中不乏这样的主题。
《乌鸦》的一个强烈的主题就是人的绝望和痛苦。
诗歌分析1.乌鸦诗歌的动物形象乌鸦固是十分重要,犹如拉法耶夫(Ivan Pavlov)的实验狗和奖励键(reward key),它代表着人物的精神和心理的状态。
文中的乌鸦被描写为一只“黑漆漆的乌鸦”,它的形象与阴暗压抑的情感完美契合。
最重要的是,乌鸦作为一个象征,持续挑逗人们的思维是将痛苦引向终点:死亡。
于是,作品中描绘的不仅是主人公痛苦的经历,更是他的内心冷漠和绝望。
2.音韵和韵律诗歌的韵律有趣而又独特,每一句都以“A-B-C-B-B”结尾,这种诡异的韵律营造出了一种听众无法逃避的压迫感,让读者不得不将注意力投向每一行的结局。
此外,作者还加入了大量的音韵,例如不可忽略的“乌鸦”名言,这些特定的字眼为全诗提供了一种耳语的氛围,让读者更加感受到强烈的紧张感和恐惧感。
3.主旋律诗歌的主旋律是人物的绝望痛苦,这是一种非常普遍的故事,但坡将它渲染得让读者感觉到自己也在深渊中挣扎。
读完这首诗,很难不感受到令人窒息的孤独和无望,即使诗歌中的乌鸦有时显得有些傻气和幽默,却只是让我们更加陷入了无尽的绝望。
英美文学欣赏诗歌赏析合集
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1.A Red, Red Rose Robert Burns1)总分析it is a very popular poem for his beautiful words and sound, using many key poetic devices to describe his eternal and passionate love. He describes his passion and emotion using a lot of imagery, symbolism, rhyme, and repetition which appeals to the senses including the heart 2)Theme: The speaker loves the young lady beyond measure through vivid similes and hyperbolic comparisons.Love:—express speaker's powerful, undying love-is lasting,real,awesomely awesome. Nature: Rocks, seas, sand, roses—many nature.Time: "A Red, Red Rose" has time on its side. 3)Structure: a)Stanza1: compare his sweet heart as a red rose and sweet music.b)Stanza2-3 : swear that he will love her for ever, and assure that he will never change his heart.c)Stanza4: assure his lover that he will leave for a short time but will come back no matter how far it is.4)Form: Scottish Folklore, short lines, strong rhythm. The first and third lines have 8 syllables and the second and fourth lines have 6 syllable in the first two stanzas and 7 syllables in the second two stanzas. Rhyming abab. Use simile to express the strong affection which can not be controlled. And use repetition to intensify his emotion.5)Meter:This one's a classic, so it's no wonder it uses some of the most classic forms in all of poetry and music. "A Red, Red Rose" is written partly in ballad meter (the first eight lines) and partly in common meter (the last eight lines). It alternates between iambic tetrameter in the odd-numbered lines and iambic trimeter in the even-numbered ones. A line of iambic tetrameter consists of four (tetra-) iambs, a foot that contains an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable. Line 5 is a great example: As fair art thou, my bonn-ie lass. Iambic trimeter, as you might have already guessed, is the same as iambic tetrameter, except there are three (tri-) iambs instead of four, as in line 2: That's new-ly sprung in June. But line 10, It has seven syllables, when it should have six. Let's assume the line's first foot is not an iamb but an anapest. If we scan the line in the following way, we have a line of neat, flowing trimeter: And the rocks melt wi' the sun.2.I Wondered Lonely as A Cloud William Wordsworth1)Theme:N ature's beauty uplifts the human spirit. Lines 15, 23, and 24 specifically refer to this theme;P eople sometimes fail to appreciate nature's wonders as they go about their daily routines. Lines 17 and 18 suggest this theme;N ature thrives unattended. The daffodils proliferate in splendor along the shore of the lake without the need for human attention.2)Genre:Lyric poem3)Rhyme Skill:ababcc, efefgg, hihikk, lmlmnnRhetoric(修辞):Simile明喻,personification拟人,hyperbole夸张,alliteration 头韵。
美国诗歌赏析
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美国诗歌赏析美国诗歌是世界文学宝库中的瑰宝,它不仅反映了美国社会的变迁,也展现了美国人民的精神风貌。
从早期的殖民地时期到现代,美国诗歌经历了从模仿到创新的转变,形成了独特的风格和主题。
在赏析美国诗歌时,我们可以从以下几个方面来深入理解其魅力。
首先,美国诗歌的主题多样,从自然景观到社会问题,从个人情感到国家命运,无不涉及。
例如,19世纪的诗人沃尔特·惠特曼在其代表作《草叶集》中,用自由诗的形式表达了对民主、自由和个人主义的热爱。
他的诗歌充满了对美国广阔土地和人民的赞美,同时也反映了对战争、死亡和生命的深刻思考。
其次,美国诗歌的语言风格独特,它摒弃了传统诗歌的严格韵律和格律,追求自然、直接和口语化的表达。
这种风格在20世纪的现代主义诗歌中尤为明显。
例如,罗伯特·弗罗斯特的诗歌以其简洁、质朴的语言和深刻的寓意著称。
他的《未选择的路》通过描绘两条分叉的道路,隐喻了人生选择的重要性和不可预知性。
再者,美国诗歌的形式创新也是其魅力所在。
许多诗人尝试打破传统的诗歌结构,创造出新的诗歌形式。
例如,艾兹拉·庞德的意象派诗歌强调通过精确、生动的意象来传达情感和思想,他的《地铁车站》就是通过几个简单的意象,捕捉了现代都市生活的瞬间感受。
此外,美国诗歌还具有强烈的社会批判性。
许多诗人通过诗歌来反映社会不公和个人抗争。
例如,艾伦·金斯伯格的《嚎叫》是对20世纪50年代美国社会压抑和物质主义的强烈抗议,它以激昂的语言和强烈的情感,表达了对自由和解放的渴望。
最后,美国诗歌的多样性和包容性也是其吸引人的地方。
美国是一个移民国家,不同文化背景的诗人带来了各自的文化特色和诗歌传统,使得美国诗歌呈现出丰富多彩的面貌。
例如,非裔美国诗人兰斯顿·休斯的作品就深受非洲和黑人文化的影响,他的诗歌充满了对种族平等和社会正义的追求。
总之,美国诗歌以其独特的主题、风格、形式和社会批判性,成为了世界文学中不可或缺的一部分。
hold fast to dreams 赏析
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hold fast to dreams 赏析Hold fast to dreams,这是一首鼓舞人心、激发斗志的诗歌。
作者是美国著名诗人及社会活动家哈里特·比彻·斯托夫(Harriet Beecher Stowe)。
她通过这首诗歌,传达了对梦想的执着追求和无尽信念。
一、概述诗歌背景及作者Harriet Beecher Stowe是美国19世纪著名的作家和社会活动家。
她的作品《汤姆叔叔的小屋》(Uncle Tom"s Cabin)对美国奴隶制度进行了深刻的揭露,引起了广泛关注。
Hold fast to dreams是她创作的一首充满正能量的诗歌,旨在鼓舞人们坚定信念,勇往直前。
二、解析诗歌主题及意境这首诗歌的主题是梦想。
诗中写道:“Hold fast to dreams,for if dreams die,life is a broken-winged bird that cannot fly.”这句话强调了梦想对于人生的重要性。
诗人通过对比破碎的翅膀与飞翔,表达了失去梦想的人生将是残缺不全的。
诗歌意境激昂,鼓舞人心,激发人们对梦想的向往和坚持。
三、分析诗歌艺术手法及特点诗歌采用了抒情诗的形式,表达了作者对梦想的热爱和追求。
在语言上,诗人运用了生动的比喻、拟人等修辞手法,使诗歌更具表现力。
在意象上,诗人以翅膀为象征,突显了梦想对人生的引领作用。
诗歌结构紧凑,押韵和谐,给人以美的享受。
四、总结诗歌的价值与启示Hold fast to dreams这首诗歌,传递了积极向上、勇往直前的人生态度。
它告诫我们,无论遇到多少困难和挑战,都要坚定信念,执着追求梦想。
这首诗歌对于我们现代人仍具有很强的启示意义,它提醒我们要珍惜梦想,勇敢地去追求,让梦想成为我们人生道路上指引前行的灯塔。
总之,Hold fast to dreams这首诗歌,以其激昂的文字、深刻的主题和独特的艺术手法,成为了美国文学史上一首不可或缺的作品。
约翰.多恩诗歌《别离辞.莫悲伤》赏析[权威资料]
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约翰.多恩诗歌《别离辞.莫悲伤》赏析本文档格式为WORD,若不是word文档,则说明不是原文档。
最新最全的学术论文期刊文献年终总结年终报告工作总结个人总结述职报告实习报告单位总结摘要:约翰·多恩才智机敏,诗风奇特,长于思辨,多用巧智。
本文首先探讨了多恩的生平对其诗歌特点形成的影响,接着对其代表作即玄学诗的经典诗歌《别离辞·莫悲伤》进行了分析,该诗通过突兀的想象,奇特的意象和新颖巧妙的奇喻表现了男女之间忠贞不渝的爱情,以此来欣赏其作为诗坛奇葩的永恒的艺术魅力。
关键词:约翰·多恩;《别离辞·莫悲伤》;奇喻;意象作者简介:张文杰,女,河北师范大学09级硕士研究生,外国语言学及应用语言学专业,研究方向:典籍英译。
[]:I106[]:A[]:1002-2139(2012)-07-0029-02在英国的诗歌史中,约翰·多恩是17世纪玄学诗歌中的代表人物之一。
约翰·多恩的诗歌摈弃了伊丽莎白时代后期的绮丽浮华的特点,创造了有别于同时代诗歌的写作风格。
多恩从欧洲那些大陆诗人里受到启发,形成了他别具一格的创造诗歌的风格:对戏剧性的主题思想,通过具有学术化的比喻以及浓缩且具有高度概括性的意象来完成对其的描述。
多恩对于生活以及世界的哲学性思考主要是来源于那些看似无关,牵强且无多大关联的奇喻和类比。
本文旨在通过对多恩生平的综合阐述来分析他独特诗风的成因。
多恩的诗风别具一格,意象非常丰富。
他的典型代表作就是《别离辞·莫悲伤》。
本文通过分析多恩的诗歌创作背景、写作特点以及该作品中的意象和奇喻,来感受多恩的艺术魅力。
一、约翰·多恩的生平对成就其诗风的影响运用独具一格的比喻以及奇特的意象,融合具有深度的辩证思维及唯美细腻的感情于一体是玄学派诗歌的写作特点。
在18-19世纪,玄学派诗歌由于取喻奇特怪诞,深奥难懂,过于思辨化和学究气较浓一直被人们所忽视。
i am nobody诗歌赏析
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I.在现代文学史上,Emily Dickinson 是美国文学史上最重要的女诗人之一,她的诗作充满了神秘、超现实主义和个人情感的特点,影响着世界各地的文学爱好者。
其中,她的一首著名诗作《I am nobody》以其简洁的语言和深刻的内涵赢得了读者的喜爱,成为了批判现实、反映生活的力作。
II.在《I am nobody》中,Dickinson 以“我是无名小卒”开篇,通过对自我的贬低表达出一种对社会舆论的不屑,表达出一种超脱尘世的态度。
这种态度不仅是对自我认知的一种释放,更是对社会现实的一种质疑。
诗中的“无名小卒”一词,可以理解为对社会等级制度的低头与隐退,也可以理解为对非凡境遇的贬低与轻蔑。
这种对社会世俗的态度,既有一种拒斥、抗拒的意味,又有一种高傲、自傲的自我陶醉。
III.在诗歌的发展过程中,Dickinson 进一步强调了“无名小卒”所具有的自由与超脱。
她通过“无被遗余地”、“无声的村镇”、“无人知晓”等形象和片段,揭示了“无名小卒”并不是真正的无名,而是在逆境中的自立。
她没有丧失自我的价值和尊严,反而在无名中找到了一种相对的自由和质朴的生命力。
这种自由,不是以世俗的评判和期待作为标准,而是以个体的内心和信仰作为出发点。
这种超脱,不是对社会规范的否定,而是对人性的超越与升华。
IV.至于我个人对这首诗的理解,我认为《I am nobody》不仅仅是一首关于个人情感和社会态度的诗歌,更是一种对人类处境和命运的思考。
每个人都是社会中的“无名小卒”,面对种种挑战和压力,面对世俗的诱惑和压迫,我们是否能够保持自我,保持真诚和善良,保持向内心深处的追求和毅力?这是一种非凡的力量和境界,也是一种对普遍人性和生命轨迹的寄托。
我认为《I am nobody》所反映的并不仅仅是 Dickinson 个人的生命经历和情感倾诉,更是一种对人性、对人生的普遍关怀和深刻启示。
V.总结起来,《I am nobody》是一首充满超现实主义、神秘感和个人情感的优秀诗作,它通过对“无名小卒”的贬低和超脱,揭示了一种与社会现实的对立与超越。
the raven每一节解析
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the raven每一节解析
【最新版】
目录
1.诗歌背景介绍
2.诗歌的主题和意义
3.诗歌的象征和隐喻
4.诗歌的节奏和韵律
5.诗歌的评价和影响
正文
《the Raven》是美国著名诗人埃德加·爱伦·坡的一首代表作。
该诗创作于 1845 年,是诗人在一段时间内精神崩溃和失去亲人的痛苦经历的反映。
这首诗歌以其独特的主题和神秘的氛围吸引了无数读者,成为了美国文学史上的经典之作。
这首诗歌的主题是关于失去和孤独。
诗人通过描绘一只乌鸦的访问,表达了自己内心的痛苦和孤独。
乌鸦成为了诗人内心深处的化身,它的到来和离去都象征着诗人的心情变化。
整首诗歌充满了悲伤和神秘的氛围,让读者感受到诗人内心深处的痛苦和无助。
在诗歌中,乌鸦成为了一种象征和隐喻。
它代表了诗人的过去和失去的亲人,同时也代表了诗人的内心痛苦和孤独。
乌鸦的叫声和形象都充满了神秘和恐惧,让读者感受到一种不祥的预感。
此外,诗歌中的其他元素,如乌鸦的羽毛、诗人的房间等,也都充满了象征和隐喻的意义。
在节奏和韵律方面,《the Raven》是非常独特的。
诗歌的节奏缓慢而沉重,韵律复杂而多变。
这种独特的韵律和节奏为诗歌的主题和氛围营造了一种完美的氛围,让读者感受到诗人内心的痛苦和孤独。
《the Raven》是一首经典的美国诗歌,它的主题和意义都深刻地反
映了诗人的内心世界。
诗歌的象征和隐喻、节奏和韵律都为读者呈现了一种独特的诗歌体验。
美国文学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分
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美国⽂学期末考试-诗歌赏析部分Philip Freneau1.野⾦银花美丽的⾦银花,你粲然绽放于幽静⼀⾓。
芳菲满枝,⽆⼈垂顾,迎风起舞,⽆⼈注⽬。
游⼦从不践踏你的⽟体,过客从不催落你的泪滴。
造化令你素裹银妆,你得以远离庸⼈的⽬光她赐予你⼀⽚绿荫葱葱她带给你⼀泓流⽔淙淙恬静的夏⽇倏然流淌你终于红衰翠减,⽟殒⾹消妩媚动⼈,你却⽆法盛颜久长落红满地,你令我黯然神伤纵然在伊甸乐园,⼈间天堂也难免⼀⽇凋零,满⽬凄凉萧瑟秋风,凄⽩秋霜你终于消失得⽆影⽆踪朝霞幕露孕育了你娇⼩的⾝躯你从尘⼟来,⼜归尘⼟去来时⼀⽆所有,去时化作尘⼟可叹⽣命苦短你终究红消⾹断Background: The short lyric was written in 1786. Freneau was inspired by the beauty of the wild honey suckle when he was walking at Chaeleston, South Carolina. As is displayed in this poem, honeysuckle, instead of rose of daffodil became the object of depiction; it is “wild” just to convey the fresh perception of the natural scenes on the new continent. The flowers, similar to the early Puritan settlers, used to believe they were the selects of God to be arranged on the abundant land, but now have to wake up from fantasy and be more respectful to natural law.Theme:the mutability of flowers and by extension the transience of human life. Time is constant but the time of a life is short; any favor is relative but change is absolute; with or without the awareness, nature develops; flowers were born, blossomed and declined to repose, and human beings would exist in exactly the same way. A philosophical meditation is indicated by the description of the fate of a trivial wild plant. In this poem, the poet expresses a keen awareness of the loveliness and transience of nature. It implies that life and death are inevitable law of nature. In addition, the poet writes with the strong implication that, though in the work no one is presented in person, human beings at times envy the flower. This is seen not because the “roving foot” would “crush”; nor that the “busy hand” would “provoke a tear”; nor because of the “vulgar eye”, but because of the fact that the human being has the ability to foresee his death. Whereas, the flower, with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is completely unaware of its doom. Its innocence left it happier than the foreseeing human beings.Unfortunately, the human beings are quite unwilling to refuse this knowledge and that arouses all their sufferings.Rhyme and analysis: Form ?Four six-line stanzas ?iambic tetrameter 四⾳步抑扬格?soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong-soft-strong ? Fair flower, that dost so comely grow ? rhymed on ababcc pattern Following the traditional European model, the lyric is written in regular 6-line tetrameter stanzas, rhyming “ababcc”, and sounds just like music. But in order to accord with the change in tone and topic in Stanza 3, the rhythmic pattern is varied. Different from the rest the poem which is written in smooth iambic tetrameter lines, the third line of the stanza --- “They died” --- begins with a “spondee”(two stressed beats in a row) and, after forcing the reader to pause (the dash), continues in a highly irregular rhythm with an intensification of stressed beats. The purpose is obvious: the speaker wants to drive the horrible message home, to let the reader feel the impact acutely. But as we progress into the last stanza, when a more mature view of life and death is adopted, the rhythms are restored to the original regularity as the tone assumes a tempered serenity grown out of experience. The wild honey suckle is, in the poet’s eye, no longer a common flower.In the first two stanzas, to start with, Freneau devoted more attention to the environment of the flower in which he found it than to the appearance of the flower per se. He commented on the secluded nature of the place where the honey suckle grew, drawing a conclusion that it was due to Nature’s protectiveness that the flower was able to lead a peaceful life free from men’s disturbance and destruction. But the next stanza immediately changed the tone from silent admiration and appreciation to outright lamentation over the “future’s doom” of the flower --- even Nature was unable to save the flower from its death. Actually no flower, or no living being, can escape. Not even the flowers that used to bloom in Eden. Thus from the flower in nature the poet started to ponder over the fate of man, who was bound to fall from his innocence and suffer from the despair of death as the result to his exile from Paradise. Just as kindly as nourished and protected the honey suckle in spring and summer, Nature will destroy ruthlessly the flower with its autumn and winter weapons.Understand the title: 1. The name honeysuckle comes from the sweet nectar that the flow er produces to intoxicate the greedy bee. Its powerful fragrance seduces the human senses as it pervades the air. The perfume of this passionate plant may turn a maidens head, hence wild honeysuckle is a symbol of inconstancy in . The word “wild”implies herliving place; she lives in wilderness not in paradise or house; so she will not be app reciated by others and feels sorrowful. Also it implies the nature, so we can say the writer is describing the nature.William Cullen Bryant(对死亡的冥想)热爱⾃然的⼈与世间万象, 有着⼼神的交流,对他, 她可说各种各样的语⾔他⾼兴的时候,她声⾳喜悦, 微笑⾥透着⾼贵的美丽, 她潜⼊他隐秘的思索,带着温柔和抚慰的关切,未及他明⽩她就将痛苦带⾛,当最后的思想如灾难降临你的精神,悲痛的哀影,寿⾐,棺罩,令⼈窒息的⿊暗,以及促狭的房屋使你瑟瑟发抖,并⼼⽣憎恨——去开阔的⽥野吧,去听听,⾃然的教诲,听听那从四野⾥——⼤地、河川和新鲜的空⽓中——传来的静谧⽽寂寥的声⾳——然⽽⼏天后,普照⼤地的太阳在它的⾏程⾥,也不见你的踪影;也不在冰冷的⼤地你含泪苍⽩的形体停放之处,也不在⼤海的怀抱存你的形象养育了你的⼤地要将你召回, 复归为尘⼟,消除⼈的痕迹你的个体将⾂服于此,你将永远与⾃然之中的万物共处去做⽆情的草⽊和磐⽯的兄弟掩藏在坚硬的泥⼟下,任由那粗野的情郎翻犁和践踏橡树伸展的根须将刺穿你的躯体。
美国文学史期末考试 诗歌赏析
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PhilipFreneauThe Wild Honeysuckle野忍冬花美好得花呀,您长得,这么秀丽,却藏身在这僻静沉闷得地方---甜美得花儿开了却没人亲昵,招展得小小枝梢也没人观赏;没游来荡去得脚把您踩碎,没东攀西摘得手来催您落泪。
大自然把您打扮得一身洁白,她叫您避开庸俗粗鄙得目光,她布置下树荫把您护卫起来,又让潺潺得柔波淌过您身旁;您得夏天就这样静静地消逝,这时候您日见萎蔫终将安息.那些难免消逝得美使我销魂,想起您未来得结局我就心疼,别得那些花儿也不比您幸运-—-虽开放在伊甸园中也已凋零,无情得寒霜再加秋风得威力,会叫这花朵消失得一无踪迹.朝阳与晚露当初曾把您养育,让您这小小得生命来到世上,原来若乌有,就没什么可失去,因为您得死让您同先前一样;这来去之间不过就是一个钟点—--这就就是脆弱得花享有得天年.(黄皋炘译)mentaryTheshortlyric was written in 1786、Freneau was inspired by thebeauty ofthe wild honeysuckle when he was walkingatChaeleston,South C arolina、It wasvirtually unreadin the poet’slifetime,yet it deserves a place amongmajorEnglish and Americanworks ofpoetry of thatt ime、Thisis one of the most quoted works of Freneau、Generally speakin g,it is the best of Freneau’spoems, andthe best poemon naturebefore the appearanceofthe verses of William Cullen Bryant,William Wordsworth,andRalph Waldo Emerson’sTheRhodora、But unlikethose early writers who turned tolook for themes outside America,Freneaurootedhis poemonthispiece of land、Heis one of the few early writerswho eulogizethe country、BeforeFreneauthere had beensome American poets who, however, wrote mostly on thereligious theme and either in style orstructurally they imitatedEnglish poets、Freneau,the first American-bornpoet,wasone of theearliest who casttheireyes over the natural surroundings ofthe New Continent andAmericansubject matter、As is displayed in thispoem,honeysuckle,insteadof rose of daffodil became the object of depiction;it is “wild” just to convey thefresh perception of thenatural scenes on the new continent、Theflowers, similartothe early Puritan settlers,used to believe they were the selects of God to bearranged onthe abundant land, but now have to wake up fromfantasyandbe more respectfultonatural law、Time is cons tant but the time of a life isshort;any favor isrelativebut change is absolute; with or without the awareness,nature develops;flowers were born, blossomedand declinedtorepose,andhuman beings wouldexist in exactly thesameway、 A philosophical meditation isindicatedby the description ofthe fateof a trivialwild plant、AquintessentiallyRomantic poet, Freneau demonstrated the best ofh is poeticartinthe melodious lyric s onNature’s beauty、In this shortpoemabouta flower,the poet describeshis thoughtsover some much moregrandtopics including religion and life in general、The wildhoney suckleis,in the poet’s eye,no longer a monflower、To some ex tent,Freneau’spoem is a longerexpounding of William Blake’s poem:“To see theworld in a grain of sand,/And a heaven in a wild flower,/Hold infinity in the palm ofyourhand,/And eternity in an hour、”In thefirsttwo stanzas,to startwith,Freneau devotedmore attention tothe environment ofthe flower in which he found it than totheapp earance of theflower per se、He mentedon the secluded natureof theplace where thehoney suckle grew,drawing a conclusionthatitwas due to Nature’s protectivenessthat the flower was able to leadap eaceful life free from men’s disturbance and destruction、But the next stanza immediately changed the tone from silent admiration and appreciationtooutrightlamentation over the“future’sdoom”of the flower -——even Nature wasunable to save the flowerfrom its death、Actuallyno flower,or no livingbeing,can escape、Not e ven theflowers that used tobloomin Eden、Thus from the flowerin na turethe poet startedto ponder over the fateof man,who was bound tofall fromhis innocenceand suffer fromthe despairof deathas the result to his exilefrom Paradise、Just askindlyasnourished and protectedthe honeysucklein spring andsummer,Nature willdestroyruthlessly theflower withitsautumn and winter weapons、FollowingthetraditionalEuropean model,the lyric is writteninre gular 6—line tetrameter stanzas,rhyming “ababcc”,andsounds just likemusic、Butin order to accord with the change in toneandtopic in Stanza 3, the rhythmic patternis varied、Different from the restthe poemwhich iswritten in smooth iambic tetrameter lines,thethird lineof thestanza —-- “Theydied”—--begins with a“spondee”(tw ostressed beatsin a row)and,afterforcingthereader to pause (the dash),continues ina highly irregular rhythm with an intensification ofstressed beats、The purpose is obvious:the speaker wants t odrive the horriblemessage home,to let the reader feel the impactacutely、Butasweprogressinto the last stanza,when a morematur eview of life and death is adopted, the rhythms arerestoredto theoriginalregularity asthetone assumes a temperedserenity grownout of experience、Inthis poem,the poet expresses a keen awareness ofthe lovelinessand transi enceof nature、It implies that lifeand deathare inevitable law ofnature、Inaddition,the poet writeswith the strongimplication that,thoughin the work no one is presented in person,humanbeings attimes envy theflower、This is seennot because the“rovingfoot”would“crush";nor that the“busy hand" would “provokeatear”;nor becauseof the“vulgar eye”,butbecause of the factthat the humanbeinghastheabilityto foresee his death、Whereas,theflo wer,with its happy ignorance, lacks this consciousness and is pletely unaware of its doom、Its innocence leftit happierthan the foreseeing humanbeings、Unfortunately, the human beings are quiteunwillingto refusethisknowledge and that arouses alltheir sufferings、菲利普·弗瑞诺就是美国18世纪著名得诗人,被成为美国诗歌之父。
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1. Analyze the poem “The Wild Honey Suckle”欧阳光明(2021.03.07)Understand the title: 1.The name honeysuckle comes from the sweet nectar that the flower produces to intoxicate the greedy bee. Its powerful fragrance seduces the human senses as it pervades the air. The perfume of this passionate plant may turn a maiden’s head, hence wild honeysuckle is a symbol of inconstancy in love.2. The word “wild” implies her living place; she lives in wilderness not in paradise or house; so she will not be appreciated by others and feels sorrowful. Also it implies the nature, so we can say the writer is describing the nature.2. Analyze Whitman’s “Song of Myself” (Over 200 words)"Song of Myself" is all about the human experience. The human experience, here, means what men of the past, present and future have seen, touched, smelt, and heard. In this poem Whitman is explaining how all of humanity is like one living organism, and no one part is more important than the other. In section 44 of "Song of Myself" Whitman says, "We have thus far exhausted trillions of winters and summers, There are trillions ahead, and trillions ahead of them. Births have brought us richness and variety, And other births will bring us richness and variety. I do not call one greater and one smaller, That which fills its period and place is equal to any." It is clear that Whitman had aperspective of the human race and its history that escaped most writers. More specifically, Whitman speaks of equal contribution to the human experience in section 42: "Here and there with dimes on the eyes walking, To feed the greed of the belly the brains liberally spooning, Tickets buying, taking, selling, but in to the feast never once going, Many sweating, ploughing, thrashing, and then the chaff for payment receiving, A few idly owning, and they the wheat continually claiming. This is the city and I am one of the citizens, Whatever interests the rest interests me, politics, wars, markets, newspapers, schools, The mayor and councils, banks, tariffs, steamships, factories, stocks, stores, real estate and personal estate.3. Emily’s “Because I Could Not Stop for Death” (Over 300 words)The poem begins with a leisurely image. At first, the protagonist feels totally at ease and the usually frightening death is described as if a familiar friend, gentle and polite. Continuingly, the poem is developed upon a basic metaphor that life is a journey. It was truly rather old a comparison, but Dickinson enriched it with her creativity and imagination: "School, where Children strove" --childhood; "Fields of Gazing Grain"--maturity; and "Setting Sun"--old age. Then “the Dews drew quivering and chill-” makes the protagonist feel terribly cold, which may mean that they are getting nearer and nearerto the tomb. But at last, his companions, Immortality and Death, finally desert him and leave him alone to go toward Eternity.So it seems that though death cheats him and at the same time deserts him, the experience of death itself is not painful. Emily Dickinson’s poems just explain this kind of essen ce of life, which then lead you to a world of imagination and thinking.4. Appreciate the poem “In a Station of the Metro”.The poem is essentially a set of images that have unexpected likeness and convey the rare emotion that Pound was experiencing at that time. Arguably the heart of the poem is not the first line, nor the second, but the mental process that links the two together. "In a poem of this sort," as Pound explained, "one is trying to record the precise instant when a thing outward and objective transforms itself, or darts into a thing inward and subjective." This darting takes place between the first and second lines. The pivotal semi-colon has stirred debate as to whether the first line is in fact subordinate to the second or both lines are of equal, independent importance. Pound contrasts the factual, mundane image that he actually witnessed with a metaphor from nature and thus infuses this “apparition” with visual beauty. There is a quick transition from the statement of the first line to the second line’s vivid metaphor; this ‘super-pository’ technique exemplifies the Japanese haiku style. The word “apparition” is considered crucial as it evokes a mystical and supernatural sense of imprecision which is then reinforced by the metaphor of the second line. The plosive word ‘Petals’ conjures ideas of delicate, femininebeauty which contrasts with the bleakness of the ‘wet, black bough’. What the poem signifies is questionable; many critics argue that it deliberately transcends traditional form and therefore its meaning is solely found in its technique as opposed to in its content. However when Pound had the inspiration to write this poem few of these considerations came into view. He simply wished to translate his perception of beauty in the midst of ugliness into a single, perfect image in written form.It is also worth noting that the number of words in the poem (fourteen) is the same as the number of lines in a sonnet. The words are distributed with eight in the first line and six in the second, mirroring the octet-sestet form of the Italian (or Petrarchan) sonnet. 5. Appreciate the poem “Stopping by Woods on a Snow Evening”.“Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening,” like many of Frost's poems, explores the theme of the individual caught between nature and civilization. The speaker's location on the border between civilization and wilderness echoes a common theme throughout American literature. The speaker is drawn to the beauty and allure of the woods, which represent nature, but has obligations—“promi ses to keep”—which draw him away from nature and back to society and the world of men. The speaker is thus faced with a choice of whether to give in to the allure of nature, or remain in the realm of society. Some critics have interpreted the poem as a meditation on death—thewoods represent the allure of death, perhaps suicide, which the speaker resists in order to return to the mundane tasks which order daily life.6. Analyze the poem “The Road Not Taken”.the poem is inspirational, a paean to individualism and non-conformism.The poem consists of four stanzas. In the first stanza, the speaker describes his position. He has been out walking in the woods and comes to two roads, and he stands looking as far down each one as he can see. He would like to try out both, but doubts he could do that, so therefore he continues to look down the roads for a long time trying to make his decision about which road to take. The ironic interpretation, widely held by critics, is that the poem is instead about regret and personal myth-making, rationalizing our decisions.In this interpretation, the final two lines:I took the one less traveled by,And that has made all the difference.are ironic : the choice made little or no difference at all, the speaker's protestations to the contrary. The speaker admits in the second and third stanzas that both paths may be equally worn and equally leaf-covered, and it is only in his future recollection that he will call one road "less traveled by".The sigh, widely interpreted as a sigh of regret, might also be interpreted ironically: in a 1925 letter to Cristine Yates of Dickson, Tennessee, asking about the sigh, Frost replied: "It was my rather private jest at the expense of those who might think I would yet live to be sorry for the way I had taken in life."7. Analyze the poem “Anecdote of the Jar”.This famous, much-anthologized poem succinctly accommodates a remarkable number of different and plausible interpretations, as Jacqueline Brogan observes in a discussion of how she teaches it to her students.It can be approached from a New Critical perspective as a poem about writing poetry and making art generally. From a poststructuralist perspective the poem is concerned with temporal and linguistic disjunction, especially in the convoluted syntax of the last two lines. A feminist perspective reveals a poem concerned with male dominance over a traditionally feminized landscape. A cultural critic might find a sense of industrial imperialism. Brogan concludes: "When the debate gets particularly intense, I introduce Roy Harvey Pearce's discovery of the Dominion canning jars (a picture of which is then passed around)."8. Analyze T. S. Eliot’s “The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock”.(Over 500words)On the surface, "The Love Song of J. Alfred Prufrock" relaysthe thoughts of a sexually frustrated middle-aged man who wants to say something but is afraid to do so, and ultimately does not.The dispute, however, lies in to whom Prufrock is speaking, whether he is actually going anywhere, what he wants to say, and to what the various images refer.The intended audience is not evident. Some believe that Prufrock is talking to another person or directly to the reader, while others believe Prufrock's monologue is internal. Perrine writes "The 'you and I' of the first line are divided parts of Prufrock's own nature", while Mutlu Konuk Blasing suggests that the "you and I" refers to the relationship between the dilemmas of the character and the author. Similarly, critics dispute whether Prufrock is going somewhere during the course of the poem. In the first half of the poem, Prufrock uses various outdoor images (the sky, streets, cheap restaurants and hotels, fog), and talks about how there will be time for various things before "the taking of toast and tea", and "time to turn back and descend the stair." This has led many to believe that Prufrock is on his way to an afternoon tea, in which he is preparing to ask this "overwhelming question". Others, however, believe that Prufrock is not physically going anywhere, but rather, is playing through it in his mind.Perhaps the most significant dispute lies over the "overwhelming question" that Prufrock is trying to ask. Many believe thatPrufrock is trying to tell a woman of his romantic interest in her, pointing to the various images of women's arms and clothing and the final few lines in which Prufrock laments that the mermaids will not sing to him. Others, however, believe that Prufrock is trying to express some deeper philosophical insight or disillusionment with society, but fears rejection, pointing to statements that express a disillusionment with society such as "I have measured out my life with coffee spoons" (line 51). Many believe that the poem is a criticism of Edwardian society and Prufrock's dilemma represents the inability to live a meaningful existence in the modern world. McCoy and Harlan wrote "For many readers in the 1920s, Prufrock seemed to epitomize the frustration and impotence of the modern individual. He seemed to represent thwarted desires and modern disillusionment."As the poem uses the stream of consciousness technique, it is often difficult to determine what is meant to be interpreted literally or symbolically. In general, Eliot uses imagery which is indicative of Prufrock's character, representing aging and decay. For example, "When the evening is spread out against the sky / Like a patient etherized upon a table" (lines 2-3), the "sawdust restaurants" and "cheap hotels," the yellow fog, and the afternoon "Asleep...tired... or it malingers" (line 77), are reminiscent of languor and decay, while Prufrock's various concerns about hishair and teeth, as well as the mermaids "Combing the white hair of the waves blown back / When the wind blows the water white and black," show his concern over aging.。