宏观经济学01ppt英文
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ofMacroeconomics(宏观经济学-加州大学-詹姆斯·布
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Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Past of Macroeconomics
• A 1936 book by John Maynard Keynes shifted economic research and macroeconomic thought into new and different directions
• the money supply tells us most of what we need to know about how policy is working
• there is a natural rate of unemployment
8
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
12
Copyright © 2002 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
The Future of Macroeconomics: Real Business Cycles?
• While real business cycle economists believe that prices can be rigid, they believe that this sluggishness of prices is not very relevant
The Future of Macroeconomics: Real Business Cycles?
宏观经济学PPT课件
固定资产投资是用来增加新厂 房、新机械设备、新住房的支出。 存货投资是指厂商持有的存货 价值的变动。存货投资可能是正 值，也可能是负值 。 计入GDP中的投资是指总投资， 即重置投资与净投资之和 。
政府购买（G）
政府购买(Government Purchase，G)，是指各级政府 购买物品和劳务的支出，它包括政府购买军火、军 队和警察的服务、政府机关办公用品与办公设施、 举办诸如道路等公共工程、开办学校和政府雇员的 薪金等方面的支出。
个人可支配收入(Personal Disposable Income， PDI)是一国在一定时期内所有常住单位的家庭或 个人能够自由支配的收入。个人收入扣除个人所 得税，余下部分才能由个人支配。因此，个人可 支配收入表示为： 个人可支配收入＝个人消费－个人所得税
国民生产总值——国民生产净值——国民收入—— 个人收入——个人可支配收入
4、企业转移支付及企业间接税 企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的社会慈善捐款 和消费者呆帐。 企业间接税是企业向政府缴纳的销售税、货物税、 周转税等税款。
5、资本折旧 资本折旧虽不是要素收入，但包括在总投资中， 也应该计入国内生产总值。
6、非公司业主收入 合伙企业或个人经济企业的收入。
7、公司税前利润 它包括公司所得税、社会保险税、股东红利及公 司未分配利润等。
6万单位×20美元＝120万美 元
220万美元
实际增长了[（220－150）/150＝46.7%]
名义增长了[(340－150)/150＝126.7%]
GDP平减指数
名义GDP 实际GDP
第二节 国民收入核算中的其他指标
一、 其他指标的含义
在国民收入核算体系中，除了国内生产总值以外， 还有国民生产总值、国民生产净值、国民收入 （狭义）、个人收入以及个人可支配收入等相关 概念。
政府购买（G）
政府购买(Government Purchase，G)，是指各级政府 购买物品和劳务的支出，它包括政府购买军火、军 队和警察的服务、政府机关办公用品与办公设施、 举办诸如道路等公共工程、开办学校和政府雇员的 薪金等方面的支出。
个人可支配收入(Personal Disposable Income， PDI)是一国在一定时期内所有常住单位的家庭或 个人能够自由支配的收入。个人收入扣除个人所 得税，余下部分才能由个人支配。因此，个人可 支配收入表示为： 个人可支配收入＝个人消费－个人所得税
国民生产总值——国民生产净值——国民收入—— 个人收入——个人可支配收入
4、企业转移支付及企业间接税 企业转移支付包括对非营利组织的社会慈善捐款 和消费者呆帐。 企业间接税是企业向政府缴纳的销售税、货物税、 周转税等税款。
5、资本折旧 资本折旧虽不是要素收入，但包括在总投资中， 也应该计入国内生产总值。
6、非公司业主收入 合伙企业或个人经济企业的收入。
7、公司税前利润 它包括公司所得税、社会保险税、股东红利及公 司未分配利润等。
6万单位×20美元＝120万美 元
220万美元
实际增长了[（220－150）/150＝46.7%]
名义增长了[(340－150)/150＝126.7%]
GDP平减指数
名义GDP 实际GDP
第二节 国民收入核算中的其他指标
一、 其他指标的含义
在国民收入核算体系中，除了国内生产总值以外， 还有国民生产总值、国民生产净值、国民收入 （狭义）、个人收入以及个人可支配收入等相关 概念。
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
货币政策与财政政策协调配合
政策目标一致性
货币政策和财政政策应共同致力 于实现经济增长、物价稳定、充 分就业和国际收支平衡等宏观经
济目标。
政策工具互补性
货币政策和财政政策具有不同的调 节机制和工具，可以相互补充，形 成政策合力。
政策实施协调性
在制定和实施货币政策和财政政策 时，应加强沟通和协调，避免政策 冲突和相互抵消。
高水平对外开放
在双循环新发展格局下，中国经济将更加注重高水平对外开放，积极参 与全球经济治理和公共产品供给，推动构建人类命运共同体。
绿色低碳发展路径选择
1 2
能源结构调整 推动能源消费革命和供给革命，加快构建清洁低 碳、安全高效的能源体系，降低碳排放强度。
产业绿色转型 加快传统产业绿色化改造和新兴绿色产业发展， 推动产业结构优化升级，构建绿色产业体系。
03
失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业率计算及类型划分
失业率计算
失业率 = 失业人数 / 劳动力总数 × 100%。其中，失业人数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力、愿意工 作但目前没有工作的人数；劳动力总数指在一定年龄范围内，有劳动能力的人数。
收入法
也称分配法，是从生产过程创造收入 的角度，根据生产要素在生产过程中 应得的收入份额以及因从事生产活动 向政府支付的份额的角度来反映最终 成果的一种计算方法。
经济增长率计算及分析
01
02
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经济增长率的计算
通常采用GDP或人均GDP 的年均增长速度来衡量。
经济增长的源泉
包括资本积生态文明建设和环境保护工作，完善生态文 明制度体系，推动经济社会全面绿色转型。
【精品PPT】曼昆--《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
Billions
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
$12,000
$10,000 $8,000 $6,000
真实GDP(基
年是2000年)
$4,000 $2,000
名义GDP
$0 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
34
23.4.2 GDP平减指数
• GDP平减指数是对总体价格水平的衡量 • 定义:
西方经济学（宏观）
曼昆 《经济学原理》宏观经济学分册第六版
一、什么是宏观经济学？
• 宏观经济学（macroeconomics）：研究总体经济变量 的经济学。
• 宏观经济学的主要研究对象：
– 经济增长（economic growth） – 失业（unemployment） – 通货膨胀（inflation） – 国际收支与汇率(balance of payments and exchange rate)
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
最终物品：为终端使用者所准备 中间物品：生产其他物品的一种组成成份或要素 GDP只包括最终产品—生产过程中使用的中间物 品的价值已经包含在最终物品的价值中
一国收入的衡量
15
国内生产总值 (GDP)：
在某一既定时期一个国家内生产的所有最终物品和劳 务的市场价值
微观经济学与宏观经济学之间的联系（ Linkage ）
微观经济学是宏观经济分析的基础（ Foundation ）
经济作为一个整体的行为（宏观）是以构成经济的个别单位（微观）的行 为为基础的。微观经济学关心资源配置(The allocation of resources)；宏观 经济学关心资源利用(The utilization of resources)。
宏观经济学英文PPT课件
Macro Economics
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
Gross Domestic Product
In this chapter, look for the answers to these questions:
What is Gross Domestic Product (GDP)?
How is GDP related to a nation’s total income and spending?
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) measures total income of everyone in the economy. GDP also measures total expenditure on the economy’s output of g&s.
For the economy as a whole, income equals expenditure, because
Macroeconomics: The study of the economy as a whole.
We begin our study of macroeconomics with the country’s total income and expenditure.
Income and Expenditure
Intermediate goods: used as components or ingredients in the production of other goods
GDP only includes final goods – they already embody the value of the intermediate goods used in their production.
宏观经济学01
• i = s（总需求 = 总供给）经济增长均衡 • i < s（总需求 < 总供给）经济增长收缩 • i > s（总需求 > 总供给）经济增长扩张
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学01
2、三部门的收入构成
• 三部门包括政府部门。
• 支出方面：Y=C+I+G=消费＋投资＋政府购买
政府转移支付不在内，因为政府的转移支付给 予后，还是用于消费和投资，主要是消费了。
• 又称最终产品法（final product approach）。
• 基本原则是从最终产品的使用出发，把一年内购 买的各项最终产品支出加总，计算该年内生产的 产品和劳务的市场价值。
• GDP＝C＋I＋G＋X－M
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学01
1）消费：C
• 消费（consumption）：即居民支出，一般占 到GDP一半以上。
• 收入方面：Y=C+S+T，T是净税收=全部税金－ 转移支付。
居民要交纳税收，又要得到政府的转移支付。
所以： C+I+G = Y= C+S+T，
即 I+G = S+T ， I= S+（T-G）,（T-G）为 政府储蓄
• 租金：出租土地、房屋等租赁收入；专利、版 权等收入。
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学01
2）非公司企业主收入
• 主要指自办业务的医生、律师、农民和小商贩的收 入，类似于中国的个体户收入。
• 利用自己的资金，自我雇佣，工资、利息、利润和 租金常混在一起，无法区分。
PPT文档演模板
宏观经济学01
3）厂商收入
A.去年生产今年售出的一辆小汽车
宏观经济学ppt课件完整版
一、国内生产总值的定义
•
定义：在某一既定时期一国之内生
产的所有最终产品和劳务市场价值总
和。
•
上述定义包括以下几方面规定：
•
第一，“一国之内…”。GDP按国
土原则计算
•
GDP以领土为统计范围，强调无
论劳动力和其它生产要素是属于本
国、还是外国，只要是在本国领土
生产的产品和劳务的价值都计入本
国的GDP。，
企业家愿意提供的产品越多。
•
—— 供给定理
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（2）经济理论的图形表达
P
S
O
Q
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（3）经济理论的数学表达
•
•
•
•
用函数的形式表达供给定理，该理
论可以表示为：
Q
= f（P）
供给量
价格
函数
上式表示供给量是价格的函数。
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（4）著名的经济学模型 ：供求模型
•
例如，猪肉的需求函数：
•
Qd = D（P、Y）
流量而不是存量，通常以年度或季
度为单位度量。
存量 VS .流量
•
存量：
在某一时点上存在的数量。
（洗脸盆中的水，你书架上的书和
你储蓄账户上的货币量也是存量。）
•
流量：
在一定时期发生的量。
（打开的水龙头流到洗脸盆中的水。
我们在一个月里买的书和我们在一个
月里赚到的收入也是流量。）
存量 VS .流量
•
化等。
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值得研究的问题：
•
（1）为什么会有经济增长？决定因
素是什么？
•
（2）如何准确测量经济增长的速度
和成本，经济增长如何维持？如何实
曼昆《经济学原理》(宏观经济学分册)英文原版PPT课件
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • GDP includes all items produced in the economy and sold legally n markets. • What Is Not Counted in GDP?
– Every transaction has a buyer and a seller. – Every dollar of spending by some buyer is a dollar of income for some seller.
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Y = C + I + G + NX
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
THE COMPONENTS OF GDP • Consumption (C):
• The spending by households on goods and services, with the exception of purchases of new housing. • Investment (I):
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
© 2007 Thomson South-Western
Table 2 Real and Nominal GDP
• “. . . Final . . .” – It records only the value of final goods, not intermediate goods (the value is counted only once).
宏观经济学 麦克 帕金版本 英文ppt
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows these numbers for the United States and China. It also shows the numbers for Brazil. What determines these patterns of production? How do choices end up determining the quantity of each item produced in the United States and around the world?
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
Self-Interest You make choices that are in your self-interest—choices that you think are best for you. Social Interest Choices that are best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest. Social interest has two dimensions: Efficiency Equity
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Definition of Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and entire societies make as they cope with scarcity and the incentives that influence those choices. Economics divides in to main parts: Microeconomics Macroeconomics
Two Big Economic Questions
Figure 1.1 shows these numbers for the United States and China. It also shows the numbers for Brazil. What determines these patterns of production? How do choices end up determining the quantity of each item produced in the United States and around the world?
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Two Big Economic Questions
Self-Interest You make choices that are in your self-interest—choices that you think are best for you. Social Interest Choices that are best for society as a whole are said to be in the social interest. Social interest has two dimensions: Efficiency Equity
© 2012 Pearson Addison-Wesley
Definition of Economics
Economics is the social science that studies the choices that individuals, businesses, governments, and entire societies make as they cope with scarcity and the incentives that influence those choices. Economics divides in to main parts: Microeconomics Macroeconomics
宏观经济学英文课件
slide 2
Important issues in macroeconomics
▪ What is the government budget deficit?
How does it affect the economy?
▪ Why does the U.S. have such a huge trade
and aggregate income.
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 15
Digression: Functional notation
▪ General functional notation shows only
that the variables are related:
even when the economy is booming?
▪ Why are there recessions?
Can the government do anything to combat recessions? Should it??
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
D
Q
Quantity of cars
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
deficit?
▪ Why are so many countries poor?
What policies might help them grow out of poverty?
CHAPTER 1 The Science of Macroeconomics
slide 3
U.S. Gross Domestic Product
宏观经济学电子课件(完整版)pptx
资本市场的定义、功能与工具
• 促进经济结构调整和产业升级
资本市场的定义、功能与工具
工具 股票 债券
资本市场的定义、功能与工具
证券投资基金 金融衍生工具
货币市场与资本市场的互动关系
联系
都是金融市场的重要组成部分，共同构成完整的金融市场 体系。 两者在资金供求、利率变动等方面相互影响、相互制约。
探讨当前全球经济增长面临的挑 战，如人口老龄化、资源环境压 力等，并分析未来经济增长的可 能趋势和前景。
03
失业、通货膨胀与经济周期
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW
ERA
失业的定义、类型与原因
• 失业的定义：失业是指具有劳动能力的个体在积 极寻找工作的情况下，仍然无法获得就业机会的 现象。
失业的定义、类型与原因
摩擦性失业
由于劳动力市场供需双方信息不对称或匹配不当导致的短期失业。
结构性失业
由于经济结构变化、技术进步或产业结构调整等原因导致的长期失业。
失业的定义、类型与原因
• 周期性失业：由于经济周期波动导致的失业，与经济总需 求不足密切相关。
失业的定义、类型与原因
经济因素
经济增长放缓、产业结构调整、国际贸易冲击等 。
财政政策与货币政策的协调配合
政策配合的必要性
松紧搭配
政策时滞的考虑
政策力度的把握
财政政策与货币政策作为宏观 经济调控的两大手段，各自具 有不同的特点和作用机制。为 了实现宏观经济目标，需要二 者相互配合、协调一致。
根据经济形势的需要，采取“ 双松”（扩张性财政政策和扩 张性货币政策）或“双紧”（ 紧缩性财政政策和紧缩性货币 政策）的政策组合。
BIG DATA EMPOWERS TO CREATE A NEW ERA
全球视角宏观经济学课件.ppt
The careful identification of business cycle as a recurrent economic phenomenon.
The Great Depression A new theoretical framework to explain the Great Depression proposed by Keynes.
that stabilization policies were actually a major source of renewed instability. A “counterrevolution” began. Monetarism and it’s central idea. New classical macroeconomics: Lucas and Barro. Advocates of the real business-cycle theory.
The approach of Macroeconomics
The basic approach of Macroeconomics is to look at the overall trends in the economy.
Special summary measures of economic activity ---GNP, the saving rate, or the consumer price index--- give the “big picture” of changes and trends.
by macroeconomics Macroeconomics in historical
perspective Providing a broader framework for
The Great Depression A new theoretical framework to explain the Great Depression proposed by Keynes.
that stabilization policies were actually a major source of renewed instability. A “counterrevolution” began. Monetarism and it’s central idea. New classical macroeconomics: Lucas and Barro. Advocates of the real business-cycle theory.
The approach of Macroeconomics
The basic approach of Macroeconomics is to look at the overall trends in the economy.
Special summary measures of economic activity ---GNP, the saving rate, or the consumer price index--- give the “big picture” of changes and trends.
by macroeconomics Macroeconomics in historical
perspective Providing a broader framework for
宏观经济学PPT课件
• 宏观经济学以总体经济活动为对象，它必须 描绘社会经济活动的总图景，分析影响就业 与经济增长的总量以及相互关系。如
– 社会总供求、均衡的国民收入、总就业 量、物价水平、经济增长率等如何决定 ；总消费、总储蓄、总投资、货币供求 量、利息率、汇率等如何决定，以及它 们的相互依存关系。
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1.3 宏观经济学与微观经济学（1）
微观经济学
宏观经济学
理论依据 新古典经济学
凯恩斯主义经济学
基本假设 资源稀缺、充分就业 需求不足、存在失业
分析方法 个量分析
总量分析
分析对象 家庭、企业、市场 国民经济总体
研究中心 市场价格
国民收入
主要目标 个体利益最大
社会福利最大
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1.2 宏观经济变量
• 宏观经济学研究的宏观经济总量，可能 是个量相加得到的总和，如总消费是每 个消费者消费量的总和，总投资是每个 厂商投资的总和。也可能是个量的平均 量，如价格水平是各种商品价格的平均 数。
• 主要宏观经济变量包括，国民生产总值 ，国内生产总值，消费量，投资量，储 蓄率，货币存量，政府预算，失业率， 通货膨胀率，利率，汇率等等。
型） • 第五章 宏观经济政策分析 • 第六章 宏观经济政策实践 • 第七章 总需求—总供给模型（ AD - AS模型） • 第八章 失业与通货膨胀 • 第九章 国际经济的基本知识 • 第十章 国际经济部门的作用 • 第十一章 经济增长和经济周期理论 • 第十二章 宏观经济学在目前的争论和共识 • 第十三章 西方经济学在中国
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Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.3 The Method of Economics • Think about an example of bad causal inference leading
Chapter 1 The Scope and Method of Economics -- Is this about Money or What?!
• economics The study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided.
forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or decision. • scarce Limited -- Any choice we make entails forgoing
some other opportunity.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Principles of Macroeconomics (1 of 2)
Thirteenth Edition
Part 1
Introduction to Economics
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
the power of voluntary exchange)
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
To Learn a Way of Thinking (1 of 3)
Opportunity Cost • opportunity cost The best alternative that we MUST
Economics In Practice (1 of 4)
Rainfall and Schooling in India
Much of India is still rural and dependent on agriculture. When rains are plentiful, the opportunity cost of sending children to school—the loss in current agricultural output—increases. Using data from more than 2 million children ages 5–16 across rural India, economists find that an unusually high rainfall reduces school enrollments and thus lower math test scores.
Principles of Macroeconomics (2 of 2)
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
The Scope and Method of Economics
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
• The key word in the definition is choose. • Economics is a behavioral, or social, science. • Economics is the study of how people make choices.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AHale Waihona Puke l Rights Reserved
can learn from studying economics.
Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs • Understand how data can be graphically represented.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
to erroneous decision making. Identify the four main goals of economic policy.
1.4 Economic Skills and Economics as a Career • Describe economics as a career and the key skills you
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Why Study Economics? • Identify three key reasons to study economics. Think of
an example from your life in which understanding opportunity costs or the principle of efficient markets could make a difference in your decision making. 1.2 The Scope of Economics • Describe microeconomics, macroeconomics, and the diverse fields of economics.
Why Study Economics?
To Learn a Way of Thinking • Economics has three fundamental concepts:
– Opportunity Cost – Marginalism – Efficient Markets (”water always flows downhill” or
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives (2 of 2)
1.3 The Method of Economics • Think about an example of bad causal inference leading
Chapter 1 The Scope and Method of Economics -- Is this about Money or What?!
• economics The study of how individuals and societies choose to use the scarce resources that nature and previous generations have provided.
forgo, or give up, when we make a choice or decision. • scarce Limited -- Any choice we make entails forgoing
some other opportunity.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Principles of Macroeconomics (1 of 2)
Thirteenth Edition
Part 1
Introduction to Economics
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
the power of voluntary exchange)
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
To Learn a Way of Thinking (1 of 3)
Opportunity Cost • opportunity cost The best alternative that we MUST
Economics In Practice (1 of 4)
Rainfall and Schooling in India
Much of India is still rural and dependent on agriculture. When rains are plentiful, the opportunity cost of sending children to school—the loss in current agricultural output—increases. Using data from more than 2 million children ages 5–16 across rural India, economists find that an unusually high rainfall reduces school enrollments and thus lower math test scores.
Principles of Macroeconomics (2 of 2)
Thirteenth Edition
Chapter 1
The Scope and Method of Economics
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
• The key word in the definition is choose. • Economics is a behavioral, or social, science. • Economics is the study of how people make choices.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. AHale Waihona Puke l Rights Reserved
can learn from studying economics.
Appendix: How to Read and Understand Graphs • Understand how data can be graphically represented.
Copyright © 2020, 2016, 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved
to erroneous decision making. Identify the four main goals of economic policy.
1.4 Economic Skills and Economics as a Career • Describe economics as a career and the key skills you
Chapter Outline and Learning Objectives (1 of 2)
1.1 Why Study Economics? • Identify three key reasons to study economics. Think of
an example from your life in which understanding opportunity costs or the principle of efficient markets could make a difference in your decision making. 1.2 The Scope of Economics • Describe microeconomics, macroeconomics, and the diverse fields of economics.
Why Study Economics?
To Learn a Way of Thinking • Economics has three fundamental concepts:
– Opportunity Cost – Marginalism – Efficient Markets (”water always flows downhill” or