朗文英语听说教程unit 2
朗文英语unit2作文想着说思维导图My family and friends
Longman English worldUnit 2 My family and friends 一、Mind map二、Vocabulary三、Useful expressions1. This is my father.这是我的爸爸。
2.This is my mother.这是我的妈妈。
3.This is Emma. She is my classmate. 这是Emma。
她是我的同学。
4.This is Paul. He is my classmate.这是Paul. 他是我的同学。
5.This is Nancy. She is my sister.这是Nancy。
她是我的妹妹。
6.I am six years old.我6岁了。
7.I am in class 1B.我在1B班。
8.She is in class 1B.她在1B班。
9.Kelly and Sunny are classmates. Kelly 和Sunny 是同学。
10.Kelly ‘s brother is Tim.Kelly 的哥哥是Tim.11.Kelly is nice.Kelly 很好。
12.Kelly is pretty.Kelly 很漂亮。
13.My name is Kelly.我的名字是Kelly.14.Tim is in my school too.Tim 也在我的学校上学。
15.He is in form 2.他是第2排的。
16.This is my brother.这是我的哥哥。
17.This is my sister.这是我的妹妹。
18.This is my cousin.这是我的表兄。
19.This is my friend.这是我的朋友。
20.This is my grandmother.这是我的奶奶。
21.This is my grandfather.这是我的爷爷。
22.I am seven years old.我7岁了。
英语听力教程(第2册)Unit 2 听力原文
Unit 2 听力原文PartⅠBH—House agent W—Woman M—ManH: …right, if you’d just come this way.W: Thank you.M: Yes.H: Er…on the right here we have the…er…the bathroom, which as you can see is fully…fully fitted. If we just move forward now, we…er…come into the er…main … main bed-sitting room here. And…er…on the left here are dining room table and chairs.W: Oh yes.M: Yes.H: And er…straight ahead of us…um…foldaway double bed and mattress, which I think you’ll agree is quite a novel idea.M: Oh yes.H: And then…um…to…W: Behind the armchair.H: Yes, behind the armchair. To our right, um…in the corner there, a fitted wardrobe. And another one on my left here.W: On either side of the bed?H: Yes, that’s right. That’s right, so you can put all you…er…night attire or what … whatever jyou like in here.M: Yes, that’s good.H: (facing the door) Then, there…the…we have the sofa here…er…in front of the…um…the window.M: Oh, yes.H: Er…so there’s plenty of light coming through into the room and as you can see there’s a nice view through the windows there.W: No curtains, though.H: No curtains, but we’ve got roller blinds.W: Oh.H: Yes, they’re nice and straight forward. No problems about that—don’t have to wash them of course. And…um…on the left of the…er…sofa there, you can see nice coffee tables.H: If…if we move straight a … straight ahead, actually, into the …er… the kitchen you can see that um…on my left here we’ve got a washing machine, tumble dryer and …um…electric cooker…W: Oh yes.M: Mmm.H: All as you can see to the most modern designs. And there um…on the other side of the kitchen…um…refrigerator there in the…in the corner.M: Oh yeah, yes.W: Oh, what a nice little cubbyhole! Yes, very neat.H: Yes. Well…um… I don’t know whether you’ve got any questions. That’s it of course.W: Well, could…could we perhaps see the bathroom, because we…we didn’t see that?H: OK, yes, yes, Let’s…um…let’s go on out of here and…um…end up in the bathroom…CD—Dave R—RandallD: Hi Randall. (Hi.) Come on in.R: Uh, yeah, I stopped by to see if you were still looking for a roommate to share your house.D: Yep. I sure am. Ever since I cut back on my working hours to go to school, I’ve been really strapped for cash.R: Oh.D: Hey, let me show you the place. Uh, here’s the living room.R: Oh. It looks like you could use a new carpet…and those stains?D: Well, I’ve had a few problems with some former roommates. I know it needs to be cleaned, but I just don’t have the money to do it right now.R: Oh. And what about the kitchen?D: Right this way. Look. It’s completely furnished with all the latest appliances, except…R: What?D: Well, the refrigerator door is broken…a little bit…and it won’t shut all the way. It needs fixing, but don’t worry. I’ve just impoversihed by pushing a box against it to keep it shut.R: Hmm. Great.D: Ah. It isn’t that bad.R: Well how about the bathroom?D: Well…R: No, no. Don’t tell me. The toilet is clogged or the sink has a few leaks.D: No, those work fine, but, uh, the tile in the shower needs to be replaces, and the window needs fixing.R: Let me see. The tile…what? The window? Where’s the window pane?D: Well, that’s another slight problem. I’ve put up a piece of cardboard to keep out the (Hmmm) rain and snow, and if it gets a little cold, you can always turn up the heat. Well, you used to until the central heating went out. (Oh, boy.)R: Hey, I think I’ve seen enough. I can’t believe you’ve survived under these conditions.D: So what do you think? You really can’t beat a place like this for $450 a month. So it has its problems, but we can fix those.R: Uh, no thank you. I think I’ve seen enough.Part Ⅱ1. My dream house would be a canal boat. I’d like to wake up every morning and see the water. Erm, I’d paint it bright red, and it would have a little roof-garden for all my pot-plants.2. My ideal house would be modern, ermm, it would be made of bricks, and it would have white pillars outside the front door, and it would be detached…on yes, it would have a garage.3. My ideal home would be to live in a cottage in a small village by the sea. Er, somewhere like Cornwall, so it’s unspoilt and there are cliffs and trees around.4. I think if I could have any sort of house, I’d like one of those white-walled villas in Spain. (It’d) Be marvelous to be able to just fall out of bed and into the sea first thing in the morning. (It’d) Be absolutely great. All that heat. Marvelous.5. I’ve always wanted to live in a really big house in the country, a big family house with, er…at least two hundred years old, I think, with a big garden, and best of all I’d like to have a dry-stonewall around the garden. I’ve always lived dry-stone walls.6. D’you know, I may sound daft but what I’ve always wanted to do is live somewhere totally isolated, preferably somewhere enormous like a castle or something, you know, right out in…by the sea or even sort of in a little island, on an island, you know, out at sea, where you have to get there by a boat or something, where it’s cut off at high tide. I think it’d be really great. Questions1. According to the first speaker, in what color would her dream house be painted?2. Where would she put all her pot-plants?3. In the second speaker’s opinion, what would there be outside the front door of his ideal house?4. What would there be around the third speaker’s ideal home?5. When the fourth speaker got up in the morning, what would he do first?6. What is Spain famous for?7. According to the fifth speaker, what would she like to have around the garden of her dream house?8. How should one get to the last speaker’s ideal house?Part ⅢW—Wendy Stott H—House ownerW: Oh hello. (Hello.) My name’s Wendy Scott. Did the estate agent ring you and tell you I was coming?H: Oh yes, yes I was expecting you. Do come in. (Thank you.) Have you had the particulars and everything? Did the estate agent give you, you know, all the details?W: Oh yes. Yes I have, and I was rather interested; that was why I came round this afternoon. You seem to have decorated quite recently…H: Yes, oh, yes, it was decorated last year. Now this is the … this is the kitchen.W: Yes…er… What kitchen equipment are you leaving behind or are you going to take it all?H: Well, you know it rather depends on what I end up buying. I’ve got something in mind at the moment but as you know these things can take ages (Yes.) but the place I’m going to has no gas so I’ll probably be leaving this stove, this oven here.W: Is it…is it quite new? Have you had it long?H: Oh, no, not long. It’s about five or six years old. (I see.) I’ve found it very reliable but I shall be taking that fridge but you can see everything else. It’s a fully fitted kitchen.W: Yes, what about the dishwasher…um…is that a dishwasher under the sink?H: No, no, that’s a washing machine, I shall be taking that, yes, I will but there is plumbing for a washing machine. (Right.)W: Is the gas cooker the only gas appliance you’ve got?H: No, no, there is a gas fire but I don’t use it very much; it’s in the main room, the lounge.W: Oh. Right. That seems fine.H: Well, then across here if you’d like to come in with me, this is the sitting room. (Oh. Yes.) Well you can see for yourself it is really.W: Oh I like the windows, right down to the floor, that’s really nice…H: Yes, yes, they are nice. It’s got a very pleasant view and there’s a balcony you can sit out on in the summer. (Yes, it’s a nice view.) Yes, it is nice. Now then across here this is the smallest bedroom; (Yes.) there are three rooms, this is the smallest and it’s no more really than a box room but of course you can get a bed in.W: You could make it into a study. It would be more useful I think.H: Yes, well I think somebody else has got this room as a study. Then this…this is the second bedroom. (Yes.) As you can see it’s got a fitted cupboard and those shelves there they are also fitted.W: Have you got an airing cupboard anywhere?H: Oh. Yes, there’s one in the bathroom. I’ll show you that in a moment. (Oh right.) Now this is the third bedroom, this is the largest bedroom. (Oh.) Of course it’s got the wash basin, double fitted cupboard, plenty of space really, there, (Very nice.) and of course this room does take the double bed. Now…um…this is the bathroom. There’s the airing cupboard. (Is that the airing cupboard?) Yes, that’s right. It’s nice and warm in there; it’s rather small but I mean it is adequate, you know, and of course there is…there is the shower.W: Is that, did you put that in yourself or was it in with the flat?H: Oh, no. No that was in when the flat was built.W: Is it quite reliable? (Oh yes.) because I’ve had problems with a shower recently? (Yes, no I’ve never had problems with that. No. It’s really good.) Is it gas heated at the water point?H: No, that is electric. (Ah.)Statements:1. Wendy Stott knows nothing about the flat before she comes to have a look at it.2. The flat was decorated five or six years ago.3. The house owner has used the oven and the stove for about five or six years.4. The windows in the largest bedroom are right down to the floor.5. There is a balcony in the sitting-room.Part ⅥInterviewer: how important are property prices in the economy?Roy: In the UK, most people invest most of their money in their house. So property prices are extremely important.Interviewer: Mmm. What’s you view on the UK property market? Do you think prices are too high?Roy: Well, in recent years, prices have gone up…ten to twenty percent a year, um…in some years even more. But inflation has been just two or three percent a year. So I think it’s clear that, um…the bloom has to end.Interviewer: Mmm. The last property market crash, in the UK, was in the late 1980s, and it put the UK economy into a recession. Do you think the same thing will happen again.Roy: I don’t think prices will crash. The…the economic situation was different in the late 80s…interest rates rose quite fast just before property prices fell. Today the Bank of England is much more careful with… with changes in interest rates. The other important difference, I think, is that then unemployment was quite high. Today, it’s very low—about five percent. So I don’t think prices will crash, but it is possible they’ll fall a little. Or stay at the same level for a few years.Interviewer: Banks have lent people a lot of money in recent years. People have got big mortgages. Do you think there’ll be a problem? Will people have less money to spend in the future?Roy: Oh, certainly. Because the loan haven’t just been mortgages — people have also borrowed money to spend in the shops. So far, that’s helped the economy, because spending has been high. But at the end of the day, people will have to pay the money back. So I think we’ll see lowerconsumer spending over the next few years.PartⅤApartment manager: well, hi, Mr. Brown. How’s your apartment working out for you?Tenant: Well Mr. Nelson. That’s what I would like to talk to you about. (What?) Well, I want to talk to you about that noise! (Oh) You see. Would you mind talking to the tenant in 4B and ask him to keep his music down, especially after 10:00 o’clock at night?Apartment Manager: Ohhh. Who me?Tenant: Why yes. The music is blaring almost every night, and it should be your job as manager to take care of these things.Apartment Manager: Hey, I just collect the rent. Besides, the man living there is the owner’s son, and he’s a walking refrigerator. (Well . . .) Hey, I’ll see what I can do. Anything else?Tenant: Well, yes. Could you talk to the owners of the property next door about the pungent odor drifting this way.Apartment Manager: Well, the area is zoned for agricultural and livestock use, so there’s nothing much I can do about that.Tenant: Well, what about the . . . . That, that noise.Apartment Manager: What noise? I don’t hear anything.Tenant: There, there it is again.Apartment Manager: What noise?Tenant: That noise.Apartment Manager: Oh, that noise. I guess the military has resumed its exercises on the artillery range.Tenant: You have to be kidding. Can’t anything be done about it?Apartment Manager: Why certainly. I’ve protested this activity, and these weekly (Weekly!) activities should cease . . . within the next three to five years.Tenant: Hey, you never told me about these problems before I signed the rental agreement.。
朗文英语听说教程答案
朗文英语听说教程（一）Quiz Unit1HappinessWhat did psychologists want to find out?1.a.Which people are happy b.What makes people happy c.How people def ine happinessHow do happy people feel about their lives?2.a.They like everything. b.They want to change. c.They are satisfied.Why are happy people optimistic?3.a.They have few problems. b.They don’t worry much. c.They have negative attitudes.What factor is most important for happiness?4.a.Good relationships b.A successful career c.A lot of money5.Describe how psychologists learned what makes people happy.Psychologists asked hundreds of people how happy they are.Then they asked questi ons to find out about their personalities.They looked at the differences between ha ppy people and unhappy people.6.What three personality factors do happy people have?Happy people are satisfied with themselves.They are also optimistic about their pro blems.In addition,they have good relationships with their friends and family.Unit2New Kinds of Food(1’:50”)What is genetically modified food?1.a.Fresh food b.Dangerous food c.Altered foodWhat genetically modified fruit did the speaker mention?2.a.Strawberries b.Apples c.BananasWhat is a benefit of genetically modified food?3.a.It needs fewer pesticides. b.It grows in less space. c.It dominates the env ironment.What is a risk of genetically modified food?4.a.It may stay fresh longer. b.It may be more expensive. c.It may be harmf ul to people.5.What are three benefits of genetically modified food?Genetically modified food needs fewer pesticides.Genetically modified food/plants gr ow better than normal.In addition,they stay fresh longer after they are harvested.6.What are three risks of genetically modified food?Genetically modified food/plants may dominate other plants in the environment.Als o,they might hurt wild animals and insects.They might even hurt the people who eat them.Unit3Public Art(2’:02”)What is public art?1.a.Art in museums b.Art in people’s houses c.Art in public placesWhat sculpture is an example of realistic art?2.a.Spoonbridge and Cherry(spoon and cherry) b.Non-Violence(gun in knot)c.Peace(woman on horse)What concept do two of the sculptures in the lecture symbolize?3.a.Public art b.Surrealism c.PeaceWhat is the main purpose of public art?4.a.To make people go to museums b.To make artists more popularc.To make public places more beautiful5.What is pop art?Give an example.Pop art shows things people see in their everyday lives.Spoonbridge and Cherry,the sculpture of a large spoon with a cherry,is an example of pop art.6.What is surrealistic art?Give an example.Surrealistic art shows things that are strange or impossible.Non-Violence,the sculptur e of a gun tied in a knot,is an example of surrealistic art.Unit4Journey to AntarcticaWhen did Shackleton and his crew make their journey?1.a.From1912to1914 b.From1914to1916 c.From1916to1918Where did Shackleton and five men go for help?2.a.South Georgia Island b.Elephant Island c.ArgentinaWhat finally happened to Shacklenton and his crew?3.a.Everyone died. b.Some were rescued. c.Everyone was rescued.What finally happened to the Endurance?4.a.It reached America. b.It sank near Antarctica. c.It returned to London.5.What was the goal of Shackleton’s Journey?Did he succeed?Shackleton’s goal was to be the first person to walk across Antarctica.He didn’t succeed.6.What did Shackleton and his crew eat when they were living on ice?First,they ate supplies from the ship.Then they hunted animals in the area.Finally, they killed and ate their dogs.Unit5Violence on Television(2’:11”)How much TV does the average American child watch?1.a.Three to four hours a day b.Three to four hours a week c.Thirty to for ty hours a weekWhat TV shoes have the most violent acts?2.a.Movies b.Cartoons c.The newsHow many violent acts does the average child see on television by age twelve?3.a.About1,000 b.About10,000 c.About100,000What did the two studies show? violence is linked to real violence. violence is not harmful for chil dren. violence is increasing in the United States.5.How did researchers study the immediate effects of TV violence on children?The researchers showed children a TV show of a child hitting and kicking a doll.Th en they left the children alone with a doll.The children hit and kicked the doll.Thi s study showed that children do what they see on TV.6.How did researchers study the long-term of TV violence on children?The researchers studied how much violent television some children watched at age eight.Then they studied the same children at age eighteen.The children who watched a lot of violence TV were more violent at age eighteen.Unit6Too Old to Learn?(2’:06”)What do animals learn new skills?1.a.Before the critical period b.During the critical period c.After the critical p eriodWhat must young kittens learn to do?2.a.See b.Eat c.MeowWhat must young songbirds learn to do?3.a.See b.Eat c.SingWhat changes after the critical period in humans?4.a.The ability to hear sounds b.The ability to pronounce sounds c.The size of the brain5.Define critical period.Give an example.The critical period is when an animal or human can learn a new skill.For example, in humans there is a critical period for language learning.6.What is difficult for adult language learners?Why?Adults find it difficult to pronounce sounds correctly.Therefore,they may never lear n to speak a new language with a native accentUnit 7 Are We Alone? (2’:15”)What is the SETI project looking for ?1. a. Intelligent beingsb. Other galaxiesc. Rocket shipsWhy do some scientists think there is intelligent life on other planets ?2. a. They have received signals from other planets.b. They have seen rockets from other planets.c. They believe other planets could support life.How does the SETI project look for life in other galaxies ?3. a. By sending out radio signalsb. By listening for radio signalsc. By sending out rocketsWhy does the STEI project look for radio signals ?4. a. Radio signals travel quickly and have a short range.b. Radio signals travel quickly and have a long range.c. Radio signals travel slowly and have a long range.5. How fast do radio signals travel? How long is needed for a radio signal to travel from the nearest galaxy to earth?Radio signals travel at the speed of light. A radio signal travels about four years from the nearest galaxy to earth.6. Why doesn’t the SETI project use rockets to look for intelligent life?Rocket ships are restricted to traveling in one direction. And they are much slower than radio signals.Unit8Do the Right Thing(1’:55”)What is the principle of common good?1.a.Do what is best for most people. b.Do what is best for everybody. c.Do what is best for yourself.What is the principle of individual rights?2.a.Take care of other people. b.Do what is best for yourself. c.Make your own decisions.Whose writings is the principle of individual rights based on?3.a.Aristotle b.Kant c.BenthamWhat ethical principle can be used to justify lying?4.a.The principle of individual rights b.The principle of individual good c.T he principle of common good5.Explain why the friend in the lecture wanted to lie to the dying woman.The friend thought spending a lot of money on an expensive funeral was a waste of money.He wanted to give the money to a school for homeless children.e an ethical principle to explain how the friend can justify lying to the dying woman.Following the principle of common good,the friend will help more peopl e if he gives the money to the school for homeless children.The only person he mi ght hurt is the dying woman.Unit 9 A Good Night’s SleepHow does the National Sleep Center learn about sleep ?1. a. From watching people sleepb. From surveys about sleep habitsc. From books about sleep habitsWhat is a cause of sleep deprivation ?2. a. Our modern lifestyleb. Feeling tiredc. Health problemsWhat is an effect of sleep deprivation ?3. a. Car accidentsb. Watching TVc. Family problemsWhat percentage of Americans feel sleepy when driving ?4. a. Seventeenb. Twentyc. Fifty5. How has technology affected our sleep habits?A hundred years ago, people didn’t stay up late because there was not much to do. However, today we can stay up late working, watching TV, or using the Internet.6. How does feeling sleepy affect people at work?When people are sleepy at work, they don’t think clearly and can make mistakes. These mistakes can cost a lot of money or cause accidents.Unit 10 Negotiating for SuccessWhat is one technique for successful negotiation ?1. a. Solving the problemb. Talking about feelingsc. Using “I”statementsWhy should you use I statements in a negotiation ?2. a. To explain your opinionb. To solve the problemc. To avoid blaming othersWhat often happens if you blame someone in a negotiation ?3. a. The person stops communicating.b. The person accepts the blame.c. The person solves the problem.What usually causes problems in a negotiation ?4. a. The issue in the negotiationb.People’s feelings about the negotiationc. The people in the negotiation5. Explain the example of conflict in the lecture. Who has a conflict? What is it about?Two co-workers have a conflict. They are working on a project together. One person isn’t finishing his work on time.6. Give an example of a statement blaming another person. Then rewrite the statement using an “I”statement.A statement blaming another person is “You aren’t doing your work, Joe.”An “I”statement is “I’m worried because the work isn’t done.”Unit11Risking ItWhat activity has a high perceived risk?1.a.Flying in an airplane b.Driving a car c.Riding a bicycleWhat is an example of a risk you can control?2.a.Being in an earthquake b.Driving a car c.Flying in an airplaneWhat is an example of a natural risk?3.a.Going out in the sunb.Living near a nuclear power plantc.Flying in an airplaneWhat is an example of an everyday risk?4.a.Being in an earthquake b.Flying in an airplane c.Walking down stairs5.Explain the difference between actual and perceived risk.Give an example.An actual risk is the real risk of being hurt or killed.A perceived risk is the risk peo ple feel.For example,some people feel that flying is more dangerous than driving. However,more people are killed in car accidents than in airplane accidents.6.Explain the difference between controlled and uncontrolled risk.Give an example.A controlled risk is a risk people can control.An uncontrolled risk is a risk they can’tcontrol.For example,people are in control when they are driving.However,the pil ot is in control when they are flying in an airplane.Unit12The Electronic BrainWhen was ENIAC built?1.a.From1943to1945 b.From1953to1955 c.From1963to1965Who designed ENIAC?2.a.The U.S.Army b.IBMc.Mauchly and EckertHow many calculations could ENIAC make per second?3.a.Five hundred b.Five thousand c.Five millionHow big was ENIAC?4.a.The size of an1,800-square-foot room b.The size of an2,500-square-foot r oom c.The size of an5,000-square-foot room5.Why was ENIAC built?During World War II,the U.S.Army was doing scientific projects.Women used addi ng machines to do the calculations by hand.However,this process was slow and th ere were errors.The army wanted a way to do faster and better calculations.6.Why did Mauchly and Eckert want to work on ENIAC?Mauchly was a physicist.He wanted to build a computer that could predict the wea ther.Eckert was an electrical engineering student.He liked to build complex electron ic machines.。
朗文英语听说教程二听力原文-Units 3.7.8.9
to help people.
I want to start the discussion by talking about a fairly common kind of
TEACHER:OK, that's not an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali?
STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just don't like them. When I see a big dog,
actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.
TEACHER:OK, that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those
examples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is anextremefear―a
very strong fear. For example, my brother, who's a successful artist, had
Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias
TEACHER:Good afternoon. Today we're g to turn to a new topic in
psychologyand start looking at some specific psychological problems. There
英语听说教程Unit2答案及文本(2020年整理).pdf
Unit2KeyGetting ReadyV ocabulary Building1.evolved2.accomplishment3.professional4.investigation5.moral6.regional7.enlightening8.variationspanion 10.rawListening & SpeakingPART AListening PracticeListening Task 11.F2.T3.T4.F5.F6.FListening Task 21.C2.A3.C4.D5.BLANGUAGE FOLLOW-UP1.下次有人跟你说“打扰你五分钟”的时候要多掂量掂量了——五分钟的损失可能超过你的想象。
2.传统上，薪酬体现了我们工作的价值。
3.在沃尔克教授的研究发现的基础上，有一个新的网站的建成，为人们提供计算时间价值的公式，建议人们如何安排时间。
4.访问该网站的客户可以通过输入薪酬、工作所在地以及工作性质算出自己单位时间的价值。
5.如果加上自己做饭需用的材料成本的话，还是叫外卖更划算。
PART BListening PracticeLISTENING TASK 11.B2.C3.B4.D5.ALISTENING TASK 2LANGUAGE FOLLOW-UP1.flavored2.portable3.isolation4.durable5.primitive6.absolutelymercial8.remote9.ceremonial 10.distinctionPART CListening PracticeLISTENING TASK 11.Money should not be used as the only yardstick for accomplishment, but it is so at present.2.They have been unable to create the comfort level that could enable them to do their workmore creatively.3.It lies not in the amount, but the sense of abundance that it brings to people.4.The failure to acknowledge the necessity of money and to create the correct thought patterns.5.They should remember that it is the misuse of money which is bad, not money itself.LISTENING TASK 2enemy, wisdom, educating, energy, task, necessity, error, failure, acknowledge, stuff, falls, mannerLANGUAGE FOLLOW-UP1.for2.for3.on4.with5.on6.in7.for8.throughTapescriptsPART ATime Is Money-- A News ReportPeople all know that time is money. But is it possible to figure out exactly how much it is？Recent research showed that hours and minutes could be calculated by pounds and pence. So think twice next time someone asks you for "five minutes of your time"—it could cost you more than you think. A British professor has developed a mathematical formula to help people find out exactly how much an hour of their time is worth. Professor Ian Walker of Warwick University investigated the value of time after a research showed that over 80 percent of respondents would buy more time if they could afford it. "Traditionally, wages or salaries have given an indication of how we are valued at work," Walker, an economics professor, said in a statement. "However, by looking at salaries against taxation, the cost of living and regional variation, we can see how much an hour of our time is worth whether at work or home." The formula could help in making decisions, such as whether to cook a meal or to get a takeaway, or whether to take public transport or a taxi. Based on Professor Walker's research findings, a new website was established providing people with the calculation formula and advice of how to arrange their time. Visitors can find out the value of an hour of their time by entering their salary, the region where they work and what kind of work they do. For example, for a professional working in London and earning 25,000 pounds a year, an hour would be worth 6.44 pounds, according to the website. Cooking dinner would cost 5.37 pounds, which means it will be cheaper to get a takeaway, once you add the cost of the raw materials needed to make it yourself. Brushing your teeth comes at 32 pence —perhaps hard to find someone to do it for you less. This research has also inspired John Fashanu, a former footballer and now TV presenter, establish his London company Q4U. If you are ready to pay 20 pounds an hour, you can hire someone to stand in line for you. However, perhaps you should calculate how much your hour is before you decide whether it is worth all the money.PART BHistory of Money——A TalkAristotle, the Greek philosopher, summed up the four chief qualities of money some 2,000 years ago. It must be lasting and easy to recognize, to divide and to carry about. In other words, it must be “durable, distinct, divisible and portable". When we think of money today, we pictureit either as round, flat pieces of metal which we call coins, or as printed paper notes. But there are still parts of the world today where coins and notes are of no use. They will buy nothing, and a traveler might suffer from hunger if he had none of the particular local "money" to exchange for food.Among isolated peoples, who are not often reached by traders from outside, commerce usually means barter. There is a direct exchange of goods. Perhaps it is fish for vegetables, meat for grain, or various kinds of food in exchange for pots, baskets or other manufactured goods.For this kind of simple trading, money is not needed. But there is often something that everyone wants and everybody can use, such as salt to flavor food, shells for ornaments, or iron and copper to make into tools and vessels. These things are still used as money in out-of-the-way parts of the world today.Salt may seem rather a strange substance to useas money, but in countries where the foodof the people is mainly vegetable, it is often an absolute necessity. Seashells have been used as money at some parts of the world. Iron in mass, bars or rings is still used in many countries instead of money.Nowadays, coins and notes have taken the place of nearly all the more picturesque forms of money. And although in one or two of the more remote countries people still save and store it for future use on ceremonial occasions such as weddings and funerals, example of primitive money will soon be found only in museums.PART CMoney-- A MonologueIt is true that money should never be used as the only yardstick for accomplishment, but itis useless to pretend that is not so. That may change in the future, but not for now. Money is the measure to be used as an exchange of energy. As always, the end result to strive for is balance. Those with the bucks must closely look at themselves to see where they are lacking, and in which direction their sense of moral values is headed. Those who are having problems with money and are psychologically enlightened must also seriously examine how they have been unable to create the comfort level that could enable them to do their work more creatively.People have all created their own reality on this issue, and it is a shame that those who are so evolved on the one hand are also those who are having the most difficulty with the concept of abundance for living.People have manifested the value of money on several occasions. They have faith that it will be there—and very often it is. The value of money does not lie in the amount, but the sense of abundance that it brings to people. If people could manifest money once, they can surely do it again. In fact, they have done it more than once in a period of their life when they were not nearly as developed as they are now.Money should not be regarded as the enemy, but as a companion on the road through life, to be used with wisdom and kindness and correct thinking. The problem is that this thinking is notbeing taught and educating children to the true value of money as an exchange of energy is a very important task. Money for the sake of money or used as a means of control, is unacceptable.Money is a necessity of life on Planet Earth. The error that has been made by many is the failure to acknowledge that necessity and the failure to create the thought patterns that will always produce the stuff when needed. Everyone falls between two possibilities: they are unable to create money in the normal manner nor can they create it through their thought patterns. Now is the time to learn—eally learn—how this can be done: A major attitude change is needed here. Think about it and BEGIN. Remember, it is the misuse of money which is bad ... not its creation.。
研究生英语朗文听说教程听力+答案
Unit 2 English: a global languageToday's topic is English as a global language. I know many of you who speak English as a second language,right? How about you, H~? Is English your first language?H:No. My first language is Japnese. English is my second language.And how about you, P~?P: English is my second language,too. My first language is Spanish.See, many of you use English as a second language, even as a global language to communicate with other people who speak English as a second language.Today I want to give you two cantrasting points of view on whether or not English is a global language. First is that English is obvious a glabal language, people who support this point of view believe English is the language of people all over the world used to communicate, and that it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is that English is not truely a global language because it is not the main language spoken by most people word wide. Suporters of this view say that even though many people speak some English world wide, English has not replaced other languages. They ackonwledge that people use English every day for many reasons, but this doesn't mean English is replacing other languages, not make English the main language spoken in the world.First,let's exam the first view. First of all, English is the dominated language of business, travel and sciences. When people need a common language, they often use English. Think about it, English is often used that touriest imformation setters, in international hotels, at airports. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you can't speak Italian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages. It is used at business meetings and international sports events. The European Union uses English along with French at its meetings. ACN, the Asian Trade Group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situation in which English is used as a common language?P: How about this class? All of us are listening to you in English.Absolutely, educational settings a great example. Any others?P:How about the chatroom on the internet? I sometimes go to chatroom, seems everyone uses English. Excellent example! The internet has creat a lot of international communities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use the internet know English. This helps to support the view English is a global language.The second major reason that people believe English is a global language is that it is the offical language of more than 75 countries. This means these countries use English in schools, banks, business and govenment. Of these 75 countries, English may be the only offical language of the country like in England, or English may be used along with other offical languages, like in Filipine, Singapore and India. In country like in India, where so many languages were spoken, you can see how using English as an offical language make it easier for people to communicate. The third reason to support the global arguement is that every year about 1 billion people study English. Why? Why are some of the reasons? P~,how about you?P: Well, now to study ,and some day, I want to be in the international business.That's a solid reason,How about you? A~?A: I'm not really sure. I just think it will help me in the future somehow.OK. There is more general reason. The point is people want and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities. To sum up, English is used everyday by many people. People all over the world coming contact with each other for many reasons. The need a common language, a languge to facilitate communication. Being proficient in English give someone an advantage in these situations.OK, I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety of situations. Nevertheless, does this mean that English is a global language? lets look at why some people don't believe English has replaced other languages.First, there are about 3 times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language as those who speak English as their first language. As in many coutries, where some people use English for work each day, they don't use Enlish anywhere else. Even in an English speaking country, there are millions of people who perfer to speak a language other than english at home with friends or at work.Second, I mentioned before,that 75 countries had English as their offcial language. This doesn't mean all or even most of the people in these countries can speak English. e.g, In India, most (s ) agree that only about 5% of the population speak English. That's a small persentage. Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an English speaker? People may learn some English for specific situation, such as the taxi driverd I mentioned ealier. However, I think you would all agree with me that a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like "where are you going" or "what is the name of your hotel" isn't really a proficient English speaker. Another example is, Airspeak, the English that is used by aircraft controll in pilots, a pilot from their lines or aircraft control need to know airspeak ,but they may only learn the words they need for these jobs ,and therefore they cannot be considered as English speakers. The point here is that people all over the world may use English for work or other situations, nevertheless, this doesn't mean they are fluent in English. They still use their first language for daily communication, English is not their main language. So, what does this all mean? I think it's safe to say that English will continue to be the main language used in many international settings because as I said earlier, people all over the world need a common language. And for now, English is that language. But English would replace other languages for most daily communication, and this to me is what a global language really is. One that replaces others for most everyday communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worry that as people use English more and more, their ability in their fist language will decline, I think people will use English along with other languages. We are moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people from non-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture including their first language, they may still want to learn English, but I don't see them to give up their own language for English. What do you think? I'm gonna stop there. I know that's a lot of imformation to digest. we'll continue talking about some of the diffrences in English words used in vary countries in Austrilia,Singapore and Filipine.Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobiasgood afternoon! Today we are going to turn to a new topic in psychology and start looking at some specific psychological problems. There are a variety of mental problems that can affect us in our daily lifes. some are serious, like a fear of cats, or of insects, others are more serious. Now, as a psychologist, we try to study this different problems and find ways to help people.I want to start the discussion by talking about faily very common psychological problem, a phobia. that's P-H-O-B-I-A. First, I'll explain what phobia is and then I'll talk about some theories on why people have phobias. As you probobly know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias? Oh,come on, you can tell me, I'm a psychologist. Yes, Monica.(M) I have a fear of swimming. I don't like to go near the ocean.Ok. That's not an usual phobia. Any one else?Ali?(A) I hate dogs. I mean I just unlike them. When I see a big dog, actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.OK. that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those examples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear, it is an extreme fear, a very strong fear. e.g, my brother, who is a sucessful artist, had computer phobia. he didn't simply dislike using computers, he used to have very strong fear of using them. Psychologist just come up with 3 characteristics of a phobia. People display these 3 characterisitics, if they have a phobia, not just a normal fear.Now, first, a phobia is not a rational response. It's a very strong reaction, too strong for the situation. for my brother, this meant he has very strong physical reaction if someone ask him to use a computer. he started shaking violated, had trouble breathing, once he even started choking. Physical recations like this are common.Second, a phobia often last for a long time, for months or even years. In my brother's case, it lasts several years.Third, the reaction is too strong for a person to control. e.g, even my brother told himself to not to be afraid of computer, it didn't help. He still felt very afraid. Usually, people avoid whatever it is they are afraid of. so, in my brother's case, he avioded using a computer. OK, so those are the 3 characteristics of phobias. It's an extreme unrational response, it's long-lasting,and it's uncontrollable.(M) so 'uncontrollable' means even you try to control it, you can't?yes, it means you can't control it by try to deny you fear of phobia. There are ways to treat phobias, and we will talk about it in a minute.Yes!(A) what happened to your brother, did he get over of it?Yes, he did. The main thing was that he decided that he wanted to get over it.and he was treated by a psychologist. now, he uses computers all the time.OK.let's spend a minute going over some classifications of phobias. Phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears. Greek or Latin are usually used to describe the fears. here are examples: Hypno, H-Y-P-N-O means sleep, so, fear of sleep is hypnophobia. cyno, C-Y-N-O means dog, so a fear of dog is cynophobia, right? Here is another example, aerophobia, listen to the first part, aero, what's the fear? aero, as in airplane, aerophobia is fear flying. Let turn out to the causes of phobias.One theory is that phobia is learned. This means something happens that causes someone or in a sence, teach someone to fear afraid. e.g, Ali ,could have learn to be afraid of dogs, if he was attacked or injured by a dog when he was a child. people can also learn phobias by watching how other people react. In fact, I just find that phobias tend to run in families. e.g, let's image that Ali's mother has always been afraid of dogs, whenever Ali and his mother were together and so a dog, his mother got very scared, very nervous, when Ali saw how his mother reacted, he would then gradually became very scared, too. He would then, have developed cynophobia from watching his mother. So you can see that there are two ways learning can be involved in phobias. So the 1st theory is that phobia is learned either by directed experiences or by watching thereactions of others. The 2nd theory says that a phobia is only a sign of a deeper problem. This means that the phobia isn't the whole problem. Let's take another example, I once treated a teenage who was very afraid of dark, he couldn't be in a dark room by himself, he was terrified to go outside at night, and so on. According to this theory, when he acted afraid of the dark, he was really showing his fear of sth else. In theopy he reviewed ,he was afraid of his father. His father was very strict when he was young, and once his father made him sit in a dark room when he did sth bad. According to this theory, his fear of dark was a sign of this deeper, real fear of his father. Yes, question.(A)so what did you do? did you talk to his father?Well, no, we couldn't do that. But recongnizing that he was really afraid of his father, and not the dark, was the key-step of the treatment. Now he is cured, no more fear of the dark. Ok,let's think about these 2 theories, and about the main difference between them.The 1st theory says that the phobia is the problem itself, right? And the 2nd theory says the phobia is a sign of deeper problem a person has. Why is the difference important? The most improtant in deciding how to treat the person.According to the 1st theory, if a phobia is learned, perhaps, it can be unlearned. A psychologist who follow this theory would try to teach someone to react differently to behave differently when he or she feels afraid. Changing the person's behavior is the goal. On the other hand, the psychologist who believes the 2nd theory may start by try to teach the person to react differently, but the doctor was interersted in more than that. The doctor's objective or goal is to help the patient reveal the deeper psychological problem because it will be easier to treat the phobia if the deeper problem is identified and work down as well. I want you to think for a minute, about the significance of having these 2 theories or any competing thoeries. What is it mean?I t tells us that phychologist like any scientist have to continue to do research to learn and to test treatments we believe to affect based on research. Treatments improve the more we learn.Unit 4:TV-What we watch?Good morning. Who watched TV last night? Ha, most of you. OK, today we're going to talk about an important part of the media-TV. Specifically, TV viewing and TV dramas. Now, first, I'll give you some background, then we'll discuss what make this type of programming -dramas so popular worldwide? OK, let's get started. Most of you would agree that watching TV is part of most people's lifes. Now, statistic varies on how much people watch TV, but research shows that quiet a few Americans on average exceed 6 hours of TV per day. An English professor name Ceceila Tichi has studied TV for many years. In her book "Electronic Hearth" creating an American television culture, she discusses how the TV has become the centre of activity at home. We walk to a room, turn on the TV, and suddenly, the outside world becomes less important. People use TV to tune out or forget about the outside world. We are safe to relax and join the world of the TV shows. Do you ever feel this way about TV? Yes, many of you are nodding. She also seem out culture has also defined by TV. Now, by this, she means that TV has a huge influence on our attitudes on what we like to eat, on what we like to wear or what we like to talk about. E.g., popular TV shows are discussed at work, at school, and coffee shops. We even children 4 or 5 years old do this with their favorite shows. This shows that we lived in a TV culture. Improved technology has contributed it further to our TV culture. Satellites services in particular have expanded the TV program in many parts of the world. There are now hundreds of TV channels people can watch, and the options continue to expand. Game shows, sports, news, talk shows, comedies, TV dramas, movies, man with cable and satellite, there are a lot of choices. Nielsen Media Research studiedpeople's TV viewer habits in the US. They monitor which shows are popular and with whom. e.g., popular shows have included the game show “Who want to be a Millionaire", and the reality TV show "Survivor", They were very very popular and watched by millions of people of all age groups. Now, all of this is really background. What I want to focus on today is one form of a popular TV show that is popular with many people of many age groups. This is TV dramas, specifically, TV dramas known as soap operas or in Spanish telenovelas. Some of you might be familiar with telenovelas. Telenovelas and soap opera in the US are similar, but have one big difference: the number of episodes they have. Telenovelas and TV series end after about 200 episodes, the story eventually ends. Soap operas in the U.S., however, continue day after day for many years and may never end. For example, the Guiding light has been on for more than 12,000 episodes and on it goes. Can you believe that more than 12,000 episodes? Soap operas started in the United States in 1959 with the show "the Guiding light". This TV shows were called soap operas because the main advertisers were companies that made soap. This type of programming is popular all over the world. Dozens of countries make their own soap opera shows. Mexican soap opera has been devoted the most popular TV show the year in countries such as Korea and Russia. Japanese soap operas are sent to Belgium. US soap operas are watched worldwide. The Lattern American soap opera "Betty low-fair" or "Betty the Ugly" was the huge success in the US. Brazilian telenovelas are the most widely distributed television shows in the world, and have been seen in more than 100 countries. And there are many other examples. What is it about this shows that make them popular everywhere? And why do people from very different cultures all enjoyed watching the same soap opera? Well, there are a couple of reasons. One reason suggested by Robert C. Allen who has done extensive research on television veiwing is that many soap opera deal with universal things that people all over the world understand. Themes are topics, e.g., family, love, personal struggle, money problems, marriage problems, health problems, job problems. Viewers did not need to know the culture in order to understand the family problems in the show. Now, according to E.Pillps, one of the creators of the "Guiding Light", another reason is that people identify with the characters. They feel the characters are just like them. To quote her from an interview, they, the soap operas, deal with life as we know it. Now by this, she means the family in soap operas deal with problems of everyday life. And so, as people watch everyday, day after day, a special bond or feeling develops between them and the TV family. The get to know the characters and their problems. The TV family's welfare becomes important. There is a sense of community of sharing a family. All of these things contribute to character loyalty. If any of you have watched the show regularly, you know what I mean. You watch it because you identify with the characters. Now, writers of TV shows understand that TV views want to have a group of characters to know and care about. As W.R, former exclusive producer of Generally Hospital, quoted it, the audiences want personal human connection, and when they get it ,they are devoted. This means they become very loyal to the TV characters they watch everyday. To give an interesting example from "as the World turns", some years back, the writers wanted to have to main character Bob Hughes get shot on a Friday, well, that Friday turned out to be Christmas Eve, the producer of the TV shows told the writers, " No,No,No, he can't be shot on this Friday's show. Do you know why?"Because it was too violent?"Well, no, not because it was too violent, but they didn't want him shot on the Friday before Christmas."Why? I mean, Why not?"Because the audience would worry all weekend about them, they want to know if he was alive or dead, and they would not enjoy Christmas. So, the writers had to change the story and have himshot after Christmas. I mean, the viewers really identified with these characters as if they were real people. Writers for evening TV also try to create character loyalty but not with continuing story. Instead, each week, the story begins and ends. However, each week, the same characters appear, and viewers watch because they know the characters and they care about them, like friends. A great example with this was the show “Sign field" there were four main characters, Jerry, Jodge, Crema and Len. They each had their own problems, their own personalities. Viewers got to know them and want to see what would happen to them. When you think about it, don't good writers usually do this? They develop our interesting in the characters, so they want us to keep reading, or keep watching TV. The next time you watch a soap opera, think about the things that make these shows so popular worldwide, think about as people want everyday, the get to know the characters and become a part of that TV community. OK, that's all for today, it's time for you to go home and watch some TV.Unit 5 : Learning differentlyHello, everyone! I think we can get started now. As we has studied in this class, there are many different ways of learning, and there are many different learning problems. Some people have problems with reading or math, or with expressing their ideas in words. Some people have memory problems, for example, they have difficulty remembering what they hear, or read. Other people have problems holding a pencil or pens till they can write. As educators, these are challenges that we need to understand, because everyone deserves education. And it's our job to promote learning. Today, I would like to talk about one common cause of learning problems-dyslexia. The term dyslexia that's D-Y-S-L-E-X-I-A, is from Greek. It means difficulty with words and language. In the first part of my talk, I briefly explain what dyslexia is and give you some general background about it. Then in the second part, I'll present one doctor's explanation of why people with dyslexia have learning difficulties. OK, what is dyslexia? Dyslexia means a difficult with reading or writing. Before about 1970, researchers thought dyslexia with a visual problem - a problem seeing letters and words correctly. But this theory was never confirmed to be true. Researchers have now concluded that the main problem may be the dyslexic having trouble matching sounds with letters in words because their brains work differently from other people's. That explains it. Every word is made up of sounds, right? And the sound units are called phoneme. Let's take the word 'cat', now some one has not dyslexia, will read the word cat, and be able to break it into the sounds, the phonemes,[k],[ai],[t], however, some one who has dyslexia, has trouble breaking down the word into sounds and that's the result- has trouble reading the word. There are other problems people with dyslexia may have. And not everyone with dyslexia has the same problem, that's why there is no definition of dyslexia that is accepted by everyone. We do know, however, that the dyslexic person's brain works differently from other people's. Here is a few examples of students with dyslexia and their learning problems. Anna knows the answer to a question, but says the wrong words. Toms, studies hard for spelling test, he can say how each word to spell, but he cannot write the words correctly on the test. Kert, tries to pay attention in class, but he has trouble sitting still and listening. He can't concentrate, and his teacher thinks he doesn't care about school. CEG has the trouble with the order things, such as the steps in the math problem, history lessons or even his own daily schedule. Susan has trouble following directions, she may confuse left and right. Yes, do you have a question? (Student:) I don't understand about the boy who can't stand still.The boy who can't concentrate in class?(Student:) Yes, I mean, how is that to dyslexia?Well, typicaly, the trial has trouble following spoken directions or understanding the step in a lesson. And so he becomes very nervous or upset, and can't concentrate. OK?(Student:)Oh. Okay, so the dyslexia prevencing(?) from concentrating?Right, these are some of the challenges for people with dyslexia. And as I said earlier, no two people have identical problems. Of course there are other reasons why a student may not pay attention in class, or have trouble reading, however, these are problems someone with dyslexia may have, because the dyslexic person's brain works differently from other people's. Another question, yes?(Student:) How common is dyslexia?It's estimated 10 percent of all school children are dyslexic.(Student) Waa, that's a lot. I heard that only a fact of boys, that's not true, isn't it? No, researchers have confirmed both genders can have dyslexia. Ok, so that gives you an idea of that problem. But what causes dyslexia? Researchers think there may be a genetic basis for dyslexia. There problem may inherited from their mother or their father. This is based on the fact about 85 percent of children with dyslexia have either mother or father who is dyslexic. What's interesting is well as challenge for us educator is that these kids generally score high on intelligence tests. But they usually can't read, write, or spell as the same level of their classmates. This can be a problem because other people, even their teachers often do believe that the kids are very intelligent. In addition, dyslexics often feel there are something wrong with them, because they cannot learn the same way others kids at school can. They often feel stressed and blame their selves especially when other people say they are lazy, and not trying. Many of them try very hard to learn, but still have trouble. In this part of the lecture, I present the work that Dr. Harry Levinson, a psychologist who was studding dyslexia for over 25 years. To help to understand dyslexia, he tells us to think about our brain as TV sets, and to think our part of brain to receive information as computer chips. Everyday, these chips, the parts of new brain, receive information, right? Now, this information enters into the brain, as signals as what we see or hear or touch and so on. Now, the job of these brain parts is to tune the signals to different channels in our brain. Your brain receives the signals just as your TV set at home does. Like you say, channel 5, or channel 6. Now, with these computer chips, our brain working, right? They can't receive signals correctly, nor can they tune in the correct channels. So the signals drift around and become unclear. And that's the signals drift, this causes problems. For example, the child's brain cannot receive the signals on the page as she reads, she has difficulty reading. If a child cannot tune in the signals he hears in class, he has difficulty understanding what the teacher tells him. If the signal drifts, this can also control energy levels- our ability to concentrate, our ability to distinguish what is important and unimportant. This is why some children have difficulty sitting still in class. the good news is, that after many years of research, Dr. Levinson and others have concluded that the brain can learn to fix the drifting. Children who received help often learn to deal with individual problems and do better in school. Naturally, it's best the school intervene and give help when the children are very young. It's also important the teachers, and you, future teachers be flexible about how you teach, and consider the different learning needs of students with dyslexia. In some special schools for dyslexic learners, the teachers read to the students. They don't require the students to read or write to learn. Teachers present lessons in a variety of ways, students can take tests orally rather than in writing and reading and writing are taught a separate skills. This approaches recognize that the students are very capable of learning but to be taught in a different way because the learn differently. This is a very positive step. So today I gave you some generalideas about what dyslexia is and what educators are doing to help these students learn. OK, well that's enough for today, we will talk more about this in the next class.unit 6 immigrationAll right, lets get started. US immigration is our topic today. I know many of you are immigrants, so you know something about this topic. As you may know by my last name, I have a German background. My parents immigrated to the US from Germany about 50 years ago. Yes, question?Does that mean you're immigrant?Well, no. My parents are immigrants. They came to the states from Germany, I'm the 1st generation German-American because I was born here. First, we'll talk briefly about immigration, the history of immigration to the US, and the story of diversity in the US. To immigrate means to move from one country to another, it's a permanent move. By contrast, if you go to live and work in France for 2 years, you don't immigrate there, you move there temporarily, because you plan to return to your country. So to immigrate means to move to another country to live there indefinitely. Immigration happens all over the word, most people do it to improve their economic or social situation. While I do now is give a brief knowledge about US immigration. Let's start with the colonial period, the 1st wave immigration in the 17th century. Most immigrants were from western Europe, although the spani arrived in 1513. The 1st permanent settlement in North America was when the British started in 1607 in J. T. J. People were not prohibited from immigration by the British, anyone could come. Life was difficult, and some people did not survive, but people felt it was worth to risk to have a better life in the colonial. The French, Spanish and Dutch also came, but in smaller numbers. I should also point out that about 20% of the population of this time was African-American. However, most were immigrants. They were brought from Africa as slaves. Today, we ? our discussion to voluntary immigration, to people who choose to come to the US. Now, by 1775, the US population had grown to about. 2.5 million, the country was growing fast, some thought too fast. So in the 1790s, laws were passed to control immigration for the first time. The Naturalization Act of 1798, required immigrants to live in the US for a certain number of years before they became citizens. The 2nd big wave of immigration happened between 1840 and 1920. During this wave, about 37 million people came to the US. The industry of revolution has begun in Europe causing a big shift from farming to factory jobs. Many left for the US, hoping to continue doing the farming job they knew . About 80% of these 2nd wave immigrants were from all over Europe. During this 2nd wave, Chinese workers also came to the US, mostly as contract workers. They were ranged or contracted to work for American company before they left home. Most of them worked in the gold mines of California and later builded rail roads, then laws were past in the 1880s to keep most contract workers out. Ellis, where are we? Ah, yes, 1891. In 1891, US congress created the INS, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, to control immigration. Any of you who want to immigrate to the US have heard the INS. Upon to 1891, each state had its own law and could decide which immigrants could enter. So no one really control the total number of people allowed in each year, after 1891, the Federal Government made the laws instead. A year later, in 1892, the INS opened Ellis Island in New York Harbor. Ships would go passed the statue of liberty, the symbol of a new life for many people and stopped at Ellis Island. Have any of you seen Ellis Island, or the statue of liberty? You have, EF?Yes, I have. The statue of liberty and Ellis Island.What did you think?Very impressive, interesting, too.Yes, it is interesting. Now the Ellis Island had been made into a museum. It's an important part。
朗文英语听说教程二听力原文_Unit_02
Unit 2 English: A Global Language?TEACHER: Today’s topic is English as a global language. I know many of you speak English as a second language, right? How about you, Hiroshi? Is English your first language?STUDENT l: No, my first language is Japanese. English is my second language.TEACHER: And how about you, Patricia?STUDENT 2: English is my second language, too. My first language is Spanish.TEACHER: See, many of you use English as a second language, even as a global language to communicate with other people who speak English as a second language. Today, I want to give you two contrasting points of view on whether or not English is a global language. The first is that English is obviously a global language. People who support this point of view believe English is the language people all over the world use to communicate, and that it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is that English is not truly a global language, because it is not the main language spoken by most people worldwide. Supporters of this view say that even though many people speak some English worldwide, English has not replaced other languages. They acknowledge that people use English every day, for many reasons, but this doesn’t mean English is replacing other languages, nor does it make English the main language spoken in the world.First, let’s examine the first view. First of all, English is the dominant language of business, travel, and science. When people need a common language, they often use English. Think about it. English is often used at tourist information centers, in international hotels, at airports. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you can’t speak Italian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages. It is used at business meetings and international sports events. The European Union uses English, along with French, at its meetings. . . . ASEAN, the Asian trade group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situations in which English is used as a common language?STUDENT 2: How about this class? All of us are listening to you in English.TEACHER: Absolutely. Educational settings are a great example. Any others?STUDENT 2: How about a chatroom on the Internet? I sometimes go to chatrooms and everyone is using English.TEACHER: Excellent example. The Internet has created a lot of international communities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use the Internet know English. This helps support the view that English is a global language.The second major reason that people believe English is a global language is that it is the official languageof more than seventy-five countries. This means these countries use English in schools, banks, business, and government. Of these seventy-five countries, English may be the only official language of the country, like in England, or English may be used along with other official languages, like in the Philippines, Singapore, and India. In countries like India, where so many languages are spoken, you can see how using English as an official language makes it easier for people to communicate.The third reason to support the global argument is that every year about 1 billion people study English. Why? What are some of the reasons? Hiroshi? How about you?STUDENT l: Well, now to study, and someday I want to be in international business.TEACHER: That’s a solid reason. How about you, Oksana?STUDENT 3: I’m not really sure. I just think it will help me in the future somehow.TEACHER: OK. There’s a more general reason. The point is, people want and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.To sum up, English is used every day by many people. People all over the world come in contact with each other for many reasons. They need a common language, a language to facilitate communication. Being proficient in English gives someone an advantage in these situations.OK. I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety of situations. Nevertheless, does this mean that English is a global language?Let’s look at why some people don’t believe English has replaced other languages. First, there are about three times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language as those who speak English as a first language. And in many countries where some people use English for work each day, they don’t use English anywhere else. Even in English-speaking countries, there are millions of people who prefer to speak a language other than English at home, with friends, or at work.Second, I mentioned before that seventy-five countries have English as their official language. This doesn’t mean all, or even most of the people in these countries can speak English. For example, in India, most sources agree that only about 5 percent of the population speaks English. That’s a small percentage!Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an English speaker? People may learn some English for specific situations, such as the taxi driver I mentioned earlier. However, I think you would all agree with me that a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like “Where are you going?”or “What is the name of your hotel?” isn’t really a proficient English speaker. Another example is Airspeak, the English that is used by air traffic controllers and pilots. A pilot for Japan Airlines or an air traffic controller in Paris needs to know Airspeak. But they may learn only the English words they need for these jobs, and therefore they can’t be considered English speakers.The point here is that people all over the world may use some English for work or other situations. Nevertheless, this doesn’t mean they are fluent in English. They still use their first language for daily communication. English is not their main language.So, what does this all mean? I think it’s safe to say that English will continue to be the main language used in many international settings because, as I said earlier, people all over the world need a common language. And, for now, English is that language.But, English won’t replace other languages for most daily communication and this, to me, is what a global language really is, one that replaces others for most everyday communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worry that as people use English more and more, their ability in their first language will decline. I think people will use English along with other languages. We are moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people from non-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture, including their first language. They may still want to learn English, but I don’t see them giving up their own language for English. What do you think?I’m going to stop there. I know that’s a lot of information to digest. We’ll continue talking about some of the differences in the English words used in various countries like Australia, Singapore, and the Philippines. That’s all for today. Come see me if you have any questions.。
朗文英语听说教程二听力 PDF
Unit1Slang:Talking CoolT EACHER:OK,let's get started...Today we're going to be looking at a really interesting phenomenon,slang.We'll be looking at where slang comes from,who uses it and why.We all use it more often than you might think—every day of our lives,in fact. And we use it for a reason.You know,most of us are fascinated with slang.We continually hear new words and phrases enter the language and replace old,and we see familiar words take on new meanings.We feel a need to keep in touch with these changes,to be aware of the latest street talk.Fact is,we love slang.But what is it exactly?What is slang?Anyone like to suggest a definition?S TUDENT1:Isn't it basically kind of casual talk?TEACHER:Can you say a bit more?STUDENT1:You know,the sort of words we use with friends...in relaxed situations. TEACHER:Good.You're pretty much there with your idea of casual language.We can say that slang is language that's found only in the very informal speech of particular groups of people.It can help to identify the communities,the groups of people,who use it.And this brings me to the first important point of the lecture—why people use slang.A lot of slang comes from not wanting to be understood by outsiders,people outside your circle.In other words,people exploit slang to give their group an identity,by making their language exclusive,or at least private.Through this private language,they can tease one another,enjoy shared experiences,and keep everyone else at a distance. All cultures contain groups or subcultures with different interests and priorities,and each group tries to establish a separate identity.They want people to know who they are, what they stand for—and slang helps to construct and cement that identity.We can say, then,that slang reflects the experiences,beliefs,and values of its speakers.Now let's look more closely at this relationship between slang and community,slang and identity.A nice example of this is,uh,student language,sometimes called "youth-speak."Young people use a lot of slang,and many of the words they use are used by both sexes,often metaphorically rather than literally.That is to say,the conventional meaning of the words change.For example,words that have traditionally had strong negative literal meanings that are used as insults have taken on,uh,gentler, and in many cases even positive meanings in conversation.We'll look at some examples later.Now,if you ask college students why they use slang,they'll tell you it's cool,and that's true in several different ways.First,it's cool because it's in style,in ing current slang shows that the speaker is in tune with the times...you know,that he or she knows what's in fashion and is pan of that fashion.Second,slang is cool in the sense of showing that the speaker is knowledgeable...the speaker is"in the know,"the speaker knows when slang is acceptable.People don't use slang all the time,only in situations and with people who accept the use of slang—a point I'll return to later.Research tells us that although young people often deny that they use slang intentionally,in fact they clearly choose whether or not to use it depending on the situation they're in.As we've already said,slang's typically used in informal rather than formal settings,and this is certainly true among college students: They usually avoid using it in the class-room or a work environment,for example. Anyone like to suggest why?S TUDENT1:People won't understand them.STUDENT2:Yeah,so it's like a waste of time.TEACHER:Well,that may be true,but it's not the main reason.They don't use it simply because it could make them look bad.And everyone hates looking bad,right?So,to review,we've said that students use slang only in certain situations.But they also only use it with certain people,usually friends.When they use slang,they are showing that they share social and emotional experiences—so slang reinforces their relationships.But...it also gives special meaning to what they say.For instance,to say "That party was the bomb"is more than merely saying it was a very good party.It shares an emotional experience that might otherwise take several sentences to explain.In other words,it's a kind of...shorthand.The third and final way slang's cool is that it's fun;it's very creative in the same way that poetry is,and it's often humorous.In other words,it's a form of play,a way of entertaining.So...uh,let me repeat:I've said that slang's cool for three reasons:One,it shows the user's fashionable and in tune with the times;two,it's a way of reinforcing relationships and communicating efficiently;and three,it's fun and entertaining.Got that?All right then,let's now take a look at different kinds of slang,in particular three types of slang words:those that are currently most used,those that linger year after year,and those that have become unfashionable.So...now what is the most used slang?Well,research tells us that over the past few years,in the number one position is"dope,"which basically means very good,great,excellent,attractive,or nice.So somebody might say,for example,that his friend's new motorbike is really dope;in other words,it's very good.Other words that feature in the top twenty include"chill out"(to calm down or relax),"the bomb"(meaning the best or most excellent),"whack"(which means bad,unfair,crazy,or foolish),and"dude" (meaning person—usually a man,actually).Any other examples?Yes?S TUDENT1:Hella.T EACHER:Meaning?S TUDENT1:Very,a lot.T EACHER:OK,yep.Luis?STUDENT3:"Kick it,"which means,like,to hang out,uh,relax,you know,sit around doing nothing.TEACHER:Right.And it's interesting,isn't it,how most slang terms indicate approval or disapproval;they show what we feel positive or negative about.So,like"dope"and "the bomb,"we have"sweet,""phat"—spelled P-H-A-T,not F-A-T—"cool,"and "tight"—all meaning good,excellent,nice,or attractive.And then you have words like"bad"which really mean good;so"That new CD is bad" actually means it's good!So you see,slang does strange things with language.Like I said earlier,it's certainly creative.As a matter of fact,some slang words have many different meanings,sometimes as many as nine or ten.For instance,the word"trip"or"tripping" has various meanings,but they all reflect the idea of unusual,strange,or extreme.When a word's used a lot or has a number of different meanings like this,we sometimes say it "works hard."The word"trip,"then,is a word that works hard.Uh...now,the second type of slang consists of words that linger from decade to decade and never seem to go out of fashion—and these words also work hard,that is, they have a lot of meanings.A great example is the word cool—forever popular,it seems!Other terms in this category are"nerd,""cheesy,""chick,""the man,""toasted," "wasted,""what's up,""blow away,"and"gross."And once again,most of these show approval or disapproval.And...now,finally,there are slang terms that come and go;they disappear almost as quickly as they appear.Examples include"gimme five,""how's it hanging,"and"core." Words like these often disappear because they're closely associated with famous personalities who similarly come and go—they're popular,in the spotlight for a while, and then seem almost to disappear.And when they disappear,the slang associated with them tends to disappear as well.Now,today,public tolerance of slang is at an all-time high—just look at how widely it's used in newspapers.But how do college teachers and academics view slang?Well, some persist with the idea that its use will degrade...uh,you might even say"pollute" academic discourse.However,among themselves students tolerate words their teachersmight consider taboo.Students are actually very good at code-switching;that is,they're very good at using different styles or codes of communication in different situations.Do you agree?Do you use slang in your essays or when you speak with a teacher? STUDENT3:Personally I never use slang in essays.It just doesn't feel right.It's true, you know,most students know when to use slang,and when not to.STUDENT2:I agree.I sometimes use it with teachers,though;it just depends on who the teacher is.TEACHER:Why,I imagine most people do the same.Here's something you may find surprising:A recent study on student conversation suggests that students don't in fact use slang that often but instead they choose more ordinary colloquial vocabulary.OK,to finish up,now let me say something about the history of slang.Many years ago, slang was closely associated with underground,criminal organizations,groups that deviate from mainstream society...uh...with notions of outcasts and socially unacceptable behaviors.A look back in time shows,for example,that in the seventeenth century more than twenty words were used to refer to vagrants,that is,to someone who has no home or job.Today,of course,these associations are much weaker and slang's used much more widely.As underground culture has become more mainstream,there's not the same need for the kind of secret code that slang offered.Today,most of us use slang and aren't ashamed of using it.It may still have negative connotations,but like it or not it's here to stay,and increasingly it's become the subject of serious academic study. And why not?As I've tried to show,it's a fascinating social as well as linguistic phenomenon.So,any questions?...Unit2Murphy's LawTEACHER:Good afternoon,everyone.More than200years ago,the Scottish poet Robert Burns said that"the best laid plans of mice and men often go awry."I'm sure we all have firsthand experience with what Burns means;no matter how carefully we plan a project and no matter how carefully we try to,uh,anticipate problems,we're likely to,uh encounter something unexpected and unwelcome that will throw our plan off course. Well,class today we'll be looking at how plans can go right or wrong...and,uh,how we can make sense of this.Are you all familiar with Murphy's Law?Well,according to Murphy's Law,anything that can go wrong will go wrong.So we'll be looking at everyday examples of Murphy's Law—uh,things like why toast falls buttered-side down, why it always seems like we choose slow lines at the supermarket,and why it is so difficult to win when we gamble.As you may know,we now have many different versions of Murphy's Law,and today I'd like to look at the science behind three of them.I'll try to show you that some thingswhich have happened to you,and which you may have thought were simply bad luck, had nothing to do with luck at all.What I'm saying is that there are some very good scientific reasons for many of the things that happen to us,and we're not victims of bad luck as often as we might think.When we consider some basic science and probability theory,we can more clearly understand why some"bad"things happen the way they do. All right.Let's begin with a very commonplace situation.Let's say you've just gotten up. You're still sleepy,and you make your way to the breakfast table.In your half-awake state,you accidentally hit your piece of toast,which has butter on one side.The toast begins to fall to the floor.Now what are the chances that you'll be lucky and the toast will land buttered-side up?Well,the toast has only two sides,so most people think that the answer is fifty-fifty.Fifty percent.Right?Do you think that there's a50percent chance that the toast will land with the buttered-side up?STUDENT1:Well,this sounds like a trick question,but,uh,yeah.Logically,50percent sounds about right.TEACHER:Yes,50percent does seem right,but,in this case,Murphy's Law of Falling Toast says:"Toast which falls from a table will land buttered-side down."Actually,the probability of this happening is extremely high.It's close to100percent.Now,here's why.When something like a piece of toast falls from a table,its behavior is not random. The rate of spin is controlled by the laws of physics.This is the problem.The rate of spin, that is,how fast the toast spins,is too low for the toast to make a complete revolution.It's too slow to turn completely around and hit the floor buttered-side up.The rate of spin is determined by the force of gravity.So in a very real sense,the laws of physics,and specifically the rate of spin,make sure that our toast lands buttered-side down almost all the time.So the point is that simple probabilities—for example,the probability that toast has a fifty-fifty chance of landing buttered-side up—can be greatly affected by other more fundamental factors,such as the laws of physics.So,in this case,we believe that we have bad luck because we don't understand that the natural laws of physics are in effect.The toast should land buttered-side down.OK?Let's look at the next point.Now we come to one of my most frustrating situations in life—the supermarket line.In this case,Murphy's Law of Supermarket Lines says:"The line next to you will move faster than yours."Now everybody wants to get into the fastest line when they go to the supermarket,right?OK,so let's say that you're at your local supermarket and there are five lines,but each of the five lines looks pretty much equal in length.Now,of course, you want to try to anticipate which one of the five lines will move the fastest.Well,this is where simple probability theory enters the picture.The chances that you have chosen the fastest of the five lines is one divided by the number of lines,which is five in this case.So mathematically,the formula is one divided by N where N is the total number of lines.So in this example,one divided by five gives us what?STUDENT2:One divided by five is one-fifth or...uh...20percent.TEACHER:Right.Twenty percent.There's only a20percent chance that we have chosen the fastest of the five lines.Now even if we reduce that to three lines,our line and the lines on each side of us,the chances we've chosen the fastest line are still only what?S TUDENT2:Uh,33percent.One out of three.TEACHER:Sure.One divided by three is33percent,so it's not just your imagination that one line near you almost always moves faster than yours.Simple probability theory shows that the odds are against you.If there are very many lines,the chances that you'll choose the fastest one is quite low.So,you see,it has little to do with luck,but w e perceive that it does.All right.Now let's look at a final situation that shows how we commonly misunderstand the laws of probability.We've come to Murphy's Law of Gambling that says simply:"You will lose."Now in the case of the supermarket lines that we've just talked about,probability theory applied very nicely.And actually,as we go through life, most things are fairly predictable because they follow the basic laws of probability. Weather is an example.Let's say that it's been raining for a week,and a friend says to you"I think it's going to be sunny tomorrow."Is that an unreasonable statement?Well, no.Clouds move,and they are of limited size,so if it's been raining for a week,it's likely that the rain and clouds will end soon.In other words,the next sunny day is more likely to occur after the seventh day of rain than after the first,because the storm front has what is called a life history.Now this is important,so let me explain that term.Events with a life history have changing probabilities of certain events occurring over time.For instance,uh,if you plant flower seeds,you can predict with reasonable accuracy when the plants will come up,when they will bloom,and how long they will bloom.For instance,with some types of flowers,there's a90percent chance that they will come up fifteen to twenty days after the seeds have been planted.In short,the growth of a flower follows a clear predictable pattern,and we call this pattern a life history.But this is the trick with many gambling games.The casino owners want us to believe that dice also have a life history and that we can therefore estimate the probability of events related to the dice.However,gambling devices like dice are different because they don't have life histories.Now...what do you think that means?STUDENT1:There aren't any reliable patterns?Um,just because I rolled a seven last time doesn't tell me anything about the next roll.TEACHER:Right.You can't look at the past rolls of the dice and predict what the next roll will be.Now many people,especially gamblers,think that they can,but this is what's called the gambler's fallacy.The gambler's fallacy is expecting to roll a seven with a pair of dice because a seven hasn't come up recently.So,in other words,there's a widespread belief among gamblers that dice have a life history.In thereal world,that's not a bad way to reason,but in a casino,it's the path to financial loss. Dice have no memory,no life history.Now you can predict that if you roll one dice many,many times,the number five will come up about16percent of the time.That's one divided by six.But that's not what we're concerned with here.We're concerned with the next roll of the dice.As a result,the element of arbitrariness or randomness makes prediction of the next roll impossible.Statisticians who work with probability theory call the roll of a pair of dice a single-event probability,and many of these same statisticians believe that the probability of a single event can't even be computed mathematically.So, the same probability theory that works well with supermarket lines won't help you win a million dollars in a dice game in Las Vegas.It could,in fact,lead to a catastrophe!So,to sum up,we have looked at three cases involving Murphy's Law and our perception of"bad luck."The first case was the toast,right?Our toast lands buttered-side down far more often than we would predict because the basic laws of physics have a strong effect on normal probabilities.The second case was the supermarket line, remember?Another line moves faster than ours because the laws of probability are behaving normally,even though we might perceive them as behaving unfairly.And the third case was the dice game.People lose at gambling games like dice because the laws of"life history probability"simply don't apply in those situations,even though gamblers think they do.So,as you can see,in some cases,Murphy's Law is not just some form of bad luck. There are some very real,scientific explanations for these events.OK,that's about it for today.For next class I'd like you to take a look at Chapter7and be ready to talk about the discussion questions on page255.See you then.Unit3Types of MemoryTEACHER:Good morning everyone.Um...today,I have the pleasure of introducing you to the basics of what I think is one of the most fascinating topics in the field of psychology—memory.What is memory?How does memory work?The research in this field is fascinating and dates back to the late1800s,so it's been going on for more than a century.I'll begin today by saying a few things about three types of memory that we all have,and then we'll look at how memory is measured.All right.First of all,let's begin by looking at types of memory.One of the most common ways to classify memory is based on time...based on time and duration of use.So typically,memory is divided into three types:sensory memory,working memory (which is also referred to as short-term memory),and long-term memory.Again,that's sensory memory,working memory,and long-term memory.Let's talk about sensory memory for a minute.Sensory memory holds information for only an instant,say,less than half a second.This is just long enough to register an impression on one or more of our five senses—sight,hearing,touch,smell,or taste.Let me give you an example of aphenomenon concerning visual sensory memory that I'm sure you've all experienced. Imagine that you're holding up a flashlight on a dark night.You start to move it in circles slowly,watching it carefully the whole time.Pretty soon you aren't just seeing the flashlight...you can see a full circle of light!Of course,it's actually just one point of light being moved around,but your memory of the visual sensation of the light fills in the rest of the circle.That's one example of sensory memory.So remember,you can hold something in your sensory memory for just a fraction of a second,up to around half a second,then it fades away.Now if you want to keep the information for longer than a second,you have to put it into your working memory.Working memory,the second type of memory,allows us to hold on to things for as long as we think about them,that is,as long as we're paying attention to them.It's something like a kind of temporary storage place.Let me give you a simple math problem.Are you ready?Here goes...18plus44plus9plus19...I'll say that one more time.OK?18plus44plus9plus19....All right?...Do you all have the answer?Maya?S TUDENT1:Uh,I think it's90.Yeah,90.T EACHER:Let's see...18plus44is62...plus9is71...plus19is90.Ninety is the answer.Now,to figure out this problem,you had to use your working memory.As you did the problem,you had to continue holding the numbers in your memory until you got the final answer.If you stopped concentrating on the numbers,that is,you stopped saying them to yourself,or stopped visualizing them,you would have forgotten them and then you wouldn't have been able to solve the problem.Do you see how that works? Here's one more example of working memory involving reading.Look at the sentence: "Honey is the only natural food that is made without destroying any kind of life."It's written down in your textbook.Why,you may wonder,do we need working memory to understand such a simple sentence?Well,the answer is because working memory holds the first part of the sentence,"Honey is the only natural food..."while our eyes move on to the last part,that is,"made without destroying any kind of life."Without our working memory,we would forget the first part of the sentence before we got to the end.So reading even short or simple passages would be impossible without our working memory.OK,I think you can see how important working memory is,but our working memory is very limited,and it can only hold information temporarily.It usually lasts only one and one half to two seconds and then it begins to fade.So if working memory were all we had,we would be very limited.Essentially,working memory mediates between how we experience the environment and our long-term memory.This brings us to the third type of memory that we'll talk about today,long-term memory.Now,long-term memory is involved with information that's stored for considerable lengths of time.For example,do you remember the name of your best friend when you were ten years old?I bet you do,because this information is certainly in your long-term memory.Actually,memory that's tested after about one minute behaves in a very simi-lar way to memory tested after a day,a week,or even years,so many scientists believe that any memories more than one minute old are part of our long-term memory. Interestingly,these memories seem to change over time in the sense that we tend to add information to them.In a sense,our memories become somewhat distorted.The reason behind these changes is that our memory is designed to keep or preserve meaning,not to keep impressions or images,but to keep meaning.For example,try to remember a conversation you had yesterday with a friend.Now if you're like most people,you can't remember the exact words that you or your friend said,but you can remember the ideas that you discussed.Your memories of the points that were most important to you will be the clearest.So the essential feature of long-term memory is that it specializes in holding meaning.OK,are there any questions about that?Yes?STUDENT1:Yeah.Can you explain why we don't remember all of the details of our past conversations?TEACHER:So the question is,"Why do we forget?"Well,most experts believe that if we remembered all of the details of our past experiences,our memory system would be filled with a lot of trivial information,a lot of trivial and generally useless information. Secondly,it is conceivable that we would find it extremely difficult to sift through such a...a mass of detailed information and find the really important information that we need.Um...in other words,memory searches would proceed a lot more slowly.S TUDENT1:OK,I see.Thank you.TEACHER:OK,let's move on to ways of measuring memory.Just as we distinguished three types of memory,there are three main ways of measuring how much a person remembers.The first of these methods is called recall.You use recall many times every day.Here's what I mean....Take out a sheet of paper....OK,now look at the word list in your text:drum,band,studio,and so on....Read it silently to yourself....OK?... Have you looked at all of the words?...OK,you should be finished by now.Now,close your book.Write down the words you saw,as many as you can,on your paper....Go ahead....OK,that's a simple recall test.Now,most of you probably remembered most of the words,but not all of them.Our memories,of course,are not perfect,and of course forgetting is natural.The second method of measuring memory is recognition.OK,for this you need another piece of paper,or just turn that one over....All right.Number the page from one to eight....Now look at the word list again.OK,now close your book.I'm going to say eight words.You have to write"yes"or"no"—"yes"if the word I say was on the list, "no"if the word I say was not on the list.Ready?Here I go.1.studio.2.guitar.3.stage.4.recorder.5.wiring.6.song7.vocalist.8.drum....OK,everybody finished?The answers are1.yes,2.no,3.yes,4.no,5.yes,6.no,7.yes,and8.yes....How did you do?Anyone get all eight correct?...Good!That's what we call a recognition test.In contrast to the recall test,recognition is more receptive and doesn't require you to produce anything.For this reason,recognition is a lot easier for most of us than recall.In other words,asking yourself "Have I seen this before?"is easier than remembering everything you saw.Now the third basic method used to measure memory is relearning.Let me give you an example of a relearning test.First,you try to memorize a list of words.Then you don't look at the list for a period of time,maybe a week.If you're like most people,you won't be able to remember all of the words.After a week,you then look at the list a second time and try to relearn it.As you would guess,most people relearn information somewhat faster than they learn it the first time.By measuring the time people need to relearn information,we can calculate how much information they have stored in their long-term memories the first time.So,let's stop there for today.Uh...I hope that you'll put today's material in your long-term memory...or you're going to have a hard time with the test.See you next week.Unit4Actions Speak Louder than WordsTEACHER:OK,class,OK...let's begin.What do we mean when we say that actions speak louder than words?STUDENT1:Uh...that means we believe people's actions more than we believe their words.TEACHER:Yes,exactly right—and,uh,in a sense,actions are more important than words.That's because we usually judge speakers'intentions by the nonverbal signals they send us.And that's what our subject today's all about,nonverbal communication—how we communicate through our actions—facial expressions,eye contact,tone of voice,uh,body movement,and so on.And if any of you doubt the importance of these things,you might like to consider a couple of statistics I've got here in front of me.Some communication specialists estimate we spend about75percent of our waking hours communicating.And,more to the point,words account for only,mm, 10to30percent of that communication—the bulk's nonverbal.That's food for thought, uh?Now although people clearly understand its importance,nonverbal communication—I'll call it N.V.C.for short—is actually a rather recent field of study and owes a lot to an American anthropologist named Raymond Birdwhistle—spelled B-I-R-D-W-H-I-S-T-L-E.Easy name to remember,right?Birdwhistle began studying nonverbal communication in the1950s and,um...one of his main ideas was that the meaning of nonverbal behavior depended on the context in which it was used....Uh,it depends on the context.So,he looked at the whole context of nonverbal behavior—how and,uh,where certain types of nonverbal behavior appeared—and not just one particular behavior in isolation.Facial expressions,for example—frowns,smiles,raised eyebrows, and,uh,so on—we all use these to convey many different meanings.But those meanings are largely determined by the situations we're in and the relationships that we have with the people we're communicating with.So,the same。
朗文英语听说教程2
朗文英语听说教程2朗文英语听说教程（二）QuizUnit 1 What’s in a Name?1. a. They name them after grandparents.b. They choose names they like.c. They choose names of family friends.2. a. Boys’ namesb. Girls’ namesc. Boys’ and girls’ names3. a. Place namesb. Occupational namesc. Added names4. a. Place namesb. Added namesc. Occupational names5. Describe three ways parents choose first names for their children.6. What is the origin of the name Smith? Why does the name Smith exist in so many languages?Answer Key1. b2. a3. a4. b5. Some parents name their children after friends or family members who have died recently. Other parents pass down names from generation to generation. Others choose names because they like how they sound.6. The name Smith comes from the English word “smite,”to strike. A smith made metal tools and other things people needed for daily life. Many languages have names that mean smith because every town had a smith.Unit 2 English: A Global Language?1. a. English is not a global language.b. English is a global language.c. English is the official language.2. a. Many taxi drivers prefer English to Italian.b. Many people speak English fluently.c. Many people use English for their jobs.3. a. New Yorke rs don’t always speak English.b. New Yorkers need English for everyday purposes.c. New Yorkers need English to be successful.4. a. People need a common language for specialsituations.b. People are becoming more fluent in English.c. Pilots should be fluent in several languages.5. Give three examples to support the view that English is a global language.6. Give three examples to support the view that English is nota global language.Answer Key1. b2. c3. a4. a5. First, English is the main language of science and business. Second, many people study English because they need it for their daily lives. Third, English is used as a common language for international sporting events and meetings.6. First, many people do not use English for daily communications. Second, many people use English only for specialized job situations but don’t speak it fluently. Third, many people don’t speak English even in countries where English is the official language.Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias1. a. Mildb. Extremec. Normal2. a. Phobias are uncomfortable.b. Phobias are common.c. Phobias are learned.3. a. By what people fearb. By how people reactc. By the problem they cause4. a. Phobias are the problems themselves.b. Phobias are signs for deeper problems.c. Phobias are quite easy to control.5. Explain the two theories of what causes phobias. Give examples.6. How would followers of each theory differ in their treatment of patients?Answer Key1. b2. c3. a4. d5. The first theory is that a phobia is learned. For example, a woman who was bitten by a dog feels afraid whenever she seesa dog. The second theory is that a phobia is a sign of a deeper problem. For example, a man is afraid of the dark because he’s really afraid of his father, who used to make him sit in a dark room.6. Followers of both theories try to help patients change their behavior. Followers of the second theory also try to identify the patients’ deeper problems.Unit 4 TV: What We Watch1. a. It influences our work.b. It influences our clothes.c. It influences our literature.2. a. People like the universal themes.b. People are interested in culture.c. People everywhere have TVs.3. a. They identify with the characters.b. They have a lot of free time.c. They like the advertising.4. a. Create a continuing storyb. Create funny charactersc. Create character loyalty5. What does character loyalty mean? Give an example.6. If you were writing a soap opera, what themes would you include? Why?Answer Key1. b2. a3. a4. c5. Character loyalty means that viewers become very attached to the characters. They think of them as friends. For example, in the TV show “Seinfeld,” viewers get to know themain characters (Jerry, Elaine, George, and Kramer) and look forward to spending time with them.6. I would include themes such as family, love, personal struggles, money problems, marriage problems, job problems, and health problems. These are universal themes that appeal to everybody.Unit 5 Learning Differently1. a. Dyslexic students need special schools.b. Dyslexic students need teachers who can beflexible.c. Dyslexic students shouldn’t attend school.2. a. Dyslexia may cause problems at school.b. Dyslexia may be hard to treat.c. Dyslexia may be an inherited condition.3. a. They generally score well on intelligence test.b. They generally appear intelligent to their teachers.c. They generally follow directions well.4. a. To help students do better at schoolb. To build special schools for dyslexic studentsc. To use computer chips to help dyslexic children5. Summarize Dr. Levinson’s ideas on how the brain is like a TV set.6. What kind of teacher should be helpful for students with dyslexia?Answer Key1. b2. c3. a4. a5. Dr. Levinson thinks the brain is like a TV set because theyboth have many channels. People receive signals about what they see and hear. If the signal drift, people can’t tune in to the cor rect channels and don’t process information correctly.6. A teacher that would be helpful for students with dyslexia would be flexible about how to teach different subjects. The teacher would also understand the problems dyslexic children face. In addition, the teacher would try to help the students feel better about themselves.Unit 6 Immigration: Bound for the United States1. a. A permanent move to another countryb. A temporary move to another countryc. A forced move to another country2. a. Most immigrants were from Spain or France.b. Everyone was allowed to immigrate to the UnitedStates.c. Most immigrants was not voluntary.3. a. The industrial revolution in Europeb. Families and friends in the United Statesc. Jobs on farms in California4. a. Why the immigrants came to the United Statesb. What work the immigrants didc. Where the immigrants came from5. Why was the Naturalization Act of 1798 important?6. Why was the United States called a melting pot? What has replaced the idea of a melting pot?Answer Key1. a2. b3. a4. c5. The Naturalization Act of 1798 allowed government to control immigration. The act required immigrants to live in the United States for a certain number of years before they became citizens.6. The United States was called a “melting pot” because people thought immigrants should give up their traditions to create a uniform society. This was replaced with the idea of a “mixed salad.” The idea is that immigrants keep their traditions and mix together to create a strong society.Unit 7 Who’s Calling the Shots?1. a. A good manager always works very hard.b. A good manager rewards employees for theirwork.c. A good manager tells employees what to do.2. a. To give the employees a break from the officeb. To make the employees like the new managerc. To help the employees work better together3. a. So the employees understand that management isin control.b. So the employees know that management valuestheir ideas.c. So the employees understand why changes areoccurring4. a. Employee relations is important.b. Managers can make mistakes.c. Management styles often vary.5. Why has team-building become important for managers?6. Describe the three parts of Mrs. Gomez’steam-building plan.Answer Key2. c3. b4. a5. Managers now realize that employees like to feel like they are part of a team. If employees think their ideas are valued and their skills are important to the company, they will do their best work.6. First, Mrs. Gomez met with the employees to discuss the new office organization. Then, she had the employees write answers to questions about the new office organization. Finally, she planned a fun activity so they could get to know each other.Unit 8 Right and Wrong on the Net1. a. To provide guidelines for ethical computer useb. To increase the use of computers in schoolsc. To solve computer problems caused by hacking2. a. Reading a friend’s e-mailb. Using a friend’s screen namec. Downloading free software3. a. Students should use the Internet ethically.b. Students should stop using the Internet.c. Students should enforce computer ethics rules.4. a. Government laws about computer useb. School rules about computer usec. Student-made guidelines about computer use5. What is the purpose of the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics? What are the main principles behind them?6. Explain one of the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics. Give an example.Answer Key2. c3. a4. b5. The purpose of the Ten Commandments of Computer Ethics is to provide guidelines for ethical use of computers. The main principles behind them are that people should respect other people’s property and use resources fairly.6. According to one commandment, you should not appropriate other people’s ideas. This means you shouldn’t pretend someone else’s ideas are yours. For example, it is not ethical to download a term paper from the Internet and pretend you have written it.Unit 9 Which Way Will It Go?1. a. Global weather changesb. The loss of productive landc. Overgrazing of farm animals2. a. To emphasize that land is very expensiveb. To emphasize that people live on every continentc. To emphasize that the problem will get worse3. a. A quarterb. A thirdc. Half4. a. Fewer plants grow.b. Less rain falls.c. Fewer animals graze.5. What are the main causes of productive land loss?6. How are organizations helping countries deal with productive land loss? Give an example.Answer Key2. c3. b4. a5. The main causes of productive land loss are people’s actions. These actions include overgrazing of animals, overcutting of trees, and traditional farming methods that no longer work well.6. Organizations are trying to help countries find solutions to productive land loss. They look at both traditional methods and modern methods that respect the local culture. For example, they may suggest new irrigation systems that leave less salt in the soil.Unit 10 It’s in the DNA1. a. The existence of genesb. The complete set of human genesc. The structure of DNA2. a. Because everyone has a unique DNA sampleb. Because everyone has different health problemsc. Because everyone reacts to medicine differently3. a. Defects in these genes cause the diseases.b. Defects in these genes may cause the diseases.c. Defects in these genes prevent the diseases.4. a. It increases drug sales.b. It saves lives and money.c. It prevents genetic defects.5. How is a DNA fingerprint made? Explain the steps.6. How could employers or insurance companies use DNA testing against people?Answer Key1. c3. b4. b5. DNA testing can be used to help someone in prison in the following way. A DNA sample can be taken from the prisoner. Testing is then done. If the DNA does not match the DNA from the evidence at the crime scene, this can be used to prove that the person in prison did not commit the crime.6. Employers could use the information from DNA testing to deny people jobs or fire them if they’re at higher risk for serious diseases. Insurance companies could use the information to deny people insurance or charge them higher rates.Unit 11 Staying Healthy1. a. People have weaker immune systems.b. People are traveling more internationally.c. Environmental problems are increasing.2. a. We need to be careful in international airports.b. Travel to Europe can cause problems.c. We need to be aware of risks and take precautions.3. a. Fight diseases where we liveb. Travel to other countriesc. Develop treatments4. a. It helps to increase immunity.b. It makes the immune system work overtime.c. It helps treat some diseases.5. What is adaptive immunity? Give an example.6. How are allergies and diseases related?Answer Key1. b2. c4. a5. “Adaptive immunity” means people build up resistance to the germs where they live. As a result, they are not affected by them. For example, someone living in Tokyo has adaptive immunity to the germs in T okyo, but not to the germs in Paris.6. Allergies and diseases are both based on our immune responses. With allergies, the immune system is working too hard. With diseases, w e aren’t able to resist the cause of the disease.Unit 12 Prepare, Prepare1. a. Property damageb. Disruption of normal lifec. Loss of ocean life2. a. To prevent natural disastersb. To prepare for natural disastersc. To predict natural disasters3. a. Researching and planningb. Recovering and rebuildingc. Organizing emergency supplies4. a. Researching and planningb. Recovering and rebuildingc. Organizing emergency supplies5. What is the difference between a natural hazard anda natural disaster?6. Why is it difficult for some countries to initiate an emergency response plan?Answer Key1. c2. b3. a5. A natural hazard is a force in nature that can be dangerous. Examples include hurricanes, typhoons, and earthquakes. A natural disease is a force in nature that has caused a lot of damage. An example is a serious earthquake that causes death and property loss.6. To initiate an emergency response plan, a country needs scientific information, money, and cooperation between scientists and the government. Many countries don’t have scientific information or the money to use it. Also, governments may not warn people about a disaster because they’re not sure it will occur.朗文英语听说教程（一）QuizUnit 2 New Kinds of Food (1’:50”)1. a. Fresh foodb. Dangerous foodc. Altered food2. a. Strawberriesb. Applesc. Bananas3. a. It needs fewer pesticides.b. It grows in less space.c. It dominates the environment.4. a. It may stay fresh longer.b. It may be more expensive.c. It may be harmful to people.5. What are three benefits of genetically modified food?6. What are three risks of genetically modified food?Answer Key1. c3. a4. c5. Genetically modified food needs fewer pesticides. Genetically modified food/plants grow better than normal. In addition, they stay fresh longer after they are harvested.6. Genetically modified food/plants may dominate other plants in the environment. Also, they might hurt wild animals and insects. They might even hurt the people who eat them.Unit 3 Public Art (2’:02”)1. a. Art in museumsb. Art in people’s housesc. Art in public places2. a. Spoonbridge and Cherry (spoon and cherry)b. Non-Violence (gun in knot)c. Peace (woman on horse)3. a. Public artb. Surrealismc. Peace4. a. To make people go to museumsb. To make artists more popularc. To make public places more beautiful5. What is pop art? Give an example.6. What is surrealistic art? Give an example.Answer Key1. c2. c3. c4. c5. Pop art shows things people see in their everyday lives.Spoonbridge and Cherry, the sculpture of a large spoon with a cherry, is an example of pop art.6. Surrealistic art shows things that are strange or impossible. Non-Violence, the sculpture of a gun tied in a knot, is an example of surrealistic art.Unit 5 Violence on Television (2’:11”)1. a. Three to four hours a dayb. Three to four hours a weekc. Thirty to forty hours a week2. a. Moviesb. Cartoonsc. The news3. a. About 1,000b. About 10,000c. About 100,0004. a. TV violence is linked to real violence.b. TV violence is not harmful for children.c. TV violence is increasing in the United States.5. How did researchers study the immediate effects of TV violence on children?6. How did researchers study the long-term of TV violence on children?Answer Key1. a2. b3. c4. a5. The researchers showed children a TV show of a child hitting and kicking a doll. Then they left the children alone with a doll. The children hit and kicked the doll. This study showedthat children do what they see on TV.6. The researchers studied how much violent television some children watched at age eight. Then they studied the same children at age eighteen. The children who watched a lot of violence TV were more violent at age eighteen.Unit 6 Too Old to Learn? (2’:06”)1. a. Before the critical periodb. During the critical periodc. After the critical period2. a. Seeb. Eatc. Meow3. a. Seeb. Eatc. Sing4. a. The ability to hear soundsb. The ability to pronounce soundsc. The size of the brain5. Define critical period. Give an example.6. What is difficult for adult language learners? Why?Answer Key1. b2. a3. c4. b5. The critical period is when an animal or human can learn a new skill. For example, in humans there is a critical period for language learning.6. Adults find it difficult to pronounce sounds correctly. Therefore, they may never learn to speak a new language with anative accent.Unit 7 Are We Alone? (2’:15”)1. a. Intelligent beingsb. Other galaxiesc. Rocket ships2. a. They have received signals from other planets.b. They have seen rockets from other planets.c. They believe other planets could support life.3. a. By sending out radio signalsb. By listening for radio signalsc. By sending out rockets4. a. Radio signals travel quickly and have a short range.b. Radio signals travel quickly and have a long range.c. Radio signals travel slowly and have a long range.5. How fast do radio signals travel? How long is needed fora radio signal to travel from the nearest galaxy to earth?6. Why doesn’t the SE TI project use rockets to look for intelligent life?Answer Key1. a2. c3. b4. b5. Radio signals travel at the speed of light. A radio signal travels about four years from the nearest galaxy to earth.6. Rocket ships are restricted to traveling in one direction. And they are much slower than radio signals.Unit 8 Do the Righ t Thing (1’:55”)1. a. Do what is best for most people.b. Do what is best for everybody.c. Do what is best for yourself.2. a. Take care of other people.b. Do what is best for yourself.c. Make your own decisions.3. a. Aristotleb. Kantc. Bentham4. a. The principle of individual rightsb. The principle of individual goodc. The principle of common good5. Explain why the friend in the lecture wanted to lie to the dying woman.6. Use an ethical principle to explain how the friend can justify lying to the dying woman.Answer Key1. a2. c3. b4. c5. The friend thought spending a lot of money on an expensive funeral was a waste of money. He wanted to give the money to a school for homeless children.6. Following the principle of common good, the friend will help more people if he gives the money to the school for homeless children. The only person he might hurt is the dying woman.。
朗文英语听说教程(2)听力原文解析
lectureaudioscriptsunit 1 what’s in a name?？TEACHER: Good morning, everybody. Good morning, Felipe, Monica, Theo, and I can't remember your name.STUDENT 1: Patricia.TEACHER: Patricia, right, Patricia. Those are all beautiful names, and that's our topic today-names. Names are a culture universal. This means everyone uses names. A person's name can tell us a bit about a person's family. Today, we’ll begin by looking at first na mes and how people choose names for their children. And then we'll talk about family names, and look at the different categories of family names. Although the scope of the lecture today is English-language names, we can use the same approach, you know, to look at names from any culture.Let's take a brief look at first, or given names. There are several ways parents choose the first name for their child.The first way is by family history. Parents may choose a name because it is passed from generation to generation; for example, the first born son might be named after his father or grandfather. Although family names are also passed to daughters, it is usually as a middle name. Adding "junior" or "the second" for example, William Parker the seconds only done with boys', not with girls’names.The second way parents choose a name is after a family member or friend who has died recently, or after someone "they admire, like a well-known leader or a famous musician. Although most English first names mean something, for example, "Richard" means powerful and “Ann" means grace, nowadays meaning is not the main reason people select their baby's name.The third way is to provide a "push" for the child. Parents want to choose a name that sounds very "successful." A strong name might help them in the business world, for example. Or they might choose a name that works for either gender, like Taylor or Terry. So, given these three methods, what is themost common way parents choose a name? Many parents choose a name simply because they like it, or because it's fashionable or classic. Fashions in names change just as they do in clothes. One hundred years ago, many names came from the Bible names such as Daniel, and Anna, and Hannah and Matthew. Then fifty years ago, Biblical names went out of fashion. Nowadays, names from the Bible are becoming popular again.Similarly, parents often choose classic names, names that were popular in 1900, 1950, and are still popular now. Classic names for boys include Thomas, David, Robert, and Michael. And for girls: Anna, Elizabeth, Emily, and Katherine, just to name a few. They're classic. They never go out of style.Let's look at the origin of last names, also called family names or surnames. Researchers have studied thousands of last names, and they've divided them into four categories. The categories are: place names, patronymics, added names, and occupational names. A recent survey showed that of the 7,000 most popular names in the United States today, 43 percent were place names, 32 percent were patronymics, 15 percent were occupational names, and 9 percent were added names.The first category is place names. Place names usually identified where a person lived or worked. Someone named John Hill lived near a hill, for example, and the Rivers family lived near a river. If you hear the name Emma Bridges, what image do you see? Do you see a family that lives near a bridge? If you do, you get the idea.The second category is patronymics. That's P-A-T-R-O-N-Y-M-I-C-S. A patronymic is the father’s name, plus an ending like S-E-N or S-O-N. The ending means that a child, a boy, is the son of his father. The names Robertson, Petersen, and Wilson are patronymics. Robertson is son of Robert, Petersen is son of Peter, and so on.The third category is added names. Linguists sometimes call this category "nicknames," but when most of us hear the word "nickname," we think of a special name a friend or a parent might use. The word "nickname" is actually an old English word that means an additional name, an added name. So I'll use the term "added name." This category of last names is fun because the names usually described a person. Reed, Baldwin, and Biggs are examples. Reed was from "red" for red hair. Baldwin was someone who was bald, someone who had little or no hair. And Biggs.STUDENT 2: Someone big?TEACHER: Yeah, someone big, right. Now, if we look around the room, wecould probably come up with some new last names, like, uh. Curly or Strong. Now, the fourth category is occupational names. The origin of the family name was the person's occupation. The most common examples of occupational names still used today are Baker (someone who bakes bread). Tailor (someone who sews clothes). Miller (someone who makes flour for bread), and Smith. . . . Now, Smith is actually the most common name in the western English-speaking world. The name comes from an Old English word, smite, that's S-M-I-T-E, which means to hit or strike. In the old days, a smith made metal things for daily life, like tools. Every town needed smiths. What's interesting is that many languages have a family name that means Smith. In Arabic it is Haddad, H-A-D-D-A-D. In Spanish it is Herrera, H-E-R-R-E-R- A. In Italian it is Ferraro, F-E-R-R-A-R-O. And in German it is Schmidt, spelled S-C-H-M-I-D-T. All these names mean smith.Though names may tell us something about someone's family history, you need to keep in mind that they may not tell us much at all about the present. For example, there's usually not much connection between the origin of the name and the person who has it now. Take the name Cook, for instance. A person named Cook today probably doesn't cook for a living. Also, many people change their names for various reasons. Lots of people who have moved to the United States have changed their names to sound more American. This happens less now than in the past, but people still do it. People also use pen names or stage names to give themselves a professional advantage. For example, the writer Samuel Clemens used the pen name Mark Twain, and Thomas Mapother IV uses the stage name Tom Cruisey.So, let's recap now. In today’s lesson, we looked at how parents choose English first names. We also looked at some common origins of family names. In the next class, we'll look at how names are given in Korea and in Japan. This is covered in the next section of the book. That’s all for today.Unit 2 English: A Global Language? TEACHER:Today’s topic is English as a global language. I know many of you speak English as a second language, right? How about you, Hiroshi? Is English your first language?STUDENT 1: No, my first language is Japanese. English is my second language.TEACHER: And how about you, Patricia?STUDENT 2: English is my second language, too. My first language is Spanish.TEACHER: See, many of you use English as a second language, even as a global language to communicate with other people who speak English as a second language. Today, I want to give you two contrasting points of view on whether or not English is a global language. The first is that English is obviously a global language. People who support this point of view believe English is the language people all over the world use to communicate, and that it is gradually replacing other languages. The second point of view is that English is not truly a global language because it is not the main language spoken by people worldwide. Supporters of this view say that though many people speak some English worldwide, English has not replaced other languages. They acknowledge that people use English every day, for many reasons, but this doesn't mean English is replacing other languages, nor does it make English the main language spoken in the world.First, let's examine the first view. First of all, English is the dominant language of business, travel, and science. When people need a common language, they often use English. Think about it. English is often used at tourist information centers, in international hotels. If you use a taxi in Rome, and you can't speak Italian, the taxi driver is more likely to use English than any other languages. It is use at business meetings and international sports events. The European Union u ses English, along with French, at its meetings….ASEAN the Asian trade group, uses English at its meetings. Can you think of other situations in which English is used as common language?STUDENT 2: How about this class? All of in the Philippines, Singapore, and Indian.TEACHER: Absolutely. Educational settings are a great example. Any others?STUDENT 2: How about a chatroom on sometimes go to chatrooms andeveryone is using English.TEACHER: Excellent example. The Internet has created a lot of communities and people often use English. In fact, most people who use the Internet know English. This helps support the view that English is a global language.The second major reason that people believe English is a global language is that it is the official language of more than seventy-five countries. This means these countries use English in schools, banks, business, and government. Of these seventy-five countries, English may be the only official language of the country, like in England, or English may be used along with other official languages, like in the Philippines, Singapore, and India. In countries like India, where so many languages are spoken, you can see how using English as an official language makes it easier for people to communicate.The third reason to support the global argument is that every year about 1 billion people study English. Why? What are some of the reasons? Hiroshi? How about you?STUDENT 1: Well, now to study, and someday I want to be in international business.TEACHER: That's a solid reason. How about you, Oksana?STUDENT 3: I'm not really sure. I just think it will help me in the future somehow.TEACHER: OK. There's a more general reason. The point is, people want and need to learn English because it offers them opportunities.To sum up, English is used every day by many people. People all over the world come in contact with each other for many reasons. They need a common language, a language to facilitate communication. Being proficient in English gives someone an advantage in these situations.OK. I have given you many examples of how English is used in a variety of situations. Nevertheless, does this mean that English is a global language?Let's look at why some people don't believe English has replaced other languages. First, there are about three times as many people who speak Chinese as their first language as those who speak English as a first language. And in many countries where some people use English for work each day, they don't use English anywhere else. Even in English-speaking countries, there are millions of people who prefer to speak a language other than English at home, with friends, or at work.Second, I mentioned before that seventy-five countries have English as their official language. This doesn't mean all, or even most of the people in these countries can speak English. For example, in India, most sources agree that only about 5 percent of the population speaks English. That's a small percentage!Third, how much English does a person need to know to be called an English speaker? People may learn some English for specific situations, such as the taxi driver I mentioned earlier. However, I think you would all agree with me that a taxi driver who knows a few phrases like where are you going?" or "What is the name of your hotel?" isn't really a proficient English speaker. Another example is Airspeak, the English that is used by air traffic controllers and pilots. A pilot for Japan Airlines or an air traffic controller in Paris needs to know Airspeak. But they may learn only the English words they need for these jobs, and therefore they can't be considered English speakers.The point here is that people all over the world may use some English for work or other situations. Nevertheless, this doesn't mean they are fluent in English. They still use their first language for daily communication. English is not their main language.So, what does this all mean? I think it's safe to say that English will continue to be the main language used in many international settings because, as I said earlier, people all over the world need a common language. And, for now, English is that language.But, English won't replace other languages for most daily communication and this, to me, is what a global language really is, one that replaces others for most everyday communication. Some people are afraid of this. They worry that as people use English more and more, their ability in their first language will decline. I think people will use English along with other languages. We are moving into a global culture, and as this continues, I think people from non-English speaking countries will want to maintain their culture, including their first language. They may still want to learn English, but I don't see them giving up their own language for English. What do you think?I'm going to stop there. I know that's a lot of information to digest. We'll continue talking about some of the differences in the English words used in various countries like Australia, Singapore, and the Philippines. That's all for today. Come see me if you have any questions.Unit 3 High Anxiety: PhobiasTEACHER: Good afternoon. Today we're going to turn to a new topic in psychology and start looking at some specific psychological problems. There are a variety of mental problems that can affect us in our daily lives-some are not so serious, like a fear of cats or of insects, and others are more serious. Now as psychologists, we try to study these different problems and find ways to help people.I want to start the discussion by talking about a fairly common kind of psychological problem-a phobia, that's P-H-O-B-I-A. First, I'll explain what a phobia is and then I'll talk about some theories on why people have phobias. As you probably know, a phobia is a fear. So do any of you have phobias? Oh, come on, you can tell me; I'm a psychologist. Yes, Monica?STUDENT 1: I have a fear of swimming. I don't like to go near the ocean. TEACHER: OK, that's not an unusual phobia. Anyone else? Ali? STUDENT 2: I hate dogs. I mean, I just don't like them. When I see a big dog, actually any dog, I just get nervous, so I avoid them.TEACHER: OK, that's another common phobia. Thanks for sharing those examples of phobias. A phobia is not a normal fear; it is an extreme fear―a very strong fear. For example, my brother, who's a successful artist, had compute r phobia. He didn't simply dislike using computers. He used to have a very strong fear of using them.Psychologists have come up with three characteristics of a phobia. People display these three characteristics if they have a phobia, not just a normal fear. Now first, a phobia is not a rational response. It's a very strong reaction, too strong for the situation. For my brother, this meant he had a very strong physical reaction if someone asked him to use a computer. He started shaking violently and had trouble breathing. Once, he even started choking. Physical reactions like this are common. Second, a phobia often lasts for a long time, for months or even years. In my brother’s case, it lasted several years. Third, the reaction is too strong for a person to control. For example, even if my brother told himself not to be afraid at the computer, it didn't help. He still felt very afraid. Usually, people avoid whatever it is they are so afraid of. So, in my brother’s case, he avoided using a computer.OK, so those are the three characteristics of phobias. It's an extreme, irrationalresponse, it's long-lasting, and it’s uncontrollable.STUDENT 3: So uncontrollable means even if you try to control it, you can't? TEACHER: Yes, it means you can't control it by trying to deny you feel the phobia. There are ways to treat phobias, and we'll talk about those in a minute. Yes?STUDENT 4: What happened to your brother? Did he get over it? TEACHER: Yes, he did. The main thing was that he decided that he wanted to get over it, and he was treated by a psychologist. Now he uses computers all the time.OK, so let's spend a minute going over some classifications of phobias. Phobias are classified by the thing or situation that the person fears. Greek or Latin names are usually used to describe the fear. Here's an example: hypno, H-Y-P-N-O, means sleep, so fear of sleep is hypnophobia. Cyno, C-Y-N-O, means dog. So a fear of dogs is ... cynophobia, right? Here's another example. Aerophobia. Listen to the first part, Aero. What's the fear? Aero as in airplane- aerophobia is fear of flying.Let's turn now to the causes of phobias. One theory is that a phobia is learned. This means something happens that causes someone, or in a sense "teaches someone" to free afraid. For example, Ali could have learned to be afraid of dogs if he was attacked and injured by one as a child.People can also learn to have phobias by watching how other people react. In fact, doctors find that phobias tend to run in families. For example, let's imagine that Ali’s mother has always been afraid of dogs. Whenever All and his mother were together and saw a dog, his mother would get very scared, very nervous. When Ali saw how his mother reacted, he would then gradually become very scared, too. He would then have developed cynophobia from watching his mother. So, you can see that there are two ways learning can be involved in phobias. So, the first theory is that a phobia is learned. Learned either by direct experience or by watching the reactions of others.The second theory says that a phobia is only a sign of a deeper problem. This means that the phobia isn't the whole problem. Let's take another example. I once treated a teenager who was very afraid of the dark. He couldn't be in a dark room by himself. He was terrified to go outside at night, and so on. According to this theory, when he acted afraid of the dark, he was really showing his fear of something else. In therapy, it was revealed that he was afraid of his father. His father was very strict when he was young, and once his father made him sit in a dark the room when he did something bad.According to this theory, his fear of the dark was a sign of his deeper, real fear of his father. Yes, question.STUDENT 4: So what did you do? Did he have to talk with his father? TEACHER: Well, no, we couldn't do that. But recognizing that he was really afraid of his father, and not the dark was the key step in the treatment. Nowhe's cured. No more fear of the dark.OK, so let's think about these two theories, and about the main difference between them. The first theory says that the phobia is the problem itself. Right? And, the second theory says that the phobia is a sign of a deeper problem the person has. Why is this difference important? It's mostly important in deciding how to treat the person. According to the first theory, if a phobia is learned, perhaps it can be unlearned. A psychologist who follows this theory will tryto teach someone to react differently, to behave differently when he or she feels afraid. Changing the person’s behavior is the goal. On the other hand, a psychologist who believes the second theory may start by trying to teach the person to react differently, but the doctor is interested in more than that. The doctor’s objective, or goal, is to help the patient reveal the deeper psychological problem, because it will be easier to treat the phobia if the deeper problem is identified and worked on as well.I want you to think for a minute about the significance of having these two theories, or any competing theories. What does it mean? It tells us that psychologists, like any scientists, have to continue to do research, to learn, and to test treatments we believe will be effective based on research. Treatments improve the more we learn.I’m going to stop there for today. In the next class, I want to talk about other psychological problems. Read the next unit in your book before the next class. That’s all for today.Unit 4 TV: What We WatchTEACHER: Good morning. Who watched TV last night? Ah, most of you. OK, today we are going to talk about an important part of the media—TV. Specifically, TV viewing and TV dramas. Now first, I'll give you some background, then we'll discuss what makes this type of programming, dramas, so popular worldwide.OK. Let's get started. Most of you would agree that watching TV is part of most people lives. Now statistics vary on how much TV people watch, but research shows that quite a few Americans, on average, exceed six hours of TV per day.An English professor named Cecelia Tichi has studied TV for many years. In her book, Electronic Hearth: Creating ' an American Television Culture, she discusses how the TV has become the center of activity at home. We walk into a room, turn on the TV, and suddenly the outside world becomes less important. People use TV to tune out, or forget, about the outside world. We're safe to relax and join the world of the TV shows. Do you ever feel this way about TV? ... Yes, many of you are nodding. She also sees our culture as being defined by TV Now, by this she e means that TV has a huge influence on our attitudes, on what we like to eat, on what we like to wear, on what we like to talk about. For example, popular TV shows are discussed at work, at school, in coffee shops. Why, even children four or five years old do this with their favorite shows. This shows that we live in a TV culture.Improved technology has contributed further to our TV culture. Satellite services, in particular, have expanded the TV programming in many parts of the world. There are now hundreds of TV channels people can watch, and the options continue to expand: game shows, sports, news, talk shows, comedies, TV dramas, movies, ... Man, with cable and satellite there are a lot of choices. Nielsen Media Research studies people’s TV viewing habits in the U.S. They monitor which shows are popular brand with whom. For example, popular shows have included the game show Who Wants To Be A Millionaire? And the reality TV show Survivor. They were very, very popular and watched by millions of people of all age groups.Now, all of this is really background. What I want to focus on today is one form of a popular TV show that is popular with many people of many agegroups. This is rat TV dramas, specifically TV dramas known as soap operas, or, in Spanish, telenovelas.Some of you might be familiar with telenovelas. Telenovelas and soap operas in the U.S. are similar but have one big difference—the number of episodes they have. Telenovelas and TV serials end after about 200 episodes. The story eventually ends. Soap operas in the U.S., however, continue day after day for many years and may never end. Well, for example. The Guiding Light has been on^ for more than 12,000 episodes, and on it goes. Can you believe that? More than 12,000 episodes! Soap operas started in the United States in 1959, with the show The Guiding Light. These TV shows were called soap operas because the main advertisers were companies that made soap.Now, this type of programming is popular all over the world. Dozens of countries make their own soap opera shows. Mexican soap operas have been voted the most popular TV show of the year in countries such as Korea and Russia. Japanese soap operas are sent to Belgium. U.S. soap operas are watched worldwide. The Latin American soap opera, Betty La Fea, or Betty The Ugly, was a huge success in the U.S. Brazilian telenovelas are the most widely distributed television shows in the world and have been seen in more than 100 countries. And there are many other examples.What is it about these shows that makes them popular everywhere? And why do people from very different cultures all enjoy watching the same soap opera? Well, there are a couple of reasons.One reason suggested by Robert C. Allen, who has done extensive researchon television viewing, is that many soap operas deal with universal themes that people all over the world understand. Themes are topics ---for example, family, love, personal struggle, money problems, marriage problems, health problems, job problems. Viewers do not need to know the culture in order to understand the family problems in the show.Now according to Irna Phillips, one of the creators of The Guiding Light, another reason is that people identify with the characters. They feel the characters are just like them. To quote her from an interview, "they (the soap operas) deal with life as we know it." Now by this she means the families in soap operas deal with problems of everyday life. And so, as people watch every day, day after day, a special bond or feeling develops between them and the TV family. They get to know the characters and their problems. The TV family's welfare becomes important. There is a sense of community, of sharing, of family. All of these things contribute to character loyalty. If any ofyou have watched a show regularly, you know what I mean. You watch it because you identify with the characters.Now, writers of TV shows understand that TV viewers want to have a groupof characters to know and care about. As Wendy Riche, former executive producer of General Hospital put it, "the audience wants a personal human connection and when they g et it, they are devoted.” This means they become very loyal to the TV characters they watch every day. To give an interesting example from As the World Turns: Some years back, the writer wanted to have the main character, Bob Hughes, get shot on a Friday. Well, that Friday turned out to be Christmas Eve. The producers of the show told the writers. “No, no, no… he can’t be shot on this Friday’s show. Do you know why? STUDENT 1: Because it was too violent.TEACHER: Well, no, not because it was too violent, bu t they didn’t wanthim shot on the Friday before Christmas.STUDENT 1: Why? I mean, why not?TEACHER: Because the audience would worry all weekend about him. They wouldn’t know if he was alive or dead, and they would not enjoy Christmas. So the writers had to change the story, and have him shot after Christmas. I mean, the viewers really identify with these characters as if they’re real people. Writers for evening TV also try to create character loyalty, but not with a continuing story. Instead, each week, the story begins and ends. However, each week the same characters appear, and viewers watch because they know the characters and they care about them, like friends. A great example of this was the show Seinfield. There were four main characters Jerry, George, Kramer, and Elaine. They each had their own problems their own personalities. Viewers got to know them, and wanted to see what would happen to them. When you think about it, don’t good writers usually do this? They developour interest in the characters so that we want to keep reading, or keep watching TV.The next time you watch a soap opera, thin about the themes that make these shows so popular worldwide. Think about how as people watch each day, they get to know the characters and become a part of that TVB community. OK, that’s all for today. Uh, it’s time for you to go home and watch some TV!。
听说教程Unit 2答案及原文
Unit 2Warming up1. Running, swimming, and lifting weights2. Exercise makes him happy, keeps his stress level down, and gives him all sorts of energyfor his work and family.3. Well, there is no swimming pool near my home and i can't swim every day. But anyway, Icann run in the morning . There are many benefits to exercising. They include a strongbody, an improved mood, longer life, better appearance and an overall sense of well-being.ListeningShort conversations1.C2.C3.B4.A5.D6.B7.C8.D9.A 10.ALong conversation1.D2.C3.A4.B5.APassage1.B2.D3.D4.C5.ARadio program1. the quality of school menus2. moving into the neighbourhood3. eats fast food4. the Chicago study5. children's eating habitsHomeworkTask 11.A2.B3.C4.D5.BTask 21.A2.B3.D4.C5.DTask 31. advancements2.physical3.depression4.condition5.mentioned6.admitbat8.high-fiber and vitamin-rich foods, such as vegetables and fruits9.should give up smoking if they haven't already done so10. No section of the population can benefit from exercise.听力原文Unit 2Warming upW thank you for agreeing to take this interview. I know you are quite a busy man.M I am always happy to talk to people and answer questions from the audience.W that is very nice to hear. People are calling you the world’s healthiest man. What do you think about that?M what do I think? I think people are being very kind to me by saying so. I don’t think I am the healthiest man in the world, but I do take my health seriously. I exercise every day, running, swimming, and lifting weights.W you certainly look great!M thanks. Better than that, though, I feel great. Exercise makes me happy, keeps my stress level down, and gives me all sorts of energy for my work and family.W do you have any special words for the audience?M yes. Start exercising today, and start living a better life. Listening10 short conversations1. W wow！Y ou look great! What have you been doing to look sogood?M I have been lifting weights. I really feel great. Strange, but it hardly took anytime at all before I started seeing improvements in my body.2. M can you help me open this bottle? Someone put the cap on too tight.W sure thing! Umm…there! Hey, that wasn’t tight at all! Y ou really need to work out a little more and build up your strength!3. M I just don’t know what I am going to do about my energy level! No matter what I do, I always feel tired!W here’s an idea: since you have already been exercising a lot with no result, maybe you can change your diet.4. M I’d really like to begin an exercise program, but I simply don’t know how to begin.W I’ve spoken to a doctor about it. I will tell you what you told me: start off with a little bit of running and then do more and more every day.5. M I’ve been feeling terrible lately. Do you think exercise could help me?W I can’t say for sure. It probably wouldn’t hurt, but exercise can’t cure all of your problems.6. W you always do so well in your classes!M running gives me energy to stay up late into the night. This allows me to study more. Do the same and run with me tomorrow!7. M there’s a strange limp in your walk. Did you pull a muscle or something?W nah. I just feel a bit tired from all of the exercise I’ve been doing at the gym. I’ll return to normal in just a moment.8. M have you seen how much weight Angela’s put on? Why do you think she stopped exercising and started eating such unhealthy foods? W it is a sad story. Her parents got divorced, and now she is totally ignored her health.9. W hello? Are you the person I talked to on the phone about checking in for an appointment?M yes. Just sign your name on this piece of paper, and the doctor will see you as soon as he is free.10. W I’ve been so very worried, and I don’t have a clue as to why I’ve been so sick.M try not to worry too much. Do some running, see me in a week, and let me know if things change. I’ll run some tests on you if you are still not feeling well.Understanding a long conversationM hey! Hold up! Can you spare a minute?W ugh, do you think you can make it quick?M I’ll only need a minute, and then you can return to your run.W fine, what’s up?M Ma and Pa asked me to talk to you about all the exercising you’ve been doing. They told me I could find you here at the school track.W so what of it?M they think you’ve been doing a bit too much.W you know what the doctor said---if I don’t get active, I could die of a heart attack.M yeah, but I don’t think he meant for you to do so much. Y ou should take it slowly. Maybe you could build an exercise program that becomes more and more difficult as time goes by.W is that what your doctor said?M no. it is just common sense. Everyone knows you shouldn’t overwork yourself when you start exercising.W thanks for the concern. But tell Ma and Pa that I’ll be fine with what I’m doing.Understanding a passageIt is very important to exercise. Many studies have shown that regular activity and exercise can improve overall health substantially. Exercisereduces the risk of heart disease by up to 35%, stroke by about 28%, certain cancers by 20% and more, and high blood pressure by an amazing 52%. Exercise can also help you to build healthy bones and muscles. Athletes must do physical training on a regular basis to increase their level of performance. Exercising includes walking, running, biking and plenty of other activities as well. My advice would be to pick something you enjoy doing and wouldn’t mind pursuing on a regular basis. Then, you must stick to a schedule. Y ou can even pick a few different activities to mix things up and keep it interesting. Also, always stretch before physical activity! This is very important as you do not want to pull muscles. Most importantly, to keep a healthy body you must stay ACTIVE!Understanding a radio programHere at this Chicago High School and others, there has been so much emphasis on the quality of school menus, but this new study says that none of that really matters when fast food is just a short walk away.How can a cafeteria ever hope to compete with this? A new Harvard study says more and more schools now have to. Eighty percent of schools in Chicago with a fast food restaurant less than half a mile away, raising concerns about how easy it is for kids to eat poorly, and whether fast food companies are moving into the neighborhood on purpose.“they take into account the demographics of neighborhoods, the roadways in neighborhoods, and where the access is to the consumer base.”Doctor Bryn Austin is the study’s lead author and says on a typical day, nearly a third of American kids eat fast food. When they do, they consume more fat and calories, fewer vegetables and fruits than on days when they don’t.Overall, nearly nine million children in the US are overweight or obese, more than one in every seven kids, a number that has tripled since 1980. McDonald’s criticized the Chicago study, saying most restaurants are in heavily trafficked areas. Schools said their spokesmen have nothing to do with it. But child health advocates like Doctor Matte Longjohn say the study shows how recent attempts to improve school menus, even remove soda vending machines, may not be enough to improve children’s eating habits.Listening and speakingPeople talk endlessly about the benefits of exercise. And when they aren’t talking about it, they’re reading about it in health magazines, watching programs about it on television, or listening to recordings about it. People can become so concerned about exercise that they begin to goinsane with worry.It is easy to understand why people attach great importance to exercise. Exercise can not only improve your health, but also enhance your mood and reduce depression and anxiety. People who do regular exercise often achieve an overall sense of well-being.But this concern about exercise has gone too far. Some people are so obsessed with exercise that they give little time and attention to other aspects of their personal lives. I know a guy who spent all his spare time in the gym. Finally, he found himself estranged from his family. What’s more, if you do it in the wrong way, exercise can actually harm your body. Some people work out hard and pull their muscles; some even hurt a joint or break a bone.。
研究生朗文英语听说教程二听力题目加答案
Quiz朗文英语听说教程（二）Unit 1 What ' s in a Name?1. a. They n ame them after gran dpare nts.b. They choose n ames they like.c. They choose n ames of family frie nds.2. a. Boys ' n amesb. Girls ' n amesc. Boys ' and girls ' n ames3. a. Place n amesb. Occupatio nal n amesc. Added n ames4. a. Place n amesb. Added n amesc. Occupati onal n amesuiz Audiosenpt Part Aonly foHos do most parents name their children?To what names is junior sometimes added? IXliar are the names Rivers and Hill examples of? What arc rhe names Reed and Baldwin examples oO tiuenu even it1、b. They choose names they like.2、a. Boys ' names3、a. Place names4、b. Added namesUnit 2 English: A Global Language?5、 a. En glish is not a global Ian guage.6、 b. En glish is a global Ian guage.c. En glish is the official lan guage.7. a. Many taxi drivers prefer English to Italian.b. Many people speak En glish flue ntly.c. Many people use En glish for their jobs.8. a. New Yorkers don 'always speak En glish.b. New Yorkers n eed En glish for everyday purposes.c. New Yorkers n eed En glish to be successful.9. a. People n eed a com mon lan guage forspecialsituati ons.b. People are beco ming more flue nt in En glish.c. Pilots should be flue nt in several lan guages.QUIZ Audioscript Part AI En0“h is used in intcrnacionil hotels Airports, does thisdemonstrate?2. Many raxi drivers in Rome »pcak English, What doesthis demonstrate?M Thirty percent of Neu ^brkcr^ uu- Spanish in thendaily lives. What does this demon urate?& WhM does the use of Airs|<ak show?real ini 2*Folth<to Un1、b. English is a global language.2、c. Many people use English for their jobs.3、a. New Yorkers don 'always speak English.4、a. People n eed a com mon lan guage forspecialsituatio ns.Unit 3 High Anxiety: Phobias10. a. Mildb. Extremec. Normal11. a. Phobias are un comfortable.b. Phobias are com mon.c. Phobias are lear ned.12. a. By what people fearb. By how people reactc. By the problem they cause13. a. Phobias are the problems themselves.b. Phobias are sig ns for deeper problems.c. Phobias are quite easy to con trol.12 Audioscript Part AWhat word describes the reaction of someone with a phobia?W'hzi is the main kka of (he fint theory?-Tow arc phobias dassitkd?X^hat is the nuin idea of the second theory?1、b. Extreme2、c. Phobias are learned.3、a. By what people fear4、b. Phobias are sig ns for deeper problems.Unit 5 Learning Differently14. a. Dyslexic stude nts n eed special schools.b. Dyslexic stude nts n eed teachers who canbeflexible.c. Dyslexic stude nts should n 'atte nd school.15. a. Dyslexia may cause problems at school.16. b. Dyslexia may be hard to treat.c. Dyslexia may be an in herited con diti on.17. a. They gen erally score well on in tellige nee test.18. b. They gen erally appear in tellige nt to theirteachers.19. c. They gen erally follow directi ons well.20. a. To help stude nts do better at schoolb. To build special schools for dyslexic stude ntsc. To use computer chips to help dyslexic childre nQuiz Audioscript Part A1. What main idea was discussed in the lecture?2. A dyslexic girl s father also bas dyslexia. What do<| (his show?3. VC hat is true about thikirrn with <jv\lrxia?4. What is Dr Levinsons goal?1、b. Dyslexic students need teachers who can beflexible.2、c. Dyslexia may be an inherited condition.3、a. They gen erally score well on in tellige nee test.4、a. To help students do better at schoolUnit 8 Right and Wrong on the Net21. a. To provide guideli nes for ethical computer useb. To in crease the use of computers in schoolsc. To solve computer problems caused by hack ing22. a. Reading a friend -mail ' eb. Using a frie nd ' scree n n amec.Downl oadi ng free software23. a. Students should use the Internet ethically.b. Stude nts should stop using the Intern et.c. Stude nts should en force computer ethics rules.24. a. Gover nment laws about computer useb. School rules about computer usec. Stude nt-made guideli nes about computer useQuiz Audioscript Part AB is rhe goal of the Computer Ethics Institute? 川皿 action would the speaker consider echical? statement can we infer from the lecture? are acceptable-use policies? *I 2. 3. 41、a. To provide guidelines for ethical computer use2、c. Downloading free software3、a. Students should use the Internet ethically.4、b. School rules about computer use。
朗文少儿英语Welcome to English 2A Unit2知识点归纳
2017/08/17
Longman English Book 2A Unit 2
by Cathy
词汇：
Unit 2 About Me
句型：
① Where do you live?（问住处）
I live in ….
② What ’s your name?(问名字) My name is …/I am …
③ How old are you?（问年龄） I am …
④
What ’s your telephone number?
(问电话号码)
It ’s …
香港简介：
香港，全称为中华人民共和国香港特别行政区（HKSAR ）。
地处中国华南地区，珠江口以东，南海沿岸，北接广东省深圳市，西接珠江。
香港是一座高度繁荣的国际大都市，全境由香港岛、九龙半岛、新界等3大区域组成，人口密度居全世界第三。
香港自古以来就是中国的领土。
1842-1997年间，香港曾为英国殖民地。
二战以后，香港经济和社会迅速发展，不仅被誉为“亚洲四小龙”之一，更成为全球最富裕、经济最发达和生活水准最高的地区之一。
香港是全球第三大金融中心，重要的国际金融、贸易和航运中心，与纽约、伦敦并称为“纽伦港”，是全球最自由经济体和最具竞争力城市之一，在世界享有极高声誉，被GaWC 评为世界一线城市。
香港是中西方文化交融之地，把华人智慧与西方社会制度优势合二为一，以廉洁的政府、良好的治安、自由的经济体系及完善的法制闻名于世，有“东方之珠”、“美食天堂”和“购物天堂”等美誉。
听说教程2第2单元原文
Unit 2I. Understanding Short Conversations1. W: What did your coach tell you about running in tomorrow’s race?M: He said, “All that glitters is Olympic gold,” to remind me of the Olympic spirit.Q: What was the coach’s advice to the man?2.M: I watched a TV show last night, called “All that Glitters Is Olympic Gold”.W: I watched that too. It was about the training and sacrifice necessary for athletes to compete in the Olympics.Q: What was the TV show about?3. W: Running the hundred-meter dash is nothing compared to the passion necessary to runlonger races.M: Are you kidding? I’ve run both and I know they both require determination.Q: Why does the man disagree with the woman?4. M: Do you think drug taking is widespread among amateur athletes trying to get stronger?W: It’s hard to say whether it’s true or not. So much of what we hear seems to be rumors.Q: Does the woman believe that there is a problem with amateur athletes taking drugs?5. W: Do you think that he could have run in the Olympics if things had turned out differently?M: Definitely. He had the heart. It was just his injury that cost him the opportunity to compete.Q: Did the athlete compete in the Olympics?6.. M: I heard that when the athlete accepted the gold medal, he thanked his mom.W: That’s right. He swore that she was responsible for him developing the strength to win the race.Q: Why was the athlete able to win the race?7. W: Come on, you can eat this cake. You don’t have to deny yourself sweet food just becauseyou’re in the Olympics.M: Yes I do! With the games coming so soon, I have to stay on a healthy diet.Q: Why does the man refuse the woman’s offer?8.M: Most people who watch the Olympics would like to be like the athletes they see.W: Maybe they would. But I don’t think most of them have determination to word so hard to get there.Q: What does the woman think about people who watch the Olympic Games?9.W: Are you noticing the frowns on the faces of the runners? Not one of them looks happy.M: You can be sure the two runners from our country are happy. Out of the five races, they’ve won four.Q: How many races have the runners from the speakers’ country won?10.M: Just hearing the Olympic song fills me with determination to go out and win.W: It was first played in 1896, but it wasn’t the official song until 1958. I like it too.Q: In which year did the Olympic song become official?1---10: B B C C C, A A A C AII. Understanding a Long ConversationW: Wow, you really look great. Have you been working out?M: Every day. I’m preparing for the Olympic Games.W: Oh, no.M: What? What’s the matter? You don’t think I can do it?W: I don’t know how to tell you.M: You don’t think I’m strong enough to enter, do you? Well, I’ll have you know I’m plenty strong.And if you say otherwise, you don’t know what you’re talking about.W: I know you’re strong. That’s not the problem.M: Then you think my heart is weak. But that isn’t so! I have amazing determination. I swear, my passion is unmatched by any other amateur athlete in the world. I defy you to say otherwise. W: I wouldn’t dare. I’ve seen you run and not quit, and I know your heart is strong. But that isn’t the problem.M: What’s the problem then?W: The Olympics ended yesterday.1.Why does the man look great?2.How does the man feel about his own strength?3.What does the man say about his passion?4.How does the woman know the man has a strong heart?5.What’s the man’s problem, according to the woman?1---5: D B C D DIII. Understanding a PassageIn the summer of 1936, Jesse Owens became famous all over the world. That summer, Jesse Owens, a black American, joined the best athletes from 50 nations to compete in the Olympics in Berlin, Germany.There was special interest in the Olympic Games that year because Adolph Hitler was then the leader of Germany. He and his Nazi party believed that white people were better than other races, especially those with dark skin. They were all very surprised when Owens won four gold medals and set new world records.Years later, Jesse Owens wrote that he was most proud of showing Hitler and the world how great a black man could be. Through everything, he never lost confidence in himself. Nor did he ever lose pride in himself. To this day, Jesse Owens is remembered as an amazing man who fully expressed the Olympic spirit.1.Why were so many people interested in the 1936 Olympic Games?2.According to the passage, what did the Nazi party believe?3.What surprised Hitler and the Nazis?4.What made Jesse Owens most proud?5.Why is Jesse Owens remembered as a great man?1—5: C B C D DIV. Understanding a Movie DialogTask11) training 2) touch 3) understand 4) appreciate 5) trouble6) fighting 7) three 8) honest 9) cry 10) borrow Homework Supplementary ListeningTask 1M: Have you ever tried scuba diving?W: No, I’m kind of scared of the whole diving thing. I mean I hear all these stories about getting sick from coming up too fast and dangerous fish and stuff. I don’t think it’s for me.M: I guess there’s a lot that could go wrong, but if you’ve been trained and you follow the rules, there’s really nothing to worry about.W: I don’t know.M: It’s really worth trying. It’s a whole other world down there. It’s s uch an amazing experience.W: That’s what a lot of people tell me, but I think I’d prefer to stick to surfing rather than take my chances in the deep.M: To be honest, I think you have more chance of meeting with an accident surfing than diving. W: As long as you don’t do anything stupid, you’ll be OK.M: Diving’s the same. You just have to follow the rules. Say, I’m going next weekend. Why don’t you come along? There’s a pool that isn’t so deep where you can see all kinds of fish and things.It’s perfect f or a novice diver.W: Well, if it’s not too deep, it can’t be too bad. Why not? Sure, I’ll go with you.M: Great!1.According to the woman, what makes diving scary?2.What measures might help ensure the safety of diving?3.According to the conversation, what has the woman heard about diving?4.What does the man think about surfing?5.Why does the woman decide to join the man in diving?1---5: D C D B ATask 2Some people say that aerobic dancing is a sport, and others say it’s not. I’ve begun a class that tea ches aerobics, and I would like to tell you about it. I think you’ll be very excited about this vigorous exercise and will agree with me that it’s a sport.Aerobic dancing is like other sports in that it can help you improve your mental strength. Often, when doing it, you’ll want to quit. Continuing, despite your desire to stop, forces you to be strong. The encouragement that you receive from those around you helps you to carry on for the entire 45 minutes until the end. It’s something like running a lon g race.Like swimming, aerobic dancing makes your body stronger. It quickens your heart beat and helps you to lose fat. Many football players, as well as athletes in other sports, do aerobic dancing to improve their fitness. Many other people enjoy it as well.Aerobic dancing can change your life. If you participate regularly, it’ll make you a better person, both mentally and physically. I recommend it to anyone who wants a little bit more out of life.1.According to the passage, how do people feel about aerobic dancing?2.In which way is aerobic dancing similar to other sports?3.Who will encourage you not to quit when doing aerobic dancing?4.How is aerobic dancing like swimming?5.According to the speaker, who should take part in aerobic dancing?1---5: A B C B DTask 31) on the ball 2) did something unexpected 3) at the job or activity 4) hit it out of the park 5) think it over 6) is very successful7) complete a job or activity 8) did something wrong9) how much it is worth 10) close to my selling priceTask 2Some people say that aerobic dancing is a sport, and others say it’s not. I’ve __1__ a class that teaches aerobics, and I would like to tell you about it. I think you’ll be very excited about this __2__exercise and will agree with me that it’s a sport.Aerobic dancing is like other sports in that it can help you improve your mental__3__. Often, when doing it, you’ll want to__4__. Continuing, despite your desire to stop, forces you to be strong. The encouragement that you __5__ from those around you helps you to carry on for the entire 45 minutes until the end. It’s something like __6__ a long race.Like swimming, aerobic dancing makes your body stronger. It __7__ your heart beat and helps you to lose fat. Many football players, as well as athletes in other sports, do aerobic dancing to improve their__8__ . Many other people enjoy it as well.Aerobic dancing can change your life. If you __9__ regularly, it’ll make you a better person, both mentally and__10__ . I recommend it to anyone who wants a little bit more out of life.1.begun2.vigorous3.strength4.quit5.receive6.running7.quickens8.fitness9.participate 10.physically。
朗文少儿英语 2B Unit 2-Making food
2B Unit2 Making food
课程类型
Lesson1-2 词句运用课
主题
2B Unit2 Making food
授课老师 授课时间
知识：
80 分钟
分校 年级
4 年级
1.单词： a carrot-carrots, a mushroom-mushrooms, an onion-onions, a tomato-tomatoes,
cherry
pear
2. Give a report. Make fruit salad
Hello. My name is Cici. I am ten years old. I want to make my own fruit salad with parents. I like oranges. They are big and orange. I don’t like apples. My mother likes grapes. They are small and purple. She doesn’t like bananas. My father likes pears. They taste sweet . He doesn’t like cherries. My classmate Amy likes peaches. She doesn’t like mangoes. Let’s make some delicious fruit salad with our parents.
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• why it always seems like we choose slow lines at the supermarket? • The simple probability that the line next to you will move faster than yours is the one divided by the number of lines. If there are very many lines, the chances that you’ll choose the fastording to Murphy’s Law , anything that can go wrong will go wrong. So we’ll be looking at everyday examples of Murphy’s Law. • why toast falls buttered-side down? • why it always seems like we choose slow lines at the supermarket? • why it is so difficult to win when we gamble?
• What is “life history”?
• Things are fairly predictable because they follow the basic laws of probability. Weather is an example: the next sunny day is more likely to occur after the seventh day of rain than after the first, because the storm front has what is called a life history. But events with a life history have changing probabilities of certain events occurring over time.
• why toast falls buttered-side down? • The rate of spin is determined by the force of gravity. So the probability that toast has a fifty-fifty chance of landing buttered-side up can be greatly affected by other more fundamental factors, such as the laws of physics.
• why it is so difficult to win when we gamble? • Dice have no memory, no life history. If you roll one dice many times, the number five will come up about 16 percent of the time. The element of arbitrariness makes prediction of the next roll impossible because statisticians who work with probability theory call the rolling a pair of dice a single-event probability, and many of these same statisticians believe that the probability of a single event can’t even be computed mathematically.
Unit 2 Murphy’s Law
• In 1949 at Edwards Air Force Base, California , The law's namesake was Capt. Ed Murphy, a development engineer from Wright Field Aircraft Lab. Frustration with a strap transducer which was malfunctioning due to an error in wiring the strain gage bridges caused him to remark – "If there is any way to do it wrong, he will" – referring to the technician who had wired the bridges at the Lab.