irony反语解析
对于傲慢与偏见中反讽的译语赏析
对于傲慢与偏见中反讽的译语赏析一、引言英国女作家简?奥斯汀的《傲慢与偏见》,是一部脍炙人口的长篇佳作。
反讽在这一作品中的运用达到了戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果,使作品生动幽默,富有艺术感染力。
令读者百读不厌。
在《傲慢与偏见》中,irony(反讽)是其艺术创作的精髓之所在。
奥斯汀的幽默和讽刺不动声色,微言大义,反话正说,令人常感余痛难消。
然而,反讽又是英语文学翻译中一个十分棘手的问题。
因此,译者在翻译时既要具慧眼识别,又要最大限度地传译,使读者能充分欣赏到原文的反讽特色。
本文拟对《傲慢与偏见》的两个译本(王科一译和孙致礼译)中对反讽的处理作一粗略比较,着重赏析两个译本在保留原小说艺术效果方面的不同处理。
以便求教于译界广大专家学者。
二、反讽反讽作为一种修辞手法,通常指故意用与原意相反的话来表达本意,以达到谐谑、嘲弄、讽刺、喜爱和亲昵的目的。
英语里irony的含义远比汉语里的广泛,它不仅指作为修辞格的verbal irony(反语),也指一种文学技巧(a literary device),主要包括:verbal irony dramatic irony(戏剧性反语)和situation irony(情况反常)即literary irony(嘲弄)。
此外,irony还被人们用来表示一种对世界的认识、态度和心态:对世界加以描述、分析与推断,或对世界的矛盾和对抗表现出的一种冷静的、超然物外的态度等等。
Irony作为英语辞格(verbal irony)和汉语的反语基本相同。
而翻译时能否成功再现英语原作中反讽的风格,使译文达到原文戏谑、嘲弄及讽刺的效果,却并非易事。
译者在翻译时既要具慧眼识别,又要最大限度地传译,使读者能充分欣赏到原文的反讽特色。
三、《傲慢与偏见》中反讽的译语对比赏析反讽手法的巧妙运用是《傲慢与偏见》最大的艺术特色之一。
反讽艺术渗透于《傲慢与偏见》整部小说中,贯穿于人物刻画、情节发展与小说结构之中。
而反讽又是英语文学翻译中一个十分棘手的问题。
修辞格Irony
Irony （反语）:所谓反语，就是说反话。
即说话人或作者要表达的意思却是字面上的反面意思。
这种辞格有时带有讽刺的意味，有时只表示一种善意的幽默。
有人认为Irony就是讽刺，这是一种误解，因为进行讽刺不一定说反话，而说反话只是讽刺的手法之一。
A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant or anincongruity (不谐调) between what might be expected and what actually occurs;often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.The main three types are dramatic, verbal, situational.1. Dramatic Irony:A situation in which the audience knows something about present or futurecircumstances that the character does not know.e.g. --Romeo and Juliet by William Shakespeare:When Romeo finds Juliet in a drugged sleep, he assumes her to be dead and kills himself. Upon awakening to find her dead lover beside her, Juliet then kills herself.--When watching a talk show, the audience knows why a person has been brought on the show. However, the person sitting in a chair does not know that he is going to be reunited with a former lover. This adds to the suspense and humor of the show.2. Verbal Irony(词义反语):A contradiction of expectation between what is said and what is meant .e.g. --You are arguing with your mother, who reprimands （申斥，训斥）you for being "smart." Your reply is a sarcastic, "If you think I am smart, then why won't you let me make some smart decisions?"--Your boyfriend shows up in ripped-up (划破的) jeans and a stained t-shirt. With a smirk, you say, "Oh! I see you dressed up for our date. We must be going to a posh （高档的）restaurant."3. Situational Irony (情景式反语):A contradiction of expectation between what might be expected and what actually occurs often connected to a fatalistic or pessimistic view of life.e.g. --You stay up all night studying for a test. When you go to class, you discover the test is not until the next day.--Macbeth by William Shakespeare:The witches (女巫) predict one thing, which happens to come true but Macbeth often misinterprets their words.The Rime of the Ancient Mariner by Coleridge:Water, water, everywhere,And all the boards did shrink;Water, water, everywhere,Nor any drop to drink.(In this example it is ironic that water is everywhere but none of it can be drunk.) Sarcasm (讽刺，挖苦)：指用尖酸刻薄的讽刺话，既可用反语、比喻，也可用直叙法对个人的缺点、过失或社会上的丑恶现象及黑暗而进行讽刺、挖苦，常是有意伤害他人的感情，所以它常含有相当强的贬义。
Irony
• Light Irony:
b. We are lucky. It’s the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel really good. (David Parks: G. I. diary)
• (The author means exactly the opposite of what he says: 13 is an unlucky number to most Westerners. Since on that day— December 13, they will land on the other side of the Pacific to fight in the Vietnam War, they don’t feel good at all)
• c. According to the official write-ups in the papers, he’s the best man in the world. He doesn’t have a single defect in his whole body. Why, he does not even have a belly-button! 根据报纸上官方介绍，他是天底下头等大好人， 浑身上下毫无缺点，连肚脐眼都没有。（宗福先 《于无声处》）
• 所谓“情景式反语”常要有一定的情景， 也即是在整个段落或篇章中蕴含着讽刺， 这样的段落或篇章或许有画龙点睛的词语 反语，或许根本没有词语反语，但整个的 段落与篇章都是反语，或者准确的说其情 景是反语。 • For example: In a film,a man and his second wife, on the first night of their honeymoon, are accidentally seated at the theatre next to the man's wife. • we should call this situation ironical.
Irony反语
Hale Waihona Puke It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it. (Winston Churchill) 假如你可以干脆去借钱, 以此代替赚钱与省钱, 那会省掉许多麻烦了。 After a while, it is the setting of man against man and creed against creed until we are marching backwards to the glorious age of the sixteenth century when bigots lighted faggots to burn the men who dared to bring any intelligence and enlightenment and culture to the human mind. ( John Scopes: TheTrial That Rocked the World P169 Book I Advanced English) 用不了多久, 就会出现人与人、宗教与宗教之间互相争斗的局面, 直 到我们倒退到十六世纪那光辉的年代。那时, 如果有谁敢于给人类 带来智慧、知识和文化, 他就会被那些偏见、固执的宗教信徒们绑 在柴堆上活活烧死。
(冯翠华，1995： 213)
Irony是把词、词组或句子用于反意，以表示说话人对事物的批判 性的评价。为了使听众能真正理解到讽刺，必须有加强的语调， 有时甚至还须要加以手势和表情。在书面语中不可能有这些语音 手段，有时能使用引号、斜体等暗示讽刺。不过更主要的还是要 从语言环境或上下文来理解。
Irony反语
He was my friend, faithful and just to me: But Brutus says he was ambitious; And Brutus is an honorable man.
他是我的朋友，对我忠实而公正： 但是布鲁图斯说他有野心； 而布鲁图斯却是一个正直的人。
小汉斯在自己的园子里干着活，一个人工作着。春天，夏天和秋天，他非常愉快。 但冬天一到，他就挨冻受饿，常常吃不上晚饭就去睡觉。而且，他在冬天也非常 寂寞，因为磨坊主冬天从来不来看他。 “冬天上小汉斯那儿去没用，”磨坊主常对他妻子说，。‘人有困难的时候，我 们不要去答理他，不要去打扰他。这是我对友谊的看法，而且我相信我的看法是 正确的。所以我要等春天来了，再去看他。那时他会给我一束缨草花，这会使他 感到愉快
• I have had a perfectly wonderful evening, but this wasn’t it.
• He wears his faith but as the fashion of his hat.
What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favored country! - they let the paupers go to sleep!
Irony
反语
Irony is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense.
irony 翻译
irony 翻译Irony（讽刺）几乎在我们日常交流中随处可见，但要准确地将它翻译成中文却并非易事。
Irony具有多层次的含义和用法，它不仅出现在口语和书面语中，还是许多文化和艺术领域的重要元素。
本文将从语言学和翻译理论的角度出发，探讨irony的概念、种类和翻译方法，并提出应对irony翻译难题的几个建议。
一、Irony概念Irony是一个多义词，通常指语言、文字或行为的反差或冲突，暗示了一种更深层的意义或价值观。
Irony可以是一种交流策略，用于表达不同于字面意思的话语，也可以是一种思维方式，帮助我们赋予事物不同的看待方式。
Irony分为三类：1. Verbal Irony（言语讽刺）：言语讽刺指的是在说话时，说话人说的话和他的实际意图相反。
言语讽刺通常是通过使用语调、词汇选择和表情等非语言手段来达到的。
例如，“你真是太好了”这句话可能表明说话人对听话者的不满，而不是真正的赞美。
2. Situational Irony（情境讽刺）：情境讽刺指的是某个事件的实际结果与人们期望的结果相反，通常涉及到一个出乎意料的结局。
例如，在电影《泰坦尼克号》中，观众预计之后的剧情是两名主角会在一起生活，但实际情况是男主角牺牲了自己救了女主角。
3. Dramatic Irony（戏剧性讽刺）：在文学和戏剧中使用，指的是读者或观众知道故事的情节和真相，但故事中的角色不知道，导致讽刺效果。
例如，在莎士比亚的《哈姆雷特》中，观众知道哈姆雷特的朋友罗森克朵和吉尔德恩斯登是他的陷害者，但哈姆雷特却不知道，这增加了戏剧的紧张氛围和讽刺效果。
二、Irony翻译方法由于语言和文化差异，Irony的翻译常常是翻译工作者的难题。
正确理解和翻译Irony需要掌握以下几种方法：1. 上下文翻译Irony通常是一个语境相关的现象，它的意义和效果是由上下文环境和世界观来构成的。
所以，对于Irony的翻译，需要将它的语境和背景纳入翻译范畴。
irony 讽刺 反语
Categories
03
Ironies can be divided into two categories: verbal irony and situational irony. Verbal irony is the simple form of irony. It is used in everyday life.Verbal irony can be subdivided into light irony and heavy irony. 反语通常分为两类：词义反语和情景反语。 情景反语的意义主要从特定的情景中，从 作者对所叙述的事物的真实态度中体现出 来。词义反语从字面意义上就能判断出来， 是常用的表达方式。
For example, when someone hates the weather which spoils his trips and says," what a fine day!" he is ironical. the word "fine" is actually intended to mean "bad", "awful" and "abominable".
@WPS官方微博 @kingsoftwps
我们很幸运。到达彼岸的那一天是12月13 日，那是我们真的感到很愉快。
Situational irony 情景反语
Situational irony occurs when there is a discrepancy or incongruity betthe case and the real state of affairs.
①If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, don't listen...They're probably trying to trick you into living.
英语讽刺反讽修辞
Ridicule (嘲弄/嘲笑):
One entrepreneur rented a shop window to display an ape. Spectators paid to gaze at it and ponder whether they might be related. "The poor brute cowered in a corner with his hands over his eyes, ” a reporter noted, "afraid it might be true. ” • 还有一个承包商租了一个商店橱窗来展出一只猿猴。有些人便 花钱去观看这只猿猴,并思量着自己是否可能与它有什么渊源。“ 这只可怜的畜牲双手捂住眼睛，蜷缩在一个角落里，”一位记者 这 样写道，“生怕人猿同源是真的。” (P26、27) Bryan mopped his bald dome in silence. (P35) • 布莱恩闷声不响地擦拭着自己的秃顶。IFra bibliotekony（反语）：
Not long ago I went back to Dayton for the first time since my trial 37 years ago. The little town looked much the same to me. But now there is a William Jennings Bryan university on a hill-top over looking the valley.(P47) • 前不久，我在那次审判三十七年之后第一次重返戴顿。在我 眼中，小镇景物依旧，只是多了一所威廉•詹宁斯•布莱恩大学 ，它坐落在一个小山坡上，俯视着下面的山谷。 It excels all forms of human wickedness in the efficiency of it’s cruelty and ferocious aggression. • 纳粹政权在残酷镇压和疯狂侵略方面极为拿手, 人类过去这方 面的一切卑劣行径都望尘末及。
irony修辞定义
irony修辞定义
Irony是一种修辞手段，指用相反的意义来表达实际的思想，以增强幽默感、讽刺性或讲话的力量。
具体可分为词义反用法和情景式反语两种形式：
- 词义反用法（antiphrase）：用字词表达相反的意思，如“hard-working”表示“懒惰的”。
- 情景式反语（situational irony）：主要借助于溢于文中的反语笔触来传达这种意味。
通过运用反讽的手法，作者可以以戏谑、嘲笑或讽刺的方式来表达对现实或观点的批评和思考。
这种修辞手法在口语和书面语中都经常使用，以突出表达者对事物或观点的质疑和不满。
2010Irony反语(1)(1)
------“Could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small change about me.” -------“Ｏh, you haven’t? well, of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.”
它是以一种嘲笑和挖苦的方式来攻击，它的目的是贬低和伤 害被攻击人的感情。)
When children call a boy “Four Eyes” because he wears glasses, they are speaking in sarcasm.
In a group they were brave. He is a man who is most dependable when you are not in need. I hear he makes long speeches. Yes, he likes to listen to him.
innuendo
My husband has been sober several times in the past five years. Innuendo is a figure of speech in which moderate and allusive words and tone are used to make comments or pass criticisms upon a person or thing. “暗讽”innuendo辞格是一种温和、委婉的词 语论述、评及事或人物，它不是直截了当地 用语言表达出来，但语言中含有这种意思。
irony 名词解释
irony 名词解释
“irony”的名词解释如下：
“irony”一词源于希腊语“eiron”，原意为“佯装无知者”，后来演变为“说反话”的意思。
在文学、艺术和日常生活中，irony 通常指一种用反语或讽刺的方式表达与表面意思相反的真实意图或观点的修辞手法。
irony 可以分为不同的类型，如口头 irony、戏剧性 irony 和情景 irony 等。
口头irony 是指说话人用与实际意思相反的话语来表达自己的真实意图，常常带有幽默或讽刺的效果。
例如，当一个人说“我真是太聪明了”时，他实际上可能是在自嘲或表达对自己的不满。
戏剧性 irony 则是指作者或说话人通过故事情节或对话来展示与读者或听众所期望的结果相反的情况，以此来产生一种意外或幽默的效果。
情景 irony 则是指一种在特定情境下产生的与预期结果相反的情况，通常不涉及任何人为的意图。
irony 不仅是一种修辞手法，也是一种思维方式和文化现象。
它可以帮助人们更好地理解和欣赏文学、艺术和日常生活中的复杂性和多样性，同时也可以帮助人们更好地表达自己的观点和情感。
【SAT写作反语明喻篇】 你逃不过的那些修辞方法和写作手段
Irony(反语)所谓的Irony，就是我们说的正话反说或反话正说，即表面说的意思和真正要表达的意思是相反的，以取得幽默或讽刺的效果。
比如你上课迟到了，然后告诉老师说因为你在路上帮一个老太太过马路，老师说，That’s a fine excuse(这个理由真棒)，其实老师表面上看在表扬你，其实是老师根本就不相信你说的话，这就是个irony。
再比如，你考了7次SAT，每一次的SAT总分都比上一次提高了10分，你的同学说，Whata great progress，这也是个irony。
Great本来是个好词，但是用在这里是实际要表达的是你的进步太缓慢了，虽然很有规律(每次雷打不动提高10分)。
假设一个人出了车祸，手上伤口愈合后留下了一块疤，有意思的是这个疤乍一看像一朵花，这个时候他说，What’s a beautiful scar，这句话也是个irony，用来表达此人的自嘲和揶揄。
再看这一句：He is such amarvelous teacher that he will water any spark of genius found in his students (他真的是一个了不起的老师，只要他发现他的学生中有点天才的火花，他一定会浇灭它)，这句话的marvelous其实是反话正说，他只会浇灭学生的天才火花，但却说他marvelous，这个字表面是褒，其实是在对这个老师进行嘲讽挖苦。
We send missionaries to China so the Chinese can get to heaven,but we don’t let them into our country. (我们派遣传教士去中国，帮助中国人能够上天堂，但我们却禁止中国人进入美国)当时美国政府禁止中国人移居美国，Pearl Buck借助irony讽刺这个事情：美国政府说要让中国人上天堂，但却不给中国人移居美国。
Buck的真正意思是，连在人间的美国中国人都去不了，难到还能去天堂?以上讲的irony，都是通过用字来达到讽刺和自嘲的效果，这样的irony叫verbal irony。
Irony反语
• dramatic irony
Irony in Use
Daily
Literature
For FUN
Expressions
as welcome as a storm
像暴风雨一样欢迎
as slender in the middle as a cow in the waist
The guest opens his mouth to compliment the chef, but before he can speak, he burps long and loudly.
Identify each item as one of the following:
• verbal irony
It is used to
show people’s intimate feelings.
criticize or expose bad and ugly things.
It gives life to the language.
Sarcasm 讽刺
Outline
Definition of sarcasm Typical examples of sarcasm
• adds greatly to the tension in stories, plays, and movies
• heightens the sense of humor in comedies and deepens the sense of dread in tragedies
Review
Verbal irony Say one thing but mean the opposite
修辞学 提喻 借喻 Session 9
1.4 以属代替种
（以上义词代替下义词）
One day a poor creature who could not have been more than four feet tall crept past me under a vast load of wood.
一天，一个身高不到四英尺的可 怜妇人背着老大一捆柴火从我 身边蹒跚而过。 Analysis:
laurels 月桂树
Rather than resting on our laurels, we have feared getting fat and lazy. Apollo and Daphne: 爱神丘比特为了
向阿波罗复仇，将一支使人陷入爱 情漩涡的金箭射向了他，使阿波罗 而不是在我们的荣誉上休息，我 疯狂地爱上了达芙妮；同时，又将 一支使人拒绝爱情的铅箭射向达芙 们害怕变得肥胖和懒惰。 妮，使姑娘对阿波罗冷若冰霜。当 达芙妮回身看到阿波罗在追她时， 急忙向父亲呼救。河神听到了女儿 的声音，在阿波罗即将追上她时， 将她变成了一棵月桂树。达佛妮虽 然成了树，阿波罗仍然很喜欢她， 他拥抱着树干，树叶沙沙地颤抖着。 “你将成为我的树，”他说，“你 将终年长青，成为胜利者的荣冠。”
借代
不直接说出某人或某事物的名称，而是借用与其密切 相关的名称或其本身的某种属性来称代（吕煦 2004:165）（“换一个说法”）
1.synecdoche [sɪ'nekdəkɪ]提喻 2.metonymy [mɪ'tɒnɪmɪ]借喻
巾帼不让须眉。
朱门酒肉臭，路有冻死骨。--杜甫 《自京赴奉先县咏怀 五百字》
Poet Laureate 桂冠诗人
Soapy stood still with his hands in his pockets and smiled at the sight of brass buttons. ---The Cop and the Anthem
Irony
Irony and Sarcasm
Sarcasm:a way of using words that
are the opposite of what you mean in order to be unpleasant to sb or to make fun of them.嘲讽，讽刺，挖 苦
Examples: 1、Congratulations on your brilliant academic results! 2、"It was a good idea to tell my mother you didn't like her dress", she said with sarcasm.
Bill:Well!What a worthwhile use of an evening. Alice:Yeah.
Sarcasm:
(Note:Aliceห้องสมุดไป่ตู้hates Bill's travel books.)
Alice:They are your travel books,Bill?You are a really
skillful author! Bill:Oh.
Exercise
1、(note:Ellen's sister took the biggest piece of cake.) Ellen:How unselfish you are! sarcasm 2、(note:It's cold and rainy.） It's a perfect day to go for a picnic. irony 3、The public is wonderfully tolerant-it forgives everything except genius. irony ---Oscar Wilde
Irony paradox innuendo 反语 反论 暗讽
For examples:
1. More haste, less speed. (欲速则不达) 2. In fact, it appears that the teachers of English teach English so poorly largely because they teach grammar so well.(The writer is making a very significant point here--that students who are taught to be highly grammar conscious do not necessarily speak or write good idiomatic English.) 3. It’s amazing how stylish anti-style can be. (This implies that to appear anti-style can be very popular, in some circles. 4. Burma---the richest of poor countries. (The implication is that the country, though economically backward, is rich in precious stones.)
Paradox(反论)
A paradox is a figure of speech consisting of a statement or proposition which on the face of it seems self-contradictory, absurd or contrary to established fact or practice, but which on further thinking and study may prove to be true, well-founded, and even to certain a succinct(简洁的) point.
irony反语解析
E.g.
• 表亲昵之情
恋爱中的男女双方“you are such a bad boy(girl)”绝非在 指责或讽刺挖苦对方，而只是在打情骂俏，证明两人关系 相当亲昵。 再如孙犁在《荷花淀》里所写的： 几个女人有点失望，也有点伤心，各人在心里骂自己的狠心 贼。
（the women, a bit sad as well as a bit disappionted, cursed in the mind their merciless thief.）
“自己的狠心贼”其实就是令她们牵肠挂肚的丈夫。
(中国人之所以应当感谢艾奇逊，是因为他胡诌了一大篇中 国近代史) 在此，thank 具有浓烈的讽刺语气，辛辣地揭露并批判了美 国资产阶级的代言人艾奇逊的侵华谎言。
• Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. （啊，当然。我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。） 店员这 句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客，像你这样的人怎么会有大 票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
Functions of irony
• 反语是语言常态的一种改变，所以它引人注目，使人深思。 在特定的语言环境中，它比正面表达更鲜明、更深刻、更 有趣味、更有力量。在表露强烈的爱憎情感上有它的独到 之处。再则，运用反语使语言形式富于变化，避免呆板， 使语言生动活泼，饶有情趣。
反语
I. Concept of Irony1. Irony ---“eironeia” (Greek: dissembler in speech)2. Interpretation:“A method of humorous or subtly sarcastic expression inwhich the intended meaning of the words used is the direct opposite of their usual sense.”(Webster’s New World Dictionary)3. Irony in Chinese:a. 有几个“慈祥”的老板到菜场去收集一些菜叶，用盐水一浸，这就是他们难得的佳肴。
（夏衍：《包身工》）b. 好在愿意我活下去的已经没有了，再也没有谁痛心。
使这样的人痛心，我是不愿意的。
然而现在是没有了，连这一个也没有了。
快活极了，舒服极了，我已经躬行我先前所憎恶，所反对的一切，拒斥我先前所崇仰、所主张的一切了。
（鲁迅：《孤独者》）c. 丁四：怎样？娘子：挺好！挺合身儿！大妈：就怕呀，一下水就得抽一大块！丁四：大妈，您专会说吉祥话儿！（老舍：《龙须沟》）d. 几个女人有点失望，也有点伤心，各人在自己心里“骂着”自己的“狠心贼”。
（孙犁：《荷花淀》）4. Some examples of English Irony:a. “Could you wait a few days for the money? I haven’t any small change about me.”“Oh, you haven’t? Well, of course I know that gentlemen like you carry only large notes.”(Mark Twain: One Million Pound Bank-note)b. An Englishman does everything on principle; he fights you on patriotic principles; he robs you on business principles; he enslaves you on imperial principles.(Bernard Shaw)c.He was such a marvelous teacher that whenever he recognized a spark of genius you could be sure he’d water it. (Charlws Kay Smith: Style and Structures)d.“Did you have a nice lunch?” she asked sweetly. I had had a marvelous steak, but knew better by now than to say so. “Awful,” I reported, “some sort of sour fish, eel, I think.”“Good…”e. “Generally speaking,” said Miss Murdstone, “I don’t like boys. How d’ye do, boy?”Under these encouraging circumstances, I replied that I was very well and that I hoped she was the same, with such an indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words, “Wants manner!”(Charles Dickens: David Copperfield)II. Modes of Irony1. Antiphrases (词义反语)a. We are lucky. It’s the other side on the thirteenth of December. That makes us feel very good.(David Parks: G. I. Diary)b. A bronco often becomes so attached to his master that he will lay down his life necessary --- his master’s life, I mean.(Bill Bye)c.It saves a lot of trouble if, instead of having to earn money and save it, you can just go and borrow it.(Winston Churchill)d. I stayed in the hospital ten days with my sister who was dying. Babara, my ex-best friend, came to my house to look after my children. She helped things out and took my things out. She did help.e.The Chinese should thank Acheson also because he has fabricated wild tales about modern Chinese history.f. The whole outfit could be purchased for about $5 and Gandhi’s sins; at least his fleshly sins would make the same sort of appearance if placed all in one heap. A few cigarettes, a few mouthfuls of meat, a few annas pilfered in childhood from the maidservant, two visits to a brothel (on each occasion he got away without “doing anything”;), one narrowly escaped lapse with his landlady in Plymouth, one out burst of temper --- that is about the whole collection.(George Orwell: Reflections on Gandhi)g. The virtuous, dignified bishop has four illegitimate children.h.If people keep telling you to quit smoking cigarette, don’t listen --- They’re probably trying to trick you into living. (American Cancer Society)2. Situation IronyIrony depends on the context to be detected.For example:a. H e’s a fine friend.b. You’re really a genius. (Look what a great mess you’ve made of it.)c. You should have been a fiction writer.d.“It’s no use going to see little Hans in writer,” the miller used to say to his wife. “When people are in trouble we must leavethem alone and not bother them, that is my idea of friendship and I am right.So I shall wait till spring comes, and then I shall visit him and he will give me a large bouquet, and that will make him very happy.”“You think so much about others,” said his wife. “It’s pleasure to hear what you say about friendship. I am sure the priest himself cannot say such beautiful things as you do, though he lives in a three-storied house, and wears a gold ring on his little finger!”(Oscar Wilde: The Devoted Friend)e.He tried soldiering for two weeks with a motley band of Confederate guerrillas who diligently avoided contact with the enemy. Twain quit after deciding,“---I knew more about retreating than the man that invented retreating.”(Mark Twain)f. For instance, the nuns who never take a bath without wearing a bathrobe all the time, when asked why, since no man can see them, they reply, “Oh, but you forget the good God.” Apparently they conceive the Deity as a peeping Tom, whose omnipotence enables Him to see through bathroom walls, but who is foiled by bathrobes. This view strikes me as curious.(Bertrand Russell: An Outline of Intellectual Rubbish, BasicWritin3. Quotation Ironya. He was “extremely kind” to me, and I shall never forget it.b.Miss Ma ria Osborne, it is true, was “attached” to Mr. Augustus Bullock, of the firm of Hulker, Bullock & Bullock; but hers was a most respectable attachment, and she would have taken Bullock Senior, just the same, her mind being fixed as that of a well-bred young woman should be --- upon a house in Park Lane, a country house at Wimbledon, a handsome chariot, and two prodigious tall horses and footmen, and a forth of the annual profits of the eminent firm of Hulker & bullock, all of which advantages were represented in the person of Frederick Augustus.(W. M. Thackeray: Vanity Fair)c.“The moon,” writes Lawrence, “certainly isn’t a snowy cold world, like a world of our own gone cold. Nonsense, it is a globe of dynamic substance, like radium or phosphorus, coagulated upon a vivid pole of energy.” The defect of this statement is that it happens to be demonstrably untrue. (Aldous L. Huxley: Meditation on the Moon)。
irony和sarcasm的区别
irony和sarcasm的区别
irony：讽刺；反语；具有讽刺意味的事；铁的；似铁的。
既可作名词，也可作形容词。
侧重于事物本⾝极具讽刺意味。
sarcasm：讽刺；挖苦；嘲笑。
只能做名词。
侧重于⼝头的嘲笑。
相关例句
1、‘England is famous for its food,' she said with heavy irony.
“英格兰的⾷物很有名哪。
”她极其讽刺地说道。
2、The irony is that when he finally got the job, he discovered he didn't like it.
讽刺的是，当他最终得到那份⼯作时，他发现⾃⼰并不喜欢它。
3、The irony is lost in translation.
原⽂的反语⽤法在翻译中丢失了。
4、‘That will be useful, ’ she snapped with heavy sarcasm.
“还真有⽤咧。
”她狠狠挖苦道。
5、His voice dripped sarcasm.
他的话语中充满了讥讽。
6、His voice was heavy with sarcasm
他的话语⾥明显有讽刺意味。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
• Robbing a widow of her savings was certainly a noble act. (抢劫一位寡妇的储蓄当然是高尚的行为。)
Situational irony
有时，正话反说或反话正说不是靠一两个词所能体现的， 而是要靠语境来体现。所谓“情景式反语”常要有一定的 情景，也即是在整个段落或篇章中蕴含着讽刺，这样的段 落或篇章或许有画龙点睛的词语反语，或许根本没有词语 反语，但整个段落或篇章都是反语，或者准确的说其情景 是反语。 例如在Kate Chopin的短篇小说The story of an hour中， Mallad太太得知丈夫因车祸去世的消息时表面上一阵号哭， 心底里却暗自高,，她早就盼望的一天终于来到了，不禁 低声对自己说：“Free! Body and soul free!” 但正当她暗 自得意时， 丈夫突然出现在门口！原来他大难不死，安 然回家 而 Malled 太太却由于这突如其来的刺激导致心脏 病发作，不治身亡！
dramatic irony
• 戏剧性反语主要用于戏剧小说中，与剧情或戏剧的结构有 关。在这种反语中，读者或观众知晓实情，而台上的人却 一无所知，说一些与实情相悖的话，造成幽默或悲剧性的 效果。 • 例如上文提到过的Kate Chopin的那个故事结尾写道: When the doctors came, they said she had died of heart disease – of joy that kills. （医生们来了，他们说她死于心脏病——是看到丈夫生还,欣 喜至极使她丧了命。） 医生们以为她看到丈夫生还而欣喜至极，以致引发心脏病； 故事的读者不难看到事情正好相反——她是由于庆幸丈夫 去世过于激动了，结果又事与愿违， 受到突然刺激而猝 死的。
Functions of irony
• 反语是语言常态的一种改变，所以它引人注目，使人深思。 在特定的语言环境中，它比正面表达更鲜明、更深刻、更 有趣味、更有力量。在表露强烈的爱憎情感上有它的独到 之处。再则，运用反语使语言形式富于变化，避免呆板， 使语言生动活泼，饶有情趣。
• 反语可以用于讽刺挖苦，也并非所有的反语都有讽刺的意 味。它有时也传达一种幽默风趣，有些反语还可以用来表 示人与人之间的亲切感情。
(中国人之所以应当感谢艾奇逊，是因为他胡诌了一大篇中 国近代史) 在此，thank 具有浓烈的讽刺语气，辛辣地揭露并批判了美 国资产阶级的代言人艾奇逊的侵华谎言。
• Well, of course, I knew that gentlemen like you carry only large notes. （啊，当然。我知道像你这样的先生只带大票子。） 店员这 句话意在讽刺这位穿破衣的顾客，像你这样的人怎么会有大 票子呢？名为“gentlemen”实则“beggar”而已。
E.g.
• 表亲昵之情
恋爱中的男女双方“you are such a bad boy(girl)”绝非在 指责或讽刺挖苦对方，而只是在打情骂俏，证明两人关系 相当亲昵。 再如孙犁在《荷花淀》里所写的： 几个女人有点失望，也有点伤心，各人在心里骂自己的狠心 贼。
（the women, a bit sad as well as a bit disappionted, cursed in the mind their merciless thief.）
戏剧性反语也指作家利用上下文或特定的历史背 景暗示某段话所表示的是反义，这种反语较为含 蓄。 例如下例中的“西方的良心”就是反话。因为以 色列从西方大国在1973年阿以冲突中的所作所为 中发现，他们的一切言行实际上都是从维护自己 的利益出发的，因而有种“痛心疾首”之感： In the October 1973 war, Israel... also suffered an acute understanding of the “conscience of the west” under oil pressure.
Three types of irony
• Verbal irony言语反语
• Situational irony情景式反语 • Dramatic irony戏剧性反语
verbal irony
词语反语是指说话人利用词汇、语法手段表示明 显的反意。 E.g. The Chinese should thank Acheson also because he has fabricated wild tales about modern chinese history.
正意反说，反意正说
• 反意正说：When she heard that she was fired, she said angrily, “That’s great!” • 正意反说：Yes, he is “lazy”. He just works at least 10 hou is a figure of speech that achieves emphasis(强调) by saying the opposite of what is meant, the intended meaning of the words being the opposite of their usual sense. 使用同本意完全相反的词句来表达本意，明显含有嘲弄讽 刺的意思，从而使本意更加突出，这就是Iirony。对这一 辞格采用直译能保留原文嘲弄的修辞效果。
E.g.
• 幽默俏皮
“Generally speaking,” said Miss Murdstone,“i don’t like boys. How d’ye do, boy?” Under these encouraging circumstances, i replied that i was very well and that i hoped she was the same, with such an indifferent grace that Miss Murdstone disposed of me in two words, “wants manner!”(Charles Dickens: David Copperfiled) (“说起来，我是不喜欢小子的。”梅德斯通小姐说，“你好 哇，小子？” 在这样令人鼓舞的情况下，我答道，我很好，我希望她也 很好；我说到时候态度不够恭敬的，因此惹得梅德斯通小 姐只用三个字把我打发了：“缺家教！”) 令人泄气的情形说成是“令人鼓舞”，是反语，但作者这么 写，并非为了讽刺挖苦什么。
“自己的狠心贼”其实就是令她们牵肠挂肚的丈夫。
• What fine weather for an outing! (计划了一个美好的出游却被一场大雨搅和了，于是出现了上 面的这句话，通过反语达到讽刺的效果，从而更能够反映出 当时的无奈与沮丧) • What a noble illustration of the tender laws of his favoured country!—they let the paupers go to sleep! (以此说明他那行善的国家的仁慈法律是多么有意义的例证— —他们竟允许穷人睡觉！)
More examples • We are lucky.(when something bad happens) • What you said makes me feel really good.(when someone says sth. unpleasant) • This diligent(勤勉的) student seldom reads more than an hour per week.