英语论文摘要的写法
学术论文英文摘要格式
学术论文英文摘要格式学术论文英文摘要格式英文题名和英文摘要是学术类和技术类科技期刊论文的重要组成部分,是国际间传播、学术交流与合作的桥梁和媒介,有其特殊的意义和作用。
好的英文题名和英文摘要对于增加期刊和论文的被检索和引用机会、吸引读者、扩大影响起着不可忽视的作用。
为了帮助读者撰写论文英文题名和英文摘要,本文总结了学术论文英文摘要格式的基本要求及注意事项,以给读者提供参考和指导。
学术论文英文摘要格式一、论文题名1.英文题名撰写的基本要求题名应简明、具体、确切,能概括文章的主旨,符合编制题录、索引和检索的有关原则并有助于选择关键词和分类号。
中文题名一般不超过20个汉字,必要时可加副题名。
题名中应避免使用非公知公用的缩略语、字符、代号以及结构式和公式。
英文题名的首字母及各个实词的首字母应大写。
2.英文题名撰写的注意事项除了以上基本要求,我们在写英文题名时还应注意以下几个问题。
(1)英文题名的结构。
英文题名以短语为主要形式,尤以名词短语最常见,即题名基本由一个或几个名词加上其前置和(或)后置定语构成。
短语型题名要确定好中心词,再进行前后修饰,要注意采用正确的单词顺序,形容词应与其所修饰的名词紧密相邻。
(2)英文题名中的冠词有简化的趋势,凡可用可不用的冠词均可不用。
英文题名开头第一个字不得用the, and, an和a。
(3)英文题名中的大小写有以下3种格式:全部字母大写;每个词的首字母大写,但3个或4个字母以下的冠词、连词、介词全部小写;题名第一个词的首字母大写,其余均小写。
(4)中英文题名的一致性。
同一篇论文,其英文题名与中文题名内容上应一致,但不等于说词语要一一对应。
在许多情况下,个别非实质性的词可以省略或变动。
总之,题名的用词十分重要,它直接关系到读者对文章的取舍态度,务必字字斟酌。
二、论文摘要1.摘要的定义摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是论文主体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点,简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概括和总结。
高中生英语摘要范文
高中生英语摘要范文高中生要写英语摘要的话，有技巧会不会更加容易上手?下面是店铺给大家整理的高中生英语摘要范文，供大家参阅!高中生英语摘要范文格式摘要：关于百度知道中网友们关于英语论文摘要所提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语论文摘要怎么写?英语论文摘要格式模板(附范例) 英语论文摘要英语专业毕业论文摘要怎么写英文论文摘要怎么写怎么写好英语论文摘要……这些都是百度知道中网友们提出来的热点话题，在此小编为大家总结了英语论文摘要的写法，英语论文摘要的格式参考，并附上范例一则，希望对大家的英语论文摘要写作有所帮助。
英语专业本科毕业论文论文摘要格式中英文摘要对应，内容要基本保持一致;中文在前，英文在后。
字数为300-500字左右。
1.中文摘要①首行居中打印论文中文标题(宋体四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印“摘要”二字(宋体小四号加粗)，字间空一字符。
③“摘要”二字下空一行打印摘要内容(宋体小四号)。
④摘要内容后下空一行打印“关键词”三字(宋体小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个，宋体小四号)，各关键词之间用逗号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
2.英文摘要①首行居中打印论文英文标题(Times New Roman四号加粗)②下空一行居中打印英文单词“Abstract”(Times New Roman 小四号加粗)。
③下空一行打印摘要内容(Times New Roman小四，1.5倍行距，两端对齐)④摘要内容后下空一行打印“Key Words”( Times New Roman 小四号加粗)，其后接着打印关键词(3-7个关键词，Times New Roman小四号)。
除了专有名词外，其他单词的首字母不大写。
各关键词之间用分号隔开，最后一个关键词后不打标点符号。
⑤摘要正文各自然段首行空5个字符。
Self-Knowledge of Emma(空1行)Abstract(空1行)Emma lives in a quite simple environment. When she is a little child, her mother dies and she is spoiled by her father. Having such a background, Emma is dominant, aggressive and imaginative. After she experiences the two major affairs in her life----the relationship with Harriet and her emotion towards Mr. Knightley, she realizes her own faults and acquires self-knowledge of both moral faults and emotion. After Emma fails to be a match-maker of Harriet and Mr. Knightley, she comes to know that feelings can not be imagined and that she should not force her own idea on others’ mind. And this is the very beginning of Emma’s self-knowledge.(空1行)Key Words: Emma; characters; match-making; self-knowledge高中生英语摘要范文A Brief Discussion on Cultural Difference between Chinese and EnglishAbstractWord is the product of society,which is the history of mankind and which is the crystallization of history and culture.It embodied a nation's social consciousness from generation to generation, history, culture, and other areas all the features of human society. The essence of which is dependent because of their different cultural background, language background and traditional factors above. chinese and english are quite different.such as mode of living,values,atandard of behavior,formality,customs. Language is is both the carrier and the product of culture, the cultural enrichment of information is an important part of culture, Language reflects the culture of development and changes, but also a direct reflection of the cultural differences.As we all know china and english has different cultural atmosphere .china has a long history and rich culture. English in the contemporary world political, economic, cultural and other fields to play with temporary no other language can replace the role of English in a number of countries in addition to the mother tongue but also as a second language or foreign language in common use in manycountries. As a symbol system, "English" is a kind of language, on their use, in today's world there are all sorts of "English" and "English" is in fact the name of a simple terms, we can not hope that justice Literal It is a single, homogeneous phenomenon it is all around the world and under different circumstances the use of the many variants of the English pool. However, due to geographical, historical, cultural, and social customs of different factors such as the impact of today's visit to English furniture has evolved into a wider impact on the two variants高中英语重点句子摘要Module 1: My First Day at Senior High1. And we have funfun是不可数名词，如：a lot of fun 非常快乐2.I do n’t think I will be bored in Ms Shen’s class!请注意本句中英汉在否定表示法上的区别。
英语摘要写法
摘要（Abstract）摘要(Abstract) 也成为内容提要，通常在学士论文中都必须附有摘要，其位置应放在论文的正文之前，对整个论文内容的概述。
无论对专业读者还是对非专业读者而言，摘要都是一个非常重要的文件。
摘要如果和论文一起发表，则被称为一次性出版物摘要，主要用于帮助读者评价文章内容及其潜在作用，使读者不必阅读全文就可以了解论文的内容。
除此之外，摘要也可以被单独收入文摘机构出版的摘要期刊如：生物学文摘（Biological Abstract）、化学文摘（Chemical Abstract）等、称为二次性出版物摘要。
此类脱离论文独立成篇的摘要主要用于方便读者检索文献、收集信息，帮助研究者寻找新的研究领域。
一．摘要的定义摘要的英文术语：有两个词汇，一个是abstract, 一个是summary.根据美国国家标准学会（American National Standard Institute）于1971年通过并颁布的《美国国家文摘写作标准》（American National Standard for Writing Abstracts）规定，Abstract 不应与summary 混同。
Abstract 对一篇论文的主要内容以精炼的文字进行高度概括，使读者不必阅读全文即可了解论文内容，或者让读者对即将阅读的文章有思想准备，或者让读者判断是否有通读全文的必要。
文中只对论文信息进行浓缩，而不加主观评论或解释，可以脱离原文而独立成篇。
字数通常在100~150个词左右，更确切地说，约为原文长度的1% ~ 5%（有的杂志规定摘要平均为全文的3% ~ 5%）。
现在越来越多的用法是abstract. 尤其是放在索引资料中一律要用abstract 这个术语，在论文的题目下也通常要用这个词。
Summary (概要) 与abstract 无明显差别。
严格地说，summary 一般附在论文的后面，对论文的主要结论和成果进行再叙述。
英文摘要的写法
主要结论
The results indicated that … The results show that … The results demonstrated that … The results reveal that …
由It 引起的that 从句 It was shown that … It can be seen that … It was found that … It was discovered that … It was concluded that … It has been demonstrated that It was clarified that … It was revealed that … It is considered that … It was confirmed that … It is suggested that … It was supposed that … It has become apparent that …
2、过程与方法(How did you do it?) 过程及方法。主要说明作者主要工作过程及所用的方法，也 应包括众多的边界条件，使用的主要设备和仪器。在英文摘要中， 过程与方法的阐述起着承前启后的作用。开头交待了要解决的问 题(What do you want )之后，接着要回答的自然就是如何解决问 题(How did you do)，而且，最后的结果和结论也往往与研究过 程及方法是密切相关的。大多数作者在阐述过程与方法时，最常 见的问题是泛泛而谈、空洞无物，只有定性的描述，使读者很难 清楚地了解论文中解决问题的过程和方法。因此，在说明过程与 方法时，应结合(指向)论文中的公式、实验框图等来进行阐述， 这样可以既给读者一个清晰的思路，又给那些看不懂中文(但却可 以看懂公式、图、表等)的英文读者以一种可信的感觉。
英文摘要如何写
一、绪论 (1)要的类型与基本内容 (1)三、英文题名 (2)四、作者与作者单位的英译 (2)五、英文摘要 (2)英文摘要如何写一、绪论文章摘要是对所写文章主要内容的精炼概括。
美国人称摘要为“Abstract”,而英国人则喜欢称其为“Summary”。
通常国际刊物要求所要刊登的文章字数，包括摘要部分不超过1万字。
而对文章摘要部分的字数要求则更少。
因此，写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论文之精华。
论文摘要的重点应放在所研究的成果和结论上。
国际会议要求的论文摘要的字数不等，一般为200字-500字。
而国际刊物要求所刊登的论文摘要的字数通常是100字-200字。
摘要的位置一般放在一篇文章的最前面，内容上涵盖全文，并直接点明全旨。
语言上要求尽量简炼。
摘要通常多采用第三人称撰写。
科学书籍、论文和学术报告一般都附有内容摘要，这样可以节省读者的时间，使他们不必读完整个文章就能够了解它的主要内容。
书籍摘要，一般放在封二或封三；论文和学术报告的摘要，一般放在正文前面。
摘要应做到简明扼要，切题，能独立成文，使读者能准确地了解书籍的要义。
写摘要时，最好用第三人称的完整的陈述句，文长一般不超过200个词。
要的类型与基本内容英文摘要内容包含题名、摘要及关键词。
gb 7713—87规定，为了国际交流，科学技术报告、学位论文和学术论文应附有外文(多用英文）摘要。
原则上讲，以上中文摘要编写的注意事项都适用于英文摘要，但英语有其自己的表达方式、语言习惯，在撰写英文摘要时应特别注意。
摘要分陈述性的（Descriptive）和资料性的（Informational）两类。
陈述性摘要只说明论文、书籍或文章的主题，多半不介绍内容。
资料性的摘要除了介绍主题外，还应介绍文章的要点和各个要点的主要内容。
它可以包括三个组成部分①点明主题，解析文章或书籍的目的或意图；②介绍主要内容，使读者迅速了解文章或书籍的概貌；③提出结论或建议，以供读者参考。
关于摘要的写法
关于摘要的写法1. “摘要”是论文内容的简要陈述，是一篇完整的、可以独立使用的短文，因而必须具有自含性，也就是用最精炼的语言把论文的主要内容、主要观点或者作者的主要发现表达出来。
即：读者即使不阅读论文的全文也可以从摘要中获得必要的、与论文等量的信息，以判断有无必要阅读全文。
摘要一般应包括: 研究题目的选择理由和目的；研究的方法或者过程；研究的发现或者成果；结论。
字数200—300字。
2. 怎样写英文摘要？可以按照论文的逻辑结构撰写摘要，如概述、目的、方法、结果、结论、展望的顺序。
一般的写法是：“本文对…进行了研究，作者认为…，作者发现…”。
概述：用最简洁的语言概括论文内容。
例如：This paper is… 或This study focuses on…目的：用To…就可以了，没有必要使用in order to 或者for the purpose of 等较长的表述。
方法：尽可能具体地说明操作的步骤，其中注意时态的使用。
常用的词汇有：test, study, investigate, examine, analyze, measure, application 等。
结果：直入主题地摆出结果，如This paper shows… 或The results are…结论：删去类似于“The result of the study showed that…” 的赘语，逐条罗列出结论。
展望：指出研究对未来的意义，如This paper is of great significance in… 或指出不足。
3. 英文摘要有多长？一般情况下用一段的篇幅完成英文摘要，长度一般为200字到300字之间。
4. 英文摘要用什么语态和人称？规范的学术文章通常采用被动语态，突出信息。
但由于主动语态的表述更为清楚，现在有些地方也要求采用主动语态。
5. 英文摘要用什么人称？最好不要出现I，we等第一人称代词，而是使用第三人称，如the author等。
英文标题和摘要的撰写
英文标题和摘要的撰写一、英文标题的撰写1.标题中study on，studies on，study of，discussion on，research on，observation on，investigation on（of），some thoughts on，a final reporton等，只是增加标题的长度，未提供新的信息，不宜使用。
2.国际标准化组织规定，标题最好不要超过10～12个词，且除通用的缩写字和特殊符号外，标题内不使用缩写字、特殊符号、化学式、上下角标等。
3.标题通常由名词短语构成，即由一个或多个名词加上其前置定语或后置定语构成，因此标题中一般出现名词、形容词、介词、冠词和连接词，若出现动词，一般是现在分词、过去分词或动名词形式。
例如：Models and simulation of a single-phase flow correlation measuring system.(单相流相关测量系统的模型和仿真)（两个名词加后置定语）4.取消不必要的冠词。
例如：The effects of the patient age and physician training on thechoice and dose of anti-melan-cholic drugs，题目中的3个定冠词the均可删去。
（英文题名开头第1个字尽量不用冠词（包括定冠词the，不定冠词a和an）二、英文摘要的撰写5.摘要一般分为两类，信息性摘要和指示性摘要。
绝大部分科技期刊都要求作者提供信息性摘要。
信息性摘要通常以150～250 words为宜，指示性摘要以100～150 words 为宜。
6.信息性摘要的4要素：研究的目的；研究的过程与采用的方法；主要结果或发现；主要结论和推论。
7.尽量使用主动语态。
例如“A exceeds B”要好于“B exceeded by A”。
8.通常用过去时态描述作者的工作，用现在时态描述所做的结论，少用现在完成时、过去完成时，基本不用进行时和其它复合时态。
论文英文摘要写法
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作者姓名与作者单位英译 1) 作者姓名 中国作者的汉语拼音名字采用如下拼 写方法：姓前名后，中间为空格，姓氏 的全部字母均大写，复姓连写，名字的 首字母大写，名字不缩写。如：ZHANG Zeduan SHANGGUAN Xuzhi
英语国家的作者，采用名前姓后的形式，
其他非英语国家人名按作者自己提供的 罗马字母拼法拼写。
论文摘要写作
I：Introduction
英文摘要的构成摘要是原始文献(一次文 献)的浓缩和代表,它本身给读者一个信息, 即该文献所包含的主要概念和讨论的主要 问题,帮助读者决定此论文是否有用。由 于英文摘要与中文摘要面向不同读者,所 以对英文摘要要求较高的完整性,即读者 不看中文原始文献,只读英文摘要就能对 论文有较完整的了解。它包括介绍性内容 和描述性信息,相对独立于正文。
（2）一般过去时。用于叙述过去某一时
刻(时段)的发现、某一研究过程(实验、 观察、调查等)。例如:The heat-pulse technique was applied to study the sternsapflow(树干液流) of two main deciduous broad-leaved tree species in July and August ,1996。 需要指出的是,用一般过去时描述的发现、 现象,往往是尚不能确认为自然规律、永 恒真理的,而只是当时如何如何;所描述的 研究过程,也明显带有过去时间的痕迹。
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) 大小写 科技论文英文摘要标题中字母大小写 的情况分三种： (1)全部字母均大写。 (2)开头字母以及每个实词首字母大写, 虚词小写。 (3) 开头第一个字母和专有名词大写, 其余均小写。 目前第2种形式较为普遍,第3种的使用 似有增多趋势。
英文文章摘要怎么写.doc
英文文章摘要怎么写英文文章摘要怎么写?英文文章摘要范文【1】abstractthe joy luck clubis written by famous chinese american writer amy tan in the end of 1980s. it isabout the experience of four mothers immigrating fromchinaand their four american born daughtersliving in theunited states.this paper mainly discusses the application of mitchells womens estate in the joyluck club. based on the position of women in society and family, writerthoroughly analyzes the oppressions on women.the paper includes threechapters, t heory of “womens estate”, the position of women in the joy luck club and consciousness-raisingreflected in the joy luck club. accordingly, it is reveals that the oppressionsgiven by men on women in families are inevitable, only can women have theability to liberate themselves.keywords: women; families; oppressions; mitchells“womens estate”论文英文标题、摘要等的写法【2】1.英文题名(标题)1) 题名的结构。
英文摘要的写法
（3）主要结论 用That 从句表示实验结果： The results indicated that … The results show that … The results demonstrated that … The results reveal that …
（3）主要结论
由It 引起的that 从句：
(3) 可直接用名词或名词短语作定语的情况 下，要少用 of 句型
accuracy of measurement → measurement accuracy
structure of crystal → crystal structure
(4) 可用动词的情况尽量避免用动词的名词 形式
Measurement of thickness of plastic sheet was made → Thickness of plastic sheet was measured
Variations of Tg with the water content and with the drawing are discussed in terms of the structure in these materials.
பைடு நூலகம்
The increments（增量） of ΔCp at Tg are also interpreted using a three phases model.
Abstract Writing for Technological Articles
Surface and Coatings Technology
1. 英文摘要结构
通常国际刊物、科学书籍、论文和学术报 告一般都附有内容摘要。 写摘要时，应用最为简练的语言来表达论 文之精华。
论文摘要一般写法-如何写论文摘要
论文摘要一般写法论文摘要是文章的内容不加诠释和评论的简短陈述。
为了国际交流，还应有外文(多用英文)摘要。
摘要是在文章全文完成之后提炼出来的，具有短、精、完整三大特点。
摘要应具有独立性的自含性、即不阅读原文的全文．就能获得必要的信息。
摘要中有数据、有结论、是一篇完整的短文．可以独立使用，也可以引用，还可以用于工艺推广。
其内容应该包含与报告论文同等量的主要信息．以供读者确定有无必要阅读原论文全文，也可提供给文摘第二次文献采用。
目录论文摘要简介摘要一般应说明研究工作目的、实验方法、结果和最终结论等．而重点是结果和结论。
中文摘要一般不宜超过300字，外文摘要不宜超过250个实词。
除了实在迫不得已，摘要中不用图、表、化学结构式、非公知公用的符号和术语。
摘要可用另页置于题名页(页上无正文)之前，学术论文的摘要一般置于题名和作者之后，论文正文之前。
论文摘要又称概要、内容提要。
摘要是以提供文献内容梗概为目的，不加评论和补充解释，简明、确切地记述文献重要内容的短文。
其基本要素包括研究目的、方法、结果和结论。
具体地讲就是研究工作的主要对象和范围，采用的手段和方法，得出的结果和重要的结论，有时也包括具有情报价值的其它重要的信息。
摘要应具有独立性和自明性，并且拥有与文献同等量的主要信息，即不阅读全文，就能获得必要的信息。
摘要不容赘言,故需逐字推敲。
内容必须完整、具体、使人一目了然。
英文摘要虽以中文摘要为基础,但要考虑到不能阅读中文的读者的需求,实质性的内容不能遗漏。
摘要的类型根据内容的不同, 摘要可分为以下三大类: 报道性摘要、指示性摘要和报道-指示性摘要.(1) 报道性摘要(informative abstract): 也常称作信息性摘要或资料性摘要, 其特点是全面、简要地概括论文的目的、方法、主要数据和结论. 通常, 这种摘要可以部分地取代阅读全文.(2) 指示性摘要 (indicative abstract): 也常称为说明性摘要、描述性摘要(descriptive abstract)或论点摘要(topic abstract), 一般只用二三句话概括论文的主题, 而不涉及论据和结论, 多用于综述、会议报告等. 该类摘要可用于帮助潜在的读者来决定是否需要阅读全文.(3) 报道-指示性摘要(informative-indicative abstract): 以报道性摘要的形式表述一次文献中的信息价值较高的部分, 以指示性摘要的形式表述其余部分.摘要组成我国的科技期刊近年来陆续采用结构式摘要,明确写出目的、方法、结果和结论四部分。
英文摘要写作
五：Conclusion
正确全面地掌握论文研究的主题范围 认真地进行主题分析，从摘要的四要素出发， 找出论文所研究的具体对象、作者运用的具体 方法、得出的具体结果及对结果进行剖析而得 出的具有创新性的结论 正确地组织好这些主题内容，简明地写出来。 尤其是信息性摘要叙述要完整，清楚，简明扼 要，摘要逻辑性要强，结构完整。
4.3 人称（personal pronoun） 人称（ ）
英文摘要的人称：原来摘要的首句多用第三人 称This paper…等开头， 现在倾向于采用更简洁的被动语态或原形动词 开头。例如：To describe…， To study…， To investigate…， To assess…，To determine…，建议采用“对……进行了研 究”、“报告了……现状”、“进行了……调 查”等记述方式标明文献的性质和文献主题, 不必使用“本文”、“作者”等作为主语。
4.4、英文摘要的语态 、 (voice) 采用何种语态，既要考虑摘要的特点，又要满足表达的需要。 一篇摘要很短，尽量不要随便混用，更不要在一个句子里混 用。 (1)主动语态(active voice) ：摘要中谓语动词采用主动语态， 有助于文字简洁、表达有力。 (2)被动语态( passive voice) ：以前强调多用被动语态，理 由是科技论文主要是说明事实经过，至于那件事是谁做的， 无须一一证明。为强调动作承受者，采用被动语态为好；被 动者无关紧要，也必须用强调的事物做主语。
英文摘要写作 English Abstracts Writing
定义
摘要的定义 摘要又称概要、内容提要。摘要是论文主 体的高度浓缩,它应该能提炼论文的主要观点, 简明地描述论文的内容和范围,简短地进行概 括和总结。摘要能让读者尽快了解论文的主要 内容,以补充题名的不足,并为科技情报文献检 索,数据库的建设和维护提供方便。
文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literaturereviewandpapersummary）
文献综述与论文摘要的写法（Literature review and papersummary）All aboveI. overview1. What is the review: review, also known as review. It is a paper that USES published literature as the source material.The review includes two aspects: "heddle" and "statement". In summary, the author must summarize and analyze the large amount of material in possession, and make the material more refined, clearer, more hierarchical and more logical. The so-called statement is a review, which is a comprehensive, deep and systematic discussion on the topic. Therefore, this paper is on a particular project, a certain historical background, the previous work, the focus of debate in the field of, research status and development prospects, etc., in the opinion of the author himself of rigorous and systematic reiew, informative scientific papers.The review reflects the progress of research in a particular topic, in a certain area. Can put the project, the recent progress in the field and its branch, new discoveries, new trends, new levels, new theory and new technology is comprehensively introduced to the reader, make readers especially readers engaged in the work of the project, the research in this field have benefited. Therefore, the review is an important reference material for teaching, research and production.2. Review of the type: according to the collection of the original document number, the degree of refining processing, and academic level of organization forms of writing, this paper can be divided into the inductive, ordinary and critical three categories.(1) inductive review: inductive review is the author will collect all the documents, and according to certain order to classify arrangement, make them mutual association, coherent, and write academic papers with organized, systematic and logical. It can reflect the current research progress in a particular topic and field to a certain extent, but few authors have their own opinions or opinions.(2) the normal sexual review: regular review system has a certain academic level of the author, on the basis of collecting more data written due to the systematic and logic of the academic papers, this paper expresses the author's point of view or bias. Therefore, the paper has some guiding significance and reference value for readers who work in this topic and in this field.(3) critical review: the critical review system has a higher academic level and the author of higher attainments in the field. On the basis of collecting a lot of data, the author summarized the original material, analyzed and wrote the critical academic papers that reflected the current research progress and development prospect in this field. Due to the strong logic of the thesis, there are more authors' opinions and comments. Therefore, it has universal guiding significance to readers andhas guiding significance to the research work of readers.Second, the writing format of the reviewThe summary is different from the general scientific paper. The scientific paper focuses on the scientific nature of the method and the credibility of the results, especially the positive results. And review to write themes (a) in the project, a field of detailed information, not only to point out that the development background and the meaning of work, but also should have the authors' critiques, points out that the study of the causes of success or failure; Not only to point out that the current research hot spot and the focal point of controversy, but also should be pointed out that needs to be further exploration and the research field of virgin: not only to introduce the dynamic and the latest progress of the subject, but also should be on the basis of the review,Forecast development trend and application prospect. Review writing format is diversified, therefore, in addition to the title, name, abstract, key words (the four parts is the same as general scientific papers), generally includes preface, main body, conclusion and references four parts, the former three parts in the body of the system after the part is the basis of summarizing the writing.1. Preface: with general scientific papers, preface, also known as the introduction, is to guide readers are part of the thesis, the main purpose and the role of narrative review, an overview of the theme of the related concepts and definitions, briefly describes the history of the selected topic background,development process, present situation, the focus of debate, the application value and practical significance, and can also define the scope of review. Make the reader to review the theme of a first impression. This part is about 200 ~ 300 words.2. The main body part: main body length range is big, short of about 5000 words, the elderly can reach tens of thousands of words, the narration way agile diversity, not must follow the same pattern, used by the author according to the review, the content of the design and creation. Generally, the content of the main part can be divided into a few large parts, each part of a brief and eye-catching subtitle. Some of the criteria are varied, some are chronologically, some are subject to problems, others are based on different points of view, some are in stages of development. However, any approach should include historical development, current review and development prospects.(1) historical development: in chronological order, the context and development of the theme and the level of research in each stage are outlined.(2) status review: the focus is on the current research situation at home and abroad, focusing on which problems have been solved and which problems have not been solved, and the possible solutions are proposed. The current debate focuses on the similarities and differences of various points of view and makes theoretical explanations, and the author's opinion is bright. The theory and hypothesis of creative and developmental future are introduced in detail, and the arguments are presented to indicate possible trends.(3) prediction of development prospects: by comparing and contrasting, affirming the research level of the subject, pointing out existing problems, suggesting possible development trends, indicating the research direction, and indicating the shortcut of research.3. Summary: the summary is also called conclusion, summary or conclusion. When writing summaries, it is possible to put forward a few concise and precise opinions and Suggestions on the basis of the discourse of the subject. The main content of the main body can also be summarized briefly, and the author's own opinions are put forward to show the author's approval and opposition. For a small summary, it is possible to make a summary of the summary, but only after the contents of the main parts are discussed.4. Reference: references are the raw materials of the review. It is also the basis of the review. Therefore, it is of great importance to have sufficient references. In addition to showing respect for the work of the cited author and the information that indicates that the reference has its scientific basis, it is more important for the reader to explore the subject in depth and provide clues to the relevant literature.3. The writing steps and precautions of the reviewA review of the writing steps.(1) topic: the following principles should be followed:The topics or areas of choice: the topics that have been accumulating in recent years, which have been rapid, novel, and not yet widely available; Or research conclusions inconsistent with controversial themes or new discoveries and new technologies in our country with applied value themes.The relationship between the topic and the author: the subject should be closely related to the author. Or the subject of an interdisciplinary subject with the author; Or the subject of the author's forthcoming exploration and research; Or a subject that is not relevant to the author, but is willing to explore; Or scientific intelligence as the subject of research.The subject should be specific, specific, and the scope should not be too large.The selection must be innovative and practical.(2) collecting literature: after the topic is determined, relevant literature materials should be consulted and accumulated. This is the basis of the review. Thus, the more literature that is required, the better. The commonly used method is to consult the literature through the retrieval of reference books such as abstracts and index periodicals. We can also use microcomputer networking to search for advanced literature review methods.(3) reading and organizing literature: reading literature is an important step in writing a summary. In reading literature, therefore, must grasp the main points of the literature andargument, do a good job in "reading notes", and making literature excerpts CARDS, write in their own words when reading the resulting Revelations, experience and thoughts, from literature essence, the best raw material for review. The process of reading literature and making CARDS is actually the process of digesting and absorbing the essence of the literature. The CARDS and notes made are easy to process. They can be sorted and arranged according to the theme of the review, which can be serialized and organized. Finally, scientific analysis of the classified information, combined with the author's practical experience, wrote the experience and put forward his own viewpoint.(4) write an article: before writing a review, you should write an outline of your writing, then write the first draft and modify it after the "creative heat" is cooled.2. Write notes for review.(1) the content of the review should not be written before. If someone has published a similar review, it is generally inappropriate to repeat it, and it is not possible to use the content of other people's review as the material for the review.(2) for certain new knowledge areas and new technologies, the development of the subject can be traced back to the writing, and some basic knowledge should be added to the readers' understanding. Topics that are well known or well known should only be written about their new progress, new developments, new developments, and no repetition of previous studies that have been reviewed.(3) the material of the review comes from previous research reports, which must be faithful to the original text, not to be taken out of context, to castrate or distort the views of previous generations.(4) review of the authors must have the basic knowledge of writing subject, the history and development process, a comprehensive understanding of the latest progress, or the author itself also engaged in the research of this topic, is the theme of "experts", otherwise easy to mistake, comedy tends.(5) review, the collection of documents and materials as complete as possible, don't you just begin to write, collect some literature more taboo to read a few Chinese language materials, then made a so-called were reviewed.(6) the raw material of the review should reflect a new word.。
英文摘要的写法(新)
Abstract
（ 1 ） A design of two-cell SBS pulse compressor twowith polarizing pumping source was proposed for a high power KrF laser with pulse energy of 200J and 200J pulsewidth of 200ns to compress it to ~5ns and 200ns achieve high beam quality by SBS phase conjugation techniques. Possibility of doing this is techniques. numerically investigated to our knowledge. （2）Our knowledge. oneone-dimensional SBS amplifier numerical model employed is similar to those described by DaiJun et al. (J. App, Phys., 1992) with a little modification. （3） al. (J. Phys. 1992) modification. This model is then used for calculating pulse compression of above described KrF laser. laser.
Roles of Pathway in Self-Accell & Clive Newton Abstract
（1）This article discusses some possible roles for self-access pathways, particularly in selfcultures which have no tradition of self-study. self-study. suggests how pathways might （ 2 ） It influence the design and running of self-access selfcentres, （3）and gives an illustration of how pathways were designed and employed in a minicentre in China. Feedback is based on a miniChina. survey distributed to thirty users. users.
英文摘要写法
SCI结构式摘要案例 结构式摘要案例
Abstract: Context Patients experience the highest rate of death and recurrent ischemic events during the early period after an acute coronary syndrome, but it is not known whether early initiation of treatment with a statin can reduce the occurrence of these early events. Objective To determine whether treatment with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, initiated 24 to 96 hours after an acute coronary syndrome, reduces death and nonfatal ischemic events. Design and Setting A randomized, double-blind trial conducted from May 1997 to September 1999, with follow-up through 16 weeks at 122 clinical centers in Europe, North America, South Africa, and Australasia. Patients A total of 3086 adults aged 18 years or older with unstable angina or non-Q-wave acute myocardial infarction. Interventions Patients were stratified by center and randomly assigned to receive treatment with atorvastatin (80 mg/d) or matching placebo between 24 and 96 hours after hospital admission. Main Outcome Measures Primary end point event defined as death, nonfatal acute myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest with resuscitation, or recurrent symptomatic myocardial ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization. Results A primary end point event occurred in 228 patients (14.8%) in the atorvastatin group and 269 patients (17.4%) in the placebo group (relative risk [RR], 0.84; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.70-1.00; P = .048). There were no significant differences in risk of death, nonfatal myocardial infarction, or cardiac arrest between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group, although the atorvastatin group had a lower risk of symptomatic ischemia with objective evidence and requiring emergency rehospitalization (6.2% vs 8.4%; RR, 0.74; 95% CI, 0.57-0.95; P = .02). Likewise, there were no significant differences between the atorvastatin group and the placebo group in the incidence of secondary outcomes of coronary revascularization procedures, worsening heart failure, or worsening angina, although there were fewer strokes in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (12 vs 24 events; P = .045). In the atorvastatin group, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol level declined from 124 mg/dL (3.2 mmol/L) to 72 mg/dL (1.9 mmol/L). Abnormal liver transaminases (>3 times upper limit of normal) were more common in the atorvastatin group than in the placebo group (2.5% vs 0.6%; P < .001). Conclusion For patients with acute coronary syndrome, lipid-lowering therapy with atorvastatin, 80 mg/d, reduces recurrent ischemic events in the first 16 weeks, mostly recurrent symptomatic ischemia requiring rehospitalization.
SCI论文英文摘要的撰写要求
SCI论文英文摘要的撰写要求论著文章英文摘要由以下部分组成：文题（题名）、作者名单、作者工作单位、通讯作者、目的、方法、结果、结论、关键词。
这些组成部分缺一不可。
对每个组成部分，从内容和格式上都有一定的基本要求。
我们撰写论著文章的英文摘要时，应当按照基本要求写。
整个英文摘要的篇幅：尚无统一的规定，有云100~150词（words）者，也有说250个词左右者（Uniform requirements for manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals）。
但要达到比较全面而概括地反映一项研究的主要内容，整个摘要的字数恐应达到300~400个词。
1）文题文题是用短语或句子形式集中反映一篇论文主要内容的一段文字。
对于期刊文章而言，读者首先要读的是文章的题目。
文题是否写得足够好，与一篇文章的阅读率有直接关系。
因此，医学论文的作者应对文题的写法下较大的功夫。
文题的作用：供审稿、引起读者阅读兴趣、供编制索引等。
文题的构成：用一定逻辑关系连接起来的名词短语或句子。
对文题的要求：总的要求是“简”(字数不能太多)、“明”(清楚，不模糊)、“准”(不夸大、相对具体)。
但具体要求可有以下几个方面。
文题形式上的要求(1) 文题的字数一般认为不应超过18个主要词(major words)。
这里所说的主要词，是指除了介词(前置词)、冠词和连接词以外的词，如名词、动词、代词、数词等。
要做到“简”，就要注意在文题中避免使用不重要的、含义不明确的词，如：“A study on ...”, “An investigation of ...”, “A clinical study on ...”, “A survey of ...”等词。
文题如以定冠词The开头，多数情况下将其省略。
(2) 文题的表达方式文题一般用短语或句子来表达。
所用的短语多是名词性短语。
例如：Use of exhaled nitric oxide measurements to guide treatment in chronic asthma (N Engl J Med 2005;352:2163)从语法结构上要求文题应尽可能简单、明了，避免复杂、难懂。
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• 2） Avoid repeating the title or part of the title in the first sentence of the abstract (避免在摘 要的第一句话重复使用教学题ppt 目或题目的一部分)。12
• 摘要的作用：不阅读论文全文即能获得必要的信息； 关键的创新点、结果和意义。
• 摘要应包含以下内容：
①研究的主要内容，指明采用怎样的方法完成了哪些工作；
②获得的基本结论和新见解。
• 摘要必须十分简炼，内容亦需充分概括，一般不超出 300字。但英文摘要提倡扩展。
教学ppt
3
摘要的注意事项
➢ 应该用第三人称； ➢ 不加注释和评论； ➢ 不宜举例，不用引文； ➢ 不宜与其它研究工作比较； ➢ 不应用图表、公式、化学结构式等； ➢ 摘要中第一句话的注语，如“本文－－－”、“作
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关键词
• 关键词是为了文献索引工作而从论文中选取出来、 用以表示全文主要信息单词或术语。一篇论文可 选取3-5个词作为关键词。
• 关键词应该是能表示论文主要内容的信息或词汇， 这些信息或词汇可以从论文标题中选，也可从论 文内容中去找。
• 关键词的作用： 1）提炼主题； 2）方便他人检索，提高检索效率和论文引用率。
• Key words: lexical variation; lexical sophistication; lexical error • 中图分类号:H319 文献标识码:B 文章编号:1004-
5112(2010)01-0040-07
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• 提要:本研究从词汇多样性、词汇复杂性、词汇错误三 个维度探索中国英语专业学生作文中词汇丰富性的发
者－－－”等词可以省略； ➢ 摘要中第一句的开头部分,不要与论文标题重复； ➢ 把背景信息减到最少。
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• 摘要可以是陈述式的，也可以是信息式的， 或者二者兼而有之。作为一般的学术论文， 通常采用信息式的摘要，其内容主要包括： 研究课题的目的、研究方法、所获结果及 结论；评论、综述性文章以及专著等，通 常采用陈述式摘要。
• 摘要一般以不超过300字为宜，英文摘要篇 幅以250个实词左右为宜。
教学ppt
5
ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ
摘要构成
Abstract labeling
Abstract
Abstract body
Key Words
教学ppt
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摘要构成
• 1. Abstract labeling 文摘标示 • 2. Abstract body文摘正文 • 3. Key Words关健词语
• tication. As for lexical errors, error types and error tokens are on the increase. Among all the major errors, the article
• error is the most frequent one; however, improvement is found in verb employment.
• 展趋势。研究语料选自上海四所高校的100名英语专业 学生的200份2003年四级、2005年八级考试作文卷。
• 研究结果发现,随着英语学习的深入、英语水平的提高, 作文中词汇的多样性和复杂性都有显著提高;而词汇
• 错误,无论是其类型还是其数量都明显增多;文章写得越 长,词汇错误出现的频率就越高;冠词错误的出现频
• 2003 TEM4 and 2005 TEM8, involving 100 English majors from four universities in Shanghai. The findings show that
• as learners further their English language study, they achieve improvement in both lexical variation and lexical sophis-
• 率最高,而动词运用情况则明显好转。
• 关键词:词汇多样性;词汇复杂性;词汇错误
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• 要写好英文摘要，作者必须回答好以下几 个问题：
• 1) 本文的目的或要解决的问题(What I want to do?)
• 2) 解决问题的方法及过程(How I did it?) • 3) 主要结果及结论(What results did I get
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• Abstract: This study investigates the development of lexical diversity in Chinese English majors’ writings from three
• perspectives: lexical variation, lexical sophistication and lexical errors. It is based on a sample of 200 writings from
Abstract
• 摘要必须有目的、方法、结果和结论。摘 要的主要功能是：1．使读者只看摘要就可 以了解到论文的主要内容。2．为科技情报 人员和计算机检索提供方便。因此，摘要 应具有独立性和自明性，即它自身就能独 立成文，不阅读全文就能获得必要的信息。
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学术论文的摘要
• 摘要是对论文内容不加注释和评论的简短陈述。论文 一般应有摘要和英文摘要。
and what conclusions can I draw?) • 4) 本文的创新、独到之处(What is new
and original in this paper?)
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目的（What I want to do?）
• 目的。主要说明作者写作此文的目的，或本文 主要解决的问题。一般来说，一篇好的英文摘 要，一开头就应该把作者本文的目的或要解决 的主要问题非常明确地交待清楚。必要时，可 利用论文中所列的最新文献，简要介绍前人的 工作，但这种介绍一定要极其简练。在这方面， 《EI》提出了两点具体要求：