机械精度设计与检测基础

COMPREHENSIVE CHINESE-ENGLISHDICTIONARY For Mechanical Precision Design and Verification Basic机械精度设计与检测基础汉英综合词汇杨青编著西北农林科技大学机械与电子工程学院2007年3月前言专业英语是高等院校学生必须掌握的基本知识和技能。

为了适应双语教学的需要，使学生在学习专业知识的同时，熟悉和掌握相关专业的英语词汇，培养学生较熟练地应用英语的能力，提高专业英语的水平，为今后从事相关专业的工作奠定一定基础，特编撰本“汉英综合词汇”辅助教材。

本教材根据“机械精度设计与检测基础”课程的主要章节及内容，选编、翻译了700多条专业英语词汇。

其中包括了互换性原理、测量技术基础、机械零件几何参数的精度设计与检测、典型零件的精度设计与检测，以及尺寸链设计、统计检验与质量控制等内容。

在教材选编过程中，作者尽量选用了国家标准中定义术语的专业英语词汇，并参考了国外同类学科教科书中相应的专业术语。

本教材不仅可作为高等院校机械工程类各专业的教学参考书，对从事机械设计制造、几何精度检测及质量控制等方面的工程技术人员也有一定参考应用价值。

由于编者水平有限，书中难免存在疏漏和不当之处，敬请读者批评指正。

编者2007年3月目录第一章绪论 1 第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测 3 第三章测量技术基础 5 第四章形状和位置精度设计与检测8 第五章表面粗糙度与检测10 第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计10 第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测11 第八章键和花键结合的精度设计与检测12 第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测13 第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测14 第十一章尺寸链17 第十二章统计检测与质量控制18第一章绪论Chapter 1 Introduction 机械精度设计mechanical precision design检测基础verification basic测量技术measurement techniques互换性interchangeability互换性原则principle of interchangeability互换性种类types of interchangeability外互换external interchange内互换internal interchange完全互换complete interchange不完全互换limited interchange公差tolerance几何量公差tolerance of geometrical quantity 几何量检测verification of geometrical quantity 标准standard技术标准technical standard国家标准（GB）national standard标准化standardization系列化seriation通用化generalization实际几何参数actual geometrical parameters理论几何参数theoretical geometrical parameters 产品product组件groupware部件component零件part批量产品mass-products规格相同same standard辅助加工assistant machining修配repairing装配assembling生产原则production principle满足技术要求和使用性能meet to technical requirements and use performances 简化设计simplify design自动化生产automated manufacturing缩短维修周期shorten the maintain cycle降低成本reduce the cost产品质量标准化standardization of product quality品种规格系列seriation of variety specific零部件通用化generalization of components几何参数geometrical parameters使用功能function of usage相同规格same specification国军标（GJB）national military standard推荐执行标准（GB／T) national standard／recommendation优先数preferred number优先数系series of preferred numbers十进等比数列decimal geometric proportion numbers基本系列basic series补充系列complementary series变形系列deformation series派生系列derive series位移系列displacement series复合系列complex series项数numbers of term选用规则selecting principle十进段decimal range常数constant优先数值preferred numerical value理论值theory value计算值calculating value常用值common value化整值modifying value第二章圆柱结合的精度设计与检测Chapter 2 Precision Design and Verificationfor Cylindrical Parts Connection定义definitions术语terms，nomenclature孔hole轴shaft尺寸size基本尺寸basic size实际尺寸actual size极限尺寸limits of size最大极限尺寸maximum limits of size最小极限尺寸minimum limits of size偏差deviation实际偏差actual deviation极限偏差limit deviation上偏差upper deviation下偏差lower deviation公差带tolerance zone公差带大小dimension of tolerance zone公差带位置position of tolerance zone零线zero line配合fit间隙clearance过盈interference间隙配合clearance fit过盈配合interference fit过渡配合transition fit最小间隙minimum clearance最大间隙maximum clearance平均间隙average clearance最小过盈minimum interference最大过盈maximum interference平均过盈average interference配合公差variation of fit基准制basic tolerancing system基孔制hole basic system基轴制shaft basic system基准孔basic hole基准轴basic shaft标准公差standard tolerance公差单位tolerance unit公差等级grades of tolerance尺寸分段size steps基本偏差fundamental deviation标准公差系列series of standard tolerance基本偏差系列series of fundamental deviation轴的基本偏差fundamental deviation for shaft孔的基本偏差fundamental deviation for hole通用规则general rule特殊规则special rule常用公差带common recommendation for tolerance zone 优先公差带preferred selection for tolerance zone一般公差带general recommendation for tolerance zone 常用配合common recommendation for fit优先配合preferred selection for fit代号symbol公差带代号symbols for tolerance zone配合代号symbols for fit标注notation计算公式calculation formulate公差与配合的选择selection of tolerance and fit配合的计算与选择calculation and selection of fit工作量规workshop gauge校对量规checking gauge不确定性uncertainty安全裕度safety margin验收极限limits of acceptance通规go gauge至规not go gauge塞规plug gauge，pin gauge卡规snap or gap环规ring gauge板规caliper gauge可调节量规adjustable caliper gauge量规公差带tolerance zone of gauge量规公差gauge tolerance磨损公差wear allowance磨损极限wear limits不确定度的允许值allowance of uncertainty泰勒原则Taylor principle评定参数evaluation parameters光滑极限量规plain limit gauge第三章测量技术基础Chapter 3 Measurement Technology Basic 测量measurement被测几何量measured geometrical quantity测量单位unit of measurement测量方法method of measurement 测量方程function of measurement 测量温度measuring temperature 测量条件measuring condition测量范围measuring range测量基准measuring datum计量器具measuring instrument直接测量direct measurement间接测量indirect measurement绝对测量absolute measurement相对测量relative measurement接触测量contact measurement非接触测量non-contact measurement 测量误差error of measurement系统误差systematic error随机误差random error粗大误差parasitic error残余误差（剩余误差）residual error精密度precision准确度correctness精密度accuracy灵敏度sensitivity重复精度repeatability分度值value of a scale division 修正量correction量值value of a quantity长度基准length standard尺寸传递dimension transfer激光lather光波lightwave波长wavelength米制metric system米meter毫米micrometer微米micron英制English system英尺foot英寸inch量块gauge blockV-形块V-block平板plane table坐标工作台coordinate table旋转工作台rotary table水平仪level准式水平仪frame spirit level倾斜式水平仪tilting level光学平行平晶parallel optical flat光学平面平晶plane optical flat游标尺venire scale游标卡尺venire caliper游标千分尺venire micrometer游标深度尺venire-depth gage游标高度尺venire -height gage内径千分尺inside micrometer外径千分尺outside micrometer指示表dial indicator比较仪comparator机械比较仪mechanical comparator 光学比较仪optical comparator电感比较仪electronic comparator 干涉仪interferometer工具显微镜toolmaker’s microscope大型工具显微镜large-toolmaker’s microscope万能工具显微镜universal-toolmaker’s microscope光切显微镜light section microscope表面粗糙显微镜surface roughness microscope测量机measuring machine坐标测量机coordinate measuring machine万能测量机universal measuring machine万能轮廓投影仪universal profile projector目镜eyepiece ocular物镜object grass放大倍数magnification第四章形状和位置精度设计与检测Chapter 4 Precision Design and Verificationfor Geometrical Tolerances形位公差geometrical tolerances形状公差from tolerances定向公差orientation tolerances定位公差location tolerances跳动公差run-out tolerances直线度公差straightness tolerance平面度公差flatness tolerance圆度公差circularity（roundness）tolerance圆柱度公差cylindricity tolerance线轮廓度公差profile tolerance of any line面轮廓度公差profile tolerance of any surface平行度公差parallelism tolerance垂直度公差perpendicularity tolerance倾斜度公差angularity tolerance同轴度公差coaxiality tolerance对称度公差symmetry tolerance位置度公差position tolerance圆跳动公差circular run-out tolerance全跳动公差total run-out tolerance被测要素toleranced feature理想要素true feature实际要素real (actual) feature基准要素datum feature单一要素single feature关联要素related feature单一基准single datum基准体系datum system最大实体状态maximum material condition最小实体状态least material condition实效状态virtual condition最大实体边界boundary of maximum material condition 实效边界boundary virtual condition最大实体尺寸maximum material size最小实体尺寸least material size实效尺寸virtual size作用尺寸mating size理论正确尺寸theoretically exact dimension公差原则tolerancing principles相关原则principle of correlation独立原则principle of independence最大实体原则maximum material principle包容原则envelope principle最小条件minimum condition最小区域minimum zone检测原理principle of verification综合量规functional gauge第五章表面粗糙度与检测Chapter 5 Surface roughness and Verification表面粗糙度surface roughness取样长度sampling length评定长度evaluation length轮廓最小二乘中线least square mean line of the profile轮廓算术平均中线arithmetical mean line of the profile表面加工纹理surface lay轮廓峰顶线line of profile peaks轮廓谷底线line of profile valleys轮廓最大峰高maximum height of profile peak轮廓最大谷深maximum depth of profile valleys峰顶至峰谷高peak to valley height轮廓算术平均偏差arithmetical mean deviation of the profile微观不平度的十点高度ten point height of irregulation轮廓不平度最大高度maximum peak-to-valley height of the profile 轮廓不平度的平均间距mean spacing of high spots轮廓单峰的平均间距mean spacing of two conjunctive peaks轮廓支撑长度率bearing area of the profile第六章滚动轴承与孔、轴结合的精度设计Chapter 6 Precision Design for Connection of RollingBearing with Hole and Shaft滚动轴承rolling bearing外圈outside ring内圈internal ring滚动体rolling bodies保持架bearing spacer轴承内径bearing bore diameter轴承外径bearing outside diameter轴向间隙axial internal clearance径向间隙radial internal clearance几何精度geometrical accuracy旋转精度rotational accuracy外壳孔hole of housing外壳孔肩shoulder of housing轴径neck of shaft轴肩shoulder of shaft轴承支架bearing bridge轴承箱bearing box向心轴承centripetal bearing止推轴承thrust bearing滚珠轴承ball bearing滚柱轴承roller bearing滚针轴承needle bearing圆锥辊子轴承cone-roller bearing滚柱止推轴承ball thrust bearing滑动轴承plain bearing对开轴承two part bearing负荷（重、一般、轻）load（heavy，normal，light）当量径向负荷dynamic equivalent radial load额定动负荷rating dynamic load减速器decelerator, retarder第七章圆锥结合的精度设计与检测Chapter 7 Precision Design and Verificationfor Connection of Cone基本圆锥basic cone实际圆锥actual cone实际圆锥直径actual cone diameter实际圆锥角actual cone angle极限圆锥limit cone极限圆锥直径limit cone diameter极限圆锥角limit cone angle圆锥直径公差cone diameter tolerance圆锥直径公差带cone diameter tolerance zone圆锥角公差cone angle tolerance圆锥角公差带tolerance zone for the cone angle给定截面圆锥直径公差cone section diameter tolerance给定截面圆锥直径公差带cone section diameter tolerance zone锥度taper配合长度length of fit基面矩distance between datum surfaces未注公差角度的极限偏差limit deviation of angle without tolerance indication 圆锥公差cone tolerance第八章键和花键结合的精度设计与检测Chapter 8 Precision Design and Verification forConnection of Key and Spline键key平键flat key花键spline键槽key way，key slot键长key length键宽key wide键侧key side键槽深depth of key way轴槽shaft key way轮槽boss key way轴槽公差带tolerance zone for shaft key way轮槽公差带tolerance zone for boss key way键宽公差带tolerance zone for key wide矩形花键rectangular spline渐开线花键involute spline内花键internal spline外花键external spline花键轴spline shaft花键孔spline hole定心直径diameter for determining centre定心表面surface for determining centre较松联结looser connection一般联结ordinary connection较紧联结closer connection累积误差cumulative error多参数配合multiple parameter fit综合公差composite tolerance补偿公差compensative tolerance单项测量monomial measurement综合检测comprehensive verification第九章螺纹结合的精度设计与检测Chapter 9 Precision Design and Verification forConnection of Screw Thread螺纹直径thread diameter大径major diameter小径minor diameter顶径crest diameter底径root diameter中径pitch diameter单一中径single pitch diameter作用中径medium effective diameter螺距pitch牙型丰角flank angle旋合长度length of engagement内螺纹female threads外螺纹male threads普通螺纹ordinary thread粗牙螺纹coarse thread细牙螺纹fine thread螺纹公差screw tolerance螺母公差nut tolerance丝杆公差lead screw tolerance外螺纹公差带tolerance zone of male threads内螺纹公差带tolerance zone of female threads螺纹公差等级tolerance grade of screw thread精密级fine grade中等级medium grade粗糙级coarse grade螺纹副screw thread part螺纹量规screw thread gauge螺纹塞规screw plug gauge螺纹量规公差带tolerance zone of screw gauge第十章圆柱齿轮精度设计与检测Chapter10 Precision Design and Verificationfor Cylindrical gear齿轮gear wheel齿坯blank齿tooth齿顶addendum齿根dedendum齿高tooth depth齿厚tooth width (thickness)齿间space width齿数tooth numbers齿轮副gear pair啮合mate with共轭conjugate节圆pitch circle齿轮速比gear ratio导角lead angle渐开线involute节线速度pitch-line velocity线接触line contact直齿轮spur gear伞齿轮bevel gear直伞齿轮straight bevel螺旋伞齿轮spiral bevel偏轴伞齿轮hypoid gear斜齿轮helical gear人字齿轮double-helical gear平行轴齿轮parallel-shaft gear交叉轴齿轮crossed –axis仪表齿轮instrument gear蜗轮蜗杆worm gears单头蜗杆single-thread worms多头蜗杆multiple- thread worms 滚锥rolling cones齿轮箱gear box壳体housing油封oil seal润滑剂lubrication热膨胀thermal expansion传递效率transmitting ratio承载能力load-carrying capacity齿轮偏差gear’s deviation运动精度motion precision平稳性精度smoothness precision接触精度contacting precision齿侧间隙backlash切向综合误差tangential composite error切向-齿综合误差tangential tooth-to-tooth composite error径向综合误差radial composite error径向-齿综合误差radial tooth-to-tooth composite error周节累积误差total cumulative pitch errorK个周节累积误差cumulative circular pitch error over a sector of kpitches齿圈径向跳动radial run-out of gear公法线长度变动variation of base tangent length齿形误差total profile error周节误差circular pitch individual length基节误差base pitch error齿向误差total alignment error接触线误差contact line error轴向齿距偏差axial pitch error螺旋线波度误差helix waviness error齿厚偏差deviation of width of teeth公法线平均长度偏差deviation of mean line tangent length over a givennumber of teeth齿轮副的切向综合误差tangential composite error of gear pair齿轮的切向-齿综合误差tangential tooth-to-tooth composite error of gearpair圆周侧隙circular backlash法向侧隙normal backlash齿轮副的接触斑点contact tracks of gear pair齿轮副的中心矩偏差center distance error of gear pairX方向轴线的平行度误差inclination error of axesY方向轴线的平行度误差deviation error of axes第十一章尺寸链Chapter 11 Dimensional chain尺寸链dimensional chain环link封闭环closing link组成环component link增环increasing link减环decreasing link补偿环compensating link传递系数scaling factor，transformation ratio 长度尺寸链length-dimensional chain角度尺寸链angular dimensional chain装配尺寸链assemble dimensional chain零件尺寸链part dimensional chain工艺尺寸链technological dimensional chain基本尺寸链basic dimensional chain派生尺寸链derived dimensional chain标量尺寸链scalar dimensional chain直线尺寸链linear dimensional chain平面尺寸链planar dimensional chain空间尺寸链space-wise dimensional chain尺寸链图dimensional chain diagram长度环length link角度环angular link环的特征characteristics of link计算参数parameters of calculation计算方法methods of calculation互换法interchange method完全互换法complete interchange method大数互换法large-number interchange method分组法grouping method调整法adjusting method修配法modified method平均偏差mean deviation中间偏差median deviation相对分布系数relative distribution coefficient相对不对称系数relative non-symmetrical coefficient平均公差mean tolerance极值公差extreme tolerance统计公差statistical tolerance平方公差square tolerance当量公差equivalent tolerance封闭环的分布与系数distribution and coefficient of closing link组成环的分布与系数distribution and coefficient of component link第十二章统计检测与质量控制Chapter 12 Statistical test and quality control 事件event随机事件random event概率probability随机变量random variable随机变量的概率分布probability distribution of a random variable分布函数distribution function连续随机变量的概率probability density function for random variable 密度函数 a continuous random variable离散随机变量的概率probability for a discrete random variable二维分布bivariate distribution多维分布multivariate distribution边缘分布marginal distribution条件分布conditional distribution概率分布的分位数fractile of a probability distribution中位数median众数mode随机变量的期望（均值）expectation （mean）of a random variable中心随机变量centred random variable方差（随机变量的或概率分布的）variance（of a random variable or of aprobability distribution标准差（标准偏差）standard deviation变异系数，变差系数coefficient of variation标准化随机变量standardized variateq阶原点矩moment of order q about the origin关于点a的q阶矩moment of order q about the origin aq阶中心矩centred moment of order q相关correlation（q，s）阶联合原点矩joint moment of orders q and s about the origin关于点（a, b）的（q，s）阶联合原点矩joint moment of orders q and s about theorigin （a, b）（q，s）阶联合中心矩joint centred moment of orders q and s协方差covariance相关系数coefficient of correlation回归曲线regression curve回归曲面regression surface均匀分布uniform distribution正态分布、高斯分布normal distribution Gauss distribution标准正态分布standardized normal distributionX2分布chi-squared distributiont分布，学生分布t- distribution，student distributionF分布 F distribution对数正态分布log-normal distribution指数分布exponent entail distributionγ分布gamma- distribution贡贝尔分布（І型极值分布）Gambel distribution（type Іextreme valuesdistribution）佛莱契分布（Π型极值分布）Frechet distribution（type Πextreme valuesdistribution）威布尔分布（Ш型极值分布）Weibull distribution（type Шextreme valuesdistribution）二项分布binomial distribution负二项分布negative binomial distribution泊松分布psisson distribution超几何分布hypergeometric distribution二维正态分布bivariate normal distribution二维高斯分布bivariate Gauss distribution标准二维正态分布standardized bivariate normal distribution标准二维高斯分布standardized bivariate Gauss distribution多项分布multinomial distribution个体item，individual，unit总体population特性，特征characteristic观测值observed value绝对值absolute difference极差range极差中值mid range组class组限class limits组中值mid-point of class组矩class interval频数，绝对频数absolute frequency累积频数，绝对累积频数cumulative absolute frequency频率，相对频率relative frequency累积频率cumulative relative frequency频率分布frequency distribution一维分布univariate distribution直方图histogram条形图bar diagram折线polygon两种方式表two-way table联列表contingency table算术平均arithmetic mean加数算术平均weighted arithmetic average偏差deviation平均偏差mean deviation总体参数population parameter统计量statistic次序统计量order statistic似然likelihood估计，估计值estimation（of parameter）estimate（of parameter）估计量estimator总估计误差total estimation error抽样误差sampling error估计量的偏倚bias of estimator无偏估计量unbiased estimator标准误差standard error总体均值（或概率分布期望）的估计estimation of the mean of apopulation（or of the expectation of a probability distribution）总体（或概率分布）方差的估计estimation of the variance of a population（ora probability distribution）双侧置信区间two-sided confidence interval单侧置信区间one-sided confidence interval置信水平，置信系数confidence level，confidence coefficient置信限confidence limit统计容许区间statistical tolerance interval统计容许限statistical tolerance limits分布的拟合优度goodness of fit of a distribution统计检验tatistical test原假设（零假设）null hypothesis备择假设alternative hypothesis简单假设simple hypothesis复合假设composite hypothesis参数检验parametric test-distribution非参数检验free test-non-parametric test检验的操作特性曲线operating characteristic curve of a test （检验的OC曲线）（OC curve of a test）显著性结果significant resultX2检验chi-squared testT检验t-test，student testF检验F-test重复repetition随机化randomization真值true value均值的准确度accuracy of the mean精密度precision重复性repeatability再现性reproductability抽样sampling样本（子样）sample抽样单位sampling unit样本大小sample size有放回抽样sampling with replacement无放回抽样sampling without replacement简单随机抽样simple random sampling子样本subsample对分样本duplicated sample分层抽样stratified sampling周期系数抽样periodic systematic sampling 整群抽样cluster sampling多级抽样multistage sampling初始样本primary sample二级样本secondary sample最终样本final sample抽样比sampling fraction份样increment试验片test piece大样，粗样pulk sample（gross sample）样本制备sample preparation实验室样本laboratory sample试验样本test sample检查inspection抽样检查sampling inspection批batch检查批inspection batch批量lot size，batch size交付批consignment批检查lot inspection交收检查receiving inspection初检查original inspection最终检查final inspection全检，百分之百检查100% inspection计数检查inspection by attributes计量检查inspection by variables缺陷defect不合格品defective, defective item致命缺陷critical defect重缺陷major defect轻缺陷minor defect致命不合格品critical defective重不合格品major defective轻不合格品manor defective每单位平均缺陷数mean number of defects per unit不合格品率friction defective百分不合格品率per cent defective抽样方案sampling plan一次抽样single sampling二次抽样double sampling多次抽样multiple sampling序贯抽样sequential sampling截尾检查curtailed inspection连续抽样方案continuous sampling plan验收抽样方案acceptance sampling plan接收acceptance拒收rejection接收数acceptance number拒收数rejection number接收概率probability of acceptance拒收概率probability of rejection抽样无果的抽查特性曲线（OC曲线）operating characteristic curve for asampling plan （OC curve）生产方风险producer’s risk使用方风险consumer’s risk无区别点，控制点indifference point（point of control）过程平均process average极限质量limiting quality批容许（百分）不合格品率lot tolerance percent defective可接受质量水平acceptable quality level平均检出质量average outgoing quality平均检出质量上限average outgoing quality limit检查水平inspection level正常检查normal inspection放宽检查reduced inspection加严检查tightened inspection平均抽样个数average sample number异常因数assignable cause过程处于控制process under control控制图，管理图control chart累积和图cumulative sum chart上、下控制界限upper and/or lower control limits上、下警戒界限upper and/or lower warning limits常规控制力conventional control charts常规控制图总则general guide for conventional control charts均值—标准差控制图( X-S图) control charts for averages and for standarddeviation均值—极差控制图( X-R图) control charts for averages and for ranges单值—移动极差控制图( X-RS图) control charts for individuals and for movingranges中值数—极差控制图( X-R图) control charts for medians and for ranges不合格品率控制图(P图) control charts for fraction defective不合格品数控制图(P n图) control charts for number of defectives单位缺陷数控制图(n图) control charts for defects per unit缺陷数控制图(c图) control charts for number of defects。