研究生 英语阅读教程 第三版 课文 Lesson 13

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工程硕士英语基础教程学生用书(第三版)第13课英文原文及分段中文翻译

工程硕士英语基础教程学生用书(第三版)第13课英文原文及分段中文翻译

U13A Simple Truth About Happiness关于快乐的简单真相If you're waiting for it,you've missed the point如果你正在等待快乐,那么你将错失良机Each of us owes it to our spouses, our children, our friends to be as happy as we can be. Anyone can be unhappy; it takes no courage or effort. True achievement lies in struggling to be happy.我们每个人为了让我们的配偶、孩子、朋友快乐,都要尽可能的做到快乐。

任何人都可以感到不快乐,那不需要任何勇气和努力。

但是努力寻找快乐才是一个人真正的成就。

The concept that we have to work at happiness comes as news to many people. We assume it's a feeling that comes as a result of good things that just happen to us, things over which we have little or no control.致力于寻找快乐对许多人来说是一个全新的观念。

我们通常认为快乐是伴随着某些美好的事物而来的,这些事物是我们碰巧碰到的,而不是我们可以掌控的。

But the opposite is true: happiness is largely under our control. It is a battle to be waged and not a feeling to be awaited.但是,事实却相反,快乐完全在我们的掌控之中。

(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1

(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1

Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。

unit 13研究生英语读与写(第三版)-

unit 13研究生英语读与写(第三版)-
From: /wiki/Genetic_marker
Background information
Roundup Ready Crops:
Roundup Ready Crops (RR Crops) are genetically engineered crops that have had their DNA altered to allow them to withstand the herbicide glyphosate (the active ingredient of Monsanto's herbicide Roundup). They are also known as “glyphosate tolerant crops.” RR crops that have been deregulated in the U.S. include: corn, soybeans, canola, cotton, sugarbeets, and alfalfa.
over-the-counter
pharmaceutical
drugs
(medications), vaccines, biopharmaceuticals, blood
transfusions, medical devices, electromagnetic
radiation emitting devices (ERED), and veterinary
products.
Background information
US FDA:
The FDA also enforces other laws, notably Section 361 of the Public Health Service Act and associated regulations. Many of these regulations are not directly related to food or drugs. These include laws governing sanitation requirements on interstate travel, the control of diseases on products for household pets to sperm donations for assisted reproduction.

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版

研究生英语阅读教程基础级第三版

Main Idea
replaced by part time or contract workers for less pay. Some government agencies have downsized, some from funding cuts. Now graduates need to learn how to fit into this new work world.
2) n [u] the ideas, feelings, or opinions that are most important to a particular group of people or have the greatest influence on them at a particular time
●这家餐馆有酒类销售执照。 This restaurant is licensed to sell alclhol.
●药剂师获准开处方配药。 The pharmacist is licensed to dispense drugs.
Language Points
2. pulse n [c] singular 1) the regular beat that can be felt, for example at your wrist, as your heart pumps blood around your body ; heartbeat
7. query n (line 2, para.5) 1) a question, especially one asking for information or
expressing a doubt about sth
● 我们的助理很乐意回答诸位的疑问。 Our assistants will be happy to answer your queries.

研究生英语阅读教程Unit13

研究生英语阅读教程Unit13

In general, responses to music are able to be observed. It has been proven that music influences humans both in good and bad ways. These effects are instant and long lasting. Music is thought to link all of the emotional, spiritual, and physical elements of the universe. Music can also be used to change a person's mood, and has been found to cause like physical responses in many people simultaneously. Music also has the ability to strengthen or weaken emotions from a particular event such as a funeral.
The power of music can also be seen in the arena of therapy. Music is one of the oldest tools used for therapy. Drums and rattles were used by medicine men as a symbol of their power over the spirits of sickness. Plato, in his book Charnides, talks about the healing power of music. Many Parkinson's disease patients can overcome the effects of the disease by listening to certain types of music. The music helps brain messages to organize and flow and puts the brain into a higher gear. Music can also be used with mental patients who have schizophrenia or depressive psychosis as a way to "contact" them, to get them back into reality. However, for the music to be effective, it has to be liked by the patient.

研究生英语阅读教程(李光立基础级第三版)1-12课后习题答案翻译

研究生英语阅读教程(李光立基础级第三版)1-12课后习题答案翻译
9. It is true that the exact nature of this issue is uncertain. However, one thing iscrystal clear: it will not endanger the planet and its inhabitants.
8. Let usleave asideother relevant factors such as education, career structure, pay and conditions of service and concentrate on (focus on) manpower management.(relate A to B)
A. toughB. demandingC. diverseD. benign
4. The foreman read the ______ of guilty fourteen times, one for each defendant.
A. prejudiceB. verificationC. verdictD. punishment
3. This case gave the example of breaking someone's arm: that is a really serious injury, but one which is unlikely toendangerthe victim's life.
4. Many of those who hold it live in poor areas and some are Colored, that is (i.e./ namely), of mixed European and Africandescent.

《研究生英语阅读教程》(基础级)第三版课文译文

《研究生英语阅读教程》(基础级)第三版课文译文

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课A世界英语:是福是祸?汤姆•麦克阿瑟(1)2000 年,语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔•普莱斯,在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点:因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语,导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区,还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是,现在日常生活中,英语无处不在,人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语,……所以必须意识到,从长远来看,这三种语言的未来……十分危险。

(第141 页)在此几年前,1992 年,英国学者罗伯特.菲利普森(他如今在丹麦工作)在牛津大学出版了一本书,名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中,他指出,主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业,尤其是英国文化委员会,实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”(这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”)联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来,以“白人”为主的英语世界中,起主导作用的机构和个人,鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张,他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前,最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

(2)菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样,还有一些母语为英语的学者,也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去几十年里,人们从三个群体的角度,就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是ENL 国家,英语是母语(这个群体也叫“内部圈”);第二个群体是ESL 国家,英语是第二语言(“外部圈”);第三个群体是EFL 国家,英语是外语(“扩展圈”)。

二十世纪八十年代,这些词语开始流行。

从那时起,这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。

(3)从来没有像英语这样?语言,这既有利也有弊。

曾经有许多“世界语言”,例如:阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。

总的来说,我们现在认为这些语言比较好,经常以赞美、感激的语气谈论与它们相关的文化以及它们给世界带来的变化。

李观仪《新编英语教程》(第3版)(课文精解 Unit 13)【圣才出品】

李观仪《新编英语教程》(第3版)(课文精解 Unit 13)【圣才出品】

四、课文精解Dialogue1.…and I try to memorize as many words as I can:try to do sth.努力做…;as many as...尽可能多…。

2.I’m very fond of English literature,but my limited vocabulary keeps me from reading English short stories easily:be fond of…喜欢,爱好,后面可以接名词或动名词。

keep…from…阻止某人做某事。

3.…you’ll be able to understand enough to arrive at the complete meaning of a sentence…:arrive at sth.达成或得出某事物:arrive at an agreement/a decision/a conclusion。

例:Finally we arrive at the conclusion that he is the person who stolen the machine in the factory.最终我们得出结论就是他盗走了工厂的机器。

4.I’d like to own one if it will work wonders:would like to do sth.愿意做某事。

work wonders制造奇迹。

5.Do you mean using context clues to discover the meaning of an unfamiliar word:context clues上下文提示。

discover发现,指发现原本存在而未被知的东西。

6.I don’t get it:常用于口语中,意思是“我不懂/我不明白”,相当于I do not understand.与之相反的表达是I got it.(我懂了/我明白了)。

(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1

(完整版)研究生英语阅读教程第三版课文Lesson1

Lesson 1 Spillonomics: Underestimating Risk[1] In retrospect, the pattern seems clear. Years before the Deepwater Horizon rig blew, BP was developing a reputation as an oil company that took safety risks to save money. An explosion at a Texas refinery killed 15 workers in 2005, and federal regulators and a panel led by James A. BakerⅢ, the former secretary of state, said that cost cutting was partly to blame. The next year, a corroded pipeline in Alaska poured oil into Prudhoe Bay. None other than Joe Barton, a Republican congressman from Texas and a global-warming skeptic, upbraided BP managers for their “seeming indifference to safety and environmental issues”.[2] Much of this indifference stemmed from an obsession with profits, come what may. But there also appears to have been another factor, one more universally human, at work. The people running BP did a dreadful job of estimating the true chances of events that seemed unlikely—but that would bring enormous costs.[3] Perhaps the easiest way to see this is to consider what BP executives must be thinking today. Surely, given the expense of the clean-up and the hit to BP’s reputation, the executives wish they could go back and spend the extra money to make Deepwater Horizon safer. That they did not suggests that they figured the rig would be fine an itwas.[4]For all the criticism BP executives may deserve, they are far from the only people to struggle with such low-probability, high-cost events. Nearly everyone does. “These are precisely the kinds of events that are hard for us as humans to get our hands around and react to rationally, ”Robert N. Stavins, an environmental economist at Harvard, says. We make two basic—and opposite—types of mistakes. When an event is difficult to imagine, we tend to underestimate its likelihood. This is the proverbial black swan. Most of the people running Deepwater Horizon probably never had a rig explode on them. So they assumed it would not happen , at least not to them.[5] Similarly, Ben Bernanke and Alan Greenspan liked to argue, not so long ago, that the national real estate market was not in a bubble because it had never been in one before. Wall Street traders took the same view and built mathematical models that did not allow for the possibility that house prices would decline. And may home buyers signed up for unaffordable mortgages, believing they could refinance or sell the house once its price rose. That’s what house prices did, it seemed.[6]On the other hand, when an unlikely event is all too easy to imagine, we often go in the opposite direction and overestimate the odds. After the 9/11 attacks, Americans canceled plane trips and took to the road. There were no terrorist attacks in this country in 2002, yet theadditional driving apparently led to an increase in traffic fatalities.[7]When the stakes are high enough, it falls to government to help its citizens avoid these entirely human errors. The market, left to its own devices, often cannot do so. Yet in the case of Deepwater Horizon, government policy actually went the other way. It encouraged BP to underestimate the odds of a catastrophe.[8] In a little-noticed provision in a 1990 law passed after the Exxon Valdez spill, Congress capped a spiller’s liability over and above cleanup costs at $7500 million for a rig spill. Even if the party is on the hook for only $7500 million. (In this instance, BP has agreed to waive the cap for claims it deems legitimate. ) Michael Greenstone, an M.I.T. economist who runs the Hamilton Project in Washington, says the law fundamentally distorts a company’s decision making. Without the cap, executives would have to weigh the possible revenue from a well against the cost of drilling there and the risk of damage. With the cap, they can largely ignore the potential damage beyond cleanup costs. So they end up drilling wells even in places where the damage can be horrific, like close to a shoreline. To put it another way, human frailty helped BP’s executives underestimate the chance of a low-probability, high-cost event. Federal law helped them underestimate the costs.[9] In the wake of Deepwater Horizon, Congress and Obama administration will no doubt be tempted to pass laws meant to reducethe risks of another deep-water disaster. Certainly there are some sensible steps they can take, like lifting the liability cap and freeing regulators from the sway of industry. But it would be foolish to think that the only risks we are still underestimating are the ones that have suddenly become salient.[10]The big financial risk is no longer a housing bubble. Instead, it may be the huge deficits that the growth of Medicare, Medicaid and Social Security will cause in coming years—and the possibility that lender will eventually become nervous about extending credit to Washington. True, some economists and policy makers insist the country should not get worked up about this possibility, because lenders have never soured on the Unite States government before and show no signs of doing so now. but isn’t that reminiscent of the old Bernanke-Greenspan tune about the housing market?[11]Then, of course, there are the greenhouse gases that oil wells ( among other things) send into the atmosphere even when the wells function properly. Scientists say the buildup of these gases is already likely to warm the planet by at least three degrees over the next century and cause droughts, storms and more ice-cap melting. The researcher’s estimates have risen recently, too, and it is also possible the planet could get around 12 degree hotter. That kind of could flood major cities and cause parts of Antarctica to collapse.[12]Nothing like that has ever happened before. Even imagining it is difficult. It is much easier to hope that the odds of such an outcome are vanishingly small. In fact, it’s only natural to have this hope. But that doesn’t make it wise.。

研究生英语精读教程第三版上

研究生英语精读教程第三版上

[ 6 ] How did they do it? The secret to an optimist's success, according to Seligman, is in his "explanatory style". When things go wrong the pessimist tends to blame himself. "I'm no good at this, " he says, "I always fail." The optimist looks for loopholes﹡. He blames the weather, the phone connection﹡, even the other person.
[ 2 ] A fast-growing body of research—104 studies so far, involving some 15 000 people—is proving that optimism﹡ can help you to be happier, healthier and more successful. Pessimism﹡leads,
研究生英语精读教程第三 版上
Unit One
You Are What You Think
1. Text 2. Exercises 3. Supplementary Reading
You Are What You Think
And if you change your mind— from pessimism to optimism—you
1. loophole n. way of escape from control, esp. one provided by careless and inexact wording of a rule〔因措词欠妥而 造成的法规上的〕漏洞

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT13

英语泛读教程3第三册课文翻译UNIT13

UNIT13道德、猿和我们马克D·豪泽有人看见一只雌性的大猩猩救助一个不省人事的3岁男童。

她为什么那样做?她是否也有同理心?动物能学会共享、合作、惩罚,以及表示出同理心?下面的这篇文章试图回答这个问题。

将近四年前,一个芝加哥郊外布鲁克菲尔德动物园的游客,用摄像机拍下了一个令人惊讶的事情。

一个3岁的男孩掉进了大猩猩的围场里,失去了知觉。

一会儿,宾蒂·朱叶,一只雌性大猩猩,走了过来,抱起了这个失去知觉的男孩,把他搂在怀中。

然后她走过去,把男孩轻轻地放在管理员出入的门口。

报纸大幅标题赫然标着:"大猩猩救男孩,"这件事打动了全国人的心。

大多数报道认为,宾蒂救那个男孩,是因为她对他的处境进行了换位思考。

尽管大猩猩做的事情确凿无疑,她为什么要这样做,还有许多疑问。

她是不是意识到孩子不省人事?她是不是关心他的安危?对一个有知觉的男孩,一只猫,一个玩具熊,或者一袋土豆片,她也会这样做吗?不管报纸的标题怎样暗示了宾蒂的道德素质,答案绝非是清楚的。

例如,发展心理学家苏珊·凯里和弗兰克·凯尔的研究表明,小孩快10岁时才能完全识别死东西和活东西的区别。

而且到今天为止,没有一项猿类智能研究接近于表明,猩猩、大猩猩或是黑猩猩,具有一个10岁的人的智力水平。

我们只能猜测为什么宾蒂那样做。

而且,一次偶然的事件也不足以保证结论正确。

但是宾蒂的行为确实引起了公众和科学界对这个大问题的兴趣:什么智力特点引起我们符合道德地行动,多大程度上别的动物也具有这些工具?作为一个心理学家,我对我们用来解答这些问题的方法很感兴趣:别的生物也能够共享、合作、惩罚骗子,表现同理心,以及行动无私吗?在一项1988年的研究中,苏黎世大学的人种学者爱德华·斯塔姆贝奇对长尾猕猴进行了一次试验,以测试它们控制攻击性的行为和相互合作的能力。

首先,每只猴子都接受一种训练,按一下一种装置上的杠杆,就能得到一把爆米花。

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三版-课后习题(翻译)答案-Lesson-1-2-4-6-8-11-12

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三版-课后习题(翻译)答案-Lesson-1-2-4-6-8-11-12

Lesson 11. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx.There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh...that their long-term future must be considered...very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语——爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大,它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguicism (a conditionparallel to racism and sexism).As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default)encouraged or at least tolerated-and certainly have not opposed-the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时,他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文之令狐采学创编

研究生英语阅读教程(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文之令狐采学创编

研究生英语阅读教程令狐采学(基础级)第三次修订版课文参考译文第一课 A世界英语:是福是祸?汤姆• 麦克阿瑟(1)2000 年,语言学家、威尔士人格兰维尔• 普莱斯,在他编辑的《英国与爱尔兰的语言》中发表了如下的观点:因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语,导致坎伯兰语、康沃尔语、诺恩语和马恩语灭亡。

在那些岛屿的部分地区,还有较大规模的群体讲比英语更古老的当地语言。

但是,现在日常生活中,英语无处不在,人人—或者说—几乎人人都懂英语。

英语威胁到那三种遗留的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语和威尔士语,……所以必须意识到,从长远来看,这三种语言的未来……十分危险。

(第 141 页)在此几年前,1992 年,英国学者罗伯特.菲利普森(他如今在丹麦工作)在牛津大学出版了一本书,名为《语言领域的帝国主义》。

在书中,他指出,主要的英语国家、世界范围内英语教学产业,尤其是英国文化委员会,实施的是语言扩张政策。

他还把这种政策和他所称的“语言歧视”(这个情况类似于“种族歧视”、“性别歧视”)联系在一起。

在菲利普森看来,以“白人”为主的英语世界中,起主导作用的机构和个人,或故意或无意,鼓励或者至少容忍英语大肆扩张,他们当然不反对英语的扩张。

英语的扩张开始于大约三个世纪以前,最初表现形式是经济与殖民扩张。

(2)菲利普森本人为英国文化委员会工作过几年。

和他一样,还有一些母语为英语的学者,也试图强调英语作为世界语言的危险。

在过去几十年里,人们从三个群体的角度,就英语的国际化进行了广泛的讨论。

第一个群体是ENL 国家,英语是母语(这个群体也叫“内部圈”);第二个群体是ESL 国家,英语是第二语言(“外部圈”);第三个群体是EFL 国家,英语是外语(“扩展圈”)。

二十世纪八十年代,这些词语开始流行。

从那时起,这第三圈实际上已扩展到全球范围。

(3)从来没有像英语这样?语言,这既有利也有弊。

曾经有许多“世界语言”,例如:阿拉伯语、汉语、希腊语、拉丁语和梵语。

研究生英语阅读教程(提高级第三版)教学课件 有梦想过穿越时空吗

研究生英语阅读教程(提高级第三版)教学课件 有梦想过穿越时空吗

有梦想过穿越时空吗?其实它也没有你想象的那么不可能。

事实上,我们中的大多数人已经在生活中穿越过时空。

难以置信是吗?结果就是我们可能比自己想的要年轻。

一起来看看科学家的说法吧。

Have you ever wished you could travel through time? Well, it's not as far-fetched as you might think. The reality is, most of us have already traveled through time in our daily lives, and that we may be somewhat younger than we think as a result. According to Albert Einstein's special theory of relativity, our perceptions of time and space are defined by motion and speed. In other words, time actually moves slower for someone travelling in higher speeds, relatively someone standing still. So believe it or not, every time you take a flight on an airplane, you actually jump a tiny fraction of a second into the future. In fact, it's called time dilation. And as you fly, the more pronounced the time shift would be.Scientists set out to prove this theory in 1971 by loading an atomic clock on the jet and sending it around the planet at five hundred miles an hour. Another atomic clock was kept at the airport. Surprisingly, when the jet returned, the clock on the plane that essentially registered the time was 16 nano seconds earlier than the one left on the ground. Now you'd have tobe traveling extremely fast for there to be any real significant time shift. Even at the spatial rocket in the space at seventeen thousand miles an hour for a full year. The crew would still only jump amazingly 3.8 seconds into the future.So, why don't we just build machines that can go a lot faster than that? First, the speed needed for a dramatic time jump is far beyond our current technology. And second, the Laws of Physics say it's impossible to travel that fast. To make a really significant time jump, we need to travel faster than the speed of light over 186 thousand miles a second, which scientists say it's impossible. But then again, we thought no one could surpass the speed of sound until Chuck Yeager did it in the late 1940s.If we could eventually break the light barrier, scientists believe that some really strange things might start to happen. First, as we approach the speed of light, it's believed we will jump further and further into the future. By then, once we surpass the speed of light. Some scientists think we might actually start going backwards in time. Everything would appear to go in reverse. Skeptics believe strange time travel theories like these are preposterous. 'Coz the Laws of Physics will never allow us to approach and surpass the speed of light. But Chuck Yeager once proved skeptics have been wrong before.2009-10-16/91996.html。

研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)-参考答案及授课详解

研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版上)-参考答案及授课详解

研究生英语系列教材研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版·上)ContentsUnit OneText: You Are What You Think (1)Supplementary Reading (10)Unit TwoText: Cancer & Chemicals (11)Supplementary Reading (18)Unit ThreeText: Rats and Men (19)Supplementary Reading (27)Unit FourText: Einstein’s Painful Romance (29)Supplementary Reading (35)Unit FiveText: The End Is Not at Hand (37)Supplementary Reading (44)Unit SixText: Two Truths to Live By (47)Supplementary Reading (58)Mini-Test Ⅰ (59)Unit SevenText: Good Taste, Bad Taste (61)研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版/上)Supplementary Reading (70)Unit EightText: I Have a Dream (73)Supplementary Reading (80)Unit NineText: This Was My Mother (81)Supplementary Reading (91)Unit TenText: Digital Revolution: How the Korean Group Becamea Global Champion (93)SupplementaryReading (100)Unit ElevenText: In Search of the Real Google (101)Supplementary Reading (118)Unit TwelveText: A Red Light for Scofflaws (119)Supplementary Reading (129)Mini-Test Ⅱ (131)►Text:You Are What You ThinkClaipe SafranLanguage Points1. Para. [2]: mental illsWhen used as a noun, “ill” means “anything causing harm, trouble,wrong,un happiness, etc., specifically: a) an evil or misfortune; b) a disease”.Its synonyms in this lesson: disease (Para.10), ailments(Para.11), illness (Para.11)Other synonyms: sickness, ailing, infirmity, indisposition, complaint, disorder, malady, distemper2. Para. [7]: When they failed on the first call or two ...When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood ...3. Para. [8]: self-fulfilling prophecya prediction brought to fulfilment chiefly as an effect of having been expected or predicted4. Para. [9]: A sense of control ... is the litmus test for success.Whether one feels in control of the situation will determine if one succeedsin the end.5. Para. [10]: ... think they are better than the facts would justify ...overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are 6. Para. [13]: at one’s m other’s kneewhen one is a small child研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版/上)Word Study1. donate v.donation n.donator n.①He donated all his savings to the village school.②They have donated to the Red Cross.③The van was donated to us by a local firm.④The new library has received a generous donation of 200 rare books from its favourite patron.⑤He made a donation of $1,000 to the children’s hospital.⑥The Famine Relief Fund has received 500 yuan in cash from an anonymous donator.2. recur v.recurring adj.recurrent adj.recurrence n.①He is more concerned about those problems which recur periodically.②If you divide 10 by 3, the result will be a recurring decimal.③Lack of confidence in himself will be a recurring problem for him in the future.④The patient complained of a recurrent headache.⑤He was aware of the possibility of recurrence of his illness.⑥His words of encouragement recurred to my mind whenever I was in low spirits.3. immune (to/against/from) adj.immunity n.immunize v.immunology n. study of resistance to infection①He seems to be immune to flattery.②We are immune from smallpox as the result of vaccination.③The child has received immunity to a variety of infections.Unit One④He was given immunity from taxation on the ground that he had been seriously injured.⑤Ambassadors enjoy diplomatic immunity in the countries in which they are stationed.⑥Everyone who is going abroad will need to be immunized againsttyphoid.⑦The government is going to spend more money on its immunizationprogram.⑧He has devoted all his life to immunology.4. caution n. & v.cautious adj.①You must exercise extreme caution when you cross this street.②The police gave him a caution for speeding.③The policeman cautioned the motorist about his speed.④They cautioned him about danger.⑤His teacher cautioned him that he might fail his exam.⑥If I had been less cautious, I might have made greater progress.⑦They are very cautious of/about giving offence.⑧He walked cautiously in this unknown territory.5. triumph n. & v.triumphant adj.①The conquest of outer space is one of the greatest triumphs of modernscience.②His life was a triumph over ill health.③Though he had beaten his opponent in the election, they could detect notriumph in his eye.④Grinning broadly, he held up the prize in triumph.⑤Justice triumphs in the end.⑥He triumphed over many difficulties.⑦Her triumphant smile told me how proud she was of her success.⑧Having succeeded at his first attempt, the boy looked at me triumphantly.研究生英语精读教程教师参考书(第三版/上)参考译文你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普·撒弗兰[1] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们仔细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈词滥调突然间都成了科学问题。

研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)课后翻译

研究生英语阅读教程(第三版)课后翻译

TranslationLesson11. For English is a killer. It is English that has killed off Cumbric, Cornish, Norn and Manx. There are still parts of these islands where sizeable communities speak languages that were there before English. Yet English is everywhere in everyday use and understood by all or virtually all, constituting such a threat to the three remaining Celtic languages, Irish, Scottish Gaelic, and Welsh... that their long-term future must be considered... very greatly at risk.因为英语是个杀手。

正是英语造成了康瑞克、康尼施、诺恩、曼科斯等语言的消亡。

在其中一部分岛上还有相当多的人使用在英语到来之前就已存在的语言。

然而,英语在日常生活中无处不在。

所有的人或几乎所有的人都懂英语。

英语对现存的凯尔特语:爱尔兰语、苏格兰盖尔语及威尔士语的威胁是如此之大,它们的未来岌岌可危。

2. He also associated such policies with a prejudice which he calls linguisticism (a condition parallel to racism and sexism). As Phillipson sees it, leading institutions and individuals within the predominantly "white" English-speaking world, have (by design or default) encouraged or at least tolerated—and certainly have not opposed—the hegemonic spread of English, a spread which began some three centuries ago as economic and colonial expansion.同时,他认为这些政策和他称之为语言歧视(和种族歧视、性别歧视的情况类似)的偏见密切相关。

研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答

研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答

Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。

[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。

与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。

位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说:“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。

”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要,”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,”在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。

[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。

宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。

他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37%的保险额。

机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20%。

[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。

这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10%。

[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢?据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。

出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责。

他说:“我不善于做这种事,我总是失败。

”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。

他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好。

研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)课文全翻译

研究生英语阅读教程(提高级 第三版)课文全翻译

课文全文参考译文第一课漏油经济:低估风险戴维伦哈特[1] 回想起来,模式似乎很清楚。

早在“深水地平线”钻机自爆前的很多年,BP 石油公司为了省钱甘冒安全的风险就已经声名狼藉。

2005 年得克萨斯州炼油厂爆炸中有15 名工人丧生。

联邦监管机构和前国务卿詹姆斯·贝克三世领导的专门小组认为,削减成本是事故的部分原因。

第二年,阿拉斯加腐蚀的管道将石油漏入普拉德霍湾。

就连乔·巴顿,对全球变暖持怀疑态度、来自得克萨斯州的共和党众议员,都谴责BP 管理人员“对安全和环境问题表现得漠不关心”。

[2] 这种冷漠大部分源于对利润的过度追求,不管出现什么情况。

但似乎也还有另一个因素在起作用,一个更普遍的人性的因素。

BP 的管理人员在估计似乎不太可能发生但一旦发生就会带来巨大损失的事件真正会发生的可能性时,犯了一个可怕的错误。

[3] 也许理解这一点最简单的方法就是思考一下BP 高管们如今的想法。

显然,考虑到清理费用和对BP 声誉的影响,高管们真希望可以回到过去,多花些钱让“深水地平线”更安全。

他们没有增加这笔费用就表明他们认为钻机在当时的状态下不会出问题。

[4] 尽管针对BP 高管的所有批评可能都是他们应得的,但是他们绝不是唯一艰难应对这种低概率、高成本事件的人。

几乎每个人都会如此。

“这些正是我们人类处理时很难做出合理反应的一类事件,”哈佛大学环境经济学家罗伯特·斯塔文斯说。

我们经常犯两种基本且性质相反的错误。

当一件事情是很难想象的,我们往往会低估它的可能性。

这就是众所周知的黑天鹅(稀有之物)现象。

大多数在“深水地平线”工作的人可能从未经历过钻井平台爆炸。

因此他们认为这不会发生,至少不会发生在他们身上。

[5] 同样,不久以前,本·伯南克和艾伦·格林斯潘也喜欢称全国房地产市场没有泡沫,因为以前从未有过泡沫。

华尔街交易员也持同样观点,他们建立的数学模型根本不存在房价下降的可能性。

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Cat in the RainErnest Hemingway[1] There were only two Americans stopping at the hotel. They did not know any of the people they passed on the stairs on the way to and from their room. Their room was on the second floor facing the sea. It also faced the public garden and the war monument. There were big palms and green benches in the public garden. In the good weather there was always an artist with his easel. Artists liked the way the palms grew and the bright colors of the hotels facing the gardens and the sea. Italians came from a long way off to look up at the war monument. It was made of bronze and glistened in the rain. It was raining. The rain dripped from the palm trees. Water stood in pools on the gravel paths. The sea broke in a long line in the rain and slipped down the beach to come up and break again in a long line in the rain. Motorcars were gone from the square by the war monument. Across the square in the doorway of the cafe a waiter stood looking out at the empty square. The American wife stood at the window looking out. Outside right under their window a cat was crouched under one of the dripping green tables. The cat was trying to make herself so compact that she would not be dripped on.[2] “I’m going down and get that kitty, ” the American wife said.[3] “I’ll do it, ” her husband offered from the bed.[4] “No, I’ll get it. The poor kitty out trying to keep dry under a table.”[5] The husband went on reading, lying propped up with the pillows at the foot of the bed.[6] “Don’t get wet,” he said.[7] The wife went downstairs and the hotel owner stood up and bowed to her as she passed the office. His desk was at the far end of the office. He was an old man and very tall.[8] “ll piove,” the wife said. She liked the hotelkeeper.[9] “Si, si, Signora, brutto temp o. It’s very bad weather. ”[10] He stood behind his desk in the far end of the dim room. The wife liked him. She liked the deadly serious way he received any complaints. She liked his dignity. She liked the way he wanted to serve her. She liked the way he felt about being a hotelkeeper. She liked his old, heavyface and big hands. Liking him she opened the door and looked out. It was raining harder. A man in a rubber cape was crossing the empty square to the cafe. The cat would be around to the right. Perhaps she could go along under the eaves. As she stood in the doorway an umbrella opened behind her. It was the maid who looked after their room.[11] “You must not get wet,” she smiled, speaking Italian. Of course, the hotelkeeper had sent her.[12] With the maid holding the umbrella over her, she walked along the gravel path until she was under their window. The table was there, washed bright in the rain, but the cat was gone. She was suddenly disappointed. The maid looked up at her.[13] “Ha perduto qualque cosa, Signora?”[14] “There was a cat,” said the American girl.[15] “A cat?”[16] “Si, il gatto.”[17] “ A cat?” the maid laughed. “A cat in the rain?”[18] “Ye s,” she said, “under the table.” Then, “Oh, I wanted it so much. I wanted a kitty.”[19] When she talked English the maid’s face tightened.[20] “Come, Signora,” she said.“We must get back inside. You will be wet.”[21] “I suppose so,” said the American girl.[22] They went back along the gravel path and passed in the door. The maid stayed outside to close the umbrella. As the American girl passed the office, the padrone bowed from his desk. Something felt very small and tight inside the girl. The padrone made her feel very small and at the same time really important. She went on up the stairs. She had a momentary feeling of being of supreme importance. She opened the door of the room. George was on the bed, reading.[23] “Did you get the cat?” he asked, putting the book down.[24] “It was gone.”[25] “Wonder where it went to,” he said, resting his eyes from reading. She sat down on the bed.[26] “I wanted it so much,” she said. “I don’t know why I wanted it so much. I wanted the poor kitty. It isn’t any fun to be a poor kitty out in the rain.”[27] George was reading again.[28] She went over and went in front of the mirror of the dressing table looking at herself with the hand glass. She studied her profile, first one side and then the other. Then she studied the back of her head and her neck.[29] “Don’t you think it would be a good idea if I let my hair grow out?” she asked, looking at her profile again. George looked up and saw the back of her neck, clipped close like a boy’s.[30] “I like it the way it is.”[31] “I get so tired of it,” she said. “I get so tired of looking like a boy.”[32] George shifted his position in the bed. He hadn’t looked away from her since she stared to speak.[33] “You look pretty darn nice,” he said.[34] She laid the mirror down on the dresser and went over to the window and looked out. It was getting dark.[35] “I want to pull my hair back tight and smooth and make a big knot at the back that I can feel,” she said. “I want to have a kitty to sit on my lap and purr when I stroke her.”[36] “Yeah?” George said from the bed.[37] “And I want to eat at a table with my own silver and I want candles. And I want it to be spring and I want to brush my hair out in front of a mirror and I want a kitty and I want some new clothes.”[38] “Oh, shut up and get something to read,” George said. He was reading again. His wife was looking out of the window. It was quite dark now and still raining in the palm trees.[39] “Anyway, I want a cat,” she said, “I want a cat now. If I can’t have long hair or any fun,I can have a cat.”[40] George was not listening. He was reading his book. His wife looked out of the window where the light had come on in the square.[41] Someone knocked at the door.[42] “Avanti,” George said. He looked up from his book.[43] In the doorway stood the maid. She held a big tortoiseshell cat pressed tight against her and its tail swung down against her body.[44] “Excuse me,” she said, “the padrone asked me to bring this for the Signora.”(1139 words)。

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