文艺复兴 英文简介

How did the fall of Constantinople lead to the Renaissance?
Italian Urban Culture
Italy at this time was divided into many smaller kingdoms. Like the rest of Europe, there was no real centralized monarchy. But in Italy, these smaller states usually had a large urban area (unlink Medieval kingdoms, which tended to be much more agrarian and rural). These were called city-states, and also tended to be wealthier than the places in northern Europe. This was due in part to its focus on trade with other nations.
Siege of Constantinople – 1453 君士坦丁堡的陷落
Constantinople (modern-day Istanbul in Turkey) was the capital of the Byzantine Empire, the last vestige of the Eastern Roman Empire.
Siege of Constantinople - 1453
The Ottoman Empire (also known as the “Turks”) laid siege to the city for over a month, and it finally fell under their control. Here you can see the cannon, a relatively new weapon.
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How would you compare the Middle Ages to Renaissance Italy?
Middle Ages vs. Renaissance
400-1400 • • • • • Religious Rural culture Arts are God-centered Poor Intellectual stagnation 1400-1600 • • • • • “Humanist” Urban culture Arts more human-centered Wealthy New ideas are discussed
Printing Press - 1440
The man who invented the printing press was Johannes Gutenberg, from Germany. This image shows what is known as the Gutenberg edition of the Bible, the first wide-spread edition of the Bible. Before, monks in monastaries would have to write the Bible by hand, so they were more difficult to come by for the average person.
Humanism
• Humanism is an approach in study, philosophy, worldview or practice that focuses on human values and concerns. It was a cultural movement in Italy based on and inspired by the study of classical works.
Printing Press - 1440
A printing press is a device for applying pressure to an inked surface resting upon a print medium (such as paper or cloth), thereby transferring the ink. Typically used for texts, the invention of the printing press is widely regarded as the most influential event in the second millennium AD, revolutionizing the way people conceive and describe the world they live in, and ushering in the period of modernity.
Summary of Renaissance
After the middle ages began a period of “rebirth” in Europe, a period which began in the citystates of Italy. The new spirit of the era was that of humanism, which was much different from the highly religious period that came before it.
Text Study
Main Ideas
Main Ideas
Text Study _II_1.2
Feature: The Renaissance is characterised by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The most striking feature of the Renaissance was doubtlessly the flourish of humanism.
What are the main causes of the Renaissance in Italy?
What are the main causes of the Renaissance in Italy?
• • • • The invention of the printing press – 1440 The siege of Constantinople – 1453 Italian urban culture Italian trade and contact with other cultures
Movable type
Printing Press
This is a pair of workers at a press. Using the new invention, they could print about 3,600 pages per day.
Why did the printing press help lead to the Renaissance?
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Get Started_1.4
The Renaissance was an important stage in the historical process of the Western civilization and indicated a transitional period from the Middle Ages to the modern era in the development of Western culture. Economic and intellectual changes during the Renaissance both helped to speed up Western social and cultural development and prepared the necessary conditions for the rapid progress in political, social and ideological areas of the Modern Age.
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Get Started_1.3
as other important areas proceeded and the movement further separated itself from feudalistic tyranny, ecclesiastic bondage and sought intellectual freedom and ideological emancipation. The Renaissance is characterized by seeking ideological emancipation, intellectual freedom and political awareness, based on cultural production and religious reformation. All these were undertaken or unfolded gradually but widely, extending its influences to every corner of Europe, with more and more people getting involved. The achievements were seen principally in six areas, namely, painting, sculpture, poetry, fiction, drama and religious reformation as well as the change in the cultural and intellectual climate.
RENAISSANCE
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Get Started_1.2
The Renaissance refers to the period in European civilization towards the end of the Middle Ages, which was characterized by a surge of interest in classical learning and values. The Renaissance emerged when social instability, economic sluggishness and intellectual depression became so intolerable that most of the people, especially the intellectuals could no longer accept the worsening situation. The Renaissance as a movement first started in Florence and then expanded to Venice, Rome and other Italian cities before it swept the rest parts of Europe. Painting and sculpture were the most sensitive fields to the change with their subjects and tastes, shifting from dullness, stagnation, lack of emotion and divinity to dynamics, enthusiasm and humanitarianism. Literature and ideology soon followed