雅思模拟试题：雅思阅读临考冲刺题(1)
雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析一(1篇)
雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析一(1篇)雅思考试阅读模拟试题及答案解析一 1New evidence has linked a monly prescribed sleep medication with bizarre behaviours，including a case in which a woman painted her front door in her sleep.UK and Australian health agencies have released information about 240 cases of odd occurrences，including sleepwalking，amnesia and hallucinations among people taking the drug zolpidem.While doctors say that zolpidem can offer much-needed relief for people with sleep disorders，they caution that these newly reported cases should prompt a closer look at its possible side effects.Zolpidem，sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox，is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea. Various forms of the drug，made by French pharmaceutical giant Sanofi-Aventis，were prescribed 674，500 times in 2005 in the UK.A newly published report from Australia’s Federal Health Department describes 104 cases of hallucinations and 62 cases of amnesia experienced by people taking zolpidem since marketing of the drug began there in 2000. The health department report also mentioned 16 cases of strangesleepwalking by people taking the medication.Midnight snackIn one of these sleepwalking cases a patient woke with a paintbrush in her hand after painting the front door to her house. Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking zolpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved，” according to the re port.The UK’s Medicines and Healthcare products Regulatory Agency，meanwhile，has recorded 68 cases of adverse reactions to zolpidem from 2001 to 2005.The newly reported cases in the UK and Australia add to a growing list of bizarre sleepwalking episodes linked to the drug in other countries，including reports of people sleep-driving while on the medication. In one case，a transatlantic flight had to be diverted after a passenger caused havoc after takingzolpidem.Hypnotic effectsThere is no biological pathway that has been proven to connect zolpidem with these behaviours. The drug is a benzodiazepine-like hypnotic that promotes deep sleep by interacting with brain receptors for a chemical called gamma-aminobutyric acid. While parts of the brain e less active during deep sleep，the body can still move，making sleepwalking a possibility.The product information for prescribers advises that psychiatric adverse effects，including hallucinations，sleepwalking and nightmares，are more likely in the elderly，and treatment should be stopped if they occur.Patient advocacy groups say they would like government health agencies and drug panies to take a closer look at the possible risks associated with sleep medicines. They stress that strange sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours can have risky consequences.“When people do something in which they’re not in full control it’s always a danger，” says Vera Sharav of the New York-based Alliance for Human Research Protection，a US networkthat advocates responsible and ethical medical research practices.Tried and tested“The more reports that e out about the potential side effects of the drug，the more research needs to be done to understand if these are real side effects，” says sle ep researcher Kenneth Wright at the University of Colorado in Boulder，US.Millions of people have taken the drug without experiencing any strange side effects，points out Richard Millman at Brown Medical School，director of the Sleep Disorders Center of Lifespan Hospitals in Providence，Rhode Island，US. He says that unlike older types of sleep medications，zolpidem does not carry as great a risk of addiction.And Wright notes that some of the reports of “sleep-driving” linked to zolpidem can be easily explained：some patients have wrongly taken the drug right before leaving work in hopes that the medicine will kick in by the time they reach home. Doctors stress that the medication should be taken just before going to bed.The US Food Drug Administration says it is continuing to “actively investigate" and collect information about cases linking zolpidem to unusual side effects.The Ambien label currently lists strange behaviour as a “special concern” for people taking the drug. “It’s a possi ble rare adverse event，” says Sanofi-Aventis spokesperson Melissa Feltmann，adding that the strange sleepwalking behaviours “may not necessarily be caused by the drug” but instead result from an underlying disorder. She says that “the safety profile [of zo lpidem] is well established”. The drug received approval in the US in 1993.Questions 1-6Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage1. Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox are brand names of one same drug treating insomnia.2. The woman’s obesity problem wasn’t resolved until she stopped taking zolpidem.3. Zolpidem received approval in the UK in 2001.4. The bizarre behaviour of a passenger after taking zolpidem resulted in the diversion of a flight bound for the otherside of the Atlantic.5. Zolpidem is the only sleep medication that doesn’t cause addiction.6. The sleep-driving occurrence resulted from the wrong use of zolpidem by an office worker.Question 7-9Choose the appropriate letters A-D and Write them in boxes 7-9 on your answer sheet.7. How many cases of bizarre behaviours are described in an official report from Australia?A. 68B. 104C. 182D. 2408. Which of the following is NOT mentioned in the product information about zolpidem?A. Treatment should be stopped if side effects occur.B. Medication should be taken just before going to bed.C. Adverse effects are more likely in the elderly.D. Side effects include nightmares，hallucinations and sleepwalking.9. Who claimed that the safety description of zolpidem waswell established?A. Kenneth WrightB. Melissa FeltmannC. Richard MillmanD. Vera SharavQuestions 10-13Answer the following questions with NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS each in boxes 10-13.10. How many times was French-made zolpidem prescribed in 2005 in Britain?11. What kind of hypnotic is zolpidem as a drug which promotes deep sleep in patients?12. What can sleepwalking and sleep-driving behaviours cause according to patient advocacy groups?13. What US administration says that it has been investigating the cases relating zolpidem to unusual side effects? Answer keys and explanations：1. TrueSee para.3 from the beginning：Zolpidem，sold under the brand names Ambien，Stilnoct and Stilnox，is widely prescribed to treat insomnia and other disorders such as sleep apnea.2. FalseSee para.1 under the subtitle “Midnight snack”：Another case involved a woman who gained 23 kilograms over seven months while taking z olpidem. “It was only when she was discovered in front of an open refrigerator while asleep that the problem was resolved”。
雅思模拟试题1-阅读
Academic ReadingALL ANSWERS MUST BE WRITTEN ON THE ANSWER SHEET.The test is divided as follows:Reading Passage 1 Questions 1 to 13Reading Passage 2 Questions 14 to 27Reading Passage 3 Questions 28 to 40Start at the beginning of the test and work through it. You should answer all the questions. If you cannot do a particular question leave it and go on to the next one. You can return to it later.TLME ALLOWED: 60 MINUTESNUMBER OF QUESTIONS: 40Reading Passage 1You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-14, which are based on Reading Questions 1-5Reading Passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-G.Choose the correct heading for paragraphs B-E and G from the list of headings below. Write the correct number (i-x) in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.Example Paragraph A Answer iv1 Paragraph B2 Paragraph C3 Paragraph D4 Paragraph EExample Paragraph F Answer ii5 Paragraph GSpace travel AND healthASpace biomedicine is a relatively new area of research both in the USA and in Europe. Its main objectives are to study the effects of space travel on the human body, identifying the most critical medical problems and finding solutions to those problems. Space biomedicine centres are receiving increasing direct support from NASA and/or the European Space Agency (ESA).BThis involvement of NASA and the ESA reflects growing concern that the feasibility of travel to other planets, and beyond, is no longer limited by engineering constraints but by what the human body can actually withstand. The discovery of ice on Mars, for instance, means that there is now no necessity to design and develop a spacecraft large and powerful enough to transport the vast amounts of water needed to sustain the crew throughout journeys that may last many years. Without the necessary protection and medical treatment, however, their bodies would be devastated by the unremittingly hostile environment of space.CThe most obvious physical changes undergone by people in zero gravity are essentially harmless; in some cases they are even amusing. The blood and other fluids are no longer dragged down towards the feet by the gravity of Earth, so they accumulate higher up in the body, creating what is sometimes called ‘fat face’,together with the contrasting ‘chicken legs’ syndrome as the lower limbs become thinner.DMuch more serious are the unseen consequences after months or years in space. With no gravity, there is less need for a sturdy skeleton to support the body, with the result that the bones weaken, releasing calcium into the bloodstream. This extra calcium can overload the kidneys, leading ultimately to renal failure. Muscles too lose strength through lack of use. The heart becomes smaller, losing the power to pump oxygenated blood to all parts of the body, while the lungs lose the capacity to breathe fully. The digestive system becomes less efficient, a weakened immune system is increasingly unable to prevent diseases and the high levels of solar and cosmic radiation can cause various forms of cancer.ETo make matters worse, a wide range of medical difficulties can arise in the case of an accident or serious illness when the patient is millions of kilometres from Earth. There is simply not enough room available inside a space vehicle to include all the equipment from a hospital’s casualty unit, some of which would not work properly in space anyway. Even basic things such as a drip depend on gravity to function, while standard resuscitation techniques become ineffective if sufficient weight cannot be applied. The only solution seems to be to create extremely small medical tools and ‘smart’ devices that can, for example, diagnose and treat internal injuries using ultrasound. The cost of designing and producing this kind of equipment is bound to be, well, astronomical.FSuch considerations have led some to question the ethics of investing huge sums of money to help a handful of people who, after all, are willingly risking their own health in outer space, when so much needs to be done a lot closer to home. It is now clear, however, that every problem of space travel has a parallel problem on Earth that will benefit from the knowledgegained and the skills developed from space biomedical research. For instance, the very difficulty of treating astronauts in space has led to rapid progress in the field of telemedicine, which in turn has brought about developments that enable surgeons to communicate with patients in inaccessible parts of the world. To take another example, systems invented to sterilize waste water on board spacecraft could be used by emergency teams to filter contaminated water at the scene of natural disasters such as floods and earthquakes. In the same way, miniature monitoring equipment, developed to save weight in space capsules, will eventually become tiny monitors that patients on Earth can wear without discomfort wherever they go.GNevertheless, there is still one major obstacle to carrying out studies into the effects of space travel: how to do so without going to the enormous expense of actually working in space. To simulate conditions in zero gravity, one tried and tested method is to work under water, but the space biomedicine centres are also looking at other ideas. In one experiment, researchers study the weakening of bones that results from prolonged inactivity. This would involve volunteers staying in bed for three months, but the centre concerned is confident there should be no great difficulty in finding people willing to spend twelve weeks lying down. All in the name of science, of course.Questions 6 and 7Answer the question below using NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.6 Where, apart from Earth, can space travellers find water ........................7 What happens to human legs during space travel ..........................Questions 8-12Do the following statements agree with the writer’s views in Reading Passage 1In boxes 8-12 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement agrees with tile views of the writerNO if the statement does not agree with the views of the writer NOT GIVEN if there is no information about this in the passage8 The obstacles to going far into space are now medical, not technological.9 Astronauts cannot survive more than two years in space.10 It is morally wrong to spend so much money on space biomedicine.11 Some kinds of surgery are more successful when performed in space.12 Space biomedical research can only be done in space.Questions 13 and 14Complete the table belowChoose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 13 and 14 on your answer sheet.Reading Passage 2You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 15-27, which are based on Reading Passage 2.Cannes. Monte Carlo. St Tropez. Magic names all. And much of the enchantment comes from the deep blue water that laps their shores. But what if somebody pulled the plug Suppose the Mediterranean Sea were to vanish, leaving behind an expanse of salt desert the size of India. Hard to imagine It happened.‘It would have looked like Death Valley,’ says Bill Ryan, from the Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory in New York, one of the leaders of the team that discovered the Mediterranean had once dried up, then refilled in a deluge of Biblical proportions. Between five and six million years ago, the great desiccation touched off what scientists call me Messinian Salinity Crisis-a global chemical imbalance that triggered a wrenching series of extinctions and plunged the Earth into an ice age.The first indications of some extraordinary past events came in the 1960s, when geologists 20 discovered that major rivers flowing into the Mediterranean had eroded deep canyons in the rock at the bottom of the sea. River erosion of bedrock cannot occur below sea level, yet somehow the River Rhone in the South of France had managed to create a channel 1000 metres deep in the sea floor, while the Nile had cut nearly 1500 metres into the rock off the North African coast. There was more: despite thefact that the formation of caves can only take place above water, scientists 30 discovered a whole network beneath the island of Malta that reached an astonishing depth of 2000 metres below sea level.Further evidence came to light in 1970, when an international team chugged across the Mediterranean in a drilling ship to study the sea floor near the Spanish island of Majorca. Strange things started turning up in core samples: layers of microscopic plants and soil sandwiched between beds of salt more than two kilometres below today’s sea level. The plants had grown in sunlight. Also discovered inside the rock were fossilized shallow-water shellfish, together with salt and silt: particles of sand and mud that had once been carried by river water. Could the sea floor once have been near a shorelineThat question led Ryan and his fellow team leader, Kenneth Hsǖ, to piece together a staggering chain of events. About million years ago, they concluded, the Mediterranean was gradually cut off from the Atlantic Ocean when continental drift pinned Morocco against Spain. As the opening became both narrower and shallower, the deep outward flow from sea to ocean was progressively cut off, leaving only the shallow inward flow of ocean water into the Mediterranean. As this water evaporated, the sea became more saline and creatures that couldn’t handle the rising salt content perished. ‘The sea’s interior was dead as a door nail, except for bacteria,’ says Ryan. When the shallow opening at G ibraltar finally closed completely, the Mediterranean, with only rivers to feed it, dried up and died.Meanwhile, the evaporated water was falling back to Earth as rain. When the fresh water reached the oceans, it made them less saline. With less salt in it to act as an antifreeze, parts of the ocean that would not normally freeze began to turn to ice. ‘The ice reflects sunlight into space,’ says Ryan. 'The planet cools. You drive yourself into an iceage.’Eventually, a small breach in the Gibraltar dam sent the process into reverse. Ocean water cut a tiny channel to the Mediterranean. As the gap enlarged, the water flowed faster and faster, until the torrent ripped through the emerging Straits of Gibraltar at more than 100 knots. ‘The Gibraltar Falls were 100 times bigger than Victoria Falls and a thousand times grander than Niagara,’ Hsǖwrote in his book The Mediterranean was a Desert (Princeton University Press, 1983).In the end the rising waters of the vast inland sea drowned the falls and warm water began to escape to the Atlantic, reheating the oceans and the planet. The salinity crisis ended about million years ago. It had lasted roughly 400,000 years.Subsequent drilling expeditions have added a few wrinkles to Ryan and Hsǖ’s scenario. For example, researchers have found salt deposits more than two kilometres thick - so thick, some believe, that the Mediterranean must have dried up and refilled many times. But those are just geological details. For tourists the crucial question is, could it happen again Should Malaga start stockpiling dynamiteNot yet, says Ryan. If continental drift does reseal the Mediterranean, it won’t be for several million years. ‘Some future creatures may face the issue of how to respond to nature’s closure. It’s not something our species has to worry about.’Questions 15-19Complete the summary below.Choose NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS from the passage for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 15-19 on your answer sheet.The 1960s discovery of 15.......................... in the bedrock of the Mediterranean, as well as deep caves beneath Malta, suggested somethingstrange had happened in the region, as these features must have been formed16 ......................... sea level. Subsequent examination of the17.......................... off Majorca provided more proof. Rock samples from 2000 metres down contained both vegetation and 18.......................... that could not have lived in deep water, as well as 19.......................... originally transported by river.Questions 20-22Complete each of the following statements with the best ending from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-G in boxes 20-22 on your answer sheet.20 The extra ice did not absorb the heat from the sun, so...21 The speed of the water from the Atlantic increased as...22 The Earth and its oceans became warmer when...Questions 23-27Choose the appropriate letters A, B, C or D and write them in boxes 23-27 on your answer sheet.23 What, according to Ryan and Hsǖ, happened about million years agoA Movement of the continents suddenly closed the Straits of Gibraltar.B The water level of the Atlantic Ocean gradually fell.C The flow of water into the Mediterranean was immediately cut off.D Water stopped flowing from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic.24 Why did most of the animal and plant life in the Mediterranean dieA The water became too salty.B There was such a lot of bacteria in the water.C The rivers did not provide salt water.D The sea became a desert.25 According to the text, the events at Gibraltar led toA a permanent cooling of the Earth.B the beginning and the end of an ice age.C the formation of waterfalls elsewhere in the world.D a lack of salt in the oceans that continues to this day.26 More recent studies show thatA Ryan and Hsǖ’s theory was correct in every detail.B the Mediterranean was never cut off from the Atlantic.C it may have been cut off more than once.D it might once have been a freshwater lake.27 At the end of the article, Ryan suggests thatA the Mediterranean will never dry up again.B humans will have the technology to prevent it drying up again.C the Mediterranean is certain to dry up again one day.D humans will never see the Mediterranean dry up.Reading Passage 3onAGenetic studies show that dogs evolved from wolves and remain as similar to the creatures from which they came as humans with different physical characteristics are to each other, which is. to say not much different at all, ‘Even in the most changeable mitochondrial DNA markers - DNA handed down on the mother’s side- dogs and wolves differ by not’ m uch more than one per cent’ says Robert Wayne, a geneticist at the University of California at Los Angeles.BWolf-like species go back one to two million years, says Wayne, whose genetic work suggests dogs of some sort began breaking away about 100,000 years ago. Wolf and early human fossils have been found close together from as far back as 400,000 years ago, but dog and human fossils date back only about 14,000 years, all of which puts wolves and/or dogs in the company of man or his progenitor’s before the development of farming and permanent human settlements, at a time when both species survived on what they could scratch out hunting or scavenging.CWhy would these competitors cooperate The answer probably lies in the similar social structure and size of wolf packs and early human clans, the compatibility of their hunting objectives and range, and the willingness of humans to accept into camp the most suppliant wolves, the young or less threatening ones.DCertain wolves or protodogs may have worked their way close to the fire ring after smelling something good to eat, then into early human gatherings by proving helpful or unthreatening. As wandering packs of twenty- five or thirty wolves and clans of like- numbered nomadic humans roamed the landscape in tandem, hunting big game, the animals hung around campsites scavenging leftovers, and the humans might have used the wolves’ superior scenting ability and speed to locate and track prospective kills. At night, wolves with their keen senses could warn humans of danger approaching.ETimes might not have been as hard back then as is commonly thought, in many instances food would have been plentiful, predators few, and the boundaries between humans and wildlife porous. Through those pores slipped smaller or less threatening wolves, which from living in packs where alpha bosses reigned would know the tricks of subservience and could adapt to humans in charge. Puppies in particular would be hard to resist, as they are today. Thus was a union born and a process of domestication begun.FOver the millennia, admission of certain wolves and protodogs into human camps and exclusion of larger, more threatening ones led to the development of people-friendly breeds distinguishable from wolves by size, shape, coat, cars and markings. Dogs were generally smaller than wolves, their snouts proportionally reduced. They would assist in the hunt clean up camp by eating garbage, warn of danger, keep humans warm, and serve as food. Native Americans among others ate puppies, and in some societies it remains accepted practice.GBy the fourth millennium BC Egyptian rock and pottery drawings show dogs being put to work by men. Then, as now, the relationship was not without drawbacks. Feral dogs roamed city streets, stealing food from people returning from market. Despite their penchant for misbehaviour, and sometimes because of it, dogs keep turning up at all the important junctures in human history.HIn ancient Greece, 350 years before Christ, Aristotle described three types of domesticated dogs, including speedy Laconians used by the rich to chase and kill rabbits and deer. Three hundred years later, Roman warriors trained large dogs for battle. The brutes could knock an armed man from his horse and dismember him.IIn seventeenth-century England, dogs still worked, pulling carts, sleds, and ploughs, herding livestock, or working as turn-spits, powering wheels that turned beef and venison over open fires. But Working dogs were not much loved and were usually hanged or drowned when they got old. ‘Unnecessary’ dogs meanwhile gained status among English royalty. King James I was said to love his dogs more than his subjects. Charles Ⅱ was famous for playing with his dog at Council table, and his brother James had dogs at sea in 1682 when his ship was caught in a storm. As sailors drowned, he allegedly cried out, ‘Save the dogs and Colonel Churchill!’JBy the late nineteenth century the passion for breeding led to the creation of private registries to protect prized bloodlines. The Kennel Club was formed in England in 1873, and eleven years later the American Kennel Club (AKC) was formed across the Atlantic. Today the AKC registers 150 breeds, the Kennel Club lists 196, and the Europe-based Fédération Cynologique Internationale recognizes many more. Dog shows sprouted in the mid- 1800swhen unnecessary dogs began vastly to outnumber working ones, as they do to this day. Unless, that is, you count companionship as a job.Questions 28-31Reading Passage 3 has ten paragraphs labelled A-J.Write the correct letters A-J in boxes 28-31 on your answer sheet.28 Which paragraph explains how dogs became different in appearance from wolves29 Which paragraph describes the classification of dogs into many different types30 Which paragraph states the basic similarity between wolves and dogs31 Which paragraph gives examples of greater human concern for animals than for peopleQuestions 32-35Which FOUR of the following statements are made in the textChoose FOUR letters from A-H and write them in boxes 32-35 on your answer sheet.A In a typical camp there were many more wolves than humans.B Neither the wolves nor the humans lived in one place for long.C Some wolves learned to obey human leaders.D Humans chose the most dangerous wolves to help them hunt.E There was very little for early humans to eat.F Wolves got food from early humans.G Wolves started living with humans when agriculture began.H Early humans especially liked very young wolves.Questions 36-40Write the correct letters A-F in boxes 36-40 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.36 in war37 as a source of energy38 as food39 to hunt other animals40 to work with farm animals。
雅思阅读预测真题库1参考答案
FloodC/B/F/A/E/DMississippi/London/Netherlands/Berlin/LosAngelesB/DTexting the Televisionii/vi/vii/i/v/ixA/D/C/D/E/A/C/FCompany InnovationF/C/G/B/F/ET/NG/F/TC/A/DRainwater harvestingCorpproduction/sugar-cane platations/Three wells/1998/Roofs of houses/storage tanksNOT GIVEN/YES/NO/YES/YES/NO/NOT GIVEN/NODesign Wobby Mats And Foot healthTRUE/FALSE/TRUE/TRUE/NOT GIVENC/B/Aanatomy/stress/blood pressure/resistance/pathwayTea and Industrial Revolutionvi/v/ix/i/ii/iv/viiNG/T/F/F/NG/TSeed Huntersdrugs and crops/extinction /pioneers /Sir Joseph Banks /underground vaultsTRUE /NOT GIVEN /TRUE /TRUE /FALSE /TRUEIn any orderA food /B fuelThe Power of PlaceboA/G/B/H/F/A/D/CF/NG/T/T/FAnimal Minds:Parrot AlexNG/NG/F/T/T/Fparticularly chosen/chimpanzees/100 English words/avian cognition/color/wrong pronunciation/teenagerCompliance or Noncompliance for Children B/C/C/A/D/F/D/E/ANO/YES/YES/YES/NOT GIVENWhat Happines is?B/A/F/C/G/H/ECandy/definition/catastrophic brain/landscapes or dolphins playing/primitive partsBWestern Immigration of Canadaii /iv /x /vi /i /vii /xiiHomesteads/agricultural output /wheat/company/policeforce/transcontinental railwayCommunication in ScienceB/A/C/D/C TRUE/NOT GIVEN/FALSE/FALSEword choices/colloquial terminology/observer/description/general relativityTwin Study: Two of a KindF/D/E/B/EFrancis Galton/1924/AEF/ABDLearning by ExamplesE/D/A/CF/T/F/Tless/social/watched/observer/ NutcrakerPlain English CampaignT/F/T/NG/NG/Fjargon/gap/do-it-yourself/frustration/first-timeuser/legal/courts/consumersMonkeys and Forestsfruit/(deadly)poisons/leaf nutrients/reproduce/droughtD/F/B/A/C/C/A/DPesticide in an India VillageT/F/NG/FPowder/overnight/neemcake/doubles/organic fertiliser/labor/by 2000/Neem seeds/water purificationTalc PowderC/C/B/A/B/C20/foam/waster water/biodegrade/harmful/droplets/lamination and packing/grape growersBird Migrationiv/i/ii/vii/x/v/viiiA/Bparental guidance/compass/predators/visibleCorporate Social Responsibility v/viii/iv/vii/i/iii/iiequal opportunity/internal costC/C/A/B。
雅思阅读TFNG模拟试题含答案
雅思阅读T/F/NG模拟试题含答案(1)True／False／Not Given ExercisesWhen was the last time you saw a frog? Chances are, if you live in a city, you have not seen one for some time. Even in wet areas once teeming with frogs and toads, it is BEComing less and less easy to find those slimy, hopping and sometimes poisonous members of the animal kingdom. All over the world, and even in remote parts of Australia, frogs are losing the ecological battle for survival, and biologists are at a loss to explain their demise. Are amphibians simply oversensitive to changes in the ecosystem? Could it be that their rapid decline in numbers is signaling some coming environmental disaster for us all? This frightening scenario is in part the consequence of a dramatic increase over the last quarter century in the development of once natural areas of wet marshland; home not only to frogs but to all manner of wildlife. However, as yet, there are no obvious reasons why certain frog species are disappearing from rainforests in Australia that have barely been touched by human hand. The mystery is unsettling to say the least, for it is known that amphibian species are extremely sensitive to environmental variations in temperature and moisture levels. The danger is that planet Earth might not only lose a vital link in the ecological food chain (frogs keep populations of otherwise pestilent insects at manageable levels), but we might be increasing our output of air pollutants to levels that may have already become irreversible. Frogs could be inadvertently warning us of a catastrophe.An example of a species of frog that, at far as is known, has become extinct, is the platypus frog. Like the well-known Australian mammal it was named after, it exhibited some very strange behaviour; instead of giving birth to tadpoles in the water, it raised its young within its stomach. The baby frogs were actually born from out of their mother's mouth. Discovered in 1981, less than ten years later the frog had completely vanished from the crystal clear waters of Booloumba Creek near Queensland's SunshineCoast. Unfortunately, this freak of nature is not the only frog species to have been lost in Australia. Since the 1970s, no less than eight others have suffered the same fate.One theory that seems to fit the facts concerns the depletion of the ozone layer, a well documented phenomenon which has led to a sharp increase in ultraviolet radiation levels.The ozone layer is meant to shield the Earth from UV rays, but increased radiation may be having a GREater effect upon frog populations than previously believed. Another theory is that worldwide temperature increases are upsetting the breeding cycles of frogs.TRUE／FALSE／NOT GIVEN1.Frogs are disappearing only from city areas.2.Frogs and toads are usually poisonous.3.Biologists are unable to explain why frogs are dying.4.The frogs' natural habitat is becoming more and more developed.5.Attempts are being madebecause they control pests.7.The platypus frog became extinct by 1991.8.Frogs usually give birth to their young in an underwater nest.9.Eight frog species have become extinct so far in Australia.10.There is convincing evidence that the ozone layer is being depleted.11.It is a fact that frogs' breeding cycles are upset by worldwide in creases in temperature.Answer Keys1.F 2.F 3.T 4.T 5.NG 6.T 7.T 8.NG 9.F 10.T 11.F雅思阅读T/F/NG模拟试题含答案(2)Practice 2Almost everyone with or without a computer is aware of the latest technological revolution destined to change forever the way in which humans communicate, namely, the Information Superhighway, best exemplified by the ubiquitous Internet. Already, millions of people around the world are linked by computer simply by having a modem and an address on the `Net', in much the same way that owning a telephone links us to almost anyone who pays a phone bill. In fact, since the computer connections are made via the phone line, the Internet can be envisaged as a network of visual telephone links. It remains to seen in which direction the Information Superhighway is headed, but many believeit is the educational hope of the future.The World Wide Web, an enormous collection of Internet addresses or sites, all of which can be accessed for information, has been mainly responsible for the increase in interest in the Internet in the 1990s. Before the World Wide Web, the `Net' was comparable to an integrated collection of computerized typewriters, but the introduction of the `Web' in 1990 allowed not only text links to be made but also graphs, images and even video.A Web site consists of a `home page', the first screen of a particular site on the computer to which you are connected, from where access can be had to other subject related `pages'(or screens) at the site and on thousands of other computers all over the world. This is achieved by a process called `hypertext'. By clicking with a mouse device on various parts of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or surfing' through a of the screen, a person connected to the `Net' can go traveling, or `surfing' through a web of pages to locate whatever information is required.Anyone can set up a site; promoting your club, your institution, your company's products or simply yourself, is what the Web and the Internet is all about. And what is more, information on the Internet is not owned or controlled by any one organization. It is, perhaps, true to say that no one and therefore everyone owns the `Net'. BECause of the relative freedom of access to information, the Internet has often been criticised by the media as a potentially hazardous tool in the hands of young computer users. This perception has proved to be largely false however,for the dual purposes for which it was intended - discovery and delight.TRUE／FALSE／NOT GIVEN1.Everyone is aware of the Information Superhighway.ing the Internet costs the owner of a telephone extra money.3.Internet computer connections are made by using telephone lines.4.The World Wide Web is a network of computerised typewriters.5.According to the author, the Information Superhighway may be the future hope of education.6.The process called`hypertext'requires the use of a mouse device.7.The Internet was created in the 1990s.8.The `home page'is the first screen of a `Web'site on the `Net'.9.The media has often criticised the Internet because it is dangerous.10. The latest technological revolution will change the way humans communicate.Answer Keys1.F2.NG3.T4.F5.T6.T7.F8.T9.F 10.T。
雅思考试模拟试题及答案（阅读部分
雅思考试模拟试题及答案（阅读部分雅思考试模拟试题及答案(阅读部分）以下是应届毕业生网店铺为同学们收集雅思考试模拟试题及答案(阅读部分)，供大家参考!1.Everyone in a particular society recognizes social roles: father, mother, child, teacher, student, police officer, store clerk, doctor, judge, political leader, and so on. Every culture expects certain types of behavior from people who play certain social roles. Anyone occupying a given position is expected to adopt a specific attitude. A store clerk is expected to take care of customers patiently and politely, and a judge is expected to make wise and fair decisions about laws.Informal social roles are not always easy to recognize, but can be identified with careful research. They are key indicators of a group's health and happiness. Within the family, one informal role is the family hero, the person who defines integrity and upholds family morality. Others are the family arbitrator, the person who keeps the peace, and the family historian, often a grandparent, who relays valuable cultural information that maintains both the family and the larger society. And finally, there is the family friend, the person who provides comfort and companionship to the family members with emotional needs.1.Why does the author mention a store clerk and a judge in paragraph 1?A. To give examples of people who hold positions of respects.B. To explain why social roles are important to a society.C. To illustrate the behavior required of certain social roles.D. To compare the responsibilities of two different occupations.2.Why does the author use the term key indicators in discussing informal social roles?A.To identify the most important type of social roles.B.To explain how to identify informal social rolesC.To point out that informal roles are unique to familiesD.To emphasize the value of informal roles to a group答案:1.C2.D2.The many part of the earth’s atmosphere are linked with the various parts of the earth’s surface to produce a whole---the climate system. Different par ts of the earth’s surface react to the energy of the sun in different ways. For example, ice and snow reflect much of it. Land surfaces absorb solar energy and heat up rapidly. Oceans store the energy without experiencing a significant temperature rise. Thus, the different types of surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphere at different rates.We can view climate as existing in three domains: space, time, and human perception. In the domain of space, we can study local, regional, and global climates. In time, we can look at the climate for a year, a decade, a millennium, and so forth. Finally, we depend on our perceptions of the data, so we must include our own human perception into our model. Human perception must be included if our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions. As a society, we make informed choices about how to use the beneficial effects of climate, such as deciding when and where to plant crops. We also make choices about how to minimize the harmful effects of climate---storms, blizzards, and droughts.1.Why does the author discuss different parts of the earth’s surface in paragraph 1?A.To explain why humans live in some parts but not in othersB.To show that the entire earth is made of the same materialsC.To compare how various surfaces transfer heat into the atmosphereD.To describe changes in the earth’s appearance throughout the year.2.According to the author, why must we include human perception in our study of climate?A.We must interpret data and take actions related to climateB.We must create an interesting model of the climate systemC.We must develop an understanding of our environmentD.We must change our traditional ways of studying climate.(思考)3. Read the sentence below and write an essay which will have a minimum of 100 words.Our understanding of climatic processes is to be translated into societal actions.答案：1.C2.A3. veral men have been responsible for promoting forestry asa profession. Foremost was Gifford Pinchot, the father of the professional forestry in America. He was chief of the Forest Service from 1898 until 1910, working with President Theodore Roosevelt to instigate sound conservation practices in forests. Later he was professor of forestry and founder of the Pinchot School of Forestry at Yale University. Another great forester was Dr. Bernard E. Fernow, the first head of the U.S. Forest Service. He organized the first American school of professional forestry at Cornell University.The foresters of today, like Pinchot and Fernow in the past, plan and supervise the growth, protection, and utilization of trees.They make maps of forest areas, estimate the amount of standing timber and future growth, and manage timber sales. They also protect the trees from fire, harmful insects, and disease. Some foresters may be responsible for other duties, ranging from wildlife protection and watershed management to the development and supervision of camps, parks, and grazing lands. Others do research, provide information to forest owners and to the general public, and teach in colleges and universities.1.Why does the author compare Pinchot and Fernow to the foresters of today?A.To describe different philosophies of forestry managementB.To show how the field of forestry has changed in 100 yearsC.To argue for the expansion of university forestry programsD.To introduce the type of work done by professional foresters2.All of the following are mentioned in the passage EXCEPTA.what foresters do besides protecting treesB.how to select a good school of forestryC.people who promoted forestry as a careerD.management of timber and timber sales3. Think about how professors can contribute their wisdom to the public affairs. Write down your contemplations in a essay which have a minimum of 100 words.答案 :1.D2.B4. clothing to declare their membership in a particular social group; however, the rules for what is acceptable dress for that group may change. In affluent societies, this changing of the rules is the driving force behind fashions. By keeping up with fashions, that is, by changing their clothing style frequently butsimultaneously, members of a group both satisfy their desire for novelty and obey the rules, thus demonstrating their membership in the group.There are some interesting variations regarding individual status. Some people, particularly in the West, consider themselves of such high status that they do not need to display it with their clothing. For example, many wealthy people in the entertainment industry appear in very casual clothes, such as the worn jeans and work boots of a manual laborer. However, it is likely that a subtle but important signal, such as an expensive wristwatch, will prevail over the message of the casual dress. Such an inverted status display is most likely to occur where the person’s high status is conveyed in ways other than with clothing, such as having a famous face.1.According to the author, fashions serve all the following purposes EXCEPTA.satisfying an interest in noveltyB.signaling a change in personal beliefsC.displaying membership in a social groupD.following traditional rules2.Why does the author discuss individual status in paragraph 2?A.To state that individuals status is not important in the WestB.To argue that individuals need not obey every fashion ruleC.To contrast the status of entertainers with that of manual laborersD.To explain how high status may involve an inverted status display3. with the booming economy and rising status, Chinese people are beginning to remember the clothing belonging to ourown nation which is called “han fu”(汉服)，and some youth have worn them in some traditional festivals. Please write an essay to express your own thinking.答案：1.B2.DThe war for independence from Britain was a long and economically costly conflict. The New England fishing industry was temporarily destroyed, and the tobacco colonies in the South were also hard hit. The trade in imports was severely affected, since the war was fought against the country that had previously monopolized the colonies’ supply of manufactured goods. The most serious consequences were felt in the cities, whose existence depended on commercial activity. Boston, New York, Philadelphia, and Charleston were all occupied for a time by British troops. Even when the troops had left, British ships lurked in the harbors and continued to disrupt trade.American income from shipbuilding and commerce declined abruptly, undermining the entire economy of the urban areas. The decline in trade brought a fall in the American standard of living. Unemployed shipwrights, dock laborers, and coopers drifted off to find work on farms and in small villages. Some of them joined the Continental army, or if they were loyal to Britain, they departed with the British forces. The population of the New York City declined from 21,000 in 1774 to less than half that number only nine years later in 1783.The disruptions produced by the fighting of the war, by the loss of established markets for manufactured goods, by the loss of sources of credit, and by the lack of new investment all created a period of economic stagnation that lasted for the next twenty years.1.Why does the author mention the fishing industry and the tobacoo colonies?A. to show how the war for independence affected the economyB. to compare the economic power of two different regionsC. to identify the two largest commercial enterprises in AmericaD. to give examples of industries controlled by British forces2. Why does the author mention the population of New York City in paragraph 2?A. to show that half of New York remained loyal to BritainB. to compare New York with other cities occupied during the warC. to emphasize the great short-term cost of the war for New YorkD. to illustrate the percentage of homeless people in New York3. Chinese people had fought for independence from foreign countries for more than 100 years; we had lost lands, powers, resources and lives during that period. Today, China faces a new challenge that how the development can maintain, in other words, how China doesn’t lag behind. Please write an essay to express your ideas.答案：1.A2.CThe discovery of freezing has changed our eating habits more than any other related invention. Because many foods contain large amounts of water, they freeze solidly at or just below 32 degrees Fahrenheit. When we lower the temperature to well below the freezing point and prevent air from penetratingthe food, we retard the natural process of decay that causes food to spoil. Freezing preserves the flavor and nutrients of food better than any other preservation method. When properly prepared and packed, foods and vegetables can be stored in the freezer for one year.Most vegetables and some fruits need blanching before they are frozen, and to avoid this step would be an expensive mistake. The result would be a product largely devoid of vitamins and minerals. Proper blanching curtails the enzyme action, which vegetables require during their growth and ripening but which continues after maturation and will lead to decay unless it is almost entirely stopped by blanching. This process is done in two ways, either by plunging vegetables in a large amount of rapidly boiling water for a few minutes or by steaming them. For steam blanching, it is important that timing begin when the water at the bottom of the pot is boiling. Different vegetables require different blanching times, and specified times for each vegetable must be observed. Under-blanching is like no blanching at all, and over-blanching, while stopping the enzyme action, will produce soggy, discolored vegetables.1.Why does the author mention 32 degrees Fahrenheit?A.To suggest the storage temperature for most foodsB.To identify the freezing point of waterC.To state the correct setting for a freezerD.To give the temperature for blanching2.Why does the author use the term expensive mistake in discussing blanching?A.To state that blanching is expensive but very effectiveB.To warn that not blanching will harm the food’s nutritional valueC.To emphasize the importance of blanching only a few items at a timeD.To show that many people waste food by blanching improperly3. In our daily life, there are a lot of traditional and scientific methods to maintain the foods’ nutrients, please write an essay to introduce the process of one way.答案：1.B2.BThe house style that dominated American housing during the 1880s and 1890s was known as Queen Anne, a curious name for an American style. The name was, in fact, a historical accident, originating with fashionable architects in Victorian England who coined it with apparently no reason other than its pleasing sound. The Queen Anne style was loosely based on medieval structures built long before 1702, the beginning year of Queen Anne’s reign.A distinctive characteristic found in most Queen Anne houses is the unusual roof shape --- a steeply pitched, hipped central portion with protruding lower front and side extensions that end in gables. It is often possible to spot these distinctive roof forms from several blocks away. Another feature of this style is the detailing, shown in the wood shingle siding cut into fanciful decorative patterns of scallops, curves, diamonds, or triangles. Queen Anne houses are almost always asymmetrical. If you draw an imaginary line down the middle of one, you will see how drastically different the right and left sides are, all the way from ground level to roof peak. A final characteristic is the inviting wraparound porch that includes the front door area and then extends around to either the right or left side of the house.Queen Anne houses faded from fashion early in the twentieth century as the public’s taste shifted toward the more modern Prairie and Craftsman style houses. Today, however, Queen Anne houses are favorite symbols of the past, painstakingly and lovingly restored by old-house buffs and reproduced by builders who give faithful attention to the distinctive shapes and detailing that were first popularized more than one hundred years ago.1. Why does the author use the word curious in describing the name of an American style?A.The style was invented before Queen Anne’s reign.B.The name was accidentally misspelled.C.The style was more popular in Victorian England.D.The name did not originate in American.2. The word it in paragraph 1 refers toA. styleB. nameC. accidentD. England3. Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a characteristic feature of Queen Anne houses?A. decorative windowsB. wood shingle exterior wallsC. large porchD. steeply pitched roof4. Which of the following can be inferred from paragraph 2 about the Queen Anne style?A. the Queen Anne style combined several other styles.B. the Queen Anne style had to be built in the city.C. the Queen Anne style was elaborate and ornate.D. the Queen Anne style was not very popular.5. The word buffs in paragraph 3 is closest in meaning toA. expertsB. sellersC. criticsD. painters6. Can you predict the main element which the architects will concern for next generation of house style? Write an essay to give your opinions.答案：1.D2.B3.A4.C5.AOne of the most interesting and distinctive of all uses of language is commentary. An oral reporting of ongoing activity, commentary is used in such public arenas as political ceremonies, parades, funerals, fashion shows and cooking demonstrations. The most frequently occurring type of commentary may be that connected with sports and games. In sports there are two kinds of commentary, and both are often used for the same sporting event. “play-by-play” commentary narrates the sports event, while “color –adding” or “color” commentary provides the audience with pre-event background, during-event interpretation, and post-event evaluation. Color commentary is usually conversational in style and can be a dialogue with two or more commentators.Play-by-play commentary is of interest to linguists because it is unlike other kinds of narrative, which are typically reported in past tense. Play-by-play commentary is reported in present tense. Some examples are “he takes the lead by four” and “she’s in position.” One linguist characterizes radio play-by-play commentary as “a monologue directed at an unknown,unseen mass audience who voluntarily choose to listen…and provide no feedback to the speaker.” It is these characteristics that make this kind of commentary unlike any other type of speech situation.The chief feature of play-by-play commentary is a highly formulaic style of presentation. There is distinctive grammar not only in the use of the present tense but also in the omission of certain element s of sentence structure. For example “Smith in close” eliminates the verb, as some newspaper headlines do. Another example is inverted word order, as in “over at third is Johnson.” Play-by-play commentary is very fluent, keeping up with the pace of the action. The rate is steady and there is little silence. The structure of the commentary is cyclical, reflecting the way most games consist of recurring sequences of short activities---as in tennis and baseball---or a limited number of activity options---as in the various kinds of football. In racing, the structure is even simpler, with the commentator informing the listener of the varying order of the competitors in a “state of play” summary, which is crucial for listeners or viewers who have just tuned in.1.Which of the following statements is true of color commentary?A.It narrates the action of the event in real time, using the present tense.B.It is a monologue given to an audience that does not respond to the speaker.C.It is steady and fluent because it must keep up with the action of the event.D.It gives background on the event, and interprets and evaluates the event.2.Why does the author quote a linguist in paragraph 2?A.To describe the uniqueness of radio play-by-playB.To show how technical sports commentary isC.To give examples of play-by-play commentaryD.To criticize past trends in sports commentary3.It can be inferred from the passage that the author most likely agrees with which of the following statements about sports commentary?A.Color commentary is more important than play-by-play commentaryB.Sports commentators do not need special knowledge of the sport.mentary enhances the excitement and enjoyment of sports.D.Sports commentators should work hard to improve their grammar.答案:1. D2. A3.C。
雅思(阅读)模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）模拟试卷1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)READING PASSAGE 1 You should spend about 20 minutes on Questions 1-13, which are based on Reading Passage 1 below. In Praise of Amateurs Despite the specialisation of scientific research, amateurs still have an important role to play During the scientific revolution of the 17th century, scientists were largely men of private means who pursued their interest in natural philosophy for their own edification. Only in the past century or two has it become possible to make a living from investigating the workings of nature.Modem science was, in other words, built on the work of amateurs. Today, science is an increasingly specialised and compartmentalised subject, the domain of experts who know more and more about less and less. Perhaps surprisingly, however, amateurs - even those without private means - are still important. A recent poll carried out at a meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science by astronomer Dr Richard Fienberg found that, in addition to his field of astronomy, amateurs are actively involved in such fields as acoustics, horticulture, ornithology, meteorology, hydrology and palaeontology. Far from being crackpots, amateur scientists are often in close touch with professionals, some of whom rely heavily on their co-operation. Admittedly, some fields are more open to amateurs than others. Anything that requires expensive equipment is clearly a no-go area. And some kinds of research can be dangerous; most amateur chemists, jokes Dr Fienberg, are either locked up or have blown themselves to bits. But amateurs can make valuable contributions in fields from rocketry to palaeontology and the rise of the Internet has made it easier than ever before to collect data and distribute results. Exactly which field of study has benefited most from the contributions of amateurs is a matter of some dispute. Dr Fienberg makes a strong case for astronomy. There is, he points out, a long tradition of collaboration between amateur and professional sky watchers. Numerous comets, asteroids and even the planet Uranus were discovered by amateurs. Today, in addition to comet and asteroid spotting, amateurs continue to do valuable work observing the brightness of variable stars and detecting novae - ‘new’stars in the Milky Way and supernovae in other galaxies. Amateur observers are helpful, says Dr Fienberg, because there are so many of them (they far outnumber professionals) and because they are distributed all over the world. This makes special kinds of observations possible: if several observers around the world accurately record the time when a star is eclipsed by an asteroid, for example, it is possible to derive useful information about the asteroid’s shape. Another field in which amateurs have traditionally played an important role is palaeontology. Adrian Hunt, a palaeontologist at Mesa Technical College in New Mexico, insists that his is the field in which amateurs have made the biggest contribution. Despite the development of high-tech equipment, he says, the bestsensors for finding fossils are human eyes - lots of them.Finding volunteers to look for fossils is not difficult, he says, because of the near-universal interest in anything to do with dinosaurs. As well as helping with this research, volunteers learn about science, a process he calls ‘recreational education’. Rick Bonney of the Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology in Ithaca, New York, contends that amateurs have contributed the most in his field. There are, he notes, thought to be as many as 60 million birdwatchers in America alone. Given their huge numbers and the wide geographical coverage they provide, Mr Bonney has enlisted thousands of amateurs in a number of research projects. Over the past few years their observations have uncovered previously unknown trends and cycles in birdmigrations and revealed declines in the breeding populations of several species of migratory birds, prompting a habitat conservation programme. Despite the successes and whatever the field of study, collaboration between amateurs and professionals is not without its difficulties. Not everyone, for example is happy with the term ‘amateur’. Mr Bonney has coined the term ‘citizen scientist’because he felt that other words, such as ‘volunteer’sounded disparaging. A more serious problem is the question of how professionals can best acknowledge the contributions made by amateurs. Dr Fienberg says that some amateur astronomers are happy to provide their observations but grumble about not being reimbursed for out-of-pocket expenses. Others feel let down when their observations are used in scientific papers, but they are not listed as co-authors. Dr Hunt says some amateur palaeontologists are disappointed when told that they cannot take finds home with them. These are legitimate concerns but none seems insurmountable. Provided amateurs and professionals agree the terms on which they will work together beforehand, there is no reason why co-operation between the two groups should not flourish. Last year Dr S. Carlson, founder of the Society for Amateur Scientists won an award worth ＄290,000 for his work in promoting such co-operation. He says that one of the main benefits of the prize is the endorsement it has given to the contributions of amateur scientists, which has done much to silence critics among those professionals who believe science should remain their exclusive preserve. At the moment, says Dr Carlson, the society is involved in several schemes including an innovative rocket-design project and the setting up of a network of observers who will search for evidence of a link between low-frequency radiation and earthquakes. The amateurs, he says, provide enthusiasm and talent, while the professionals provide guidance ‘so that anything they do discover will be taken seriously’. Having laid the foundations of science, amateurs will have much to contribute to its ever-expanding edifice.Questions 1-8Complete the summary below. Choose ONE or TWO WORDS from the passage for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 1-8 on your answer sheet.Summary Prior to the 19th century, professional 【1】______did not exist and scientific research was largely carried out by amateurs. However, while 【2】______today is mostly the domain of professionals, a recent US survey highlighted the fact that amateurs play an important role in at least seven 【3】______and indeed many professionals are reliant on their 【4】______ In areas such as astronomy, amateurs can be invaluable when makingspecific 【5】______on a global basis. Similarly in the area of palaeontology their involvement is invaluable and helpers are easy to recruit because of the popularity of 【6】______ Amateur birdwatchers also play an active role and their work has led to the establishment of a 【7】______Occasionally the term ‘amateur’has been the source of disagreement and alternative names have been suggested but generally speaking, as long as the professional scientists 【8】______the work of the non-professionals, the two groups can work productively together.1．【1】正确答案：scientists解析：Para 1: ... scientists were largely men of private means who pursued theft interest in natural philosophy for their own edification. Only in the past century or two has it become possible to make a living from investigating the workings of nature.*2．【2】正确答案：science解析：Para 1: Today, science is an increasingly specialised and compartmentalised subject, the domain of experts...*3．【3】正确答案：fields解析：Para 2: ... amateurs are actively involved in such fields as acoustics ...*4．【4】正确答案：co-operation/ collaboration解析：Para 2: ... some of whom rely heavily on their co-operation.Para 4: ... a long tradition of collaboration between amateur and professional sky watchers.*5．【5】正确答案：observations解析：Para 4: This makes special kinds of observations possible. The paragraph also refers to valuable work observing and amateur observers.*6．【6】正确答案：dinosaurs解析：Para 5: ... because of the near- universal interest in anything to do with dinosaurs.*7．【7】正确答案：conservation programme解析：Para 6: Over the past few years their observations have uncovered previously unknown trends and cycles ... prompting a habitat conservation programme.*8．【8】正确答案：acknowledge解析：Para 7: A more serious problem is the question of how professionals can best acknowledge ...Questions 9-13Reading Passage 1 contains a number of opinions provided by four different scientists.Match each opinion (Questions 9-13) with the scientists A-D.NB You may use any of the scientists A-D more than once.9．Amateur involvement can also be an instructive pastime.A．Dr FienbergB．Adrian HuntC．Rick BonneyD．Dr Carlson正确答案：B解析：迅速浏览文章，找出第一个科学家的姓名。
雅思阅读模拟题16篇(附答案)
雅思阅读实战16篇（附答案）★How to increase salesPublished online: Nov 9th 2006From The Economist print editionHow shops can exploit people's herd mentality to increase sales1. A TRIP to the supermarket may not seem like an exercise in psychological warfare—but it is. Shopkeepers know that filling a store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they had intended. Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors. Now researchers are investigating how “swarm intelligence” (that is, how ants, bees or any social animal, including humans, behave in a crowd) can be used to influence what people buy.2. At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon. Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them. Mr Usmani and Ronaldo Menezes, also of the Florida Institute of Technology, set out to enhance this tendency to buy more by playing on the herd instinct. The idea is that, if a certain product is seen to be popular, shoppers are likely to choose it too. The challenge is to keep customers informed about what others are buying.3. Enter smart-cart technology. In Mr Usmani's supermarket every product has a radio frequency identification tag, a sort of barcode that uses radio waves to transmit information, and every trolley has a scanner that reads this information and relays it to a central computer. As a customer walks past a shelf of goods, a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.4. Mr Usmani's “swarm-moves” model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts. And it gives shoppers the satisfaction of knowing that they bought the “right” product—that is, the one everyone else bought. The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that bothWal-Mart in America and Tesco in Britain are interested in his work, and testing will get under way in the spring.5. Another recent study on the power of social influence indicates that sales could, indeed, be boosted in this way. Matthew Salganik of Columbia University in New York and his colleagues have described creating an artificial music market in which some 14,000 people downloaded previously unknown songs. The researchers found that when people could see the songs ranked by how many times they had been downloaded, they followed the crowd. When the songs were not ordered by rank, but the number of times they had been downloaded was displayed, the effect of social influence was still there but was less pronounced. People thus follow the herd when it is easy for them to do so.6. In Japan a chain of convenience shops called RanKing RanQueen has been ordering its products according to sales data from department stores and research companies. The shops sell only the most popular items in each product category, and the rankings are updated weekly. Icosystem, a company in Cambridge, Massachusetts, also aims to exploit knowledge of social networking to improve sales.7. And the psychology that works in physical stores is just as potent on the internet. Online retailers such as Amazon are adept at telling shoppers which products are popular with like-minded consumers. Even in the privacy of your home, you can still be part of the swarm.(644 words)Questions 1-6Complete the sentences below with words taken from the reading passage. Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer.1. Shopowners realize that the smell of _______________ can increase sales of food products.2. In shops, products shelved at a more visible level sell better even if they are more _______________.3. According to Mr. U smani, with the use of “swarm intelligence” phenomenon,a new method can be applied to encourage _______________.4. On the way to everyday items at the back of the store, shoppers might be tempted to buy _______________.5. If the number of buyers shown on the _______________ is high, othercustomers tend to follow them.6. Using the “swarm-moves” model, shopowners do not have to give customers _______________ to increase sales.Questions 7-12Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage? For questions 7-12 writeYES if the statement agrees with the informationNO if the statement contraicts the informationNOT GIVEN if there is no information on this in the passage7. Radio frequency identification technology has been installed experimentally in big supermarkets like Wal-Mart.8. People tend to download more unknown songs than songs they are familiar with.9. Songs ranked high by the number of times being downloaded are favored by customers.10. People follow the others to the same extent whether it is convenient or not.11. Items sold in some Japanese stores are simply chosen according to the sales data of other shops.12. Swarm intelligence can also be observed in everyday life.Answer keys:1. 答案：(freshly baked) bread. （第1段第2行：Shoppers know that fillinga store with the aroma of freshly baked bread makes people feel hungry and persuades them to buy more food than they intended.）2. 答案：expensive. （第1段第4行：Stocking the most expensive products at eye level makes them sell faster than cheaper but less visible competitors.）3. 答案：impulse buying. （第2段第1句：At a recent conference on the simulation of adaptive behaviour in Rome, Zeeshan-ul-hassan Usmani, a computer scientist from the Florida Institute of Technology, described a new way to increase impulse buying using this phenomenon.）4. 答案：other (tempting) goods/things/products. （第2段第2句：Supermarkets already encourage shoppers to buy things they did not realise they wanted: for instance, by placing everyday items such as milk and eggs at the back of the store, forcing shoppers to walk past other tempting goods to reach them.）5. 答案：screen. （第3段第4行：As a customer walks past a shelf of goods,a screen on the shelf tells him how many people currently in the shop have chosen that particular product. If the number is high, he is more likely to select it too.）6. 答案：discounts. （第4段第第1句：Mr Usmani’s “swarm-moves”model appeals to supermarkets because it increases sales without the need to give people discounts.）7. 答案：NO. (第4段第3、4句：The model has not yet been tested widely in the real world, mainly because radio frequency identification technology is new and has only been installed experimentally in some supermarkets. But Mr Usmani says that both Wal-Mart in America an Tesco in Britain are interestd in his workd, and testing will get under way in the spring. 短语“get under way”的意思是“开始进行”，在Wal-Mart的试验要等到春天才开始)8. 答案：NOT GIVEN. （在文中没有提及该信息）9. 答案：YES。
国外英语考试：2021雅思(IELTS)真题模拟及答案(1)
国外英语考试：2021雅思（IELTS）真题模拟及答案(1)1、In the conversion of the soil at the Hallside site, ______.（单选题）A. two types of worms are being used.B. three types of worms are being used.C. many types of worms are being used.D. thousands of different types of worms are being used.试题答案：A2、诗界革命的重要诗人有______。
（多选题）A. 黄遵宪B. 梁启超C. 康有为D. 丘逢甲E. 蒋智由F. 龚自珍试题答案：A,B,C,D,E3、保存古代神话较多的典籍主要有______。
（多选题）A. 《世说新语》B. 《山海经》C. 《楚辞》D. 《淮南子》试题答案：B,C,D4、After more than one hundred years of steel production at Hallside, ______.（单选题）A. the land could not be used for anything.B. it was impossible to use the land to build on.C. the land could then be built on.D. the land could be used for any purpose.试题答案：B5、目前，世界上信奉各种宗教的教徒占世界总人口的（）。
（多选题）A. 1／3B. 1／4C. 1／2D. 2／3试题答案：D6、世界上第一部国家药典是我国______政府组织编修的。
（多选题）A. 唐朝B. 宋朝C. 汉朝D. 明朝试题答案：A7、我国第一和第二大淡水湖分别为（）。
雅思(阅读)模拟试卷40(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）模拟试卷40(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1. Reading ModuleReading Module (60 minutes)Bioluminescence A．In the pitch-black waters of the ocean’s aphetic zone —depths from 1000 m to the sea floor—good eye sight does not count for very much on its own. Caves, in addition, frequently present a similar problem: the complete absence of natural light at any time of the day. This has not stopped some organisms from turning these inhospitable environments into their homes, and in the process many have created their own forms of light by developing one of the stunning visual marvels of the biological universe—bioluminescence.B．Many people will encounter bioluminescence at some point in their life, typically in some form of glowworm, which is found on most continents. North and South America are home to the “firefly”, a glowing beetle which is known as a glow-worm during its larvae stage. Flightless glowing beetles and worms are also found in Europe, Asia, Australia and New Zealand. Less common flies, centipedes, mollusks and snails have bioluminescent qualities as well, as do some mushrooms. The most dramatic examples of bioluminescence, however, are found deep below the ocean’s surface, where no sunlight can penetrate at all. Here, anglerfish, cookie-cutter sharks, flashlight fish, lantern fish, gulper eels, viper fish and many other species have developed bioluminescence in unique and creative ways to facilitate their lives.C．The natural uses of bioluminescence vary widely, and organisms have learnt to be very creative with its, use. Fireflies employ bioluminescence primarily for reproductive means—their flashing patterns advertise a firefiy’s readiness to breed. Some fish use it as a handy spotlight to help them locate prey. Cithers use it as a lure; the anglerfish, for example, dangles a luminescent flare that draws in gullible, smaller fishes which get snapped up by the anglerfish in an automated reflex. Sometimes bioluminescence is used to resist predators. Vampire squids eject a thick cloud of glowing liquid from the tip of its arms when threatened, which can be disorientating. Other species use a single, bright flash to temporarily blind their attacker, with an effect similar to that of an oncoming car which has not dipped its headlights.D．Humans have captured and utilized bioluminescence by developing, over the last decade, a technology known as Bioluminescence Imaging (BLI). BL! involves the extraction of a DNA protein from a bioluminescent organism, and then the integration of this protein into a laboratory animal through transgeneticism. Researchers have been able to use aluminized pathogens and cancer cell lines to track the respective spread of infections and cancers. Through BLI, cancers and infections can be observed without intervening in a way that affects their independent development. In other words, while an ultra-sensitive camera and bioluminescent proteins add a visual element, they do not disrupt or mutate the natural processes. As a result, when testing drugs and treatments, researchers are permitted a singleperspective of a therapy’s progression. E．Once scientists learn how to engineer bioluminescence and keep it stable in large quantities, a number of other human uses for it will become available. Glowing trees have been proposed as replacements for electric lighting along busy roads, for example, which would reduce our dependence on non-renewable energy sources. The same technology used in Christmas trees for the family home would also eliminate the fire danger from electrical fairy lights. It may also be possible for crops and plants to luminescent when they require watering, and for meat and dairy products to “tell us” when they have become contaminated by bacteria. In a similar way, forensic investigators could detect bacterial species on corpses through bioluminescence. Finally, there is the element of pure novelty. Children’s toys and stickers are often made with glow-in-the-dark qualities, and a biological form would allow rabbits, mice, fish, and other pets to glow as well.Questions 1-5 Reading Passage 1 has five sections, A-E. Choose the correct headings for sections A-E from the list of headings below. Write the correct number, i-ix, in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.List of Headings i Mushrooms that glow in the dark ii Bright creatures on land and in the sea iii Evolution’s solution iv Cave-dwelling organisms v Future opportunities in biological engineering vi Nature’s gift to medicine vii Bioluminescence in humans viii Purposes of bioluminescence in the wild ix Luminescent pets1．Section A正确答案：iii2．Section B正确答案：ii3．Section C正确答案：viii4．Section D正确答案：vi5．Section E正确答案：vChoose FOUR letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet. Which FOUR uses are listed for bioluminescence in nature?A．ways of attracting foodB．tracing the spread of diseasesC．mating signalsD．growing trees for street lighting E．drug trials F．defensive tactics G．a torch to identify food6．正确答案：A7．正确答案：C8．正确答案：F9．正确答案：G10．The luminescent fluid that a Vampire Squid emits has a ______ effect on its predator.正确答案：disorientating11．In order to use bioluminescence in a trans-genetic environment, ______ must first be removed from a bioluminescent creature.正确答案：DNA protein12．One advantage of BLI is that it could allow researchers to see how a treatment is working without altering or disturbing ______.正确答案：natural processes13．In the future,______ may be able to use bioluminescence to identify evidence on dead bodies.正确答案：forensic investigators/scientistsCHANGES IN MALE BODY IMAGE A．The pressures on women tolook slender, youthful and attractive have been extensively documented, but changing expectations for women’s bodies have varied widely. From voluptuous and curvy in the days of Marilyn Monroe, to slender and androgynous when Twiggy hit the London scene in the mid-1960s, and then on to the towering Amazonian models of the 1980s and the “heroin chic” and size-zero obsession of today, it is not just clothes that go in and out of fashion for women. The prevailing notion of the perfect body for men, however, has remained remarkably static: broad shoulders, a big chest and arms, and rippling, visible abdominal muscles and powerful legs have long been the staple ingredients of a desirable male physique.B．A growing body of evidence suggests this is changing, however. Root steins, a mannequin design company in Britain, has released its newest male model—the home nouveau—with a cinched-in 27-inch waist. “To put that into perspective,”says one female fashion reporter, “I had a 27-inch waist when I was thirteen...and I was really skinny.”The company suggests that the home nouveau “redresses the prevailing ‘beefcake’ figure by carving out a far more streamlined, sinuous silhouette to match the edgier attitude of a new generation”.C．Elsewhere in the fashion industry, the label American Apparel is releasing a line of trousers in sizes no larger than a 30-inch waist, which squeezes out most of the younger male market who have an average waistline over five inches larger. Slender young men are naturally starting to dominate the catwalks and magazine pages as well. “No one wanted the big guys,”model David Gandy has said, describing how his muscled physique was losing him jobs. “It was all the skinny, androgynous look. People would look at me very, very strangely when I went to castings.”D．Achieving such a physique can be unattainable for those without the natural genetic make-up. “I don’t know that anyone would consider my body archetypal or as an exemplar to work towards,” notes model Dave Micaville. “You couldn’t aim for this; it’s defined by a vacuum of flesh, by what it’s not.”Nevertheless, statistics suggest it is not just an obsession of models, celebrities and the media—more and more ordinary men are prepared to go to great lengths for a slender body. One indication is the growing number of men who are discovering surgical reconstruction. Male breast-reduction has become especially popular; in 2009 the year-on-year growth rate for this procedure rose to 44 percent in the United Kingdom. Liposuction also remains popular in the market for male body reconstructive surgery, with 35,000 such procedures being performed on men every year. E．Additionally, more men now have eating disorders than ever before. These are characterized by normal eating habits, typically either the consumption of insufficient or excessive amounts of food. Eating disorders are detrimental to the physical and mental condition of people who suffer from them, and the desire to achieve unrealistic physiques has been implicated as a cause. In 1990 only 10% of people suffering from anorexia or bulimia were believed to be male, but this figure has climbed steadily to around one quarter today. Around two in five binge eaters are men. Women still make up the majority of those afflicted by eating disorders, but the perception of it being a “girly”problem has contributed to men being less likely to pursue treatment. In 2008, male eating disorders were thrust into the spotlight when former British Deputy Prime Minister,John Prescott, admitted to habitually gorging on junk food and then inducing himself to vomit while in office. “I never admitted to this out of the shame and embarrassment,” he said. “I found it difficult as a man like me to admit that I suffered from bulimia.”F．In some respects, the slim male silhouette seems to be complementing, rather than displacing, the G. I. Joe physique. Men’s Health, one of the only titles to weather the floundering magazine market with sales increasing to a quarter of a million per issue, has a staple diet of bulky men on the cover who entice readers with the promise of big, powerful muscles. Advertising executives and fashion editors suggest that in times of recession and political uncertainty, the more robust male body image once again becomes desirable. Academic research supports this claim, indicating that more “feminine” features are desirable for men in comfortable and secure societies, while “masculine”physical traits are more attractive where survival comes back to the individual. A University of Aberdeen study, conducted using 4,500 women from over 30 countries, found a pronounced correlation between levels of public healthcare and the amount of effeminacy women preferred in their men. In Sweden, the country considered to have the best healthcare, 68 percent of women preferred the men who were shown with feminine facial features. In Brazil, the country with the worst healthcare in the study, only 45 percent of women were so inclined. “The results suggest that as healthcare improves, more masculine men fall out of favor,” the researchers concluded. G．Ultimately, columnist Polly Vernon has written, we are left with two polarized ideals of masculine beauty. One is the sleek, slender silhouette that exudes cutting-edge style and a wealthy, comfortable lifestyle. The other is the “strong, muscular, austerity-resistant” form that suggests a man can look after himself with his own bare hands. These ideals co-exist by pulling men in different directions and encouraging them to believe they must always be chasing physical perfection, while simultaneously destabilizing any firm notions of what physical perfection requires. H．As a result, attaining the ideal body becomes an ever more futile and time-consuming task. Vernon concludes that this means less time for the more important things in life, and both sexes should resist the compulsive obsession with beauty.Questions 14-20 Reading Passage 2 has eight paragraphs, A-H. Which paragraph contains the following information? Write the correct letter, A-H, in boxes 14-20 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.14．an opinion on whether body image changes have positive or negative effects 正确答案：G15．a historical comparison of gendered body images正确答案：A16．a humiliating confession of overeating by a public figure正确答案：E17．a cosmetic operation that has become increasingly popular正确答案：D18．a health condition afflicting increasing numbers of men正确答案：E19．the effect of changing body ideals on a male model正确答案：C20．an explanation of how living standards affect the desirability of male physiques正确答案：F21．A thin body is achievable for men regardless of their genes.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B22．Male liposuction is more popular than male breast-reduction.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：C23．Eating disorders harm the mind and body.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A24．Women seek help for eating disorders more often than men.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：A25．Men’s Health has suffered from a downtime in magazine sales.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：B26．As public healthcare improves men become more feminine.A．YESB．NOC．NOT GIVEN正确答案：CEATS,SHOOTS AND LEA VES —a book review The title of Eats, Shoots and Leaves refers to a famously misplaced comma in a wildlife manual that ended up suggesting a panda rather violently “eats, shoots and leaves” instead of eating shoots and leaves. The author of this book, journalist Lynne Truss, is something akin to a militant linguist, dedicating this “zero tolerance” manifesto on grammar to the striking Bolshevik printers of St. Petersburg who, in demanding the same remuneration for punctuation as they received for letters, ended up setting in motion the first Russian Revolution. Some of the book involves humorous attacks on erroneous punctuation. There is the confused Shakespearian thespian who inadvertently turns a frantic plea: “Go, get him surgeons!”into the cheerful encouragement of “Go get him, surgeons!”Street and shop signs have a ubiquitous presence. A bakery declares “FRESH DONUT’S SOLD HERE”and a florist curiously announces that “Pansy’s here!”(Is she?). The shameless title of a Hollywood film Two Weeks Notice is reeled in for criticism—”Would they similarly call it One Weeks Notice?”, Truss enquires--and sometimes, as in the case of signs promoting “ANTIQUE’S”and “Potato’s”—one questions whether we are bearing witness to new depths of grammar ignorance, or a postmodern caricature of atrocious punctuation. Eats, Shoots and leaves is not just a piece of comedy and ridicule, however, and Truss has plenty to offer on the question of proper grammar usage. If you have ever wondered whether it is acceptable to simply use an “elm dash”I in place of a comma—the verdict from Truss is that you can. “The dash is less formal than the semicolon, which makes it more attractive, “she suggests. “lt enhances conversational tone; and...it is capable of quite subtle effects.” The author concludes, with characteristic wry condescension, that the elm dash’s popularity largely rests on people knowing it is almost impossible to use incorrectly. Truss is a personal champion of the semicolon, a historically contentious punctuation mark elsewheremaligned by novelist Kurt V onnegut Jr., as a “transvestite hermaphrodite representing absolutely nothing”. Coming to the semicolon’s defense, Truss suggests that, while it can certainly be over-used—she refers to the dying words of one 20th century writer: “I should have used fewer semicolons”—the semicolon can perform the role of a “a kind of Special Policeman in the event of comma fights”. Truss has come under criticism on two broad points. The first argument criticizes the legitimacy of her authority as a punctuation autocrat. Louis Men and, writing in the New Yorker, details Eats, Shoots and Leaves’ numerous grammatical and punctuation sins: a comma-free non-restrictive clause; a superfluous ellipsis; a misplaced apostrophe; a misused parenthesis; two misused semicolons; an erroneous hyphen in the word “abuzz”, and so on. In fact, as Men and notes, half the semicolons in the Truss book are spuriously deployed because they stem from the author’s open flouting of the rule that semicolons must only connect two independent clauses. “Why would a person not just vague about the rules but disinclined to follow them bother to produce a guide to punctuation.’?” Men and inquires. Ultimately, he holds Truss accused of producing a book that pleases those who “just need to vent” and concludes that Eats, Shoots and Leaves is actually a tirade against the decline of language and print that disguises itself, thinly and poorly, as some kind of a style manual. Linguist David Crystal has criticized what he describes as a “linguistic purism” coursing through Truss’ book. Linguistic purism is the notion that one variety of language is somehow more pure than others, with this sense of purity often based on an idealized historical point in the language’s development, but sometimes simply in reference to an abstract ideal. In The Fight for English. How Language Pundits Ate, Shot and Left, Crystal--a former colleague of Truss--condemns the no-holds-barred approach to punctuation and grammar. “Zero tolerance does not allow for flexibility,”he argues. “It is prescriptivism taken to extremes. It suggests that language is in a state where all the rules are established with 100 per cent certainty. The suggestion is false. We do not know what all the rules of punctuation are. And no rule of punctuation is followed by all of the people all of the time.”Other detractors of Truss’“prescriptivism” are careful to disassociate needless purism from robust and sensible criticism, an oppositional stance they call descriptivism. “Don’t ever imagine,” Geoffrey K. Plum on the Language Log emphasizes, “that I think all honest attempts at using English are just as good as any others. [ Bad ~ writing needs to be fixed. But let’s make sure we fix the right things.”In other words, we do not require a dogmatic approach to clean up misused language. Charles Gaulle concurs, noting that his opposition to “prescriptivism”does not require contending with the existence of standards themselves, but questioning whether our standards should determine what works, or whether what works should determine our standards. Ultimately, it is unlikely the purists and pedagogues will ever make absolute peace with those who see language as a fluid, creative process within which everyone has a role to play. Both sides can learn to live in a sort of contentious harmony, however. Creativity typically involves extending, adapting and critiquing the status quo, and revising and reviving old traditions while constructing new ones. Rules must exist in order for this process to take place, if only for them to be broken. On the flip side, rules have an important roleto play in guiding our language into forms that can be accessed by people across all manner of differences, so it is vital to acknowledge the extent to which they can be democratic, rather than merely autocratic in function. Nevertheless, all the regulations in the world cannot stem the natural spring of language, which bursts through rivets and snakes around the dams that linguistic authorities may try to put in place. We should celebrate rather than curse these inevitable tensions.Questions 27-32 Look at the following statements (Questions 27-32) and the list of people below. Match each statement with the correct person, A-E. Write the correct letter, A-E, in boxes 27-32 on your answer sheet. NB You may use any letter more than once.List of People A．Kurt V onnegut Jr.B．Louis Men andC．David CrystalD．Geoffrey K. Plum E．Charles Gaulle27．Mistakes should be corrected on the basis of common sense.正确答案：D28．No one has legitimacy as an ultimate authority on punctuation use.正确答案：C29．Eats, Shoots and Leaves is not the type of book it claims to be.正确答案：B30．The idea that some forms of language can be better than others is wrong.正确答案：C31．The semicolon has no real purpose.正确答案：A32．We can ask whether rules are helpful without undermining the need for rules.正确答案：EEats, Shoots and Leaves is a book on punctuation by journalist Lynne Truss, who could be described as a (33) . She dedicates the book to the Bolshevik Printers who started the (34) by protesting for better pay conditions. The book is partly a humorous criticism of incorrect punctuation. Some of the examples are so badit is possible that they are actually a (35) . Truss also guides the reader on correct punctuation usage. She likes the em dash because it is not as (36) as the semicolon, for example, but remains a (37) of the latter due to its ability to discipline areas of text that are crowded with commas.33．正确答案：militant linguist34．正确答案：first Russian Revolution35．正确答案：postmodem caricature36．正确答案：formal37．正确答案：personal championChoose THREE letters, A-G. Write the correct letters in boxes 38-40 on your answer sheet. Which THREE of the following statements form part of the author’s conclusion? A．Rules prevent the creation of new things.B．A centralized point of control can effectively guide the flow of language.C．Both the descriptivist and prescriptivists have important roles to play in language evolution.D．Disputes over matters of language rules need not be condemned. E．Prescriptivists and descriptivist are both wrong. F．Rules help everyone use language and do not merely prescribe usage. G．An essential part of creativity is the rejection of that which has come before.38．正确答案：B39．正确答案：D 40．正确答案：F。
雅思IELTS考试模拟试题
雅思IELTS考试模拟试题2017年雅思IELTS考试模拟试题学习专看文学书，也是不好的。
先前的文学青年，往往厌恶数学、理化、史地、生物学，以为这些都无足轻重，后来变成连常识也没有。
下面是店铺为大家搜索整理的2017年雅思IELTS考试模拟试题，希望能给大家带来帮助!READING TESTYou are advised to spend about 15 minutes on Questions 1-14 which refer to Reading Passage below.The private car is assumed to have widened our horizons and increased our mobility. When we consider our children's mobility, they can be driven to more places (and more distant places) than they could visit without access to a motor vehicle. However, allowing our cities to be dominated by cars has progressively eroded children's independent mobility. Children have lost much of their freedom to explore their own neighborhood or city without adult supervision. In recent surveys, when parents in some cities were asked about their own childhood experiences, the majority remembered having more, or far more, opportunities for going out on their own, com/#pared with their own children today. They had more freedom to explore their own environment.Children's independent access to their local streets may be important for their own personal, mental and psychological development. Allowing them to get to know their own neighborhood and com/#munity gives them a 'sense of place'. This depends on active exploration', which is not provided for when children are passengers in cars. (Such children may see more, but they learn less.) Not only is it important that childrenbe able to get to local play areas by themselves, but walking and cycling journeys to school and to other destinations provide genuine play activities in themselves.There are very significant time and money costs for parents associated with transporting their children to school, sport and to other locations. Research in the United Kingdom estimated that this cost, in 1990, was between 10 billion and 20 billion pounds.The reduction in children's freedom may also contribute to a weakening of the sense of local com/#munity. As fewer children and adults use the streets as pedestrians, these streets becom/#e less sociable places. There is less opportunity for children and adults to have the spontaneous exchanges that help to engender a feeling of com/#munity. This in itself may exacerbate fear associated with assault and molestation of children, because there are fewer adults available who know their neighbors' children, and who can look out for their safety.The extra traffic involved in transporting children results in increased traffic congestion, pollution and accident risk. As our roads becom/#e more dangerous, more parents drive their children to more places, thus contributing to increased levels of danger for the remaining pedestrians. Anyone who has experienced either the reduced volume of traffic jams near schools at the end of a school day, will not need convincing about these points. Thus, there are also important environmental implications of children's loss of freedom.As individuals, parents strive to provide the best upbringing they can for their children. However, in doing so, (e.g. by driving their children to sport, school or recreation) parents may be contributing to a more dangerous environment for childrengenerally. The idea that 'streets are for cars and back yards and playgrounds are for children' is a strongly held belief, and parents have little choice as individuals but to keep their children off the streets if they want to protect their safety.In many parts of Dutch cities, and some traffic calmed precincts in Germany, residential streets are now places where cares must give way to pedestrians. In these areas, residents are accepting the view that the function of streets is not solely to provide mobility for cars. Streets may also be for social interaction, walking, cycling and playing. One of the most important aspects of these European cities, in terms of giving cities back to children, has been a range of 'traffic calming' initiatives, aimed at reducing the volume and speed of traffic. These initiatives have had com/#plex interactive effects, leading to a sense that children have been able to 'recapture' their local neighborhood, and more importantly, that they have been able to do this in safety. Recent research has demonstrated that children in many German cities have significantly higher levels of freedom to travel to places in their own neighborhood or city than children inn other cities in the world.Modifying cities in order to enhance children's freedom will not only benefit children. Such cities will becom/#e more environmentally sustainable, as well as more sociable and more livable for all city residents. Perhaps it will be our concern for our children's welfare that convinces us that we need to challenge that we need to challenge the dominance of the car in our cities.Questions 1-5. Read statements 1-5 which relate to Paragraphs 1, 2 and 3 of the reading passage. Answer T if the statement is true, F if the statement is false, or NI if there is no information given in the passage. One has been done for you asan example.Example: The private car has made people more mobile.Answer: TQ1.The private car has helped children have more opportunities to learn.Q2.Children are more independent today than they used to be.Q3.Walking and cycling to school allows children to learn more.Q4.Children usually walk or cycle to school.Q5.Parents save time and money by during children to school.Questions 6-9. In Paragraphs 4 and 5, there are FOUR problems stated. These problems, numbered as questions 6-9, are listed below. Each of these problems has a cause, listed A-G. Find the correct cause for each of the problems and write the corresponding letter A-G, in the spaces numbered 6-9 on the answer sheet. One has been done for you as an example.There are more causes than problems so you will not use all of them and you any use any cause more than once.Problems CausesExample: AnswerLow sense of com/#munity feeling FQ6.streets becom/#e less sociable ____Q7.fewer chances for meeting friends ____Q8.fears of danger for children ____Q9.higher accident risk ____A few adults know local childrenB fewer people use the streetsC increased pollutionD streets are less friendlyE less traffic in school holidaysF reduced freedom for childrenG more children driven to schoolQuestions 10-14. Questions 10-14 are statement beginnings which represent information given in Paragraphs 6, 7 and 8. In the box below, there are some statement endings numbered ⅰ-ⅹ. Choose the correct ending for each statement. One has been done for you as an example.Example: By driving their children to school, parents help create…Answer: ⅰQ10.Children should play…Q11.In some German towns, pedestrians have right of way…Q12.Streets should also be used for…Q13.Reducing the amount of traffic and the speed is…Q14.All peopl e who live in the city will benefit if cities are…List of statement endingsⅰ … a dangerous environment.ⅱ … modified.ⅲ … on residential streets.ⅳ … modifying cities.ⅴ … neighbourhoods.ⅵ … socializing.ⅶ … in backyards.ⅷ … for cars.ⅸ … traffic calming.ⅹ … residential.【2017年雅思IELTS考试模拟试题】。
雅思考试模拟试题及答案解析(11)
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2019年11月26日雅思阅读考试真题预测
2019年11月26日雅思阅读考试真题预测
>>>免费试听：【超值特惠】雅思临考预测四科联报核心考点大放送
Passage 1 ：澳大利亚甘蔗 sugarcane
题材：农业类
新旧情况：旧题
题型：人名配对4+判断6+选择题3
文章大意：甘蔗的成本和收益，与其它农作物相比对于环境的影响，以及作为未来能源的可能性探讨。
Passage 2 ：欧洲热浪European heat wave
题材：气候类
新旧情况：旧题
题型：判断6+简答2+摘要填空5+选择题1
文章大意： 2003年以来欧洲很多国家地区的持续干旱和高温对于生态环境以及农作物，航运交通都带来了不容忽视的影响，损失惨重。
文章分析探讨了各个地区的高温原因，各有不同，但总体来看跟世界变暖有一定关联。
Passage 3 ：医药包装设计medical package design
题材：医疗健康类
新旧情况：旧题
题型：配对4+摘要填空5+选择4
文章大意：文中列举了不同的机构名称及名人对于药品包装的看法。
提出药品设计应该针对家庭用途，减少药品误食，并为盲人和老年人等特殊群体休整药品设计。
雅思(阅读)历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析)
雅思（阅读）历年真题试卷汇编1(题后含答案及解析) 题型有：1.William Gilbert and MagnetismA 16th and 17th centuries saw two great pioneers of modern science: Galileo and Gilbert. The impact of their findings is eminent. Gilbert was the first modern scientist, also the accredited father of the science of electricity and magnetism, an Englishman of learning and a physician at the court of Elizabeth. Prior to him, all that was known of electricity and magnetism was what the ancients knew, nothing more than that the lodestone possessed magnetic properties and that amber and jet, when rubbed, would attract bits of paper or other substances of small specific gravity. However, he is less well-known than he deserves.B Gilbert’s birth predated Galileo. Born in an eminent local family in Colchester county in the UK, on May 24, 1544, he went to grammar school, and then studied medicine at St. John’s College, Cambridge, graduating in 1573. Later he traveled in the continent and eventually settled down in London.C He was a very successful and eminent doctor. All this culminated in his election to the president of the Royal Science Society. He was also appointed the personal physician to the Queen(Elizabeth I), and later knighted by the Queen. He faithfully served her until her death. However, he didn’t outlive the Queen for long and died on December 10, 1603, only a few months after his appointment as personal physician to King James.D Gilbert was first interested in chemistry but later changed his focus due to the large portion of mysticism of alchemy involved(such as the transmutation of metal). He gradually developed his interest in physics after the great minds of the ancient, particularly about the knowledge the ancient Greeks had about lodestones, strange minerals with the power to attract iron. In the meantime, Britain became a major seafaring nation in 1588 when the Spanish Armada was defeated, opening the way to British settlement of America. British ships depended on the magnetic compass, yet no one understood why it worked. Did the pole star attract it, as Columbus once speculated; or was there a magnetic mountain at the pole, as described in Odyssey, which ships would never approach, because the sailors thought its pull would yank out all their iron nails and fittings? For nearly 20 years William Gilbert conducted ingenious experiments to understand magnetism. His works include On the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies, Great Magnet of the Earth.E Gilbert’s discovery was so important to modern physics. He investigated the nature of magnetism and electricity. He even coined the word “electric”. Though the early beliefs of magnetism were also largely entangled with superstitions such as that rubbing garlic on lodestone can neutralize its magnetism, one example being that sailors even believed the smell of garlic would even interfere with the action of compass, which is why helmsmen were forbidden to eat it near a ship’s compass. Gilbert also found that metals can be magnetized by rubbing materials such as fur, plastic or the like on them. He named the ends of a magnet “north pole” and “south pole”. The magnetic poles can attract orrepel, depending on polarity. In addition, however, ordinary iron is always attracted to a magnet. Though he started to study the relationship between magnetism and electricity, sadly he didn’t complete it. His research of static electricity using amber and jet only demonstrated that objects with electrical charges can work like magnets attracting small pieces of paper and stuff. It is a French guy named du Fay that discovered that there are actually two electrical charges, positive and negative.F He also questioned the traditional astronomical beliefs. Though a Coper-nican, he didn’t express in his quintessential beliefs whether the earth is at the center of the universe or in orbit around the sun. However he believed that stars are not equidistant from the earth, but have their own earth-like planets orbiting around them. The earth is itself like a giant magnet, which is also why compasses always point north. They spin on an axis that is aligned with the earth’s polarity. He even likened the polarity of the magnet to the polarity of the earth and built an entire magnetic philosophy on this analogy. In his explanation, magnetism was the soul of the earth. Thus a perfectly spherical lodestone, when aligned with the earth’s poles, would wobble all by itself in 24 hours. Further, he also believed that suns and other stars wobble just like the earth does around a crystal core, and speculated that the moon might also be a magnet caused to orbit by its magnetic attraction to the earth. This was perhaps the first proposal that a force might cause a heavenly orbit.G His research method was revolutionary in that he used experiments rather than pure logic and reasoning like the ancient Greek philosophers did. It was a new attitude toward scientific investigation. Until then, scientific experiments were not in fashion. It was because of this scientific attitude, together with his contribution to our knowledge of magnetism, that a unit of magneto motive force, also known as magnetic potential, was named Gilbert in his honor. His approach of careful observation and experimentation rather than the authoritative opinion or deductive philosophy of others had laid the very foundation for modern science.Reading passage 1 has seven paragraphs A-GChoose the correct heading for each paragraph from the list of headings below.Write the correct number i-x in boxes 1-7 on your answer sheet. List of Headingsi Early years of Gilbertii What was new about his scientific research methodiii The development of chemistryiv Questioning traditional astronomyv Pioneers of the early sciencevi Professional and social recognitionvii Becoming the president of the Royal Science Societyviii The great works of Gilbertix His discovery about magnetismx His change of focus1．Paragraph A正确答案：V解析：段落开头提到具体时间“16th，17th centuries”，同时出现人名Galileo 和Gilbert，与标题v的“early”和“pioneers”对应，段落主体部分讲述这两个人都是伟大的科学家，且对Gilbert进行了更详细的介绍。
雅思考试(学术类)阅读题样题及答案1
雅思考试(学术类)阅读题样题及答案Academic Reading sample task – Identifying writer’s viewsclaimsThe Risks of Cigarette Smoke Discovered in the early 1800s and named ‘nicotianine’, the oily essence now called nicotine is the main active ingredient of tobacco. Nicotine, however, is only a small component of cigarette smoke, which contains more than 4,700 chemical compounds, including 43 cancer-causing substances. In recent times,scientific research has been providing evidence that years of cigarette smoking vastly increases the risk of developing fatal medical conditions.In addition to being responsible for more than 85 per cent of lung cancers,smoking is associated with cancers of, amongst others, the mouth, stomach and kidneys, and is thought to cause about 14 per cent of leukemia and cervical cancers. In 1990, smoking caused more than 84,000 deaths, mainly resulting from such problems as pneumonia, bronchitis and influenza. Smoking, it is believed, is responsible for 30 per cent of all deaths from cancer and clearly represents the most important preventable cause of cancer in countries like the United States today.Passive smoking, the breathing in of the side-stream smoke from the burning of tobacco between puffs or of the smoke exhaled by a smoker, also causes a serious health risk. A report published in 1992 by the US Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) emphasized the health dangers, especially from side-stream smoke. This type of smoke contains more smaller particles and is therefore more likely to be deposited deep in the lungs. On the basis of this report, the EPA has classified environmental tobacco smoke in the highest risk category for causing cancer.As an illustration of the health risks, in the case of a married couple where one partner is a smoker and one a non-smoker, the latter is believed to have a 30 percent higher risk of death from heart disease because of passive smoking. The risk of lung cancer also increases over the years of exposure and the figure jumps to 80 per cent if the spouse has been smoking four packs a day for 20 years. It has been calculated that 17 per cent of cases of lung cancer can be attributed to high levels of exposure to second-hand tobacco smoke during childhood and adolescence.A more recent study by researchers at the University of California at San Francisco (UCSF) has shown that second-hand cigarette smoke does more harm to non-smokers than to smokers. Leaving aside the philosophical question of whether anyone should have to breathe someone else’s cigarette smoke, the report suggests that the smoke experienced by many people in their daily lives is enough to produce substantial adverse effects on a person’s heart and lungs.The report, published in the Journal of the American Medical Association (AMA),was based on the researchers’ own earlier research but also includes a review of studies over the past few years. The American Medical Association represents about half of all US doctors and is a strong opponent of smoking. The study suggests that people who smoke cigarettes are continually damaging their cardiovascular system, which adapts in order to compensate for the effects of smoking. It further states that people who do not smoke do not have the benefit of their system adapting to the smoke inhalation. Consequently, the effects of passive smoking are far greater on non-smokers than on smokers.This report emphasizes that cancer is not caused by a single element in cigarette smoke; harmful effects to health are caused by many components. Carbon monoxide, for example, competes with oxygen in red blood cells and interferes with the blood’s ability to deliver life-giving oxygen to the heart. Nicotine and other toxins in cigarette smoke activatesmall blood cells called platelets, which increases the likelihood of blood clots, thereby affecting blood circulation throughout the body.The researchers criticize the practice of some scientific consultants who work with the tobacco industry for assuming that cigarette smoke has the same impact on smokers as it does on non-smokers. They argue that those scientists are underestimating the damage done by passive smoking and, in support of their recent findings, cite some previous research which points to passive smoking as the cause for between 30,000 and 60,000 deaths from heart attacks each year in the United States. This means that passive smoking is the third most preventable cause of death after active smoking and alcohol-related diseasesThe study argues that the type of action needed against passive smoking should be similar to that being taken against illegal drugs and AIDS (SIDA). The UCSF researchers maintain that the simplest and most cost-effective action is to establish smoke-free work places, schools and public places.Questions 4 – 7Do the following statements reflect the claims of the writer in the reading passage?In boxes 4-7 on your answer sheet writeYES if the statement reflects the claims of the writerNO if the statement contradicts the claims of the writerNOT GIVEN if it is impossible to say what the writer thinks about this4Thirty per cent of deaths in the United States are caused by smoking-related diseases.5 If one partner in a marriage smokes, the other is likely to take up smoking.6 Teenagers whose parents smoke are at risk of getting lung cancerat some time during their lives.7 Opponents of smoking financed the UCSF study.Answers:4 NO5 NOT GIVEN6 YES7 NOT GIVEN。
2021年10月23日雅思阅读考试真题预测
2021年10月23日雅思阅读考试真题预测阅读考试需要大家认真进行准备，备考要求熟悉真题，并且多做预测题。
下是由小编为大家精心整理的“2021年10月23日雅思阅读考试真题预测”，仅供参考，希望能够对大家有帮助。
动物文化health in the wildants could teach antsanimal minds parrot Alexcan animals tell numberscopy your neighbour猩猩文化elephant communicationHow animals learn 自有机井灭绝类Mammoth 27314terminated dinosaur eradinosaurs footprints and extinctionThe giant deersaving the British bitternsGiants fall in AmericasThe last March of the Emperor Penguins鸟类Bird migrationThe blue footed boobiesFinches on islands昆虫类当蜜蜂遇到麻烦leaf-cutting ants陆地类Tasmanian tigermonkeys and forestskoalaBovid 反刍动物Chinese yellow citrus ant产品自然产品talc powersunny days for silicon龙涎香 version古代产品medieval toys and childhood the lost continenttools for ancient writing ancient Chinese chariots生产Violin makingSheet glass camMaking copiermaking of Olympic torch Hunting the perfume Nature works for nature works pottery production in Arkrotiri spider silk 2博弈论 game theory生活用品史time keeper 2History of time keeping History of frigthe history of pencilcosmetics自然产品史The impact of potatohistory of salthistory of teathe cacao， a sweet historygoing bananastea and industrial revolution技术史The development of plasticThe roll film revolutionliu5The invention of synthetic dyes History of building of telegraphic lines 汽车发展史人文史早期航海the beginning of footballorigins of ancient writingancient moneymaps and atlasrevolutions in mappingHistory of guitar 自有机井Education philosopher考古Mogomancostal archaeology of Britain voyage of going beyond the blue line the lost cityhuman remain in green Saharafossil fileswhat destroyed the civilization of Easter IslandThe Tunguska Mysterylast hours of iceman管理苏联工作制Motivating drivespeople and organizationGray workers 雇佣老年人Development of public management theorylanguage strategy in multinational companyWhat the managers really docorporate social responsibility工作压力Multitask debating决策Novice and expert公司创新改革Roles and responsibilities in management position 自有机井1.题型介绍Matching（搭配题）可以说是IELTS常考的题型之，基本上每次考至少有组，很多时候还有达到两组甚至更多的情况，对此这种题应该引起同学们的重视。
雅思考试模拟试题（含答案）
ITELS Test4CompletionComplete each sentence or statement.INSTRUCTIONS: Complete the sentences with one word for each blank.1. A ____________________ is a period of time which covers ten years, such as the 1930s or 1950s.2. Teachers give lessons to pupils in schools, but at colleges students are given lectures and tutorials by college ____________________.3. ____________________ went all over North America to seek and gather examples of popular folk music; they were looking for the true music of the people.4. A ____________________ is a single part of a collection or set of reference books in which poems, folk music or stories are brought together.5. Written material such as stories, poems or songs which have been collected together but not printed in a bookor made widely available to the public are known as ____________________ collections.6. Another three-word hyphenated phrase for 'state-of-the art' is ____________________-____________________-____________________.7. Someone who gives advice to an organisation for no payment, or a very small token sum, is called an ____________________ consultant.8. The serious shortage of trained musicians caused a ____________________ in the supply of violin players for the city orchestra, and only two could be found.9. If someone doesn't want to make money out of their research or their interests and they give their services to an organisation for nothing, they can be said to have a no ____________________ ____________________ for their activities.10. In the United Kingdom, the head of a prison is a governor, but in the USA, a ____________________ is the highest figure of authority.11. When I had chosen the books I wanted to borrow from the library, I gave them to the ____________________ to check them out to me.12. The rebels were described as ____________________ because their ideas and activities were secret and they intended to damage or destroy the established system of government.13. To survive in the wild, animals like lions have purely ____________________ reactions, and it is inevitable that they will attack and kill weaker animals.14. If people are treated badly by the government in power, they are likely to behave in a ____________________ way, by disobeying laws, becoming angry and trying to illegally overthrow the established order.15. Sometimes books like the Harry Potter stories ____________________ equally to both children and grown-ups, and they are therefore difficult to classify as either children's literature or adult fiction.16. The female equivalent of the word 'hero' is ____________________.17. One of the tasks an ____________________ is responsible for, is checking a writer's work for errors before it is sent to a publisher.Someone who is thought of highly could be an academic who is well-known by the public and respected To undertake market research, researchers often conduct nationwide surveys to gather as much balanced and The professor's library research reinforced his belief that there was a serious shortage of certain types of folk Great children's books may be described as great pieces of written works of art. represents a paradigm. Adult fiction usually deals with three themes: sex, money and death. But the first, sex, is absent from classic Our ancestors began to adorn their bodies with beads, pendants and tattoos in the Stone Age. Humans have inhabited the African continent for millennia. Genetics does not tell the whole story of the shaping of the modern human brain. The huge collection of artefacts on loan to the museum required them to have a mathematical system to keep a tally of what was owned by whom. 1. ANS: decadeANS: decadeREF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion ANS: professorsprofessors2. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion CollectorsANS: Collectors3. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion ANS: volumevolume4. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion unpublishedANS: unpublished5. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion up-to-dateANS: up-to-date6. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion honoraryANS: honorary7. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion dearthANS: dearth8. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion profit motiveANS: profit motive9. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion wardenANS: warden10. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Sentence completion librarianANS: librarian11. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion subversive12. ANS: ANS: subversiveREF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion instinctiveANS: instinctive13. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion rebellious14. ANS: ANS: rebelliousREF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion appeal15. ANS: ANS: appealREF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion heroineANS: heroine16. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion ANS: editoreditor17. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion 18. ANS: quest searchREF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion R EF: surplusANS: surplus19. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion protagonistANS: protagonist20. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Sentence completion TechnologyANS: Technology21. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion ancestorsANS: ancestors22. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion hybrid23. ANS: ANS: hybridREF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion symbolsANS: symbols24. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion dogmaANS: dogma25. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion doubtfulANS: doubtful26. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion engraving27. ANS: ANS: engravingREF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion permanentANS: permanent28. ANS: REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion skull29. ANS: ANS: skullREF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion Timber30. ANS: ANS: TimberREF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Sentence completion MULTIPLE CHOICEB REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice ANS: B 31. ANS: ANS: C C REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice32. ANS: ANS: B B REF: Test 1: Reading passage 1 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice33. ANS: B REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice ANS: B 34. ANS: A REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice ANS: A 35. ANS: B REF: Test 1: Reading passage 2 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice ANS: B 36. ANS: ANS: A A REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice37. ANS: ANS: B B REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice38. ANS: C REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice ANS: C 39. ANS: A REF: Test 1: Reading passage 3 TOP: Paraphrasing multiple choice40. ANS: ANS: A MATCHINGE REF: Test 1: Reading passages 1-3 TOP: Sentence matching41. ANS: ANS: E D REF: Test 1: Reading passages 1-3 TOP: Sentence matching42. ANS: ANS: D A REF: Test 1: Reading passages 1-3 TOP: Sentence matching ANS: A 43. ANS: ANS: C C REF: Test 1: Reading passages 1-3 TOP: Sentence matching44. ANS: ANS: B B REF: Test 1: Reading passages 1-3 TOP: Sentence matching45. ANS: ESSAY46. ANS: Various answersREF: Test 1: Writing Task 2 TOP: Essay47. ANS: Answers will varyREF: Test 1: Writing Task 1 TOP: GraphOTHER48. ANS: Various answersREF: Test 1: Speaking Part 2 TOP: Long turn topic card 。
雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析
雅思阅读考试模拟试练习题及答案解析Time to cool itFrom The Economist print edition1 REFRIGERATORS are the epitome of clunky technology: solid, reliable and just a little bit dull. They have not changed much over the past century, but then they have not needed to. They are based on a robust and effective idea--draw heat from the thing you want tocool by evaporating a liquid next to it, and then dump that heat by pumping the vapour elsewhere and condensing it. This method of pumping heat from one place to another served mankind well when refrigerators' main jobs were preserving food and, as air conditioners, cooling buildings. Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.2 One set of candidates are known as paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current. This effect is used in infra-red cameras. An array of tiny pieces of paraelectric material can sense the heat radiated by, for example, a person, and the pattern of the array's electrical outputs can then be used to construct an image. But until recently no one had bothered much with the inverse of this process. That inverse exists, however. Apply an appropriate current to a paraelectric material and it will cool down.3 Someone who is looking at this inverse effect is Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded. That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications.4 As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them.He foresees putting his discovery to use in more efficient domestic fridges and air conditioners. The real money, though, may be in cooling computers.5 Gadgets containing microprocessors have been getting hotter fora long time. One consequence of Moore's Law, which describes the doubling of the number of transistors on a chip every 18 months, is that the amount of heat produced doubles as well. In fact, it more than doubles, because besides increasing in number, the componentsare getting faster. Heat is released every time a logical operationis performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples theheat output. And the frequency has doubled a lot. The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second. The Pentium 4--the last "single-core" desktop processor--clocked up 3.2 billion cycles a second.6 Disposing of this heat is a big obstruction to further miniaturisation and higher speeds. The innards of a desktop computer commonly hit 80℃. At 85℃, they stop working. Tweaking theprocessor's heat sinks (copper or aluminium boxes designed to radiate heat away) has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems that divided processing power between first two, and then four, subunits, in order to spread the thermal load, also seems to have the end of the road in sight.7 One way out of this may be a second curious physical phenomenon, the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, thisgenerates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, a significant body of researchers is already working on it.8 The trick to a good thermoelectric material is a crystal structure in which electrons can flow freely, but the path ofphonons--heat-carrying vibrations that are larger than electrons--is constantly interrupted. In practice, this trick is hard to pull off, and thermoelectric materials are thus less efficient thanparaelectric ones (or, at least, than those examined by Dr Mischenko). Nevertheless, Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutionsin North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃. Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller--so small that they can go inside the chip.9 The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator. Last year Apple launched a personal computer that is cooled by liquid that is pumped through little channels in the processor,and thence to a radiator, where it gives up its heat to the atmosphere. To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurichis experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--thepart where the heat exchange takes place. In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers. The old, as it were, hand in hand with the new.(830 words)Questions 1-5Complete each of the following statements with the scientist or company name from the box below.Write the appropriate letters A-F in boxes 1-5 on your answer sheet.A. AppleB. IBMC. IntelD. Alex MischenkoE. Ali ShakouriF. Rama Venkatasubramanian1. ...and his research group use paraelectric film available from the market to produce cooling.2. ...sold microprocessors running at 60m cycles a second in 1993.3. ...says that he has made refrigerators which can cool the hotspots of computer chips by 10℃.4. ...claims to have made a refrigerator small enough to be built into a computer chip.5. ...attempts to produce better cooling in personal computers by stirring up liquid with tiny jets to make sure maximum heat exchange.Questions 6-9Do the following statements agree with the information given in the reading passage?In boxes 6-9 on your answer sheet writeTRUE if the statement is true according to the passageFALSE if the statement is false according to the passageNOT GIVEN if the information is not given in the passage6. Paraelectric materials can generate a current when electrodes are attached to them.7. Dr. Mischenko has successfully applied his laboratory discovery to manufacturing more efficient referigerators.8. Doubling the frequency of logical operations inside a microprocessor doubles the heat output.9. IBM will achieve better computer cooling by combining microchannels with paraelectrics.Question 10Choose the appropriate letters A-D and write them in box 10 on your answer sheet.10. Which method of disposing heat in computers may have a bright prospect?A. Tweaking the processors?heat sinks.B. Tweaking the fans that circulate air over the processor抯heat sinks.C. Shifting from single-core processors to systems of subunits.D. None of the above.Questions 11-14Complete the notes below.Choose one suitable word from the Reading Passage above for each answer.Write your answers in boxes 11-14 on your answer sheet.Traditional refrigerators use...11...pumps to drop temperature. At present, scientists are searching for other methods to produce refrigeration, especially in computermicroprocessors....12...materials have been tried to generate temperature drops five times bigger than any previouslyrecorded. ...13...effect has also been adopted by many researchers to cool hotspots in computers. A miniature version of a car ...14... may also be a system to realize ideal computer cooling in the future.Key and Explanations:1. DSee Paragraph 3: ...Alex Mischenko, of Cambridge University. Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops...2. CSee Paragraph 5: The first Pentium chips sold by Dr Moore's company, Intel, in 1993, ran at 60m cycles a second.3. FSee Paragraph 8: ...Rama Venkatasubramanian, of Nextreme Thermal Solutions in North Carolina, claims to have made thermoelectric refrigerators that can sit on the back of computer chips and cool hotspots by 10℃.4. ESee Paragraph 8: Ali Shakouri, of the University of California, Santa Cruz, says his are even smaller梥o small that they can go inside the chip.5. BSee Paragraph 9: To improve on this, IBM's research laboratory in Zurich is experimenting with tiny jets that stir the liquid up and thus make sure all of it eventually touches the outside of the channel--the part where the heat exchange takes place.6. TRUESee Paragraph 2: ...paraelectric materials. These act like batteries when they undergo a temperature change: attach electrodes to them and they generate a current.7. FALSESee Paragraph 3 (That may be enough to change the phenomenon from a laboratory curiosity to something with commercial applications. ) and Paragraph 4 (As to what those applications might be, Dr Mischenko is still a little hazy. He has, nevertheless, set up a company to pursue them. He foresees putting his discovery to use in moreefficient domestic fridges?8. FALSESee Paragraph 5: Heat is released every time a logical operation is performed inside a microprocessor, so the faster the processor is, the more heat it generates. Doubling the frequency quadruples the heat output.9. NOT GIVENSee Paragraph 9: In the future, therefore, a combination of microchannels and either thermoelectrics or paraelectrics might cool computers.10. DSee Paragraph 6: Tweaking the processor's heat sinks ?has reached its limit. So has tweaking the fans that circulate air over those heat sinks. And the idea of shifting from single-core processors to systems?also seems to have the end of the road in sight.11. heatSee Paragraph 1: Today's high-tech world, however, demands high-tech refrigeration. Heat pumps are no longer up to the job. The search is on for something to replace them.12. paraelectricSee Paragraph 3: Using commercially available paraelectric film, he and his colleagues have generated temperature drops five times bigger than any previously recorded.13. thermoelectricSee Paragraph 7: ...the thermoelectric effect. Like paraelectric materials, this generates electricity from a heat source and produces cooling from an electrical source. Unlike paraelectrics, asignificant body of researchers is already working on it.14. radiatorSee Paragraph 9: The last word in computer cooling, though, may go to a system even less techy than a heat pump--a miniature version of a car radiator.。
雅思阅读模拟试题及参考答案
雅思阅读模拟试题及参考答案雅思阅读模拟试题 Section 1Passage 1: 旅游业的兴起阅读以下段落，回答问题。
旅游业已成为全球最大的产业之一。
每年有数亿人次的国际旅行，产生了数百万个工作岗位，并为国家经济做出了巨大贡献。
随着人们生活水平的提高和交通工具的发展，旅游业仍在不断增长。
然而，旅游业的发展也带来了一些问题，如环境污染、文化冲突和生态破坏。
Question 1: 旅游业的全球影响是什么？{content}Question 2: 旅游业发展最快的因素是什么？{content}Passage 2: 保护野生动物阅读以下段落，回答问题。
保护野生动物已成为全球关注的焦点。
然而，许多野生动物正面临生存威胁，如非法狩猎、栖息地丧失和气候变化。
为了保护这些动物，各国政府和国际组织已经采取了一系列措施，如设立自然保护区、加强法律法规和提高公众意识。
Question 3: 为什么保护野生动物变得重要？{content}Question 4: 保护野生动物采取了哪些措施？{content}雅思阅读模拟试题 Section 2Passage 1: 太阳能的未来阅读以下段落，回答问题。
太阳能是一种清洁、可再生的能源，有巨大的潜力。
随着技术的进步，太阳能电池的效率不断提高，成本也在逐渐降低。
许多国家已经开始建设太阳能发电站，以减少对化石燃料的依赖并应对气候变化。
预计未来太阳能将成为全球主要的能源来源之一。
Question 5: 太阳能的优势是什么？{content}Question 6: 为什么太阳能电池的效率不断提高？{content}Passage 2: 数字鸿沟阅读以下段落，回答问题。
数字鸿沟是指信息技术在不同群体之间的差距。
这种差距可能源于经济、教育和地理等因素。
数字鸿沟可能导致社会不平等，限制人们的发展机会。
为了解决这一问题，政府和社会组织正在努力提供更多的信息技术培训和教育，以提高人们的数字素养。
雅思阅读模拟题passage1
雅思阅读模拟题 PASSAGE 1Practice IELTS Reading Test A (Academic Module)READING PASSAGE 1PERSONAL TIME MANAGEMENTSince the early work of Halberg(1960),the existence of human "circadian rhythms" has been well-known to biologists and psychologists. Circadian rhythms dictate that there are certain times of the day when we are at our best both physically and psychologically. At its simplest, the majority of us feel more alive and creative in the mornings, while come the evenings we are fit only for collapsing with a good book or in front of the television. Other ofus note that in the morning we take a great deal of time to get going physically and mentally, but by the evening are full of energy and bright ideas, while a very few of us feel most alert and vigorous in the late afternoon .Irrespective of our personal rhythms, most of us have a productive period between . and noon, when the stomach, pancreas, spleen and heart all appear to be in their most active phases. Conversely, the majority of us experience a low period in the hour or two after lunch (a time when people in somesocieties sensibly take a rest), as most of our energy is devoted to the process of digestion. The simple rules here are: don't waste too much prime time having a coffee break around you should be doing some of your best work, and don't make the after-lunch period even less productive by overloading your digestion.A short coffee or tea break is ,in fact, best taken on arrival at the office ,when it helps us start the day in a positive mood, rather than mid-morning when it interrupts the flow of our activities. Lunch is best taken early, when we are just beginning to feel hungry, and we are likely to eat less than if we leave it until later. An early lunch also means that we can get back into ourproductive stride earlier in the afternoon.Changes in one's attitude can also enhance personal time management. For example, the notion of pro-action is eminently preferable to reaction. To pro-act means to anticipate events and be in a position totake appropriate action as soon as the right moment arrives. To react, on the other hand, means to have little anticipation and do something only when events force you to do so. Pro-actors tend to be the people who are always one step ahead of other people, who always seem to be in the right place at the right time, and who are always better informed than anyone else. Many of us like an easy life, and sowe tend to be reactors. This means that we aren't alert to the challenges and opportunities coming our way, with the consequence that challenges bother us or opportunities pass us by before we're even properly aware they're upon us. We can train ourselves in pro-action by regularly taking the time to sit downand appraise the likely immediate future, just as we sit down and review the immediate past.Psychologists recognise that we differ in the way in which we characteristically attribute responsibility for the various things that happen to us in life. One of the ways in which we do this is known as locusof control(Weiner,1979), which refers to assigning responsibility. At its simplest, some individuals have a predominantly external locus of control, attributing responsibility to outside causes (for example, the faults of others or the help given by them) ,while with other individuals the locus of control is predominantly internal, in which responsibility is attributed to oneself (for example, one's own abilities or lack of them, hard work, etc.).However, the picture usually isn't as simple as this. Many people's locus of control is more likely to be specific to a particular situation, for example internal in certain areas, such as their social lives,and external in others, such as their working lives. Or, to take another example, they may attribute certain kinds of results to themselves, such as their successes, and certain kinds of results to other people, such as their failures. Obviously the best kind of locus of control is one that is realistic and able to attribute every effect to its appropriate cause, and this is particularly important when it comes to time management. Certainly, there are occasions when other people are more responsible for our time loss than we are, but for most of us, and for most of the time, the blame must fall fairly and squarely upon ourselves.Choose ONE phrase(A-J) from the list in the box below to complete each key point below. Write the appropriate letters (A-J) in boxes 1-6 on your answer sheet.The information in the completed sentences should bean accurate summary of points made by the writer.. There are more phrases (A-J) than sentences, so you will not use them all. You may use any phrase more than once.Questions 1-6Time management-key pointsAnswerExample Our patterns of circadian rhythms…… G1. A proactive person……2. A reactive person……3. Analysing circadian rhythms……4. The idea that the best time to work is in the morning……5. The notion of feeling alert in the late afternoon……6. Productivity appears to be enhanced……List of phrasesA) ……agrees with the circadian rhythms of most people.B) ……makes us feel alive and creative.C) ……conforms to the circadian rhythms of a minority of people.D) ……if our energy is in a low phase.E) ……is more able to take advantage of events when they happen.F) ……enables one to gauge physical potential at particular times throughout the day.G) ……can affect us physically and mentally.H) ……when several specific internal organs are active.I) ……takes a more passive attitude toward events.J) ……when we eat lunch earlyQuestions 7-13Complete the sentences below with words taken from Reading Passage 1,"ersonal Time Management." Use NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each answer. Write your answers in boxes 7-13 on your answer sheet.AnswerExample Most people are less productive…… after lunch7. Our …… influence our physical and mental performance8. We are more likely to be productive in the afternoon if we have…… .9. A person who reacts tends not to see …… when they are appr oaching.10. Assessing the …… aids us in becoming proactive.11. A person with a mainly internal locus of control would likely direct blame toward …… .12. A person with a mainly external locus of control would likely direct failure toward …… .13. A person with a healthy and balanced locusof control would attribute a result, whether negative or positive, to …… .雅思阅读模拟题 PASSAGE 2READING PASSAGE 2You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 14-25 which are based on Reading Passage 2, "The Muang Faai Irrigation SysTEM of Northern Thailand".Questions 14-19Reading Passage 2 has 7 sections.Choose the most suitable heading for each section from the list of headings (A-L) below. Write the appropriate letter (A-L) in boxes 14-19 on your answer sheet.. There are more headings than sections, so you will not use all of them.List of HeadingsA) Rituals and beliefsB) Topography of Northern ThailandC) The forests of Northern ThailandD) Preserving the systemE) Agricultural practicesF) Village lifeG) Water distribution principlesH) Maintaining natural balancesI) Structure of the irrigation systemJ) User's rightsK) User's obligationsL) Community control14. Section 115. Section 216. Section 317. Section 4AnswerExample Section 5 A18. Section 619. Section 7THE MUANG FAAI IRRIGATION SYSTEM OF NORTHERN THAILANDSECTION 1Northern Thailand consists mainly of long mountain chains interspersed with valley bottoms where streams and rice fields dominate the landscape. Most of the remaining forests of the North are found at higher altitudes. Theforests ensure regular seasonal rainfall for the whole area and at the same time moderate runoff, so that there is water throughout the year.SECTION 2The lowland communities have developed an agricultural system adapted to, and partially determining, the distinctive ecosystems of their areas. Practicing wet-rice agriculture in the valley-bottoms, the lowlanders also raise pigs, ducks and chickens and cultivate vegetable gardens in their villages further up the slopes. Rice, beans, corn and native vegetables are planted in hill fields above the villages, and wild vegetables and herbal medicines are gathered and wild game hunted in the forests higher up the hillsides. The forests also serve as grazing grounds for cows and buffalo, and are a source of wood for household utensils, cooking fuel,construction and farming tools. Fish are to be found in the streams and in the irrigation system and wet-rice fields, providing both food and pest control.SECTION 3In its essentials, a muang faai system consists of a small reservoir which feeds an intricate, branching network of small channels carrying water in carefully calibrated quantities through clusters of rice terraces in valley bottoms. The system taps into a stream above the highest rice field and, when thereis sufficient water, discharges back into the same stream at a point below the bottom field. The water in the reservoir at the top, which is diverted into a main channel(Iam muang) and from there into the different fields, is slowed or held back not by an impervious dam, but by a series of barriers constructed of bunches of bamboo or saplings which allow silt, soil and sand to pass through.SECTION 4Water from the Iam muang is measured out among the farmers according to the extent of their rice fields and the amount of water available from the main channel. Also considered are the height of the fields, their distance from the main channel and their soil type. The size and depth of side-channels are then adjusted so that only the allocated amount of water flows into each farmer's field.SECTION 5Rituals and beliefs connected with muang faai reflect thevillagers' submission to, respect for, and friendship with nature, rather than an attempt to master it . In mountains, forests, watersheds and water, villagers see things of great value and power. This power has a favourable aspect, and one that benefits humans. But at the same time, if certain boundaries are overstepped and nature is damaged, the spirits will punish humans. Therefore, when it is necessary to use nature for the necessities of life, villagers take careto inform the spirits what they intend todo, simultaneously begging pardon for their actions.SECTION 6Keeping a muang faai system goingdemands cooperation and collective management, sometimes within a single village, sometimes across three or four different subdistricts including many villages. The rules or common agreements arrived at during the yearly meeting amount to a social contract. They govern how water is to be distributed, how flow is to be controlled according to seasonal schedules, how barriers are to be maintained and channels dredged, how conflicts over water use are to be settled, and how the forest around the reservoir is to be preserved as a guarantee ofa steady water supply and a source of materials to repair the system.SECTION 7The fundamental principle of water rights under muang faai is that everyone in the system must get enough to survive; while many patternsof distribution are possible, none can violate this basic tenet. On the whole, the systems also rest on the assumption that local water is common property. No one can take control of it by force, and it must be used in accord with the communal agreements. Although there are inequalities in land holding, no one has the right to an excessive amount of fertile land. The way in which many muang faai systems expand tends to reinforce further the claimsof community security over those of individual entrepreneurship. In the gradualprocess of opening up new land and digging connecting channels, each local household often ends up with scattered holdings over the whole irrigation areas. Unlike modern irrigation systems, under which the most powerful people generally end up closest to the sources of water, this arrangement encourages everyone to take care that no part of the system is unduly favoured or neglected.Questions 20-23The chart below illustrates the agricultural system of the lowland communities.Select words from Reading Passage 2 to fill the spaces in the chart. Use UP TO THREE WORDS for each space. Write your answers in boxes 20-23 on your answer sheet.Area ActivityExampleForestsgrazing cows, buffaloForestsHill fieldsVillagesValley bottom gathering …… (20) ……, hunting wild animalscultivating …… (21) ……raising …… (22) …… cultivating vegetablesgrowing …… (23) ……Question 24From the list below, select the three main structureswhich constitute the muang faai irrigation system. Write theTHREE appropriate letters, in any order, in box 24 on your answer sheet.A) channelsB) saplingsC) damD) barriersE) reservoirF) waterQuestion 25From the list below, select two criteria for allocating water to farmers. Write TWO appropriate letters, in any order, in box 25 on your answer sheet.A) field characteristicsB) social statusC) location of fieldD) height of barriersE) fees paidF) water available雅思阅读模拟题 PASSAGE 3READING PASSAGE 3You are advised to spend about 20 minutes on Questions 26-39 which are based on Reading Passage 3 below.THE ORIGINS OF INDO-EUROPEAN LANGUAGESThe traditional view of the spread of the Indo-European languages holds that an Ur-language,ancestor to all the others, was spokenby nomadic horsemen who lived in what is now western Russia north of the Black Sea near the beginning of the Bronze Age. As these mounted warriors roamed over greater and greater expanses, they conquered the indigenous peoples and imposed their own proto-Indo-European language, which in the course of succeeding centuries evolved in local areas into the European languages we know today. In recent years, however, many scholars, particularly archaeologists, have become dissatisfied with the traditional explanation.The starting point of the problem of the origins of Indo-European isnot archaeological but linguistic. When linguists look at the languages of Europe, they quickly perceive that these languages are related. The connections can be seen in vocabulary, grammar and phonology (rules for pronunciation).To illustrate the numbers from one to ten in several Indo-European languages. Such a comparison makes it clear that there are significant similarities among many European languages and also Sanskrit, the language of the earliest literary texts of India, but that languages such as Chinese or Japanese are not members of the same family (see figure1).ENGLISH OLD GERMAN LATIN GREEK SANSKRIT JAPANESEONETWOTHREEFOURFIVESIXSEVENEIGHTTEN AINS TWAI THRIJA FIDWOR FIMFSAIHS SIBUM AHTAUNIUN TAIHUM UNUS DUOTRES QUATTOUR QUINQUE SEX SEPTEM OCTO NOVEM DECEM HEIS DUOTREIS TETTARES PENTE HEKS HEPTAENNEADEKA EKASDVATRYASCATVARASPANCASATSAPTAASTANAVADASA HITOTSUFUTATSUMITTSUYOTTSUITSUTSUMUTTSUNANATSUYATTSUKOKONOTSUTOFIGURE 1 Words for numbers from one to ten show the relations among Indo-European languages and the anomalous character of Japanese, which is not part of that family. Such similarities stimulated interest in the origins of Indo-European languages.The Romance languages served as the first model for answering the question. Even to someone with no knowledge of Latin, the profound similarities among Romance languages would have made it natural to suggest that they were derived froma common ancestor. On the assumption that the shared characteristics of these languages came from the common progenitor (whereas the divergences arose later. as the languages diverged),it would have been possible to reconstruct many of the characteristics of the original proto-language. In much the same way it became clear that the branches of the Indo-European family could be studied anda hypothetical family tree constructed, reading back to a common ancestorroto-Indo-European.This is the tree approach. The basic process represented by the tree model is one of divergence: when languages become isolated from one other, they differ increasingly, and dialects gradually differentiate until theybecome separate languages.Divergence is by no means the only possible tendency inlanguage evolution. Johannes Schmidt, introduced a "wave" model inwhich linguistic changes spared like waves, leading ultimately to convergence; that is, growing similarity among languages that were initially quite different.Today, however, most linguists think primarily in termsof linguistic family trees. It is necessaryto construct some explicit models of how language change might occur according to a process-based view. There are four main classes of models.The first is the process of initial colonization, by which an uninhabited territory becomes populated; its language naturally becomes that of the colonizers. Second are processes of divergence, such asthe linguistic divergence arising form separation or isolation mentioned above in relation to early models of the Indo-European languages. The third group of models is based on processes of linguistic convergence. The wave model, formulated by Schmidt in the 1870's, is an example, but convergence methods have not generally found favour among linguists.Now, the slow and rather static operation of these processesis complicated by another factor: linguistic replacement.That factor provides the basis for a fourth class of models. In many areas of the world the languages initially spoken by the indigenous people have come to be replaced, fully or partially, by languages spoken by people coming from outside. Were it not for this large complicating factor, the world's linguistic history could be faithfully described by the initial distribution of Homo Sapiens, followed by the gradual, ling-term workings of divergence and convergence. Solinguistic replacement also has a key role to play in explaining the origins of the Indo-European languages.Questions 26-32Below is a summary of part of Reading Passage 3,"The Origins ofIndo-European Languages".Read the summary and then select the best word or phrase from the box below to fill each gap. according to the information in the Reading Passage. Write the corresponding letters (A-L) in boxes 26-32 on your answer sheet.. There are more words and phrases than you will need to fill the gaps. You may use a word or phrase more than once if you wish.Summary-Models of Language ChangeAnswerExample There are four main models of language …… (Ex) …… KThe first is the process of initial colonization where an uninhabited territory becomes populated: the language spoken will therefore be that of the ……(26)……Processes of ……(27)…… occur where different dialects, and then languages, develop from a common ……(28)…… Many ofthe original characteristics of this common ancestor can be reconstructed from what we know of the present separate……(29)……Processes of linguistic……(30)…… occur when languages whichwere initially different become more similar through contact. The wave model, formulated by Schmidt in the 1870s, is an example.The final model is that of linguistic……(31)…… In this model, a new language replaces the language spoken by the ……(32)……A colonizers G languagesB invaders H wavesC proto-language I replacementD indigenous people J convergenceE linguists K developmentF model L divergence。
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雅思模拟试题：雅思阅读临考冲刺题(1)
People often ask which is the most difficult language to learn，and it is not easy to answer because there are many factors to take into consideration. Firstly，in a first language the differences are (66) as people learn their mother tongue naturally，so the question of how hard a language is to learn is only (67 ) when learning a second language.
A native speaker of Spanish，(68) ，will find Portuguese much easier to learn than a native speaker of Chinese，because Portuguese is very similar to Spanish，(69) Chinese is very different. So first language can (70) learning a second language. The greater the differences between the second language and our first are，the (71) it will be for most people to learn. Many people answer that Chinese is the hardest language to learn，possibly (72) by the thought of learning the Chinese writing system，and the pronunciation of Chinese does appear to be very difficult for many foreign learners. (73) ，for Japanese speakers，who already use Chinese characters in their own language，learning (74) will be less difficult than for speakers of languages using the Roman alphabet.
Some people seem to learn languages (75) ，while others find it very difficult. Teachers and the (76) in which the language is learned also play an important role，as well as each learner’s motivation for learning. If people learn a language because they need to use it (77) ，they often learn it faster than people studying a language that has no direct use in their day to day life.
(78) from different cultures will find different languages more difficult. No language is easy to learn well，(79) languages which are related to our first language are easier. Learning a completely different writing system is a huge (80) ，but that does not necessarily make a language more difficult than another.
66. A. apparent B. extensive C. decline D. unimportant
67. A. relevant B. permanent C. essential D. progressive
68. A. by contrast B. in addition C. for example D. after all
69. A. when B. while C. where D. whether
70. A. affect B. achieve C. attach D. assemble
71. A. easier B. harder C. faster D. slower
72. A. inherited B. overtaken C. influenced D. restricted
73. A. However B. Moreover C. Therefore D. Anyhow
74. A. speaking B. listening C. reading D. writing
75. A. gradually B. steadily C. readily D.subconsciously
76. A. learners B. materials C. tutors D.circumstances
77. A. occasionally B. professionally C. properly D. informally
78. A. societies B. characters C. individuals D. visitors
79. A. as B. though C. because D. since
80. A. success B. surprise C. opportunity D. Challenge
66—70 DACBA 71—75 BCADC 76—80 DBCBD。