网上商城系统毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院专业：工商企业管理学生姓名：方智立学号：010*********指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学职业技术学院姓名：朱芸芸职称：讲师2016年 4 月 1 日Marketing Strategy Analysis of SportsAbstractSports market is a special industry market, which for provide exchange of sports tangible products and services market. Sports market including fixed type, such as sports facilities, sports goods market, Mobile market, such as all kinds of sports service provided by the fitness club. Sports tourism and advertising business, sports goods should be consumers to accept, and occupy a larger market. If success of the sports marketing involves many factors. According to the specific characteristics of sports marketing, develop and implement appropriate marketing strategy is very important. Sports marketing strategy is to the sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making.This paper argues that the marketing strategy can be further subdivided into market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, Choose a strategy, must conform to the enterprise's own competitive position, product status, to grasp the market opportunity, determined according to the demands of consumers. In this paper, the sports market segmentation marketing strategy for the market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy, and discusses the sports marketing how to carry out strategic choice.Keywords: Sports bazaar ; Sports marketing; Marketing strategy1.Sports marketing strategy and characteristics1.1Sports marketing strategyStrategy refers to the planning of overall and profound things. Sports marketing strategy refers to the commodity business units under the guidance of modern marketing concept, to achieve its economic goal for enterprise in a certain period of the overall design and planning of marketing development.Inan increasingly competitive market circumstances, sports business units in order to effectively carry out business activities, to achieve its business objectives, must understand and based on the characteristics of marketing concepts and strategies, and Target the demand of the market, comprehensive analysis and marketing of various environmental factors, choose effective market strategy in the background.1.2The characteristics of the sports marketing strategySports marketing strategy has sports business units within a certain period or stage marketing campaign's overall development plan of decision making. It has the characteristics of the following.(1) Overall importance.Sports marketing strategy is a matter of the global business units, including two aspects the meaning of this global:on the one hand, Sports marketing strategy is the overall design, the development of the business units, including overall planning and the overall strategy and means.On the other hand, Sports marketing strategy decision is a matter of global business units and their all-round development in the future.(2)Secular.Sports marketing strategy is really about the future of sports business units: to achieve the goals of sports marketing strategy, will make the sports business units to produce qualitative leap, but this is not usually that can be done in the short term.Important, sports business units of marketing strategy on the strategic period not only very important to enterprise's survival and development, but also to the long-term development of enterprises play an important role.(3) Systematicness.Sports systemic marketing refers to business units, each part of the work of each link is a contact each other, are closely related to the organic unity of the whole.System have layers, the size and the primary and secondary division, at the next lower level to obey and serve at the next higher level.For a certain sports and business operation entity, the strategy of the whole enterprise as a whole system engineering to overall arrangement, the pursuit of the overall development of the biggest benefits.(4)Adaptability.Sports marketing adaptability, refers to the sports marketing and business operation entity is easily affected by external and internal environment, when the environment changes, sports business units made to adapt themselves to the new environment of the characteristics of rapid response.Sports marketing of the external environment including the market demand, political or economic situation changes, policy and law changes. Similarly, sports business entities internal conditions change will impact on marketing.(5)Risk.Due to sports marketing strategy is the business unit for the marketing activities during the period development collection of expected decision, and this decision is absolutely impossible in various conditions fully mature and information fully, make and sports market, especially the intangible product variety and complexity of the market, make sports marketing strategy has the characteristics of uncertainty and instantaneity, many market opportunities tend to be a passes, no longer to, opportunity and risk coexist.2.Sports marketing strategy comprisedand choiceSports marketing strategies mainly include market positioning strategy, market timing strategy, market entry strategy, market development strategy, market competition strategy.2.1 Market orientation strategyMarket positioning refers to the sports business units according to the condition of market competition situation and its own resources, establish and develop differentiated competitive advantage, to make their own products in the consumer formed in the difference between each product unique image and is superior to the competition.This unique image can be tangible or intangible.Enterprise after analyzing the market environment, should highlight its own market advantage, establish market position, Which companies need to know on a certain level of paper generalizes, consumers mind what is the best sports products as expected.2.2 Market entry policyMarket entry strategy is the sports business units at the right time to capture the target market, how to appropriately in the two aspects of production capacity and sales ability to make reliable measures and guarantee, to ensure the decision-making of sports products successfully enter the market.Its content mainly includes the production capacity of decision-making and sales ability to form two aspects.(1) Capacity Decision. In the necessary time, sports business entities formtargetmarket capacity, is one of the important conditions to achieve market goal.Regardless of whether they are sports tangible products and intangible products, generally there are two alternative strategies.①Independent development strategy refers to both tangible products, the development of sports and development of sports intangible products. All on its own strength to expand production scale, enhance the comprehensive production capacity or adjust the structure of the comprehensive production capacity of enterprise, to adapt the demand of product combination structure. ②Comprehensive development strategy, mainly depend on the sports business units of the external forces, namely, through joint, collaboration, subcontract, form a new comprehensive production capacity. Due to participating in planning, control, coordination, etc, are more difficult. Therefore, sports business units must be good at optimizing collaborator, deal with the various cooperation of responsibility, right and benefit, to maintain good relations of cooperation.(2) Sales ability decision. A sports product to enter and occupy the market, production enterprise must have the necessary sales ability and the ability to penetrate the market.Sales ability decision-making main consideration circulation channels and sales, product should be considered when making decisions, market, enterprise, social environment and the factors such as economic effect.2.3 Market development strategyMarket development strategy refers to the perspective of market prospects, the choice of market development means, usually includes two kinds of intensive development and diversified development main form.(1)Intensive development.When some kind of sports products in the market has the potential of further development, the choice of market penetration, product development and market development of three kinds of intensive development form. As the tangible products market, in sports and intangible products are common market and applicable.①Market penetration. on the basis of the existing market scale, increase the sales of existing products. Can use a variety of measures, consolidate old customers, increase the new user. ②Product development Is through developing and improving existing products, make its have some new properties and USES, meet the social demand more. ③market development. Refers to an enterprise that open up new product sales market, in order to increase sales.(2) Diversified development.Diversity is also called the diversification, basically have concentricity scattered scattered, horizontal dispersion and the integrityof three. ①Concentricity is sports business unit USES the original dispersed development technology and the characteristics, with its as the core, the development use different structure similar products. ②Scattered level of sexual development.Was used in the original market advantage, has occupied the market development of technology, nature and purpose of different products. For example, Sports club olicy makers, can through the player transfer channels, to sell players, profit.Others use their sports club or the player's social awareness to participate in the sales promotion of goods, in order to obtain profits. ③Integrity of dispersed development. Refers to the sports business units to expand the business into its original business, technology, market and the product has no connection in the industry. Such as the sports department construction and run a catering and service hotels, hotels, entertainment city, charge for parking lot, etc., is the form of scattered holistic development. Implement the diversification development, can improve the ability of sports business units to adapt to the environment, reduce the risk of a single business, at the same time, may be more fully use of all kinds of resources within the enterprise, make its have more potential development opportunities. However, the development of decentralized often leads to complication of operation and management, and business operation entities such as diversifying some problems.2.4Strategic Marketing CompetitionThe rules of the development of the market is superior bad discard, its characteristic is the petition can promote the economic development of the enterprise and the improvement of economic benefits.Enterprises should establish a clear concept of competition, flexible use of price and non-price competition means, take a man without I have, people have my good, good people knew, new I cheap, cheap I turn the principle and method of making enterprise competitive strategy, must accomplish know fairly well the competition environment and competition situation, can with ease.Enterprise competition environment factors mainly refers to the enterprise in addition to the social and cultural environment stress factors of various aspects, such as management scientist professor Michael porter of Harvard University famous the competitive offer slightly above, an enterprise usually exist competition pressure from five aspects, namely the industry competition pressure, potential to join the pressure from the industry, suppliers forward pressure (by providing raw materials or semi-finished products, to develop into their production products), buyers.(1) The overall competitive strategy. Under different conditions, the enterprise facing the pressure of competition is different, the analysis of the pressure of competition is to understand the purpose of each kind of competition situation of power, so as to make effective competition strategy.Under normal circumstances, the sports business units of competition strategy in general have a low cost strategy, product differentiation strategy and intensive strategy. ①low-cost strategy. Low cost strategy is to point to in under the premise of guarantee the quality of products and services, efforts to reduce the cost of production and sales so that the enterprise product prices lower than competitors' prices, with rapidly expanding sales increase market share. ②Product differentiation strategies. Product differentiation strategy is to point to create a unique characteristic of the enterprise products, to develop unique products or marketing programs, for in such aspects as product or service than competitors are unique. Thus to obtain the difference advantage.The United States, for example, "NIKE" brand sports shoes, NIKE production due to the appearance of novel design, the innovation of the use function and unique, and exquisite packaging, etc., although the price is surprisingly expensive, but occupies considerable market in China, the teenagers are very loving. ③Intensive strategy. Intensive strategy refers to the enterprises focus on one or several market segments provide the most effective service, better meet certain customers with different needs, so as to strive for the local competitive advantage. It is little different from the above three kinds of overall competition strategy, successfully implement these three strategies need different resources and decision-making, also should have different requirements on organization and management.(2) The competitive strategy of enterprises of different competitive position. Where the status of enterprise in market competition, the enterprise can be divided into: market leader, market challenger, market follower. Different competitive position of enterprises, should choose different market competitive strategy.①Dominant market competition strategy. Market power refers to the related products has the highest market share. Such as the current market position and stable dominated by clothing JinMeiLong, "ADIDAS", they are price changes, new product development, sales channel width and promotional efforts in a dominant position, recognized by other sports enterprises. ②The challenger market competition strategy. Market challenger refers to those in a secondary position in the market of the enterprise, such as "lining" brand garment enterprises .Market challenger to choosechallenge object is closely related to the strategic target, for a same object has different goals and strategies Such as attack market leader to gain the market share and product advantage ;Attack power with yourself quite seize its market position; Attacking small businesses taking their customers even small business itself."Lining" to win market price advantage to the international brand, with product quality advantages to gain "anta" challenger "peak" brand's market share. ③Followers of the market competition strategy. Market followers is to point to in a secondary position, under the conditions of "coexistence" market for as much as possible the benefit of the enterprise. Market followers don't need a lot of money, less risky and can obtain high profits, so many enterprises adopt this strategy, especially the sort of small or no fame and status of sports clothing enterprises. As the current sports "philharmonic" brand clothing enterprise in the enterprise.Reference[1] LiJianJun,WangCuiHua:The Research on Marketing Environment Enterprise of Things for Sports Use in China[J] Journal of NanJing institute of sport (social science edition) 2013.(10),36 ~ 48.[2] Discuss Sports market, products and marketing characteristics. [J] journal of xi ' an institute of physical education,2012.(3)101 ~109.[3] HuZhengMing Ed. Marketing Management[M].Shandong people's publishing house，2012.302 ~325.[4] [US]Kotler write. YuLiJun translate. Introduction to Marketing[M].Huaxia Publishing House,2011.333~389.[5] ZhangTongYao.Application areas to promote the marketing advantage analysis of third party logistics[J].Market of China,2010(3)128 ~136.[6] WangHuaiShu.The influence of the logistics quality of marketing[J].Teacher's Journal,2010(3)31 ~38.[7] WangChenWen.Shallow theory of logistics strategy in the role of marketing management[J].Chemical Enterprise Management,2009(7)175 ~178.。
基于J2EE在线购物系统外文翻译
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
对美元的汇率都极为不利。因此，从美国公司那里购买专用 Web 服务器会消耗掉项目的 大部分前期资金。
但是，使用 servlet 和 JSP，他们能够从免费的服务器开始：Apache Tomcat。项 目取得成功之后，他们可以转移到性能更高、管理更容易，但需要付费的服务器。他们 的 servelt 和 jsp 不需要重写编写。如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许希望转移到 分布式环境。没有问题：他们可以转而使用 Macromedia JRun Professional，该服务器 支持分布式应用。同样，他们的 servelt 和 jsp 没有任何部分需要重写。如果项目变得 极为庞大，错综复杂，他们或许希望使用 Enterprise JavaBeans 来封装他们的商业逻 辑。因此，他们可以切换到 BEA WebLogic 或 Oracle9i AS。同样，不需要对 servlet 和 jsp 做出更改。最后，如果他们的项目变得更庞大，他们或许将他从 Linux 转移到运 行 IBM WebSphere 的 IBM 大型机上。他们还是不需要做出任何更改。
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
东南大学成贤学院
毕业设计（论文）
文献综述和外文翻译
所在系别： 专 业： 年 级： 姓 名： 指导教师： 完成日期：
计算机工程 软件工程 2008 级 刘振雷 郑浩鸣 2012 年 2 月 29 日
东南大学成贤学院毕业设计外文翻译[刘振雷]-网上购物系统设计与实现
文献综述
摘要：Servlet 程序在服务器端运行，动态地生成 Web 页面与传统的 CGI 和许多其他类 似 CGI 的技术相比，Java Servlet 具有更高的效率，更容易使用，功能更强大，具有更 好的可移植性，更节省投资。 关键字：JSP 技术，Servlet，HTTP 服务 1.1Servlet 的功能
商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
商城购物系统设计中英文对照外文翻译文献Abstract: Servlet programs run on the server side, ___ CGI-like technologies, Java Servlet has higher efficiency, easier to use, more powerful ns, better portability, and more cost savings.Keywords: ___, Servlet, HTTP service1.1 n of ServletServlets are Java programs that run on web or n servers. It is a middleware that connects requests from web browsers or other HTTP client programs and databases or ns on HTTP servers. The work of the servlet is to perform the tasks of the Simeon, as shown in Figure 1.1.Figure 1.1 The role of web middleware(1) Read explicit data ______ by end users in HTML forms on the page. However, data may also come from applets or custom HTTP client programs. (2) Read implicit request data sent by the browserFigure 1.1 shows a single arrow from the client to the web server, but in fact, there are two types of data transmitted from the client to the web server, which are explicit data entered by the user in the form and background HTTP n. Both types of data are important. HTTP n includes cookies, media types recognized by browsers, ___.(3) Generate resultsThis process may require accessing a database, performing RMI or EJB calls, calling web services, or directly calculating the corresponding response. The actual data may be stored in a nal database. The database may not understand HTTP or may not be able to return results in HTML form, so web browsers ___ with the database. Even if it can do this, for security reasons, we do not want it to do so. Similar ___, we need the web middleware to extract input data from the HTTP stream, communicate with the n, and embed the results into the document.(4) ___) to usersThis document can be sent in us formats, including text (HTML or XML), binary (GIF graphics), ___ underlying formats, such as gzip. However, HTML is the most commonly used formatso far, so one of the important tasks of Servlet and JSP is to wrap the results in HTML.(5) Send implicit HTTP response data to users总之，动态构建网页可以根据具体情况灵活地生成页面，从而满足客户的需求。
二手物品交易网站毕业设计外文翻译(译文)
河北科技师范学院本科毕业设计外文翻译二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究院（系、部）名称：专业名称：学生姓名：学生学号：指导教师：2016年03月08日二手物品网上交易资源效率的贡献：eBay用户的实证研究Jens Clausen , Birgit Blättel-Mink , Lorenz Erdmann ,Christine Henseling 摘要：本文探讨了网上二手交易的可持续性的影响（对可持续发展的贡献，减少对环境的不利影响）。
eBay用户的一项调查显示，二手商品交易和自然资源的保护之间的联系很难实现。
其次，保护环境的动机和以可持续的方式采取行动的消费者群体之间的差别很大。
鉴于这些结果，从用户的角度考虑，本文试图寻找网上的二手交易对环境影响的一些客观提示。
由于交易所造成的温室气体排放量似乎比生产新产品的排放量要低得多。
本文的结论与二手交易和消费政策的一套建议有关。
购买二手商品的可持续性利益的信息应包括在一般消费者的信息，并且行为变化的参数应该是针对不同的消费者群体。
关键词：网上市场，在线拍卖，消费者，电子商务，应用产品，二手市场，可持续消费1.介绍在线拍卖和交易平台增加了可持续消费的机会。
基于网络的二手交易的潜力很大程度上来说是在延长产品的寿命，从而避免了由于购买新产品产生额外的环境压力。
到目前为止，私人家庭往往因为高交易成本未能利用二手物品的潜力。
二手货物贸易仍然局限于区域市场，这些障碍经常阻止本地区二手商品市场达到临界质量并阻止他们成为有吸引力的买家和卖家。
然而近年来，互联网和交易平台的迅速增加，比如eBay网，已经从根本上改变了这种市场的基本条件。
在线市场不仅大大增加了市场参与者的数量，也改变了传统分配给消费者和生产者的角色。
交换网站、拍卖平台和其他以互联网为基础的交易模式，用户不仅是买家，而且在同一时间，也成为了活跃产品或服务的卖家，这些已经改变了消费者的作用。
jsp网上商城系统毕业设计答辩外文文献及译文
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译学生姓名：学号：学院：专业：指导教师：Struts——an open-source MVC implementationBy: Malcolm Davis.Source: Struts--an open-source MVC implementation[J].IBM Systems JournalThis article introduces Struts, a Model-View-Controller implementation that uses servlets and JavaServer Pages (JSP) technology. Struts can help you control change in your Web project and promote specialization. Even if you never implement a system with Struts,you may get some ideas for your future servlets and JSP page implementation.IntroductionKids in grade school put HTML pages on the Internet. However, there is a monumental difference between a grade school page and a professionally developed Web site. The page designer (or HTML developer) must understand colors, the customer, product flow, page layout, browser compatibility, image creation, JavaScript, and more. Putting a great looking site together takes a lot of work, and most Java developers are more interested in creating agreat looking object interface than a user interface. Java Server Pages (JSP) technology provides the glue between the page designer and the Java developer.If you have worked on a large-scale Web application, you understand the term change.Model-View-Controller (MVC) is a design pattern put together to help control change. MVC decouples interface from business logic and data. Struts is an MVC implementation that uses Servlets 2.2 and JSP 1.1 tags, from the J2EE specifications, as part of the implementation. Y ou may never implement a system with Struts, but looking at Struts may give you some ideas on your future Servlets and JSP implementations.Model-View-Controller (MVC)JSP tags solved only part of our problem. We still have issues with validation, flow control, and updating the state of the application. This is where MVC comes to the rescue.MVC helps resolve some of the issues with the single module approach by dividing theproblem into three categories:• ModelThe model contains the core of the application's functionality. The model encapsulates thestate of the application. Sometimes the only functionality it contains is state. It knows nothing about the view or controller.• View• The view provides the presentation of the model. It is the look of the application. The view can access the model getters, but it has no knowledge of the setters. In addition, it knows nothing about the controller. The view should be notified when changes to the model occur. ControllerThe controller reacts to the user input. It creates and sets the model.MVC Model 2The Web brought some unique challenges to software developers, most notably the stateless connection between the client and the server. This stateless behavior made it difficult for the model to notify the view of changes. On the Web, the browser has to re-query the server to discover modification to the state of the application.Another noticeable change is that the view uses different technology for implementation than the model or controller. Of course, we could use Java (or PERL, C/C++ or what ever) code to generate HTML. There are several disadvantages to that approach:• Java programmers should develop services, not HTML.• Changes to layout would require changes to code.• Customers of the service should be able to create pages to meet their specific needs.• The page designer isn't able to have direct involvement in page development.• HTML embedded into code is ugly.For the Web, the classical form of MVC needed to change.MVC Model 2 Struts, an MVC 2 implementation Struts is a set of cooperating classes, servlets, and JSP tags that make up a reusable MVC 2 design. This definition implies that Struts is a framework, rather than a library, but Struts also contains an extensive tag library and utility classes that work independently of the framework.• Client browserAn HTTP request from the client browser creates an event. The Web container will respond with an HTTP response.• ControllerThe Controller receives the request from the browser, and makes the decision where to send the request. With Struts, the Controller is a command design pattern implemented as a servlet. The struts-config.xml file configures the Controller.• Business logicThe business logic updates the state of the model and helps control the flow of the application.With Struts this is done with an Action class as a thin wrapper to the actual business logic.• Model stateThe model represents the state of the application. The business objects update the application state. ActionForm bean represents the Model state at a session or request level, and not at a persistent level. The JSP file reads information from the ActionForm bean using JSP tags.• ViewThe view is simply a JSP file. There is no flow logic, no business logic, and no model information -- just tags. Tags are one of the things that make Struts unique compared to other frameworks like V elocity.Struts detailsDisplayed in Figure 6 is a stripped-down UML diagram of the org.apache.struts.action package and shows the minimal relationships among ActionServlet (Controller), ActionForm (Form State), and Action (Model Wrapper).The ActionServlet classDo you remember the days of function mappings? Y ou would map some input event to a ointer to a function. If you where slick, you would place the configuration information into ale and load the file at run time. Function pointer arrays were the good old days of structured rogramming in C.Life is better now that we have Java technology, XML, J2EE, and all that. The Struts ontroller is a servlet that maps events (an event generally being an HTTP post) to classes. guess what -- the Controller uses a configuration file so you don_t have to hard-code the alues. Life changes, but stays the same.ActionServlet is the Command part of the MVC implementation and is the core of the ramework. ActionServlet (Command) creates and uses Action, an ActionForm, and ctionForward. As mentioned earlier, the struts-config.xml file configures the command. uring the creation of the Web project, Action and ActionForm are extended to solve the pecific problem space. The file struts-config.xml instructs ActionServlet on how to use the xtended classes. There are several advantages to this approach:• The entire logical flow of the application is in a hierarchical text file. This makes itasier to view and understand, especially with large applications.• The page designer does not have to wade through Java code to understand the flow of e application.• The Java developer does not need to recompile code when making flow changes. Command functionality can be added by extending ActionServlet.The ActionForm classActionForm maintains the session state for the Web application. ActionForm is anbstract class that is sub-classed for each input form model. When I say input form model, Im saying ActionForm represents a general concept of data that is set or updated by a HTML form. For instance, you may have a UserActionForm that is set by an HTML Form. The Struts framework will:• Check to see if a UserActionForm exists; if not, it will create an instance of the class.• Struts will set the state of the UserActionForm using corresponding fields from the HttpServletRequest. No more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. For instance, the Struts framework will take fname from request stream and call UserActionForm.setFname().• The Struts framework updates the state of the UserActionForm before passing it to the business wrapper UserAction.• Before passing it to the Action class, Struts will also conduct form state validation by calling the validation() method on UserActionForm. Note: This is not always wise to do. There might be ways of using UserActionForm in other pages or business objects, where the validation might be different. V alidation of the state might be better in the UserAction class.• The UserActionForm can be maintained at a session level.Notes:• The struts-config.xml file controls which HTML form request maps to which ActionForm. • Multiple requests can be mapped UserActionForm.• UserActionForm can be mapped over multiple pages for things such as wizards.The Action classThe Action class is a wrapper around the business logic. The purpose of Action class is to translate the HttpServletRequest to the business logic. To use Action, subclass and overwrite the process() method.The ActionServlet (Command) passes the parameterized classes to ActionForm using the perform() method. Again, no more dreadful request.getParameter() calls. By the time the event gets here, the input form data (or HTML form data) has already been translated out of the request stream and into an ActionForm class.Note: "Think thin" when extending the Action class. The Action class should control the flow and not the logic of the application. By placing the business logic in a separate package or EJB, we allow flexibility and reuse.Another way of thinking about Action class is as the Adapter design pattern. The purpose of the Action is to "Convert the interface of a class into another interface the clients expect. Adapter lets classes work together that couldn_t otherwise because of incompatibility interface" (from Design Patterns - Elements of Reusable OO Software by Gof). The client in this instance is the ActionServlet that knows nothing about our specific business class interface. Therefore, Struts provides a business interface it does understand, Action. By extending the Action, we make our business interface compatible with Struts business interface. (An interesting observation is that Action is a class and not an interface. Action started as an interface and changed into a class over time. Nothing's perfect.)The Error classesThe UML diagram (Figure 6) also included ActionError and ActionErrors. ActionError encapsulates an individual error message. ActionErrors is a container of ActionError classes that the View can access using tags. ActionErrors is Struts way of keeping up with a list of errors.UML diagram of the relationship of the Command (ActionServlet) to the Model (Action) The ActionMapping classAn incoming event is normally in the form of an HTTP request, which the servlet Container turns into an HttpServletRequest. The Controller looks at the incoming event and dispatches the request to an Action class. The struts-config.xml determines what Action class the Controller calls. The struts-config.xml configuration information is translated into a set of ActionMapping, which are put into container of ActionMappings. (If you have not noticed it, classes that end with s are containers) The ActionMapping contains the knowledge of how a specific event maps to specific Actions. The ActionServlet (Command) passes the ActionMapping to the Action class via the perform() method. This allows Action to access the information to control flow.ActionMappingsActionMappings is a collection of ActionMapping objects.Struts pros Use of JSP tag mechanism The tag feature promotes reusable code and abstracts Java code from the JSP file. This feature allows nice integration into JSP-based development tools that allow authoring with tags.• Tag libraryWhy re-invent the wheel, or a tag library? If you cannot find something you need in the library, contribute. In addition, Struts provides a starting point if you are learning JSP tag technology.• Open sourceY ou have all the advantages of open source, such as being able to see the code and having everyone else using the library reviewing the code. Many eyes make for great code review.• Sample MVC implementationStruts offers some insight if you want to create your own MVC implementation.• Manage the problem spaceDivide and conquer is a nice way of solving the problem and making the problem manageable.中北大学2014届毕业设计英文文献译文Struts 一个开源的MVC实现作者：马尔科姆·戴维斯。
毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译(学生用)
毕业设计外文资料翻译学院：信息科学与工程学院专业：软件工程姓名： XXXXX学号： XXXXXXXXX外文出处： Think In Java (用外文写)附件： 1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文网络编程历史上的网络编程都倾向于困难、复杂，而且极易出错。
程序员必须掌握与网络有关的大量细节，有时甚至要对硬件有深刻的认识。
一般地，我们需要理解连网协议中不同的“层”（Layer）。
而且对于每个连网库，一般都包含了数量众多的函数，分别涉及信息块的连接、打包和拆包；这些块的来回运输；以及握手等等。
这是一项令人痛苦的工作。
但是，连网本身的概念并不是很难。
我们想获得位于其他地方某台机器上的信息，并把它们移到这儿；或者相反。
这与读写文件非常相似，只是文件存在于远程机器上，而且远程机器有权决定如何处理我们请求或者发送的数据。
Java最出色的一个地方就是它的“无痛苦连网”概念。
有关连网的基层细节已被尽可能地提取出去，并隐藏在JVM以及Java的本机安装系统里进行控制。
我们使用的编程模型是一个文件的模型；事实上，网络连接（一个“套接字”）已被封装到系统对象里，所以可象对其他数据流那样采用同样的方法调用。
除此以外，在我们处理另一个连网问题——同时控制多个网络连接——的时候，Java内建的多线程机制也是十分方便的。
本章将用一系列易懂的例子解释Java的连网支持。
15.1 机器的标识当然，为了分辨来自别处的一台机器，以及为了保证自己连接的是希望的那台机器，必须有一种机制能独一无二地标识出网络内的每台机器。
早期网络只解决了如何在本地网络环境中为机器提供唯一的名字。
但Java面向的是整个因特网，这要求用一种机制对来自世界各地的机器进行标识。
为达到这个目的，我们采用了IP（互联网地址）的概念。
IP以两种形式存在着：(1) 大家最熟悉的DNS（域名服务）形式。
我自己的域名是。
所以假定我在自己的域内有一台名为Opus的计算机，它的域名就可以是。
基于.NET 的网络商城的设计外文文献翻译购物网站2014年译文3450字
文献出处: Sabato G, Wilson N. Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On [J]. The Journal of Credit Risk, 2014, 6(2): 95-127.（声明：本译文归百度文库所有，完整译文请到百度文库。
）原文Design and Implementation of Status Authentication System Based On Sabato G, Wilson N.AbstractWith the rapid development of internet technologies, as a newly developed trading operation mode, more and more emphasis are placed on electronic trading. Status authentication system is an essential component of electronic trading, which gives more conveniences and fastness to customers who are in favor of internet shopping. This thesis deals with how to construct status authentication system with newly developed internet technologies, improve the trading capabilities of internet trading platform and give a full play of the information of the internet. The programming of status authentication system and user interface are constructed with technology. Back-end database is constructed with SQL SERVER 2008. A secure access to status authentication system database is implicated with . Demand-analysis, business procedure, systemic structure and database mode of status authentication system are analyzed and designed with three tire structure. The advantages of and three tire structure are discussed, and a status authentication system is constructed.Key words: Status authentication system; ; Three tire structure; Database1 The Summary of online shopping1.1 Online shopping definitionOnline mall is similar to ordinary mall, is to use various means of electronic commerce from buy to sell deal process virtual store, so as to reduce the intermediate links, eliminate operating costs and agency in the middle of the price difference, and increase market circulation, with a huge space for development. As far as possible,also the consumer, drive the rapid development of the company.1.2 Construction of online mallSuch as using a special platform. Advantage is low investment cost, high efficiency. Enterprises only need to register and submit relevant information you can use the establishment of the online platform to complete you’re online shopping. For lack of funds and technical support of corporate entrepreneurship can make full use of the mall. Defect is unable to effectively control space, domain names, procedures, and other important resources. In the long run can produce adverse effect to the enterprise network sales.Shopping mall and relative platform independent relatively complex network mall, invest more. But the effect is better. Enterprises can choose the programming language, ASP language, have a lower development costs and a large market coverage, but the safety problem is outstanding. The PHP language is characterized by convenience, flexible, very suitable for program development. The most commonly used programming language mainstream products. Weakness is not suitable for big projects and secondary development. In the high-end application ability is limited. Have an ECSHOP, SHOPEX, etc.JA V A language to build online shopping system in the current products on the market is very little. Have superior language features, built by the online shopping system in safety, functional expansibility and secondary development has very excellent performance. But high development cost, the difficulty is big. Usually only use big business, government, etc.2 Network mall development process2.1 The requirements analysisUnderstand customer needs, including company introduction, item description, basic functional requirements, business process, etc.2.2 Construction scheme design online mallAccording to the demand analysis, according to the actual situation of enterprises, choose suitable for the enterprise network mall construction plan. Such as web hosting service or buy your own server.2.3 Host the DNS queryDomain name is part of the image of enterprise. Easy to remember and highlight the characteristics of enterprise name easy to improve enterprise brand image.2.4 Interface design, manufacture, and modification.The code a good interface design to the information release at the same time to the company's business philosophy and purpose accurate interpretation. And can attract the customers. At the same time for architecture design, coding. To provide customers with convenient browsing navigation, suitable business function modules, such as information release system, product display, shopping cart system, etc. To suit demand of the enterprise, this step needs to actively cooperate with customers.2.5 debugging functionDebug the whole system function, to provide customer tests and listen to customer comments, a change in a timely manner.2.6 ReleaseAfter through customer audit through online shopping system, can be uploaded to the site to run the server, the formal release. And timely after-sale technical support and maintenance.3 The key technologies of online shopping3.1 Definition: is Microsoft for XML Web services platform. The software will use a way of unified, personalized information, equipment and personnel closely linked together.XML Web services allow applications regardless of what kind of operating system, device, or adopted by a programming language, can through the Internet to communicate and share platform provides create XML Web services at the same time meet the needs of the integrate these services together. Specifically, platform includes development tools, XML WEB services, the client and server. experience.3.2 XML Web servicesThe basis of XML Web services is programming model. The core of technology. Is to other Application data and services application logic unit. Application using the standard Web protocol and data format (such as HTTP, XMLand SOAP) access to the XML Web services, has nothing to do with each XML Web services is implemented. Through XML Web services, customers and users from one service to another, from one application, or even from one environment to another environment will be very easy. Allows the user plane degree computer world will become simpler.3.3. framework Framework (.net Framework) is developed by Microsoft for more than a language component development and execution environment, it provides a unified cross-language programming environment. The purpose of framework is convenient for developers to more easily build Web applications and Web services, making the Internet between various applications, Can use Web services to communicate. Is mainly composed of the following two: Common Language Runtime (CLR: Common Language Runtime) CLR manages memory, thread execution, code safety verification, compilation, and other system services. CLI is a set of operation environment, including general system, the middle of the base class library has nothing to do with the machine code, called the common intermediate language (CLI).The CLR is confirm password in accordance with the CLI platform operation. The CLR in CLI instruction before implementation compiled into the original mechanical code in a timely manner.3.4 The predecessor of the ASP technology, is a server-side scripting technology developed by Microsoft, but to let the script embedded in a web page by intent web server implementation. includes all kinds of needed services to facilitate Web application developers to generate the enterprise level The program. Provides developers with a new kind of programming structure and model of the generated application has better Scalability and stability, and better security protection, is a unified model for Web application development.Developers can gradually add in the existing ASP application capabilities, to enhance and improve its function at any time. All applications can be applied to the whole. Framework, compared with ASP, application development can use any. NET compatible languages, such as c # and JScript. NET.., Visual , etc. And instant interpreter speed is much quicker than is a kind of natural layered architecture, the SQL Server, Oracle, consistent access to all sorts of data and public data sources such as, and through the data provider is a Dataset and. NET Frame Work of two core components complete decomposition data access tasks. For large-scale complicated information system development and maintenance.4 Three layer structure4.1 C/S structureC/S (Client/Server), namely the Client/Server structure is a kind of system architecture, currently most application software system based on C/S structure, in the form of this structure can make full use of the advantages of both ends hardware environment, make reasonable tasks assigned to the Client and the Server side, reduce the communication overhead of the system. In this structure, the server is the core of the network, the customer is the foundation of the network, the client server to obtain the required network resources, the server must provide for the customer network resources.C/S structure can give full play to the Client's ability to process, make a lot of work on the Client side processing and then submitted to the server, business processing logic is mainly, on the Client side and could be called Fat Client (Fat Client) structure. So the client speed accordingly.4.2 B/S structureB/S (Browser/Server) structure namely the Browser and Server structure. Is a variable of C/S structure And the improved structure, with the rapid development of Internet technology and the rise. Under B/S structure, the application server implementation of professional software applications, and Web server implementation customer performance, because the client through the browser to make the business process, greatly reduce the cost of system maintenance and upgrade and workload, simplify the client computer load at the same time. Is the first choice for today's application software architecture.B/S system structure, the client through the browser to a Web server database access request, a Web server to the client request into SQL syntax, and to the database server, database server get request, verify its legitimacy, and carry on data processing, processing results back to the Web server, Web server will get all the results into HTML document form, sent to the client browser, in the form of Web page display to the customer.4.3 Three layer structureThree layer structure (3 - tier application) refers to the entire business application is divided into: the presentation layer (UI), business logic layer (BLL), data access layer (DAL).In software architecture design, and a hierarchical structure is the most common, also is one of the most important kind of structure. Is on the basis of the client and server two layer structure to join the middle layer, application service layer, namely between multiple applications share the business logic layer of three layer structure, the formation of "thin client - fat middle tier - thin server" calculation model.Microsoft's recommended layered structure. Three layer architecture and not physical three layer, refers to the three logical layer, regardless of the three layer is placed in a machine or machine, the C/S architecture and B/S three layer structure can be used in the architecture. In the three-tier architecture, the client usually do not directly interact with the database, the business rules, data access work and the check of legitimacy on the middle business logic layer, the middle layer is responsible for the number According to the library to interact.4.3.1 Presentation layer (UI)Used for processing the human-computer interaction, is responsible for handling user requests. Popular speak be presented to the user interface, and is responsible for the display data and receive user input data. Main responsibility is to provide users with information and translate user's instruction and passed to the middle business logic layer, the. NET in the asp page. User’s closest ideal should not include the business processing system, the logic code only related to the interface elements.4.3.2 Business Logic Layer, Business Logic Layer) referred to as "the BLLThe business logic layer is three layer system structure embodies the core valuesin the section. Used for data processing business logic. In the data access layer and presentation layer, plays an essential role in data exchange. Because the three layers structure is weak coupling between the structure, the dependence between layer and layer is downward, change the design of the upper does not have any effect for the called the bottom. Therefore, the design of the business logic layer architecture scalability is particularly important. According to the different needs of application system, can be divided into different modules.4.3.3 Data access layer (DAL)The data access layer directly responsible for database operation, data add, delete, modify, query and other operations. And can be referred to as persistence layer, can access the database system, binary files, text documents, and XML documents, framework using complete access to the database, access to the function of the different types of data sources is encapsulated into different classes are stored. NET Class Library, can be based on. application calls.译文基于NET 的网络商城的设计作者：萨巴托；威尔逊.摘要随着互联网技术的快速发展，作为一种新兴的商务运作模式，电子商务正越来越受到人们的重视。
电子商务网上购物外文翻译
SHOPPING ONLINE FOR FREEDOM,CONTROL AND FUNThe number of consumer buying online, and the amount being spent by online buyers has been on the rise; Forrester Research has estimated internet sales in 1999 to be more than double that of 1998,$20 billion .In comparison,overall retail sales in the U.S. totaled $13 trillion in 1999. thus,e-commerce sale currently account for only about 1% of retail sales, and experts and scholars have argued over the possible upper limit to the percentage of consumer online spending. Will the upper limit of online spending exceed that of other direct marketing at 15%? Or will it be as much as one third of purchases in many retail product categories by 2010 as recently suggested by Forester Research?Ultimately, the degree to which online shopping fulfills goal-oriented and experiential consumer needs will impact the amount of shopping dollars that consumers will choose to spending each environment. While many writers are touting the unique capabilities of the online medium to provide interactivity and personalized experiences, for instance, few have focused systematically on what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online in the first place. Clearly understanding what online shoppers really desire, and why they are shopping online can and should inform strategy. Technology and marketing decisions as well as website design. So ,what motivates online shopping? In the offline environment, marketers recognize that consumers shop differently depending on whether their motivations for searching are primarily experiential (for fun) or goal directed (for efficiency). Our research of online customers suggests that these two motivations generalize to the online environment as well.Experiential behavior is especially likely in categories where shoppers have an ongoing, hobby-type interest. Collectors and hobbyists enjoy the “thrill of the hunt”as much as the acquisition of items for the collection. As well, having time available and desiring stimulation results in more experiential shopping behavior. Scholars have also discovered that the higher playfulness associated with experiential behavior results in a more positive mood, greater shopping satisfaction and a higer likelihood of impulse purchasing compared to goal-focused shopping.Goal-oriented or utilitarian shopping has been described by various marketing scholars as task-oriented, efficient, rational, and deliberate. Thus, goal-focused shoppers are transaction-oriented and desire to purchase what they want quickly and without distraction. Retailing consumers describe utilitarian shopping as "work" and evaluate the results of their effort by terms commonly associated with work performance, such as "success" and "accomplishment."Importantly, marketing research firms have found that two-thirds to four-fifths of Internet buyers engage in narrowly defined searches for specific products online.* In an online survey we recently conducted with 1013 members of the Harris Interactive online panel, 71% of shoppers said their most recent online purchase had been previously planned, while 29% said they had been browsing.when they made their purchase. Thus, online shopping is more likely to be goal focused rather than experiential. Click stream analysis of major e-commerce sites also suggests that online consumers tend to be goal-focused. For example, duration time spent in a store or at a site, termed "stickiness" by e-commerce insiders, is strongly correlated with motivation, as experiential shoppers "stick"around longer than do transaction-oriented consumers. Currently, weekly data provided by Nielsen-Net Ratings regularly show that the "stickiness" of e-commerce web sites is quite limited, with the length of visits at top sites (with the significant exception of e-Bay) being largely 15 minutes or less. A typical weekly average time spent on Barnes and Noble, for instance, is 10 minutes, just about long enough to find a book and actually complete the transaction.Why are more e-tailing consumers expected to be goal-focused? One clue is the finding that time-starved consumers are especially likely to be online shoppers. Another clue is that early and heavy users of the Internet tend to have a strong internal locus of control and thus are goal-oriented personalities. Moreover, the online medium facilitates utilitarian behavior as search costs for product information are dramatically reduced.'" Our research with online shoppers suggests that goal-oriented shoppers are interested in e-tailing because of four specific attributes: convenience and accessibility; selection; availability of information; and lack of sociality. Importantly, shoppers frequently and explicitly associate these goal-oriented attributes with increased freedom and control.Despite the preponderance of utilitarian online shopping, there is evidence that some online shoppers engage in experiential shopping, or shopping for fun, a behavior desirable to marketers as fun-seekers tend to be impulsive and to make more purchases." Why are some online shoppers engaging in experiential behavior? Experiential shoppers tell us they enjoy: auctions;involvement with a hobby/product class; and bargain hunting. In sum, these shoppers focus on "the experience" or fun of online shopping as much as they do on product acquisition (see Table 1).Research MethodologyThis research was supported by the Center for Research on Information Technology in Organizations (CRITO) at the University of California, Irvine. The purpose of the project is to understand the attributes that contribute to consumers having a satisfying, high-quality online shopping experience. Our specific purpose in undertaking this research was to fully understand consumer motivations for online shopping, as these motivations will affect the web site attributes and experiences desired by shoppers. We undertook 9 focus groups of online buyers (64 consumers altogether). Three focus groups included MBA students and staff, a group likely to be technology "Fast Forwards"'^ and thus early adopters of online shopping. In addition, we conducted two offline focus groups in Southern California recruited from Harris Interactive's online panel. Finally, we worked with Harris Interactive to conduct four online focus groups (including participants from across the U.S. and Canada). Harris Interactive recruited both online and offline participants with the aim of creating groups who were diverse with respect to age, sex, online experience, and products purchased online. Our sample included participants aged 19 to 81; they purchased CDs, books, software, hardware, toys and travel, and engaged in online auctions, all common online buying categories. However, outside these major categories, a wide variety of purchases were made, including ammunition, lingerie, groceries, camping equipment, cars; one participant had even purchased his house online!Online qualitative research offers the advantage of obtaining individual as well as group reactions to concepts and research questions, while minimizing the opportunity for individuals in the group to dominate the group or persuade other respondents by the force of their personalities. The online focus group methodology evokes dialogues that are honest, direct, and somewhat less constrained by social conventions present in traditional focus groups. Online qualitative research is uniquely suited for engaging Internet savvy respondents. It is especially appealing to those for whom time is at a premium. In addition, online focus groups reach audiences not generally reached by traditional face-to-face focus groups, including those in outlying areas and respondents who are home bound. Individuals located in geographically diverse areas can participate in the same session. Respondents use their own computers and donot have to travel to a focus group facility."Based on existing literature on goal-focused and experiential motivations in offline shopping and speculations about these motivations applying to the online environment, our study asked participants if they shop for entertainment or for specific needs."* Also, we investigated the degree to which online buyers perform relatively narrow product searches as opposed to browsing online. We also asked focus group participants to compare online and offline shopping, which increased our understanding of the underlying determinants of online shopping. More specifically, our guide for the portion of focus group focusing on motivations contained the following questions:I want to start by talking about shopping. Just about everybody likes to shop, or has to shop.• Describe your typical online shopping experience. (Probe:)• Where do you usually shop from? At what time of day? How often? What types of things do you usually shop for online?• Do you go to a specific site to shop, or do you search for items first?• How often do you shop for entertainment vs. shop for a specific need?• In general, what differences come to mind when thinking about online shopping and offline (brick-and-mortar) shopping. (LIST ON EASEL)• Offline: What makes experience e njoyable? What are the headaches?• Online: What makes experience enjoyable? What are the headaches?• What are the factors that influence whether you shop in a store vs. online?• Are there items that you buy in one mode that you wouldn't buy in the other?While there was a protocol for the focus group questions, each focus group covered unique ground as participants' comments and answers would prompt follow-up into different areas; the offline protocol had to be adapted somewhat for the online focus groups. In the four online groups, a professional moderator ran the groups, while hoth researchers "lurked," being present without being visible to participants; researchers could communicate with the moderator behind-the-scenes, suggesting questions or probes. The online groups are held in real time in a "chat room" format. As part of the online group, selected web sites were "spawned" on participant computers, where they could respond to and interact with the web site.Offline focus groups were transcribed while online group transcriptions were automatically generated. We analyzed the transcripts by systematically categorizing and labeling attributes of online shopping." We undertook coding and development of theory together'* and ultimately developed four categories of goal-oriented motivations and three categories of experiential motivations. Table 2 shows how goal-oriented and experientialmotivations, characteristics, and attributes were contrasted and coded. In addition, we looked for connections or theoretical connections to goal-oriented and experiential motivations, a process called "iterative tacking."Rather than reporting specific tabulations, and in line with common managerial practice in analyzing focus group data, we have suggested a degree of consensus without necessarily claiming specific proportions or orders of magnitude, especially when such information might be useful to managers." However, quantitative market research data reported by major firms that dovetails with our findings is used to support our claims. Nevertheless, the preponderance of responses did not guide our analysis entirely. Idiosyncratic responses not only offered clues about the boundaries within which findings are relevant, but also surfaced issues not articulated as well by other study participants.Goal-Oriented ShoppingEspecially impressive is the frequency with which goal-oriented shoppers mentioned the increased freedom and control they experience while shopping online (see Table 3 for sample quotes). Thus, web customers are not passive recipients of marketing and selling and are instead central players who experience increased control in the online environment. Interestingly, online buyers often said they decided to go online to shop only when they had a specific purchase in mind, with the majority describing online buying as consisting largely of planned purchases. In fact, many online buyers told us that they did not necessarily think of buying on the net as "shopping." Rather, they think of it as "buying." We specifically asked online buyers if they are more impulsive while shopping online or offline and were overwhelmingly informed that shoppers are more impulsive offline (except at auction sites, where buying behavior is much more likely to be experiential). The general lack of impulsiveness during online shopping is due to the inahility to take possession of goods immediately, the ease of returning later to buy the goods after further thought, and the trouble of having to mail back unwanted items.。
商品销售管理系统外文翻译(译文)
河北师范大学本科毕业论文外文翻译商品销售系统的设计与实现院（系、部）名称：数学与信息科技学院专业名称：科学与技术****：***学生学号：**************：***2013年03月05日河北科技师范学院教务处1 引言校园在线商品销售系统指的是将超市和网络相结合，通过互联网作为展示平台，线上订购，下线配送的一种商业运营模式。
网上超市的兴起使网上购物成为时下火热流行的购物方式。
现今，大学校园内二手货市场交易频繁，交易品是学生学习生活常用物品。
在广告宣传和交易方式多为告示张贴、摆摊设位等传统方式，不能及时有效地将买卖信息在学生间传递。
以校园局域网为载体，给在校学生提供一个交流沟通的平台，可将传统的二手交易与网上购物系统相结合，构建一个“学生网上购物系统”。
促进校园内二手货信息的快速流通，同时为学生开办针对校园内的小规模网店提供渠道。
2 功能描述系统结构分为三个部分，即用户购买管理子系统、用户出卖管理子系统以及后台管理系统。
购买管理系统以购物者在购物所发生的各种行为为基础设计，包括用户登录、商品展示、商品查询、订单功能及客户信息收集等[2]；出卖管理系统从卖方角度出发，进行商品信息的添加、发布和修改、定单信息回馈、商品推荐、留言回复等管理工作；后台管理则是对卖方提供的商品信息和买方的购物信息进行管理。
本系统最大的特点是出卖商品和购买商品的用户都是校内学生，学生只用通过学号注册，成为用户后既可以作为卖方，登记上传自己要卖的物品信息；也可以成为买方，浏览系统首页，搜索自己要买的物品，为校内二手商品的流通提供一个便捷的渠道。
3 系统设计3.1 业务流程业务流程分为两个部分：第一部分为，注册登录经身份验证后，用户进入系统页，挑选商品，点击购买放入购物车。
选购完所需商品，点击页面“查看购物车”或“收银台”，检查购物车里面的商品信息，核实商品数量，输入收货人信息，最后确认，订单提交成功。
第二部分为，登录后点击进入用户个人主页，在主页中进行商品添加和删除，回复留言，处理订单。
外文翻译-网上购物商城的设计与实现
1.外文翻译译文第二章背景Sensornet研究初见端倪大概是在十年前。
此后，sensornet领域与低功耗无线网络及其应用的内在要求被理解地更加成熟显著。
在同一时期，无论是IETF 和IEEE标准组织已经取得显著的进展。
我们已经看到了引进IEEE 802.15.4的，专为低功耗，低成本，以及sensornet应用的大规模需求而设计的。
我们还看到引入IPv6和支持IP网络的快速增长所需的必要的协议和机制。
在这两个环节和IP网络技术，与科研相结合的发展进步显著，是什么使得它在今天是可行的并且真正融入到了sensornets互联网架构。
在本章中，我们列举的每一项都是本文的基础也是技术进步的背景。
但是在这里我们先描述几个积极使用sensornets的应用。
2.1一种新的计算类戈登贝尔观察到了一类新的计算出现大约每十年和创造计算机课[9]贝尔定律。
每一个新类的计算往往代表通过技术进步，允许更低的成本和更小的计算设备启用了一个颠覆性的技术。
到目前为止，我们已经看到通过大型机，小型机，个人电脑，手持设备的发展，以及嵌入式计算。
Sensornets代表下一节课计算。
在低成本和低功率微控制器和收音机的突破，sensornets启用需要大量嵌入在物理环境中的节点的新的应用。
2.1.1典型应用在过去的十年中，许多应用程序已被提出，部署，并进行评价。
这方面的经验使我们更好地了解应用需求，这直接转化为网络挑战。
这些应用要求从更传统的IP网络不同。
在本节中，我们提出了一些sensornet应用程序提供一个更好的了解所固有的网络挑战。
环境监测环境监测应用包括在农业中使用，以提供有关土壤条件，更大的信息sensornets的;生物研究，以更好地了解鸟类难以捉摸的行为[109，161]或森林内的小气候提供更多的理解[163，170];并执行火山[181]的地质研究。
这些应用程序通常需要的环境数据（例如，温度，占用）中央服务器的慢周期报告- 荷兰国际集团。
网上商城购物系统毕业设计论文
网上商城购物系统毕业设计论文一、概览当我们谈论网上商城购物系统，是不是就会让你心动起来，想象着在网上挑选各种心仪的商品，享受购物的乐趣呢？确实随着互联网的普及，网上购物已经成为我们日常生活中不可或缺的一部分。
而今天我们要一起探讨的是关于网上商城购物系统的毕业设计论文。
这篇论文的主要目的，是探讨和展示如何创建一个用户友好的、功能齐全的网上商城购物系统。
我们希望通过这个系统，让每一个用户都能轻松愉快地在线购物，找到他们想要的商品。
无论你是为了学习、生活还是娱乐，这个网上商城购物系统都能满足你的需求。
它就像是一个虚拟的购物中心，你可以随时随地进行浏览和购买。
那么这个网上商城购物系统有哪些亮点呢？首先它的界面设计简洁明了，让人一看就懂，一用就会。
其次它拥有丰富的商品种类，无论是电子产品、服装鞋帽，还是食品饮料、图书文具，应有尽有。
再次它的购物流程简单方便，让你轻松完成选购、支付和收货等步骤。
它的安全性也非常高，保护你的个人信息和交易安全。
这个网上商城购物系统就是一个方便、快捷、安全的在线购物平台。
1. 研究背景：介绍电子商务的兴起和网上商城的发展情况，阐述网上商城购物系统的重要性和应用价值随着互联网的普及和科技的飞速发展，电子商务逐渐崭露头角，改变了传统购物的方式。
说起网上购物，现在几乎成了人们生活中不可或缺的一部分。
从最初的淘宝、京东，到现在各种垂直电商、社交电商的兴起，网上商城的发展可谓是日新月异。
回想过去人们购物需要亲自去实体店挑选，而如今只需打开手机或电脑，各式各样的商品就会映入眼帘。
网上商城的兴起不仅给人们带来了购物的便利，更在一定程度上推动了零售行业的发展。
正因为有了网上商城购物系统，无论人们身处何地，只要有网络，就能随时随地购物。
这种便捷性、高效性正是网上商城购物系统的魅力所在。
那么为什么网上商城购物系统如此重要呢？它不仅改变了我们的生活方式，更在某种程度上改变了商业的运行模式。
传统的实体店受到时间和空间的限制，而网上商城则打破了这些限制，实现了全天候、全地域的购物体验。
网上商城购物系统毕业设计论文
网上商城购物系统毕业设计论文分类号郑州电力高等专科学校毕业设计（论文）题目Market网上商城购物系统并列英文题Market Online Sales System系部电子信息系专业计算机应用技术姓名李蓓蓓班级计算机0801指导教师张慧丽职称讲师论文报告提交日期2011年6月8日郑州电力高等专科学校摘要随着21世纪的到来，信息化时代已经向我们走来，这个时代的最重要的标志就是计算机的广泛应用。
如今社会上计算机应用已经达到非常普及的程度，随处都可以见到计算机的身影。
我们也熟悉了在社会各处遇见它们的环境，家庭娱乐，学校的机房，金融场所，以及到处可见的网吧，计算机如水银般无孔不入。
近年来，随着网络技术和Internet的迅速发展，基于Browser/Server结构的Web应用，因其具有易用性、通用性和良好的可扩展性等优点而发展迅速，正逐渐成为实现企业管理信息系统的主流技术。
而开发一个Web应用系统是一项浩大的工程，要求设计者能够提出合理的系统架构。
合理的系统架构可以减少开发及维护系统所用的资源，提升工作效率。
因此，在Web企业级应用系统开发过程中，设计模式的选定和应用系统架构的设计是一个重要环节。
本系统运用平时所学一些基本技术，自定义控件，技术，实现了market网上购物商城的前台页面浏览，用户注册登录，用户下订单购物，购物车，后台的用户、物流、订单等管理的功能。
达到了毕业设计的要求，同时锻炼了自己的动手能力。
AbstractWith the advent of the 21st century, information age has come to us, this era is the most important symbol of the extensive application of computers. Now the community has reached a very popular computer application degree, the computer can be seen everywhere on the scene.We are also familiar encounter them everywhere in the social environment, family entertainment, school room, financial sites, and Internet cafes are everywhere, as all-pervasive computer such asmercury.In recent years, with the network technology and the rapid development of Internet-based Browser / Server structure of Web applications, because of its ease of use, versatility and good scalability advantages of the rapid development of the enterprise is becoming a management information mainstream system. The development of a Web application system is a massive undertaking, requiring designers to a reasonable system architecture. Reasonable system architecture can reduce development and maintenance of the system resources used to enhance work efficiency. Therefore, in the Web enterprise application development, design patterns and application of selected systemarchitecture design is an important part.The system usually learned using some basic techniques , custom controls, technology to realize the future of online shopping mall market page views, user registration, login, user order shopping, shopping cart, the background of the user, the logistics , order management functions. Meet the design requirements for graduation,while exercising their practical ability目录第一章我国电子商务的现状和发展前景.............................. - 1 - 第二章系统需求分析........................................................ - 5 -2.1 系统功能需求........................................ - 5 -2.2 系统设计思路........................................ - 6 -2.2.1 功能设计 ................................... - 6 -2.2.2 结构设计 ................................... - 7 -第三章数据库设计............................................................ - 9 -3.1 数据库各表关系图............................... - 9 -3.2 部分表字段设计及注释..................... - 9 -第四章系统实现主要技术介绍........................................ - 20 -4.1 内置对象............................. - 20 -4.2 自定义用户控件 .............. - 23 -4.3 ................................................. - 25 -第五章系统部分功能展示及其实现代码........................... - 30 -5.1 部分界面展现..................................... - 30 -5.2 新用户注册和用户登陆.................. - 33 -5.3 后台管理功能..................................... - 37 -5.4 随机产生验证码代码....................... - 40 -5.5 数据访问核心类部分代码............. - 40 -第六章总结................................................................... - 44 - 参考文献........................................................................ - 45 - 附录 .............................................................................. - 47 -第一章我国电子商务的现状和发展前景电子商务作为现代服务业中的重要产业，有“朝阳产业、绿色产业”之称，具有“三高”、“三新”的特点。
外文翻译---网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建
毕业设计外文资料翻译题目基于WEB的网上选课系统的设计与实现学院信息科学与工程学院专业网络工程班级学生学号指导教师二〇一二年二月二十五日Key Techniques for Web Course—Choosing SystemDesign and ConstructionAbstract：The Web Course—Choosing is the core that the credit system management reforms ，at present，the Web Course—Choosing system that every enterprises and colleges and universities already develop out，13o sttong or because of the diversity managing a pattern or because of system general availability，can be used being put in use directly having pretty big difficulty．Developed out the Web Course—Choosing adapting to our college credit system requires．In this paper，three key techniques of W eb Co urse～Choosing design were given：O0，system security。
Data optimized．Using JSP technology，the Web Course—Choosing system with the functions of data input，query，statistics was also given．Gave technical and methodology supports for understanding the Web Course—Choosing system structural design，making full use of current practical projects，and solving the practical problems as well as paved the way of implementation of the Web Course—Choosing system based credit support system．Key words：Web course—choosing ；system design；key techniques；construction IntroductionOnline course selection is an important part of teaching management of credit system, its characteristics can be summarized as a training model of diversity, autonomy of selective learning content, learning processes, learning flexibility of time and space. Flexible teaching management mode of a significant increase in impact of traditional, manual approach does not suit the new management mode, all colleges and universities in research to adapt to the new mode of teaching administration of network course selection system.At present, the College developed a system for close connection with the College teaching management mode, so the software versatility is not high, often only apply to colleges and universities. Software versatility of enterprise development was strong, but later maintenance and redevelopment more difficult. Based on the above reasons, Nanyang Institute of technology has developed online course selection system based on teaching management of credit system.1.Analysis of course-choosing system requirements1.1 S tudents on course selection system functional requirements analysisStudents in the courses of the requirements within the time period, log on to the systemas an optional course, by-election, in the course selection process to be able to query the professional teaching program, instructors, such as scientific research, after the end of the course to be able to browse individual curricula, while allowing students access to personal files and all subjects.1.2Teachers ' course-selecting system functional requirements analysisTeachers can use the system, maintain their own research and archival information, other teachers have access to part of the research, to be able to query your course schedule, can query the courses students, to entry the students, to on course score for statistical analysis, inspection under the teaching plan and teaching schedule, and so on.1.3Manager course-selecting system functional requirements analysisManagers use the system to develop the teaching plan, have access to teachingschedule tasks, have access to all courses, students and teachers have access to basic information, to carry out all kinds of statistics, and so on.2. Key technologies for design of network course selection system andmethod2.1 System design process2.1.1 Database designDatabase design is reasonable, is the key to the smooth running of the Office software system. Online course selection through to serious research, teaching and foreign colleges and universities in the province runs the entire process means of tracking the implementation of requirements analysis, design of the e-r model, associate system functions and data structures, and are reflected in the database design process. The system database reference 《education management information standard under》, combination I school actual of Senate teaching management mode for design, while meet relationship database of entity integrity, and reference integrity, and user defined integrity requirements, using main key and outside key implementation data of integrity, using since defined of constraints conditions to reduced entry of complex of and errors rate, using trigger mechanism enhanced reference integrity and control database of changes, using storage process reduced database development personnel workload, improve database implementation speed. Foreground and background common to access a database server systems, taking into account the large amounts of data the system itself (such as students ' basic information basic information basic information, courses, teachers and more than more than 40) and therelationships between data, in accordance with the relational database paradigm of 3NF, as much as possible but without redundant data interdependence.2.1.2Server configurationServer configuration requirements (with PC Server as an example):Operating system: Windows 2003, Linux, and UnixJava runtime environment-Jdk1. 3. 1Application server: Tomcat 4. 0 percentDatabase server: SQL Server 2000, Oracle 8i& Oracle 9i、Mysql3．23 PCServer hardware requirements:CPU: Intel PIII 800 or more (recommended P4 1. 6G)Memory: 512M (recommend 1G)Hard disk: 40G (reference 80G)Problem to focus on addressing the Security Server with the server configuration: (1) using the security features of the operating system, the operating system, such as users, user groups and access rights for strict rules, turn off services that may lead to security vulnerabilities, such as Telnet, FTP, SendMail, etc;(2) in respect of hardware disk array technology, guarantee the security of server-side data.2.1.3 Client developmentDevelopment tools use the most popular Web programming language of JSP and JavaBean and Servlet technologies used in conjunction. Its advantage program page once compiled, dramatically improves program speed, followed by its good cross-platform.2.1.4Commissioning and publishingOnline course selection in three stages, namely normal course, lessons confirmed election results, and a by-election. Trial operation of the System 2003-level undergraduate students, students in the school to fill out course selection form within the required time, selected courses, which lasted a week. Normal course after the end of Dean's Office in the normal course results to remove are not eligible for classes teaching 8 classes in, while another 4 course class class. Students can be viewed on the course-choosing system Web site was removed, fill out the course teaching class list information, confirm the election results. After withdrawal, combined classes allow re-election of the same category of students in other courses. Normal course results when processing is complete, 143 people have a by-election. Dean's Office Manager for by-election results are processed, are still not eligible classes of the class withdrawn(that is no longer offering the course next semester). Students on the course to confirm the results, you can log in course selection system to print their own curricula. Through the trial operation of the system and achieve the goal of college book, since 2004 in the hospital.2.2Design of key technologies and methods2.2.1Object-oriented programming technologyMethod of object-oriented programming is a kind of support software reuse and modular design method of practical programming, its basic idea is to encapsulate and scalability. Packaging to bring software modularity, security, and so on, because there is no data coupling, objects with no action taken as a result of boundary effects, therefore, easier to maintain and modify [. Scalability to leave system interfaces for easy integration with other systems, this system to work with the library, personnel management system management system, scientific management system, theInstitute of financial management systems, Office OA system integration, people of the smooth realization of data export.2.2.2System security technologyInformation security system construction of the first issue, of course-choosingsystem key information (such as student achievement, student information, and so on) safety is essential, must be developed at the design stage of the systemconstruction of reliable security policy. This system from network traffic, serversecurity, database management systems, systems, procedures, computer virusprevention and cure of the five regard provide security:(1) network communications: virtual local area network (VI, AN) services andfirewall technologies. Your WEB server and database server system on Collegecampus virtual subnet, only allow internal users to access, shielded external user access. For network protocol for qualifying, cute as h, p Protocol allows you toaccess, such as FrP, TeNet Protocol implementation.(2) Server security.(3) the database account permissions and database, database view, accountoperations record operating information, concurrency control, trigger actions, such as time tracking, in addition, enables automatic data backup data, and so on.(4) system. a．Designed to dynamically set the user information in your application,access information, illegal may be effective in preventing the program from thesystem the client logs on to the system, and b. Application security control fordatabase operations, will not cause half of the data submitted, or submitted error; c.Data encryption technology, the system user (such as students, teachers, and so on) registered passwords are encrypted to eliminate user Session such as technologygets the password.(5) computer virus prevention: install legitimate antivirus on the server side Withanti-virus and firewall software, ensure that the functioning of the system.2.2.3 Database optimization techniques.(1) SQL statement optimization: SQL statement into the same purpose to be poorperformance the performance of SQL statements. Using artificial intelligence,automatically overriding SQL statements, so as to find the best performance of anequivalent SQL statement.(2) indexed: improving query speed of the system.(3) create views and stored procedures3. Online course system construction3.1 Construction of management systemSystems using Microsoft SQLServer2000 database in the background, foreground mining technology of JSP+JavaBean+Servlet and B/S mode Tomcat5. 0 as a WEB server, Internet course-selecting system features such as data entry, modification, querying, and statistics. Figure 1 is a system function module3.2System function(1) data maintenance functions: you can add, delete or modify data in a database operation, such as, and to deal with emergencies in the course selection process.(2) search function: can be based on user needs, such as students, teachers, and retrieve compliance data in a library.(3) data and statistics: statistical data in the database, and displayed as an icon, which found laws, provide reference for managers.(4) help: to provide users with timely, easy online help service. Figure 2 gives the student the normal course Interface, Figure 3 shows the student's schedule.4. Concluding remark s(1) after the course-choosing system, inputs to leap up in the students first, after four students ' course selection action, constantly modifying system functions, the currentsystem has been improved, and user more human.(2) policy, system security. Throughout the development phase of the system, had a number of discussions around the policy of credit system in College, due to prior implementation and to develop policies, resulting in wide range adjustment system modules, the progress made in the development of the system. (3) course-choosing system data processing algorithms that require further study and discussion. Current system is used in the optimization level and first-come, first-served approach, courses are not guaranteed a fair and just.References:[1] Hu Shijun, Wei-Chun yan, Rui Zhiyuan. Study on the current situation of credit system and its [j]. Gansu technology, 2004,20 (2): 151-153.[2]-SA divisions warmth, Wang Shan. An introduction to database systems [m]. Beijing: higher education press, 2002.[3] Tang Yang, Wei Xiong, Chen Hongcheng. , And so on. Mechanism design and implementation of database triggers [j]. Application of electronic technology. 2005 (2):16-18.[4] Liu De Chung Hom Kok. Principle and application of database system [m]. Wuhan: Hubei people s press. 2003.[5] Guo Haifeng. Yang Guogui. Oracle database performance tuning techniques and implementation [j]. Computer engineering. 2006. 32 (19): 82-94.网上选课系统设计的关键技术及系统的构建摘要：学生选课是学分制管理制度改革的核心。
网站毕业设计外文翻译
WebsiteFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopediaA website is a collection of related web pages, images, videos or other digital assets that are addressed relative to a common Uniform Resource Locator (URL), often consisting of only the domain name, or the IP address, and the root path in an Internet Protocol-based network. A web site is hosted on at least one web server, accessible via a network such as the Internet or a private local area network.A web page is a document, typically written in plain text interspersed with formatting instructions of Hypertext Markup Language (HTML, XHTML).A web page may incorporate elements from other websites with suitable markup anchors.Web pages are accessed and transported with the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP), which may optionally employ encryption (HTTP Secure, HTTPS) to provide security and privacy for the user of the web page content. The user's application, often a web browser, renders the page content according to its HTML markup instructions onto a display terminal.All publicly accessible websites collectively constitute the World Wide Web.the pages of a website can usually be accessed from a simple Uniform Resource Locator called the homepage. The URLs of the pages organize them into a hierarchy, although hyperlinking between them conveys the reader's perceived site structure and guides the reader's navigation of the site.Some websites require a subscription to access some or all of their content. Examples of subscription sites include many business sites, parts of many news sites, academic journal sites, gaming sites, message boards, web-based e-mail, social networking websites, and sites providing real-time stock market data.1.HistoryThe World Wide Web (WWW) was created in 1989 by CERN physicist Tim Berners-Lee.On 30 April 1993, CERN announced that the World Wide Web would be free to use for anyone.Before the introduction of HTML and HTTP, other protocols such as filetransfer protocol and the gopher protocol were used to retrieve individual files from a server. These protocols offer a simple directory structure which the user navigates and chooses files to download. Documents were most often presented as plain text files without formatting or were encoded in word processor formats.2.OverviewOrganized by function, a website may be（1）a personal website（2）a commercial website（3）a government website（4）a non-profit organization websiteIt could be the work of an individual, a business or other organization, and is typically dedicated to some particular topic or purpose. Any website can contain a hyperlink to any other website, so the distinction between individual sites, as perceived by the user, may sometimes be blurred.Websites are written in, or dynamically converted to HTML (Hyper Text Markup Language) and are accessed using a software interface classified as a user agent. Web pages can be viewed or otherwise accessed from a range of computer-based and Internet-enabled devices of various sizes, including desktop computers, laptops, PDAs and cell phones.A website is hosted on a computer system known as a web server, also called an HTTP server, and these terms can also refer to the software that runs on these systems and that retrieves and delivers the web pages in response to requests from the website users. Apache is the most commonly used web server software (according to Netcraft statistics) and Microsoft's Internet Information Server (IIS) is also commonly used.3. Static websiteA static website is one that has web pages stored on the server in the format that is sent to a client web browser. It is primarily coded in Hypertext Markup Language (HTML).Simple forms or marketing examples of websites, such as classic website, a five-page website or a brochure website are often static websites, because they present pre-defined, static information to the user. This may includeinformation about a company and its products and services via text, photos, animations, audio/video and interactive menus and navigation.This type of website usually displays the same information to all visitors. Similar to handing out a printed brochure to customers or clients, a static website will generally provide consistent, standard information for an extended period of time. Although the website owner may make updates periodically, it is a manual process to edit the text, photos and other content and may require basic website design skills and software.In summary, visitors are not able to control what information they receive via a static website, and must instead settle for whatever content the website owner has decided to offer at that time.They are edited using four broad categories of software:(1) Text editors, such as Notepad or TextEdit, where content and HTML markup are manipulated directly within the editor program(2) Wysiwyg offline editors, such as Microsoft FrontPage and Adobe Dreamweaver (previously Macromedia Dreamweaver), with which the site is edited using a GUI interface and the final HTML markup is generated automatically by the editor software(3) Wysiwyg online editors which create media rich online presentation like web pages, widgets, intro, blogs, and other documents.(4) Template-based editors, such as Rapidweaver and iWeb, which allow users to quickly create and upload web pages to a web server without detailed HTML knowledge, as they pick a suitable template from a palette and add pictures and text to it in a desktop publishing fashion without direct manipulation of HTML code.4. Dynamic websiteA dynamic website is one that changes or customizes itself frequently and automatically, based on certain criteria.Dynamic websites can have two types of dynamic activity: Code and Content. Dynamic code is invisible or behind the scenes and dynamic content is visible or fully displayed.(1) Dynamic codeThe first type is a web page with dynamic code. The code is constructed dynamically on the fly using active programming language instead of plain,static HTML.A website with dynamic code refers to its construction or how it is built, and more specifically refers to the code used to create a single web page. A dynamic web page is generated on the fly by piecing together certain blocks of code, procedures or routines. A dynamically-generated web page would call various bits of information from a database and put them together in a pre-defined format to present the reader with a coherent page. It interacts with users in a variety of ways including by reading cookies recognizing users' previous history, session variables, server side variables etc., or by using direct interaction (form elements, mouse overs, etc.). A site can display the current state of a dialogue between users, monitor a changing situation, or provide information in some way personalized to the requirements of the individual user.(2) Dynamic contentThe second type is a website with dynamic content displayed in plain view. Variable content is displayed dynamically on the fly based on certain criteria, usually by retrieving content stored in a database.A website with dynamic content refers to how its messages, text, images and other information are displayed on the web page and more specifically how its content changes at any given moment. The web page content varies based on certain criteria, either pre-defined rules or variable user input. For example, a website with a database of news articles can use a pre-defined rule which tells it to display all news articles for today's date. This type of dynamic website will automatically show the most current news articles on any given date. Another example of dynamic content is when a retail website with a database of media products allows a user to input a search request for the keyword Beatles. In response, the content of the web page will spontaneously change the way it looked before, and will then display a list of Beatles products like CD's, DVD's and books.5. Software systemsThere is a wide range of software systems, such as Java Server Pages (JSP), the PHP and Perl programming languages, Active Server Pages (ASP), Yuma and ColdFusion (CFML) that are available to generate dynamic web systems and dynamic sites. Sites may also include content that is retrievedfrom one or more databases or by using XML-based technologies such as RSS.Static content may also be dynamically generated either periodically, or if certain conditions for regeneration occur (cached) in order to avoid the performance loss of initiating the dynamic engine on a per-user or per-connection basis.Plugins are available to expand the features and abilities of web browsers, which use them to show active content, such as Microsoft Silverlight, Adobe Flash, Adobe Shockwave or applets written in Java. Dynamic HTML also provides for user interactivity and real time element updating within web pages (ie pages don't have to be loaded or reloaded to effect any changes), mainly using the Document Object Model (DOM) and JavaScript, support which is built-in to most modern web browsers.Turning a website into an income source is a common practice for web developers and website owners. There are several methods for creating a website business which fall into two broad categories, as defined below.(1) Content-based siteSome websites derive revenue by selling advertising space on the site (see Contextual advertising).(2) Product- or service-based sitesSome websites derive revenue by offering products or services for sale. In the case of e-commerce websites, the products or services may be purchased at the website itself, by entering credit card or other payment information into a payment form on the site. While most business websites serve as a shop window for existing brick and mortar businesses, it is increasingly the case that some websites are businesses in their own right; that is, the products they offer are only available for purchase on the web.Websites occasionally derive income from a combination of these two practices. For example, a website such as an online auctions website may charge the users of its auction service to list an auction, but also display third-party advertisements on the site, from which it derives further income.网站文章来自维基百科，自由的百科全书网站是一组相关的网页，图片，视频或其他数字资产的集合，是针对相对的一个共同的统一资源定位符（URL），这个定位器往往由域名，或组成的IP地址在以网络为基础的互联网协议上的根路径构成。
网上商城系统毕业设计外文翻译
毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班级：学号：姓名：学院：专业：指导教师：1 Struts Framework Based on MVCIn the traditional Web application, Java Server Pages(JSP) pages are responsible for handling all things, for example, receiving requests, executing business logics, choosingthe next page. These complicated things may lead to chaos of JSP pages’ codes and be harmful for the extension and maintenance of pages. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) mode separates the programming codes into three different areas, which has solved the above problem. MVC can realize J2EE application system's stratification and the loose coupling of three layers or multilayer, and it is a realization way of orienting dynamic content. The MVC mode divides application into three core components of Model, View and Controller.Struts is a realization of MVC. It is an open source Web application framework and uses Servlet and JSP marks that belong to the J2EE norm as a part of the realization. Struts inherits MVC characteristics and realizes some corresponding changes and extension according to J2EE traits. Struts separates Java codes of JSP by Java Bean and Action class to be the MVC mode, transmits data among the three partitions of Model, View and Controller, demonstrates the connection between various classes and JSP pages by configuration files finally and it intends to realize the separation of presentation layer, business layer and data layer. The Struts structure is shown in Figure 1.The Model contains the business logic that exchanges data with a persistence layer. The View is in charge of producing what is directly visible to the user, . web pages. The Controller is the layer that receives requests from clients, determines what business logic takes place and where to go next. In the Struts framework, the Model uses Java classes for the business logic. The View can be implemented with JSP and the Tag lib of Struts. The Controller is a J2EE component known as Servlet, more specifically an ActionServlet object, which determines what or when logic gets executed and where the control should get directed.2 Hibernate Framework Based on ORMWorking with both the object-oriented software and the relational database is a complicated task with Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) because there is mismatch between how data is represented in objects versus relational database. So with JDBC, developers have to write pure the Structured Query Languag (SQL) statements to map an object model's data representation to a relational data model and its corresponding database schema.Introduction of HibernateHibernate is a flexible and powerful Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) solution to map Java classes to database tables. It is a powerful, high performance object-relational persistence and query service. Hibernate allows developers to express queries in its own portable SQL extension (Hibernate Query Language (HQL))[3], as well as in native SQL, or with an object-oriented criteria and example Application Programming Interface(API). Hibernate itself takes care of this mapping using XML files so developers don’t need to write code for this.Hibernate is an open source and it is free to use for both development and production deployments, which is a bridge between Java application and relational database and takes charge of mapping between Java objects and relational data. The inside of Hibernate packs the operation of accessing database by JDBC, which provides API of object-oriented database access to upper layer application. So developers can use the object programming thought to operate database sufficiently, caring for the bottom database structure unnecessarily.Hibernate relieves the developer from 95 percent of common data persistence related programming tasks, compared to manual coding with SQL and the JDBC API[4]. And it can integrate various Web server or application server, and nearly support all popular databases server.Principle of HibernateAs shown in figure , Hibernate lies in the middle layer that is between applicationand database .In the provided persistent service, Hibernate maps class to rows of datasheet by properties and mapping files of class itself. Application interacts with database by Persitstent Object (PO) to handle data directly.ApplicationPersistent ObjectsHibernateHibernate.properties XML.MappingDatabaseFigure Hibernate systematic structure3 The Integration of Struts and HibernateIn the open source frameworks, for the presentation part, Tapestry has the powerful and natural combination of pages, its document is too conceptional to benefit programming. And its learning curve was too steep and so on. For the logic part, Spring has a good integration function, but there is a lack of public controller. And EJB depends on the EJB containers, at the same time, it is realized complicatedly. While Struts has been applied extensively because of its advantages.At present, most of systems apply the relational databases mainly, while Java is an object-oriented language essentially. In Model part of Struts framework application, using SQL and JDBC to operate databases when storing and fetching objects reduces programming efficiency and the systematic maintainability. Traditional J2EE-based application applies heavyweight framework based on EJB that adapts to the large enterprise development, while development and debugging by EJB container need to consume a plenty of time and high price. EJB3 improves the disadvantages of original EJB, but its application is not mature yet.Hibernate can substitute Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) to accomplish heavy responsibility of permanence in J2EE framework of applying a word, Hibernate can resolve the difficulties coming from using traditional CMP, JDBC and Data Access Object(DAO) in a technological development. For reducing the coupling of code and raising systematic development efficiency, this paper suggests J2EE application development tactics based on Struts and Hibernate.The Struts design shows the MVC framework sufficiently, which all control flows need a configuration file to manage, and which is convenient to maintain. The integration of Struts and Hibernate is that Hibernate solves the model layer of Struts, which makes developers operate Java objects instead of database. The integration shows the object-oriented thought sufficiently and solves some problems of the database operation in traditional J2EE well.Flow of FrameworkThe flow of integration framework based on Struts and Hibernate is shown in Figure 3. At first, users send Http requests by Browser, then Http requests are accepted by ActionServlet of the control component in business layer, then gave to RequestProcessor which gets corresponding Action from ActionMapping by request URL[3]. Besides, ActionForm packs JSP pages, which can make a checking to data of datasheet if it is needed, send back ActionErrors to visual pages if there are mistakes and transfer the data of pages to Action if it passes validation.Request Processor transfers the “execute” method of Action and the method transfers the business logic module. Hibernate accomplishes interaction of databases and JavaBean. The operation of processing business logic interacts with database by data permanence layer and field object layer. The “execute” method of Action will return ActionForward objects that are accepted by ActionServlet after executing.Systematic Structure of the Integration FrameworkThe EIS layer of the multi-layer J2EE systematic structure can be partitioned into the data permanence layer and the data resource layer. It means a system can be divided into five layers as a whole.Client Layer: This layer runs in the Browser of users’ machin es and handles interaction with users, transmits and shows messages to users. J2EE platform supports different type users including HTML users, Java Applets, Java application, etc.Presentation Layer: This layer works in J2EE Web container, produces the systematic representation logic, handles users’ requests and makes the responses. The entire Web is built on Struts framework, in which the View component is composed of JSP/HTML pages whose data is expressed by ActionForm Bean, the Controller component is composed of ActionServlet united and Action Classes, and the Model component is realized by business logic Logic Layer: This layer accomplishes the required business of system, provides the required business method to presentation layer. It can receive data from client programs and save them to the storage equipment after proper disposal, read data from the data storage equipment, then send them out to client programs.1 基于MVC的Struts框架在传统的Web应用程序，Java服务器页面（JSP）页面负责处理所有的事情，例如，接收请求，执行业务逻辑，选择下一个页面。
毕业设计(论文)外文翻译-基于数据挖掘的直销电子商务平台会员奖励管理系统开发-洪维坤【范本模板】
毕业设计(论文）外文资料翻译系部：计算机科学与技术系专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：洪维坤学号: 0807012215外文出处：Proceeding of Workshop on the （用外文写)of Artificial,Hualien,TaiWan,2005 指导老师评语:签名：年月日不确定性数据挖掘：一种新的研究方向Michael Chau1， Reynold Cheng2， and Ben Kao31：商学院，香港大学,薄扶林，香港2:计算机系，香港理工大学九龙湖校区,香港3：计算机科学系，香港大学，薄扶林，香港摘要由于不精确测量、过时的来源或抽样误差等原因，数据不确定性常常出现在真实世界应用中。
目前，在数据库数据不确定性处理领域中，很多研究结果已经被发表。
我们认为，当不确定性数据被执行数据挖掘时，数据不确定性不得不被考虑在内，才能获得高质量的数据挖掘结果.我们称之为“不确定性数据挖掘”问题。
在本文中，我们为这个领域可能的研究方向提出一个框架.同时,我们以UK-means聚类算法为例来阐明传统K—means算法怎么被改进来处理数据挖掘中的数据不确定性。
1.引言由于测量不精确、抽样误差、过时数据来源或其他等原因，数据往往带有不确定性性质。
特别在需要与物理环境交互的应用中，如:移动定位服务［15]和传感器监测［3]。
例如：在追踪移动目标(如车辆或人）的情境中，数据库是不可能完全追踪到所有目标在所有瞬间的准确位置.因此,每个目标的位置的变化过程是伴有不确定性的。
为了提供准确地查询和挖掘结果，这些导致数据不确定性的多方面来源不得不被考虑。
在最近几年里，已有在数据库中不确定性数据管理方面的大量研究，如：数据库中不确定性的表现和不确定性数据查询。
然而，很少有研究成果能够解决不确定性数据挖掘的问题。
我们注意到,不确定性使数据值不再具有原子性。
对于使用传统数据挖掘技术,不确定性数据不得不被归纳为原子性数值。
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述毕业设计(论文)外文资料翻译系：计算机系专业：计算机科学与技术姓名：学号：(用外文写)外文出处：JAVA2MicroEditionandtheWorldofJAVA[EB/OL].l附件：1.外文资料翻译译文；2.外文原文。
签名：年月日注：请将该封面与附件装订成册。
附件1：外文资料翻译译文J2ME和JAVA领域1.介绍20世纪70年代以来随着计算机革命的开始，对计算机先进软件的需求大大增加，从而可以充分利用功能日益增强的精密的计算机的处理数据的能力。
C编程语言逐渐成为支柱，使程序员开发软件像计算机运行一样流畅。
80年代以来，程序员又目睹了编程语言领域的又一次变革的高潮。
C语言的编程能力已经不能满足计算机的技术发展的需要。
这问题并不是新问题。
它造成了一代又一代的编程语言的新老更替。
问题是，它使得程序设计过于复杂，从而使计算机软件的设计，编写和开发落后于硬件的发展。
就是这个时候，两种基于设计概念的编程语言Simula67和Smalltalk（从上世纪60年代末）带来了接近编程语言未来前景的循序渐进的步骤。
这期间，当面向对象编程（OOP），与它一种新的编程语言，所谓的C++在程序员中掀起了一场风暴。
1979年，BjarneStroustrup的在新泽西州的贝尔实验室增强了C语言，使其具有面向对象的特点即所谓的C++语言(++是C编程语言增强的承载符号)。
C++是一个真正的提高的C编程语言，它开始是一种前置语言，该计划最初是一种编译工具。
Stroustrup建立类的概念（借用了Simula67和Smalltalk中的概念），由类则可以创建实例对象。
一个类包含数据成员和定义对象数据和功能的成员函数。
他还介绍了继承的概念，使一类继承其他一个或多个类的部分或全部数据成员或成员函数，职能由一个或多个其他类别-所有这些概念就是面向对象的编程。
1988年由ANSI官员将C++标准化。
毕业设计英文 翻译(原文)
编号：毕业设计(论文)外文翻译（原文）院（系）：桂林电子科技大学专业：电子信息工程学生姓名： xx学号： xxxxxxxxxxxxx 指导教师单位：桂林电子科技大学姓名： xxxx职称： xx2014年x月xx日Timing on and off power supplyusesThe switching power supply products are widely used in industrial automation and control, military equipment, scientific equipment, LED lighting, industrial equipment,communications equipment,electrical equipment,instrumentation, medical equipment, semiconductor cooling and heating, air purifiers, electronic refrigerator, LCD monitor, LED lighting, communications equipment, audio-visual products, security, computer chassis, digital products and equipment and other fields.IntroductionWith the rapid development of power electronics technology, power electronics equipment and people's work, the relationship of life become increasingly close, and electronic equipment without reliable power, into the 1980s, computer power and the full realization of the switching power supply, the first to complete the computer Power new generation to enter the switching power supply in the 1990s have entered into a variety of electronic, electrical devices, program-controlled switchboards, communications, electronic testing equipment power control equipment, power supply, etc. have been widely used in switching power supply, but also to promote the rapid development of the switching power supply technology .Switching power supply is the use of modern power electronics technology to control the ratio of the switching transistor to turn on and off to maintain a stable output voltage power supply, switching power supply is generally controlled by pulse width modulation (PWM) ICs and switching devices (MOSFET, BJT) composition. Switching power supply and linear power compared to both the cost and growth with the increase of output power, but the two different growth rates. A power point, linear power supply costs, but higher than the switching power supply. With the development of power electronics technology and innovation, making the switching power supply technology to continue to innovate, the turning points of this cost is increasingly move to the low output power side, the switching power supply provides a broad space for development.The direction of its development is the high-frequency switching power supply, high frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into a wider range of application areas, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the miniaturization of high-tech products, light of. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.classificationModern switching power supply, there are two: one is the DC switching power supply; the other is the AC switching power supply. Introduces only DC switching power supply and its function is poor power quality of the original eco-power (coarse) - such as mains power or battery power, converted to meet the equipment requirements of high-quality DC voltage (Varitronix) . The core of the DC switching power supply DC / DC converter. DC switching power supply classification is dependent on the classification of DC / DC converter. In other words, the classification of the classification of the DC switching power supply and DC/DC converter is the classification of essentially the same, the DC / DC converter is basically a classification of the DC switching power supply.DC /DC converter between the input and output electrical isolation can be divided into two categories: one is isolated called isolated DC/DC converter; the other is not isolated as non-isolated DC / DC converter.Isolated DC / DC converter can also be classified by the number of active power devices. The single tube of DC / DC converter Forward (Forward), Feedback (Feedback) two. The double-barreled double-barreled DC/ DC converter Forward (Double Transistor Forward Converter), twin-tube feedback (Double Transistor Feedback Converter), Push-Pull (Push the Pull Converter) and half-bridge (Half-Bridge Converter) four. Four DC / DC converter is the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Non-isolated DC / DC converter, according to the number of active power devices can be divided into single-tube, double pipe, and four three categories. Single tube to a total of six of the DC / DC converter, step-down (Buck) DC / DC converter, step-up (Boost) DC / DC converters, DC / DC converter, boost buck (Buck Boost) device of Cuk the DC / DC converter, the Zeta DC / DC converter and SEPIC, the DC / DC converter. DC / DC converters, the Buck and Boost type DC / DC converter is the basic buck-boost of Cuk, Zeta, SEPIC, type DC / DC converter is derived from a single tube in this six. The twin-tube cascaded double-barreled boost (buck-boost) DC / DC converter DC / DC converter. Four DC / DC converter is used, the full-bridge DC / DC converter (Full-Bridge Converter).Isolated DC / DC converter input and output electrical isolation is usually transformer to achieve the function of the transformer has a transformer, so conducive to the expansion of the converter output range of applications, but also easy to achieve different voltage output , or a variety of the same voltage output.Power switch voltage and current rating, the converter's output power is usually proportional to the number of switch. The more the number of switch, the greater the output power of the DC / DC converter, four type than the two output power is twice as large,single-tube output power of only four 1/4.A combination of non-isolated converters and isolated converters can be a single converter does not have their own characteristics. Energy transmission points, one-way transmission and two-way transmission of two DC / DC converter. DC / DC converter with bi-directional transmission function, either side of the transmission power from the power of lateral load power from the load-lateral side of the transmission power.DC / DC converter can be divided into self-excited and separately controlled. With the positive feedback signal converter to switch to self-sustaining periodic switching converter, called self-excited converter, such as the the Luo Yeer (Royer,) converter is a typical push-pull self-oscillating converter. Controlled DC / DC converter switching device control signal is generated by specialized external control circuit.the switching power supply.People in the field of switching power supply technology side of the development of power electronic devices, while the development of the switching inverter technology, the two promote each other to promote the switching power supply annual growth rate of more than two digits toward the light, small, thin, low-noise, high reliability, the direction of development of anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, AC / AC DC / AC, such as inverters, DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardization, and has been recognized by the user, but AC / DC modular, its own characteristics make the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. Hereinafter to illustrate the structure and characteristics of the two types of switching power supply.Self-excited: no external signal source can be self-oscillation, completely self-excited to see it as feedback oscillation circuit of a transformer.Separate excitation: entirely dependent on external sustain oscillations, excited used widely in practical applications. According to the excitation signal structure classification; can be divided into pulse-width-modulated and pulse amplitude modulated two pulse width modulated control the width of the signal is frequency, pulse amplitude modulation control signal amplitude between the same effect are the oscillation frequency to maintain within a certain range to achieve the effect of voltage stability. The winding of the transformer can generally be divided into three types, one group is involved in the oscillation of the primary winding, a group of sustained oscillations in the feedback winding, there is a group of load winding. Such as Shanghai is used in household appliances art technological production of switching power supply, 220V AC bridge rectifier, changing to about 300V DC filter added tothe collector of the switch into the transformer for high frequency oscillation, the feedback winding feedback to the base to maintain the circuit oscillating load winding induction signal, the DC voltage by the rectifier, filter, regulator to provide power to the load. Load winding to provide power at the same time, take up the ability to voltage stability, the principle is the voltage output circuit connected to a voltage sampling device to monitor the output voltage changes, and timely feedback to the oscillator circuit to adjust the oscillation frequency, so as to achieve stable voltage purposes, in order to avoid the interference of the circuit, the feedback voltage back to the oscillator circuit with optocoupler isolation.technology developmentsThe high-frequency switching power supply is the direction of its development, high-frequency switching power supply miniaturization, and switching power supply into the broader field of application, especially in high-tech fields, and promote the development and advancement of the switching power supply, an annual more than two-digit growth rate toward the light, small, thin, low noise, high reliability, the direction of the anti-jamming. Switching power supply can be divided into AC / DC and DC / DC two categories, the DC / DC converter is now modular design technology and production processes at home and abroad have already matured and standardized, and has been recognized by the user, but modular AC / DC, because of its own characteristics makes the modular process, encounter more complex technology and manufacturing process. In addition, the development and application of the switching power supply in terms of energy conservation, resource conservation and environmental protection are of great significance.The switching power supply applications in power electronic devices as diodes, IGBT and MOSFET.SCR switching power supply input rectifier circuit and soft start circuit, a small amount of applications, the GTR drive difficult, low switching frequency, gradually replace the IGBT and MOSFET.Direction of development of the switching power supply is a high-frequency, high reliability, low power, low noise, jamming and modular. Small, thin, and the key technology is the high frequency switching power supply light, so foreign major switching power supply manufacturers have committed to synchronize the development of new intelligent components, in particular, is to improve the secondary rectifier loss, and the power of iron Oxygen materials to increase scientific and technological innovation in order to improve the magnetic properties of high frequency and large magnetic flux density (Bs), and capacitor miniaturization is a key technology. SMT technology allows the switching power supply has made considerable progress, the arrangement of the components in the circuit board on bothsides, to ensure that the light of the switching power supply, a small, thin. High-frequency switching power supply is bound to the traditional PWM switching technology innovation, realization of ZVS, ZCS soft-switching technology has become the mainstream technology of the switching power supply, and a substantial increase in the efficiency of the switching power supply. Indicators for high reliability, switching power supply manufacturers in the United States by reducing the operating current, reducing the junction temperature and other measures to reduce the stress of the device, greatly improve the reliability of products.Modularity is the overall trend of switching power supply, distributed power systems can be composed of modular power supply, can be designed to N +1 redundant power system, and the parallel capacity expansion. For this shortcoming of the switching power supply running noise, separate the pursuit of high frequency noise will also increase, while the use of part of the resonant converter circuit technology to achieve high frequency, in theory, but also reduce noise, but some The practical application of the resonant converter technology, there are still technical problems, it is still a lot of work in this field, so that the technology to be practical.Power electronics technology innovation, switching power supply industry has broad prospects for development. To accelerate the pace of development of the switching power supply industry in China, it must take the road of technological innovation, out of joint production and research development path with Chinese characteristics and contribute to the rapid development of China's national economy.Developments and trends of the switching power supply1955 U.S. Royer (Roger) invented the self-oscillating push-pull transistor single-transformer DC-DC converter is the beginning of the high-frequency conversion control circuit 1957 check race Jen, Sen, invented a self-oscillating push-pull dual transformers, 1964, U.S. scientists canceled frequency transformer in series the idea of switching power supply, the power supply to the size and weight of the decline in a fundamental way. 1969 increased due to the pressure of the high-power silicon transistor, diode reverse recovery time shortened and other components to improve, and finally made a 25-kHz switching power supply.At present, the switching power supply to the small, lightweight and high efficiency characteristics are widely used in a variety of computer-oriented terminal equipment, communications equipment, etc. Almost all electronic equipment is indispensable for a rapid development of today's electronic information industry power mode. Bipolar transistor made of 100kHz, 500kHz power MOS-FET made, though already the practical switching power supply is currently available on the market, but its frequency to be further improved. Toimprove the switching frequency, it is necessary to reduce the switching losses, and to reduce the switching losses, the need for high-speed switch components. However, the switching speed will be affected by the distribution of the charge stored in the inductance and capacitance, or diode circuit to produce a surge or noise. This will not only affect the surrounding electronic equipment, but also greatly reduce the reliability of the power supply itself. Which, in order to prevent the switching Kai - closed the voltage surge, RC or LC buffers can be used, and the current surge can be caused by the diode stored charge of amorphous and other core made of magnetic buffer . However, the high frequency more than 1MHz, the resonant circuit to make the switch on the voltage or current through the switch was a sine wave, which can reduce switching losses, but also to control the occurrence of surges. This switch is called the resonant switch. Of this switching power supply is active, you can, in theory, because in this way do not need to greatly improve the switching speed of the switching losses reduced to zero, and the noise is expected to become one of the high-frequency switching power supply The main ways. At present, many countries in the world are committed to several trillion Hz converter utility.the principle of IntroductionThe switching power supply of the process is quite easy to understand, linear power supplies, power transistors operating in the linear mode and linear power, the PWM switching power supply to the power transistor turns on and off state, in both states, on the power transistor V - security product is very small (conduction, low voltage, large current; shutdown, voltage, current) V oltammetric product / power device is power semiconductor devices on the loss.Compared with the linear power supply, the PWM switching power supply more efficient process is achieved by "chopping", that is cut into the amplitude of the input DC voltage equal to the input voltage amplitude of the pulse voltage. The pulse duty cycle is adjusted by the switching power supply controller. Once the input voltage is cut into the AC square wave, its amplitude through the transformer to raise or lower. Number of groups of output voltage can be increased by increasing the number of primary and secondary windings of the transformer. After the last AC waveform after the rectifier filter the DC output voltage.The main purpose of the controller is to maintain the stability of the output voltage, the course of their work is very similar to the linear form of the controller. That is the function blocks of the controller, the voltage reference and error amplifier can be designed the same as the linear regulator. Their difference lies in the error amplifier output (error voltage) in the drive before the power tube to go through a voltage / pulse-width conversion unit.Switching power supply There are two main ways of working: Forward transformand boost transformation. Although they are all part of the layout difference is small, but the course of their work vary greatly, have advantages in specific applications.the circuit schematicThe so-called switching power supply, as the name implies, is a door, a door power through a closed power to stop by, then what is the door, the switching power supply using SCR, some switch, these two component performance is similar, are relying on the base switch control pole (SCR), coupled with the pulse signal to complete the on and off, the pulse signal is half attentive to control the pole voltage increases, the switch or transistor conduction, the filter output voltage of 300V, 220V rectifier conduction, transmitted through the switching transformer secondary through the transformer to the voltage increase or decrease for each circuit work. Oscillation pulse of negative semi-attentive to the power regulator, base, or SCR control voltage lower than the original set voltage power regulator cut-off, 300V power is off, switch the transformer secondary no voltage, then each circuit The required operating voltage, depends on this secondary road rectifier filter capacitor discharge to maintain. Repeat the process until the next pulse cycle is a half weeks when the signal arrival. This switch transformer is called the high-frequency transformer, because the operating frequency is higher than the 50HZ low frequency. Then promote the pulse of the switch or SCR, which requires the oscillator circuit, we know, the transistor has a characteristic, is the base-emitter voltage is 0.65-0.7V is the zoom state, 0.7V These are the saturated hydraulic conductivity state-0.1V-0.3V in the oscillatory state, then the operating point after a good tune, to rely on the deep negative feedback to generate a negative pressure, so that the oscillating tube onset, the frequency of the oscillating tube capacitor charging and discharging of the length of time from the base to determine the oscillation frequency of the output pulse amplitude, and vice versa on the small, which determines the size of the output voltage of the power regulator. Transformer secondary output voltage regulator, usually switching transformer, single around a set of coils, the voltage at its upper end, as the reference voltage after the rectifier filter, then through the optocoupler, this benchmark voltage return to the base of the oscillating tube pole to adjust the level of the oscillation frequency, if the transformer secondary voltage is increased, the sampling coil output voltage increases, the positive feedback voltage obtained through the optocoupler is also increased, this voltage is applied oscillating tube base, so that oscillation frequency is reduced, played a stable secondary output voltage stability, too small do not have to go into detail, nor it is necessary to understand the fine, such a high-power voltage transformer by switching transmission, separated and after the class returned by sampling the voltage from the opto-coupler pass separated after class, so before the mains voltage, and after the classseparation, which is called cold plate, it is safe, transformers before power is independent, which is called switching power supply.the DC / DC conversionDC / DC converter is a fixed DC voltage transformation into a variable DC voltage, also known as the DC chopper. There are two ways of working chopper, one Ts constant pulse width modulation mode, change the ton (General), the second is the frequency modulation, the same ton to change the Ts, (easy to produce interference). Circuit by the following categories:Buck circuit - the step-down chopper, the average output voltage U0 is less than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Boost Circuit - step-up chopper, the average output voltage switching power supply schematic U0 is greater than the input voltage Ui, the same polarity.Buck-Boost circuit - buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, the inductance transmission.Cuk circuit - a buck or boost chopper, the output average voltage U0 is greater than or less than the input voltage Ui, the opposite polarity, capacitance transmission.The above-mentioned non-isolated circuit, the isolation circuit forward circuits, feedback circuit, the half-bridge circuit, the full bridge circuit, push-pull circuit. Today's soft-switching technology makes a qualitative leap in the DC / DC the U.S. VICOR company design and manufacture a variety of ECI soft-switching DC / DC converter, the maximum output power 300W, 600W, 800W, etc., the corresponding power density (6.2 , 10,17) W/cm3 efficiency (80-90)%. A the Japanese Nemic Lambda latest using soft-switching technology, high frequency switching power supply module RM Series, its switching frequency (200 to 300) kHz, power density has reached 27W/cm3 with synchronous rectifier (MOSFETs instead of Schottky diodes ), so that the whole circuit efficiency by up to 90%.AC / DC conversionAC / DC conversion will transform AC to DC, the power flow can be bi-directional power flow by the power flow to load known as the "rectification", referred to as "active inverter power flow returned by the load power. AC / DC converter input 50/60Hz AC due must be rectified, filtered, so the volume is relatively large filter capacitor is essential, while experiencing safety standards (such as UL, CCEE, etc.) and EMC Directive restrictions (such as IEC, FCC, CSA) in the AC input side must be added to the EMC filter and use meets the safety standards of the components, thus limiting the miniaturization of the volume of AC / DC power, In addition, due to internal frequency, high voltage, current switching, making the problem difficult to solve EMC also high demands on the internal high-density mountingcircuit design, for the same reason, the high voltage, high current switch makes power supply loss increases, limiting the AC / DC converter modular process, and therefore must be used to power system optimal design method to make it work efficiency to reach a certain level of satisfaction.AC / DC conversion circuit wiring can be divided into half-wave circuit, full-wave circuit. Press the power phase can be divided into single-phase three-phase, multiphase. Can be divided into a quadrant, two quadrant, three quadrants, four-quadrant circuit work quadrant.he selection of the switching power supplySwitching power supply input on the anti-jamming performance, compared to its circuit structure characteristics (multi-level series), the input disturbances, such as surge voltage is difficult to pass on the stability of the output voltage of the technical indicators and linear power have greater advantages, the output voltage stability up to (0.5)%. Switching power supply module as an integrated power electronic devices should be selected。
E家水果网上交易平台设计与实现-英文翻译
郑州轻工业学院本科毕业设计（论文）—英文翻译题目JA V A EE 迎合Web 2.0学生姓名专业班级学号院（系）计算机与通信工程学院指导教师（职称）完成时间英文原文Java EE meets Web 2.0From Constantine PlotnikovArtem PapkovJim Smith/developerworks/web/library/wa-aj-web2jee/Web 2.0 applications developed using standard Java™ Platform, Enterprise Edition 5 (Java EE)-based approaches face serious performance and scalability problems. The reason is that many principles that underlie the Java EE platform's design — especially, the use of synchronous APIs — don't apply to the requirements of Web 2.0 solutions. This article explains the disparity between the Java EE and Web 2.0 approaches, explores the benefits of asynchronous designs, and evaluates some solutions for developing asynchronous Web applications with the Java platform.A tremendous number of successful enterprise applications have been created using the Java EE platform. But the principles Java EE was designed on don't support the Web 2.0 generation of applications efficiently. An in-depth understanding of the disconnect between Java EE and Web 2.0 principles can help you make informed decisions about using approaches and tools that address that disconnect to some degree. This article explains why Web 2.0 and the standard Java EE platform are a losing combination, and it demonstrates why asynchronous, event-driven architectures are more appropriate for Web 2.0 applications. It also describes frameworks and APIs that aim to make the Java platform more Web 2.0 capable by enabling asynchronous designs.Java EE principles and assumptionsThe Java EE platform was created to support development of business-to-consumer (B2C) and business-to-business (B2B) applications. Companies discovered theInternet and started using it to enhance existing business processes with their partners and clients. These applications often interacted with an existing enterprise integration system (EIS). The use cases for most common benchmarks that measure Java EE servers' performance and scalability —ECperf 1.1, SPECjbb2005, and SPECjAppServer2004 (see Resources) —reflect this focus on B2C, B2B, and EIS. Similarly, the standard Java PetStore demo is a typical e-commerce application.Many implicit and explicit assumptions about scalability in the Java EE architecture are reflected in the benchmarks:●Request throughput is the most important characteristic that affects performancefrom the point of view of clients.●Transaction duration is the most important factor in performance, and anapplication's overall performance can be improved by shortening each individual transaction it uses.●Transactions are mostly independent of one another.●Only a few business objects are affected by most transactions, except forlong-living transactions.●Transaction duration is limited by the application server's performance and theEISs deployed in the same administrative domain.●Network-communication cost (when working with local resources) is adequatelycompensated for by connection pooling.●Transaction duration can be shortened by investing in network configuration,hardware, and software.●Content and data is under the application owner's control. With no dependencieson external services, the most important limiting factor for supplying content to the customer is bandwidth.(Performance and scalability issuesThe Java EE platform was originally designed for manipulating services with resources deployed mostly within a single administrative domain. It assumes that EIS transactions are short-lived and requests are processed quickly, enabling the platformto support high transactional load.Many emerging architectural approaches and patterns —such as peer-to-peer (P2P), Service Oriented Architecture (SOA), and new types of Web applications referred to collectively (and informally) as Web 2.0 — challenge these assumptions. They are applied in contexts where request processing takes longer. Serious performance and scalability problems emerge when Java EE approaches are used to develop Web 2.0 applications. )These assumptions resulted in the principles that the Java EE APIs are built on: ●Synchronous APIs. Java EE requires synchronous APIs for most purposes. (Theheavyweight and cumbersome Java Message Service (JMS) API is virtually the only exception.) This requirement was dictated more by usability than performance reasons. A synchronous API is easy to use and can be made to havea low overhead. Serious problems can emerge quickly when heavy multithreadingis required, so Java EE strongly discourages uncontrolled multithreading.●Bounded thread pools. It was quickly discovered that a thread is an importantresource and that the application-server performance degrades significantly if the number of threads surpasses some boundary. However, relying on an assumption that each operation is short, those operations can be distributed among a bounded number of threads to retain a high request throughput.●Bounded connection ing a single connection to a database makesoptimal database performance difficult to obtain. Several database operations can be executed in parallel, but additional database connections speed up the application only to a point. At a certain number of connections, database performance degrades. Often, the number of database connections is smaller than the number of threads available in the servlet thread pool. Because of this, connection pools were created letting server components — such as servlets and Enterprise JavaBeans (EJB) —allocate a connection and return it to the pool afterward. If a connection is unavailable, the component waits for the connection blocking the current thread. Because other components work for only a short time with a connection, this delay is usually short.Fixed connections to resources.Applications are assumed to use only few external resources. The connection factory to each resource is obtained using the Java Naming and Directory Interface (JNDI) (or dependency injection in EJB3.0). Practically, the only major Java EE API that supports connections todifferent EIS resources is the enterprise Web services API (see Resources). Others mostly assume that the resources are fixed and that only additional data such as user credentials should be supplied to open connection operations.In Web 1.0, these principles played out quite well. Some unique applications could be designed to fit within these boundaries. But they don't efficiently support the age of Web 2.0.Change of landscape with Web 2.0(Java EE meets SOAThe introduction of SOA was one of the first challenges to Java EE. In an SOA, interactions might have high throughput and possibly high latency that's due to crossing several domains to reach service endpoints. Some interactions might also require human approval, and the delay introduced by the approval process can range from hours to weeks. SOA is designed to support different kinds of intermediaries that usually make the latency situation worse.This latency challenge has been addressed on the Java EE platform by leveraging transactional messaging APIs and introducing the concept of business processes. There's been a mismatch between the SOAP-over-HTTP Web service invocation model and messaging services such as JMS. HTTP uses a synchronous request/response model and doesn't provide any built-in reliability features. Specifications such as WS-Notification, WS-Reliability, WS-ReliableMessaging, and WS-ASAP try to address this mismatch for Web services deployed in a B2B context. But for B2C situations, rich application clients are usually deployed instead, because such clients can deal with high latency using scenario-specific interaction patterns —in contrast to Web applications.)Web 2.0 applications have many unique requirements that make Java EE a difficult choice for their implementation. One aspect is that Web 2.0 applications useone another through services APIs more often than applications in the Web 1.0 world.A more significant element of a Web 2.0 application is a heavy inclination toward consumer-to-consumer (C2C) interaction: the application owner produces only a small part of the content; a larger portion is produced by users.SOA + B2C + Web 2.0 = high latencyIn a Web 2.0 context, mash-up applications frequently use services and feeds exposed through an SOA's service APIs (see Java EE meets SOA). These applications need to consume services in a B2C context. For example, a mash-up might pull data — such as weather information, traffic information, and a map — from three unique sources. The time required to retrieve these three unique pieces of data adds to the overall request-processing time. Regardless of the growing number of data sources and service APIs, consumers still expect highly responsive applications.Techniques such as caching can alleviate latency but are not applicable for all scenarios. For instance, it makes sense to cache map data to reduce response time, but it's often impossible or impractical to cache results of search queries or real-time traffic information.By its nature, service invocation is a high-latency process that typically allocates only a small portion of CPU resources on the client and server. Most of the duration of a Web service invocation is caused by establishing a new connection and transmitting data. Therefore, improving performance on the client or the server sides usually does little to reduce the duration of the call.Greater interactivityBy enabling user participation, Web 2.0 poses another challenge because applications have a much greater number of server requests per active user. This is true for several reasons:●More relevant events occur because most events are caused by actions of otherconsumers, and consumers have much greater capacity to generate events. These events naturally cause more active use of Web applications by consumers.●Applications provide a higher number of use cases to consumers. Web 1.0consumers could simply browse a catalog, purchase an item, and track theirorder-processing status. Now, consumers can actively socialize with other consumers by participating in forums, chats, mash-ups, and so on, which causes higher traffic load.Today's applications are increasingly using Ajax to improve the user experience.A Web page using Ajax has a slower load time than a plain Web application's,because the page consists of static content, scripts (which can be fairly large), anda number of requests to the server. After loading, an Ajax page often createsseveral short requests to the server.(High latency and low-bandwidth clientsApplications that target mobile phones and other limited-bandwidth clients are increasingly popular. Even if the server can quickly serve a given client, the client cannot consume data quickly because of its low-bandwidth connection and the device's physical constraints. While the client is loading data over the low-throughput connection, the server is underutilized or waiting while it occupies a servlet thread. As more and more mobile devices use network services and the radio spectrum becomes overutilized, the throughput and the latency of such clients will gradually degrade unless a much more scalable communication mechanism is developed.) These factors usually cause a higher amount of traffic to the server and larger number of requests, compared with a typical Web 1.0 application. During high loads, this traffic is difficult to control. (However, Ajax also offers more opportunities for traffic optimization; Ajax-generated traffic volume is often smaller than the volume that would have been generated by a plain Web application supporting the same use cases.)More contentWeb 2.0 applications are characterized by greater amount of content and larger size than previous-generation Web applications.In the Web 1.0 world, content was typically published on a company's Web site only after the business entity explicitly approved it. The organization had control over every letter of the displayed text. So, if planned content violated infrastructure constraints relating to size, the content was optimized or split into several smallerchunks.Web 2.0 sites, by their nature, don't restrict content size or creation. A large portion of Web 2.0 content is generated by users and communities. Organizations and companies simply provide the tools to enable contribution and content creation. Content is also increasing in size because of heavy use of images, audio, and video. Persistent connectionsEstablishing a new connection from a client to a server takes significant time. If several interactions are expected, it's more efficient to establish client/server communication once and reuse it. Persistent connections are also useful for sending client notifications. But Web 2.0 applications' clients are often behind firewalls, and it's often difficult or impossible to establish a direct connection from server to client. An Ajax application needs to send requests to poll for specific events. To reduce the number of poll requests, some Ajax applications use the Comet pattern (see Resources): The server is designed to wait until an event occurs before sending a reply, while keeping a connection open.Peer-to-peer messaging protocols such as SIP, BEEP, and XMPP increasingly use persistent connections. Streaming live video also benefits from a persistent connection.Higher risk of the Slashdot effectThe fact that Web 2.0 applications can reach huge audiences makes some sites all the more vulnerable to the "Slashdot effect" — a tremendous spike in traffic load that occurs when the site is mentioned on a popular blog, news site, or social-networking site (see Resources). All Web sites should be ready to handle traffic several orders of magnitude greater than normal load. And it's all the more important at such times that they be able to degrade gracefully under such high load.Latency mattersLatency of operations affects Java EE applications more than operation throughput. Even if the services an application uses can handle a huge volume of operations, they do so while latency stays the same or increases. The current crop of Java EE APIs does not handle this situation well because it violates the assumptionsabout latency implicit in those APIs' designs.Serving a large page for a forum or a blog takes up a processing thread when it uses a synchronous API. If each page takes one second to get served (consider applications, such as LiveJournal, that can have large pages), and you have 100 threads in a thread pool, you can't serve more than 100 pages per second —an unacceptable rate. Increasing the number of threads in the thread pool has limited benefit because application-server performance starts to degrade as the number of threads in the pool increases.Java EE architecture can't take advantage of messaging protocols such SIP, BEEP, and XMPP because Java EE's synchronous API uses a single thread continuously. Because application servers use limited thread pools, continuous use of a thread prevents an application server from handling other requests while sending or receiving a message using these protocols. Note too that messages sent with these protocols are not necessarily short (particularly in the case of BEEP), and generating these messages can involve accessing resources deployed in other organizations, using Web services or other means. Also, transport protocols such as BEEP and Stream Control Transmission Protocol (SCTP) can have several simultaneous logical connections over a single TCP/IP connection, which makes the thread-management issue even more serious.To implement streaming scenarios, Web applications have had to abandon standard Java EE patterns and APIs. As a result, Java EE application servers are rarely used for running P2P applications or streaming video. More often, custom components are developed to handle these protocols that often use Java Connector Architecture (JCA) connectors to implement proprietary asynchronous logic. (As you'll see later in this article, a new generation of servlet engines also supports some nonstandard interfaces for handling the Comet pattern. However, this support is radically different from standard servlet interfaces, in terms of both APIs and usage patterns.)Finally, recall that one of the fundamental Java EE principles is that investment in network infrastructure can shorten transaction duration. In the case of live videofeeds, though, an increase in network-infrastructure speed has absolutely no effect on a request's duration because the stream is sent to the client while it's being generated. Improvements to network infrastructure would only increase the number of streams to enable a larger number of clients and facilitate streaming at higher resolutions.The asynchronous pathA possible way to avoid the issues we've discussed is to consider latency during application design and implement applications in an asynchronous, event-driven way. If the application is idle, it should not occupy finite resources such as threads. With asynchronous APIs, the application polls for external events and executes relevant actions when an event arrives. Typically, such an application is split into several event loops, each residing in its own thread.An obvious gain from an asynchronous, event-driven design is that many operations waiting for external services can be executed in parallel as long as no data dependency exists between them. Asynchronous, event-driven architectures also have a massive scalability advantage over traditional synchronous designs, even if no parallel operations occur at all.Asynchronous API benefits: A proof-of-concept modelThe scalability gains from using asynchronous APIs can be illustrated using a simple model of the servlet process. (If you're already convinced that asynchronous design is the answer to Web 2.0 applications' scalability requirements, feel free to skip over this section to our discussion of available solutions to the Web 2.0 / Java EE conundrum.)In our model, the servlet process does some work on the incoming request, queries a database, and then uses the information picked from the database to invoke a Web service. The final response is generated based on the Web service's response. The model's servlet uses two kinds of resources with a relatively high latency. These resources differ by their characteristics and behavior under increasing load:Database connections This resource is usually available to Web applications as a DataSource with a limited number of connections with which it's possible to work simultaneously.Network connections. This resource is used for writing the response to the client and for invoking the Web service. Until recently, this resource was limited in most application servers. However, newer generations of application servers have started to use nonblocking I/O (NIO) to implement this resource, so we can assume that we have as many simultaneous network connections as needed. The model servlet uses this resource in the following situations:1.Invoking the Web service.Although a destination server can handle a limitednumber of requests per second, this number is usually very high. The duration of the call is determined by network traffic.2.Reading the request from the client.Our model ignores this cost because aHTTP GET request is assumed. In this situation, the time needed to read the request from the client does not add to the servlet-request duration.3.Sending the response to the client.Our model ignores this cost because forshort servlet responses, an application server can buffer the response in the memory and send it later to the client using NIO. And we assume that the response is a short one. In this situation, time needed to write the response to the client doesn't add to the servlet-request duration.Let's assume that the servlet execution time is split into the stages shown in Table 1: Table 1. Servlet operation timings (duration in abstract units)Total: 32 unitsFigure 1 shows the distribution among business logic, database, and Web services during execution:Figure 1. Distribution of time among execution stepsThese timings are selected to provide readable diagrams. In reality, most Web services would take much more time for processing. It's fair to state that we could be looking at a Web service processing time 100 to 300 times greater than that of business-logic Java code. To give the synchronous invocation model a chance, though, we've picked parameters that are very unlikely in reality, where either the Web service is extremely fast or the application server is very slow, or both.Let's also assume that we have the connection-pool capacity equal to two. Therefore, only two database transactions can occur at the same time. (Actual numbers of threads and connections would be bigger in the case of a real application server.)We also assume that Web service invocations take the same time and can all be done in parallel. This is a realistic assumption because Web service interaction duration consists of sending data back and forth. Doing actual work is just a small fraction of the Web service call.Given this scenario, both synchronous and asynchronous cases will behave thesame under low loads. If database query and Web service invocation could occur in parallel, the asynchronous case would behave better. The interesting results occur in an overload situation, such as a sudden access peak. Let's assume nine simultaneous requests. For the synchronous case, the servlet engine thread pool has three threads. For the asynchronous case, we'll use only one thread.Note that in both cases, all nine connections are accepted as they arrive (as happens with most servlet engines now). However, no processing happens in the synchronous case for the other six accepted connections while the first three are processed.Figures 2 and 3 were created using a simple simulation program that models both synchronous and asynchronous API cases, respectively:Figure 2. Synchronous caseEach rectangle in Figure 2 represents one step of the process. The first number in the rectangle is a process number (1 through 9), and the second number is the phase number within a process. Each process is marked with a unique color. Note that database and Web service operations are on separate lines because they are executed by the database engine and Web service implementation. The servlet engine does nothing while it waits for results. Light-gray areas represent the idle (waiting) state. The diamond-shaped markers at the bottom of the diagram indicate that one or more requests are completed at this point. The marker's first number represents time inabstract units; the second optional number enclosed in parenthesis is the number of requests that terminate at this point. In Figure 2, you can see that the first two requests finish at point 32 and the last one finishes at the point 104.Now let's assume that the database and the Web service client runtime support asynchronous interfaces. We also assume that all asynchronous servlets use a single thread (although asynchronous interfaces are perfectly capable of making use of additional threads if they are available). Figure 3 shows the results:Figure 3. Asynchronous caseThere are a few interesting things to note in Figure 3. The first request finishes 23% later than in the synchronous case. However, the last one finishes 26% faster. And this happens when three times fewer threads were used. The request-execution time is distributed much more regularly, so users will receive pages at more regular speed. The difference between the processing time for the first and the last request is 80%. In the case of synchronous interfaces, it is 225%.Let's now assume that we have upgraded the application and database servers so they work twice as fast. Table 2 shows the timing results (with units relative to those in Table 1):Table 2. Servlet operation timings after upgradeYou can see that the overall individual request-processing time is 24 time units, which is about 3/4 of the original request duration.Figure 4 shows the new distribution among business logic, database, and Web services:Figure 4. Distribution of time between steps after upgradeFigure 5 shows the results after synchronous processing. You can see that the overall execution duration has decreased by about 25%. However, the steps' distribution pattern has not changed much, and servlet threads spend even more time in a waiting state.Figure 5. Synchronous case after upgradeFigure 6 shows the results after processing with the asynchronous API:Figure 6. Asynchronous case after upgradeThe results in the asynchronous case are very interesting. Processing scales much better with the database and application server performance increase. Fairness has improved, and the difference between the worst and the best request processing times is only 57%. Total processing time (when the last request is ready) is 57% of the original time before the upgrade. This is a significant improvement compared to the 75% for the synchronous case. The last request (request 9 in both cases) is completed more than 40% faster than in the synchronous case, and the first request is just 14%slower than in the synchronous case. In addition, in the asynchronous case, it's possible to execute a greater number of parallel Web service operations. In the synchronous case, this level of parallelism isn't achievable, because the limiting factor is the number of threads in the servlet thread pool. Even if the Web service is capable of handling more requests, the servlet can't send them because it is not yet active.The real-world test results confirm that asynchronous applications scale better and handle overload situations more gracefully. Latency is a very difficult problem to solve, and Moore's Law (see Resources) does not give us much hope here. Most modern computing improvements increase the required bandwidth. Latency in most cases either stays the same or even is somewhat worsened. This is why developers are trying to introduce asynchronous interfaces into application servers.Many options are now available for implementing asynchronous systems, but no single pattern has established itself as a de facto standard. Each approach has its own advantages and disadvantages, and they might play out differently in different situations. The remainder of this article gives an overview — including pros and cons —of mechanisms that let you construct asynchronous, event-driven applications using the Java platform.Generic solutions(Ad-hoc concurrency and NIOSince Java 1.4, the Java language has had a nonblocking network I/O API (java.nio.*). And since Java SE 5, Java has better standard concurrency utilities (java.util.concurrent.*). Nonblocking I/O and concurrency allow developers to implement applications that support large numbers of simultaneous connections using available APIs and frameworks.However, these APIs are still at a very low level and are typically used only where performance problems are otherwise unsolvable. The NIO selector mechanism is an extremely low-level API. Using it to write anything more complex than copying one stream into another is very difficult. It's also difficult to write independent modules that use the same NIO selector. A framework needs to be developed that wraps NIO and makes this type of development easier.。
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毕业设计说明书英文文献及中文翻译班姓学专指导教师：1 Struts Framework Based on MVCIn the traditional Web application, Java Server Pages(JSP) pages are responsible for handling all things, for example, receiving requests, executing business logics, choosing the next page. Thes e complicated things may lead to chaos of JSP pages’ codes and be harmful for the extension and maintenance of pages. The Model-View-Controller (MVC) mode separates the programming codes into three different areas, which has solved the above problem. MVC can realize J2EE application system's stratification and the loose coupling of three layers or multilayer, and it is a realization way of orienting dynamic content. The MVC mode divides application into three core components of Model, View and Controller.Struts is a realization of MVC. It is an open source Web application framework and uses Servlet and JSP marks that belong to the J2EE norm as a part of the realization. Struts inherits MVC characteristics and realizes some corresponding changes and extension according to J2EE traits. Struts separates Java codes of JSP by Java Bean and Action class to be the MVC mode, transmits data among the three partitions of Model, View and Controller, demonstrates the connection between various classes and JSP pages by configuration files finally and it intends to realize the separation of presentation layer, business layer and data layer. The Struts structure is shown in Figure 1.The Model contains the business logic that exchanges data with a persistence layer. The View is in charge of producing what is directly visible to the user, . web pages. The Controller is the layer that receives requests from clients, determines what business logic takes place and where to go next. In the Struts framework, the Model uses Java classes for the business logic. The View can be implemented with JSP and the Tag lib of Struts. The Controller is a J2EE component known as Servlet, more specifically an ActionServlet object, which determines what or when logic gets executed and where the control should get directed.2 Hibernate Framework Based on ORMWorking with both the object-oriented software and the relational database is a complicated task with Java Database Connectivity (JDBC) because there is mismatch between how data is represented in objects versus relational database. So with JDBC, developers have to write pure the Structured Query Languag (SQL) statements to map an object model's data representation to a relational data model and its corresponding database schema.Introduction of HibernateHibernate is a flexible and powerful Object-Relational Mapping (ORM) solution to map Java classes to database tables. It is a powerful, high performance object-relational persistence and query service. Hibernate allows developers to express queries in its own portable SQL extension (Hibernate Query Language (HQL))[3], as well as in native SQL, or with an object-oriented criteria and example Application Programming Interface(API). Hibernate itself take s care of this mapping using XML files so developers don’t need to write code for this.Hibernate is an open source and it is free to use for both development and production deployments, which is a bridge between Java application and relational database and takes charge of mapping between Java objects and relational data. The inside of Hibernate packs the operation of accessing database by JDBC, which provides API of object-oriented database access to upper layer application. So developers can use the object programming thought to operate database sufficiently, caring for the bottom database structure unnecessarily.Hibernate relieves the developer from 95 percent of common data persistence related programming tasks, compared to manual coding with SQL and the JDBC API[4]. And it can integrate various Web server or application server, and nearly support all popular databases server.Principle of HibernateAs shown in figure , Hibernate lies in the middle layer that is between applicationand database .In the provided persistent service, Hibernate maps class to rows of datasheet by properties and mapping files of class itself. Application interacts with database by Persitstent Object (PO) to handle data directly.Figure Hibernate systematic structure3 The Integration of Struts and HibernateIn the open source frameworks, for the presentation part, Tapestry has the powerful and natural combination of pages, its document is too conceptional to benefit programming. And its learning curve was too steep and so on. For the logic part, Spring has a good integration function, but there is a lack of public controller. And EJB depends on the EJB containers, at the same time, it is realized complicatedly. While Struts has been applied extensively because of its advantages.At present, most of systems apply the relational databases mainly, while Java is an object-oriented language essentially. In Model part of Struts framework application, using SQL and JDBC to operate databases when storing and fetching objects reduces programming efficiency and the systematic maintainability. Traditional J2EE-based application applies heavyweight framework based on EJB that adapts to the large enterprise development, while development and debugging by EJB container need to consume a plenty of time and high price. EJB3 improves the disadvantages of original EJB, but its application is not mature yet.Hibernate can substitute Container-Managed Persistence (CMP) to accomplish heavy responsibility of permanence in J2EE framework of applying a word, Hibernate can resolve the difficulties coming from using traditional CMP, JDBC and Data Access Object(DAO) in a technological development. For reducing the coupling of code and raising systematic development efficiency, this paper suggests J2EE application development tactics based on Struts and Hibernate.The Struts design shows the MVC framework sufficiently, which all control flows need a configuration file to manage, and which is convenient to maintain. The integration of Struts and Hibernate is that Hibernate solves the model layer of Struts, which makes developers operate Java objects instead of database. The integration shows the object-oriented thought sufficiently and solves some problems of the database operation in traditional J2EE well.Flow of FrameworkThe flow of integration framework based on Struts and Hibernate is shown in Figure 3. At first, users send Http requests by Browser, then Http requests are accepted by ActionServlet of the control component in business layer, then gave to RequestProcessor which gets corresponding Action from ActionMapping by request URL[3]. Besides, ActionForm packs JSP pages, which can make a checking to data of datasheet if it is needed, send back ActionErrors to visual pages if there are mistakes and transfer the data of pages to Action if it passes validation.Request Processor transfers the “execute” method of Action and the method transfers the business logic module. Hibernate accomplishes interaction of databases and JavaBean. The operation of processing business logic interacts with database by data permanence layer and field object layer. The “execute” method of Action will return ActionForward objects that are accepted by ActionServlet after executing.Systematic Structure of the Integration FrameworkThe EIS layer of the multi-layer J2EE systematic structure can be partitioned into the data permanence layer and the data resource layer. It means a system can be divided into five layers as a whole.Client Layer: This layer runs in the Browser of users’ machines and handles interaction with users, transmits and shows messages to users. J2EE platform supports different type users including HTML users, Java Applets, Java application, etc.Presentation Layer: This layer works in J2EE Web container, produces the systematic repr esentation logic, handles users’ requests and makes the responses. The entire Web is built on Struts framework, in which the View component is composed of JSP/HTML pages whose data is expressed by ActionForm Bean, the Controller component is composed of ActionServlet united and Action Classes, and the Model component is realized by business logic Logic Layer: This layer accomplishes the required business of system, provides the required business method to presentation layer. It can receive data from client programs and save them to the storage equipment after proper disposal, read data from the data storage equipment, then send them out to client programs.1 基于MVC的Struts框架在传统的Web应用程序，Java效劳器页面（JSP）页面负责处置所有的情形，例如，接收请求，执行业务逻辑，选择下一个页面。