《科技英语》翻译
科技英语翻译(1-3章)
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科技英语翻译1.1翻译的标准第1节翻译练习1The power plant is the heart of a ship.动力装置是船舶的心脏。
The power unit for driving the machines is a50-hp induction motor.驱动这些机器的动力装置是一台50马力的感应电动机。
第1节翻译练习2Semiconductor devices,called transistors,are replacing tubes in many applications.半导体装置也称为晶体管,在许多场合替代电子管。
Cramped conditions means that passengers’legs cannot move around freely.空间狭窄,旅客的两腿就不能自由活动。
All bodies are known to possess weight and occupy space.我们知道,所有的物体都有重量并占据空间。
第1节翻译练习3The removal of minerals from water is called softening.去除水中的矿物质叫做软化。
A typical foliage leaf of a plant belonging to the dicotyledons is composed of two principal parts:blade and petiole.双子叶植物典型的营养叶由两个主要部分组成:叶片和叶柄。
1.2对译者的要求第4节翻译练习1Einstein’s relativity theory is the only one which can explain such phenomena.爱因斯坦的相对论是能解释这种现象的唯一理论。
(直译)All four(outer planets)probably have cores of metals,silicates,and water.这四颗外层行星的内核可能都由金属、硅酸盐和水构成。
科技英语课文翻译
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Unit 1大规模研究发现:地球的“健康”每况愈下有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明,地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出,由于不可持续的使用,地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统(包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候)正遭受破坏。
以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
据报告分析,随着人类对食物、淡水、木材、纤维以及燃料等资源的需求日趋激增,环境发生了极大的变化,引发了诸如滥伐森林、化学污染等问题。
因此,该报告的作者警告说,照此下去,本已岌岌可危的生态环境将会在21世纪的上半叶进一步恶化。
这项历史性的研究由来自世界95个国家的政府部门以及民间组织的1,300多位科学家共同完成。
四年来,他们考察了地球上许多生物的生长环境、物种以及将他们联系起来的生态体系。
联合国环境规划署对该报告进行了编辑整理并于昨天在中国北京公布了研究结果。
在公布该报告的新闻发布会上,联合国秘书长科菲·安南指出:“只有了解环境及其运作过程,我们才能制定出必要的措施加以保护它。
”他还说,“只有珍惜所有宝贵的自然资源和人类资源,我们才有希望去建设一个可持续发展的未来。
”对社会经济的影响该报告对自然界的大部分生物多样性持悲观态度,地球上可能有10%—30%的哺乳动物,鸟类以及两栖动物濒临灭绝。
这次大规模生态调查是根据安南的《千年发展目标》展开的,该发展目标是由联合国发起的,旨在2015年之前大幅减少饥饿与极度贫困等社会经济问题。
总部位于内罗毕的联合国环境规划署执行主席克劳斯·托普弗说:“从某些方面来说,《千年生态系统评估综合报告》让我们首次认识到生态系统服务功能的经济价值,并使我们对尊重和保护地球生命维护系统有了新的见解。
”目前由于人类社会对地球环境的开发利用,食物供应不断增加,然而增长的速度仍然太慢,难以完成联合国制定的在2015年之前消除全球一半饥饿人口的目标。
科技英语 主编 田文杰 课文翻译
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Unit 1Artificial intelligence is the science and engineering of making intelligent machines,especially intelligent computer programs.人工智能是制造智能机器的科学与工程,特别是智能化的计算机程序。
It is related to the similar task of using computers to understand human intelligence,but AI does not have to confine itself to methods that are biologically observable.这与使用计算机来理解人类智能的类似任务有关,但是人工智能不需要把它局限在生物可观察的方法上。
In this unit,the two passages present a general picture of AI research .在这个单元,两个章节提出了人工智能研究的概况。
Text A briefly introduces the definition of AI,some kinds of architectures of AI system,essential capabilities to AI programs and so on.文章A简要介绍了人工智能的定义,人工智能的系统的几种体系结构、基本功能以及程序等等。
Text B explains a particular area of AI research--natural language processing including its definition and a legendary Turing’s Test.文章A解释特定地区研究人工智能的自然语言处理包括定义和传说中的图灵测试。
科技英语课文翻译1-7
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参考译文Unit 1课文A石油1油,和煤一样,存在于沉积岩中,而且可能由死去很长时间的生物有机体形成。
含有石油的岩石几乎都来源于海洋,所以形成石油的有机物一定是海洋生物,而不是树木。
2 石油,并不是来自于逐渐积聚的木质物质,而可能是来自于逐渐积聚的海洋生物的脂肪物质。
比如浮游生物:大量浮游在海水表层的单细胞生物。
3 有机物的脂肪物质主要由碳氢原子组成,因此并不需要太多的化学变化就可以形成石油。
生物有机体只需在缺氧的条件下沉积到海湾浅水处的淤泥里。
其脂肪不是分解腐烂,而是逐渐积聚,并在深层的淤泥里圈闭起来,进而经过细微的原子重组,最终形成石油。
4 油比水轻,呈液态,会经由上方覆盖的孔隙性岩石向上渗透,在地球上有些地区到达表层,古人将这些表层石油称为沥青、柏油或异庚烷。
在古代和中世纪,这些石油油苗常被看作药品而不是燃料。
5 当然,表层的油苗数量很少。
而石油油藏上方有时覆盖的是非孔隙性岩石。
石油向上渗透抵达该岩石,然后在岩石下方逐渐积聚形成油层。
若在上方的岩石上钻个孔,石油就可以通过该孔向上迁移。
有时压力过大,石油会向高空喷出。
1859年在宾夕法尼亚州,由埃德温·德雷克成功打出第一口井。
6 如果可以发现一个合适的地点(勘探人员已经识别出地下可能圈闭有石油的地层结构),那么就很容易抽取这一液体燃料,这要比派人到地下把大块的固体煤炭砍成小块要容易得多。
而且一旦获得石油,可以通过地上管道运输,而不必像煤一样,由运货车经过繁重的装卸任务来运输。
7 石油便于抽取,易于运输,促进了石油的应用。
石油可以蒸馏成不同的馏分,每种馏分均由特定大小的分子组成,分子越小,该馏分就越容易蒸发。
8 到19世纪下半叶,最重要的石油馏分是由中等大小的分子构成的煤油,它不易蒸发,被用于照明。
9 然而,到19世纪末人们研制出了内燃机。
内燃机是通过在汽缸里将空气与可燃气体混合,产生爆炸来提供动力的。
最便利的可燃气体是汽油——石油的又一馏分,由小分子构成,容易蒸发。
3第六章 科技英语翻译
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(3)大量使用概念准确的抽象名词 (Abstract Noun) ★
★
insulate-insulation expand-expansion move-movement leak-leakage stable-stability humid-humidity
绝缘 膨胀 运动 漏泄 稳定性 湿度
Back 2
the walls of the boiler [C;U] C: countable noun U: uncountable noun
耐火砖 可数名词 不可数名词 全封闭的 加工硬化 调频
通信卫星 BACK
10
full-enclosed work-harden fm Telesat (frequency modulation)
D.缩略法
4WD (four-wheel drive) 四轮驱动 CE (chief engineer) 总工程师 (Council of Europe) 欧洲理事会 FM (frequency modulation) 调频 TELESAT (telecommunications satellite ) 通信卫星 CCTV (closed circuit television) 闭路电视
7
★
动词派生的抽象名词可表示过程、现象、特征和性质
abort-abortion automate-automation commute-commutation lase-laser liase- liason televise-television soft-land-soft-landing install-installation protect-protection balance (v.& n.) guide- guidage
科技英语课文翻译
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科技英语课文翻译课文翻译英语Unit 1罗素悖论的提出是基于这样的一个事例:设想有这样一群理发师,他们只给不给自己理发的人理发。
假设其中一个理发师符合上述的条件,不给自己理发;然而按照要求,他必须要给自己理发。
但是在这个集合中没有人会给自己理发。
(如果这样的话,这个理发师必定是给别人理发还要给自己理发)1901年,伯特兰罗素悖论的发现打击了他其中的一个数学家同事。
在19世纪后期,弗雷格尝试发展一个基本原理以便数学上能使用符号逻辑。
他确立了形式表达式(如:应。
一种类比是救护车的汽笛声会改变音高――当它朝你行驶,然后通过你身边接着朝另一个方向去了的时候――他的声波首先是压缩的,接着伸长这些测量给了天文学家一个关于宇宙在不同历史点的膨胀速度的图景。
研究人员还发现宇宙如今正在以前所未有的速度在膨胀。
“一开始我们不情愿相信我们的结果,”加州大学伯克利分校的劳伦斯伯克利实验室的天体物理学家Saul Perlmutter说,他领导的一个竞争性的小组发现了和Schmidt以及Riess 相同的结果。
x =2)和数学特性(如偶数)之间的联系。
按照弗雷格理论的发展,我们能自由的用一个特性去定义更多更深远的特性。
1903年,发表在《数学原理》上的罗素悖论从根本上揭示了弗雷格这种集合系统的局限性。
型的集合系统能很好的用俗称集的结构式来描述。
就现在而言,这种类们可以用x代表整数,通过n来表示并且n大于3例如,小于我7,来表示x={n4,5,6这样一个集合。
这种集合的书写形势就是:我们也可让:n是整数,y={x:3n7}x是美国的一个男性居民。
集合中的对象并不一定是数字。
}。
求的空间。
但是,罗素(和策梅洛一起)发现表面上看,似乎任何一个关于x的描述都有一个符合要a中}导致一个矛盾,就像对一群理发师的描述一样。
x={a:xa它本不再身是在x有致命的打击。
尽管这样,他还不能解决这个问题当罗素发现了悖论,的集合中吗?否定的答案导致了矛盾的出现。
科技英语阅读翻译
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1all elements are composed of scattered units called atoms,which are the smallest particles than show the characteristics of the element. atoms are tiny units of matter composed of positively charged protons, negatively charged elements ,and electrically neutral neutrons. protons and neutrons, which have almost the same mass,are clustered in the nucleus in the middle of the atom. electrons,which are tiny in comparison to the other units, move around the nucleus at high speed. atoms that have the same number of electrons and protons are electrically neutral. those that have got or lost electrons,and therefor are positively or negatively charged, are called ions.所有的元素都称为原子的散射单元,这是比显示的元件的特性的最小的颗粒组成。
原子是微小单位的物质组成的带正电的质子,带负电荷的元件和电中性的中子。
质子和中子,它们具有几乎相同的质量,聚集在细胞核内的原子在中间。
的电子,这在其他单位相比是微小的,围绕原子核高速移动。
具有相同的电子和质子数的原子是电中性的。
科技英语翻译(1)
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ENGLISH FOR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
Historically,“three peaks”in translation movements:东汉至唐宋的Buddhism scripture 的翻译、明末清初的科技翻译、鸦片 战争至‘五四“ 的西学翻译。( First Opium War (Britain’s invasion of China, 1840-1842) In terms of scope, quality, and contribution to the development of the nation, the current one is unprecedented.
形象生动,句式简单,强烈的审美意识, 文字生动而感人。
专业术语,正式的客观描述词汇,较长的
名词化结构,客观事实,文字严谨而客观。
2. 与英语口语文体的对比 An old lady who was listening exclaimed: It beats all how folks do things nowadays. When I was a gal, they made a hole in each end of an egg and sucked. A young lady back home from school was explaining. “ Take an egg.” She said, “ and make a perforation in the base and a corresponding one in the apex, then apply the lips to the aperture, and by forcibly inhaling the breath, the shell is entirely discharged of its contents.”
科技英语中英文对照翻译
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mobile and cellular radio移动和细胞广播in comparison to the relative stability and modest technical developments which are occurring in long haul wideband microwave communication systems there is rapid development and expanding deployment of new mobile personal communication system. These rang from wide coverage area pagers,for simple data message transmission,which employ common standards and hence achieve contiguous coverage over large geographical areas,such as all the major urban centres and transport routes in Europe,Asia or the continental USA.This chapter discusses the special channel characteristics of mobile systems and examines the typical cellular clusters adopted to achieve continuous communication with the mobile user.It then highlights the important properties of current,and emerging,TDMA and code division multiple access(CDMA), mobile digital cellular communication systems.Private mobile radioTerrestrial mobile radio works best at around 250 MHz as lower frequencies than this suffer from noise and interference while higher frequencies experience multipath propagation from buildings,etc,section 15.2.In practice modest frequency bands are allocated between 60MHz and 2GHz. Private mobile radio(PMR) is the system which is used by taxi companies,county councils,health authorities,ambulance services,fire services,the utility industries,etc,for mobile communications.PMR has three spectral at VHF,one just below the 88 to 108 MHz FM broadcast band and one just above this band with another allocation at approximately 170MHz.There are also two allocations at UHF around 450MHz. all these spectral allocations provide a total of just over 1000 radio channels with the channels placed at 12KHz channel spacings or centre frequency offsets. Within the 12khz wide channal the analogue modulation in PMR typically allows 7khz of bandwidth for the signal transmission.when further allowance is made for the frequency drift in the oscillators of these systems a peak deviation of only 2 to 3 khz is available for the speech traffic. Traffic is normally impressed on these systems by amplitude modulation or frequency modulation and again the receiver is of the ubiquitous superheterodyne design,Figure 1.4. A double conversion receiver with two separate local oscillator stages is usually required to achieve the required gain and rejection of adjacent channel signals.One of the problems with PMR receiver is that they are requiredto detect very small signals,typically—120dBm at the antenna output,corresponding to 0.2 uV,and,after demodulating this signal,produce ann output with perhaps 1W of audio equipment, the first IF is normally at10.7MHz and the second IF is very orten at 455KHz . unfortunately,with just over 1000 available channels for the whole of the UK and between 20000and30000issued licences for these systems,it is inevitable that the average busuness user will have to share the allocated channel with other companies in their same geographical area.There are various modes of operation for mobile radio communications networks, the simplest of which is singal frequency simplex. In simplex communication, traffic is broadcast, or one way. PMR uses half duplex(see later Table 15.3) where, at the end of each transmission period, there is a handover of the single channel to the user previously receiving, in order to permit them to reply over the same channel. This is efficient in that it requires only one frequency allocation for the communication link but it has the disadvantage that all units canhear all transmissions provided they are within rage of the mobile and frequencies are allocated for the transmissions. One frequency is used for the forward or downlink, namely base-to-mobile communications. This permits simultaneous two-way communication and greatly reduces the level of interference, but it halves other’s transmissions, which can lead to contention with two mobiles attempting to initiate a call, at the same time, on the uplink in a busy syetem.Although PMR employs relatively simple techniques with analogue speech transmission there have been many enhancements to these systems over the years . Data transmission is now in widespread use in PMR systems using FSK modulation. Data transmission also allows the possibility of hard copy graphics output and it gives direct access to computer services such as databases, etc. Data prembles can also be used, in a selective calling mode, when initiating a transmission to address a special receiver and thus obtain more privacy within the system.15.4.5 Trunked radio for paramilitary use集群无线电的军事使用Another related TDMA mobile radio standard is the European trunked radio(TETRA)network which has been developed as part of the public safety radio communications service(PSRCS) for use by police, utilities, customs office, etc. TETRA in fact is part of wider international collaborations for paramilitary radio use.In these portable radios there is a need for frequency hopping (FH) to give an antieavesdropping capability and encryption for security of transmission to extend military mobile radio capabilities to paramilitary use, i.e. for police, customs and excise offices, etc. these capabilities are included in the multiband interteam radio for the associated public safety communications office in the USA while Europe has adopted the TETRA standard.TETRA is essentially the digital TDMA replacement of the analogue PMR systems. The TETRA standard has spectrum allocations of 380 to 400 and 410 to 430MHz, with the lower band used for mobile transmissions and the upper band for base station use. TETRA mobile have 1 W output power and the base stations 25 W using error with the data throughput rate varying, to meet the required quality of service. TETRA can accommodate up to four users each with a basic speech or data rate of 7.2kbit/s. with coding and signaling overheads, the final transmission rate for the four-user slot is 36 kbit/s. this equipment is large and more sophisticated than a commercial cell phone, and it sells for a very much higher price becase the production runs are much small. However, its advanced capabilities are essential for achieving paramilitary communications which are secure from eavesdropping.15.5 Code division multiple accessAnalogue communication systems predominantly adopt frequency division multiple access (FDMA), where each subscriber is allocated a narrow frequency slot within the available channel. The alternative TDMA(GSM) technique allocates the entire channel bandwidth to a subscriber but constrains the subscriber but constrains the subscriber to transmit only regular short bursts of wideband signal. Both these accessing techniques are well established for long haulterrestrial, satellite and mobile communications as they offer very good utilization of the available bandwidth.15.5.1The inflexibility of these coordinated accessing techniques has resulted in the development of new systems based on the uncoordinated spread spectrum concept. In these systems the bits of slow speed data traffic from each subscriber are deliberately multiplied by a high chip rate spreading code, forcing the low rate (narrowband data signal) to fill a wide channel bandwidth.15.7.2 3G systemsThe evolution of the third generation (3G)system began when the ITU produce the initial recommendations for a new universal mobile telecommunications system(UMTS)[www.] The 3G mobile radio service provides higher data rate services ,with a maximum data rate in excess of 2Mbit/s, but the achievable bit rate is linked to mobility. Multimedia applications encompass services such as voice, audio/video, graphics, data, Internet access and e-mail. These packet and circuit switched services have to be supported by the radio interface and the network subsystem.Several radio transmission technologies(RTT) were evaluated by the ITU and adopted into the new standard, IMT-2000. the European standardization body for 3G, the ETSI Special Mobile Group, agreed on a radio access scheme for 3G UMTS universal terrestrial radio access(UTRA) as an evolution of GSM. UTRA consists of two modes : frequency division duplex(FDD) where the uplink and downlink are transmitted on different frequencies; and time division duplex(TDD) where the uplink and downlink are time multiplexed onto the same carrier frequency. The agreement assigned the unpaired bands (i.e. for UTRA TDD ). TD-CDMA is a pure CDMA based system. Both modes of UTRA have been harmonised with respect to basic system parameters such as carrier spacing, chip rate and frame length to ensure the interworking of UTRA with GSM.The 3G proposal were predominantly based wideband CDMA(WCDMA) and a mix of FDD and TDD access techniques. WCDMA is favoured for 3G in poor propagation environments with a mix of high modest speed data traffic. It is generally accepted that CDMA is the preferred accesstechnique and, with the increase in the data rate, then the spreading modulation needs to increase to wideband transmission.WCDMA is based on 3.84Mchip/s spreading codes with spreading ratio, i.e. , K values, of 4-256 giving corresponging data ratas of 960-15 kbit/s. the upper FDD uplink band I from 1920-1980 MHz is paired with a 2110-2170 MHz downlink. In addition uplink bands II & III at 1850-1910 MHz and 1710-1785 MHz are also paired, respectively, with 1930-1990 MHz and 1805-1880 MHz allocations. the system is configured on a 10 ms frame with 15 individual slots to facilitate TDD as well as FDD transmissions. TDD is more flexible as time-slots can be dynamically reassigned to uplink and downlink functions, as required for asymmetric transfer of large files or video on demand traffic. 3G WCDMA systems use an adaptive multirate speech coder with encoded rates of 4.75-12.2 kbit/s. receivers commonly use the easily integrated direct conversion design, in place of the superheterodyne design . receiver sensitivities are typically -155dBm.The 3GPP2 standard aims to achieve a wide area mobile wireless packet switched capability with CDMA2000 1×EV DO revision A (sometimes called IS-856A). Here 1×refers to the single carrier 1.25 Mchip/s system. It achieves a 3.1 Mbit/s downlink and a delay sensitive services. The 3GPP standard has gone through many release with R4 in 2001 which introduced packet data services and R6 in 2005 to further increase the available data transmission rate . R6 pioneers the use of high-speed downlink packet access and multimedia broadcast multicast services which offer reduced delays and increased uplink data rates approaching 6 Mbit/s.In parallel with the European activities extensive work on 3G mobile radio was also performed in Japan. The Japanese standardisation body also chose WCDMA, so that the Japanese and European proposals for the FDD mode were already aligned closely. Very similar concepts have also been adopted by the North American standardization body.In order to work towards a global 3G mobile radio standard, the third generation partnership project(3GPP), consisting of members of the standardization bodies in Europe, the USA, Japan, Korea and China, was formed. It has merged the already well harmonized proposals of the regional standardization bodies to work on a common 3G international mobile radio standard, still called UTRA. The 3GPP Project 2(3GPP2), on the other hand, works towards a 3G mobile radio standard based on cdmaOne/IS-95 evolution, originally called CDMA2000.比起相对稳定、适度的技术发展是发生在宽带微波通信系统,有长期快速发展和扩大部署的新的移动个人通讯系统。
科技英语翻译
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科技英语翻译科技英语(English for Science and Technology,简称EST)是从事科学技术活动时所使用的英语,是英语的一种变体(科技文体)。
科技英语自70年代以来引起了人们的广泛关注和研究,目前已发展成为一种重要的英语语体。
本节所讨论的科技英语主要指描述、探讨自然科学各专业的著作、论文、实验报告,科技实用手段(包括仪器、仪表、机械、工具等)的结构描述和操作说明等。
一、科技英语的文体特点科技英语由于其内容、使用域和语篇功能的特殊性,也由于科技工作者长期以来的语言使用习惯,形成了自身的一些特点,使其在许多方面有别于日常英语、文学英语等语体。
这些特点主要表现在词汇和句法两个层面上:(一)词汇层面(1)专业术语多。
专业术语指某一学科领域所特有或专用的语汇,其词义常不为专业外读者所明白,如cryogenics (低温学)、norepinephrine (新肾上腺素)等。
这些专业术语的特点是:a. 词形较长,大多含有源于拉丁语、希腊语和法语的词根、词缀。
这类词语的语义范围较为狭窄,意义较为明确固定,符合科技英语准确明晰的要求。
如:nucleonics (核子学),semisomnus (半昏迷),autoradiography (自动射线照相术),excoriation (表皮脱落)等。
b. 多复合词。
人们常常通过各种构词方法创造出一些复合词来表示科技发展中出现的新事物,如radiophotography (无线电传真),anti-armored fighting vehicle missile(反装甲车导弹)等。
c. 多缩略词。
为使用便利和节省时间,科技英语同经贸英语一样,也有许多缩略词,如cpd (compound化合物),FM (frequency modulation 调频),telesat(telecommunications satellite通讯卫星)等。
(2)准专业术语和词汇多。
科技英语课文句子翻译Unit1-10
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Sentence TranslationUnit 1Text A1.However, the volume of business done on the Internet is growing rapidly, as people orderbooks and other products to make money transactions.但是,因特网上的交易数量急速增长,人们从网上购书和其他的产品,进行资金交易。
2.They use them to prowl the Internet, looking for ways to break into computers systems runby banks, telephone companies and even government departments.他们用电脑上网,寻找能够进入银行电脑系统、电话公司的电脑系统、甚至是政府的电脑系统的方式。
3.The first indication of a security breach may be when a customer discovers a fraudulentmoney transaction on a credit card account.当顾客发现信用卡的帐号上出现了来历不明的消费时,这可能就是安全受到了破坏的第一个标志。
4.The use of credit cards to buy things on the Internet converts the issue of Internet securityinto one of general security.用信用卡在网上购物使网络安全变成了大众所普遍关注的安全的一种5.Few people think twice about giving a credit card number over the phone and many areequally careless about what happens to the carbon copy when completing a transaction over the counter.很多人会在电话里随意报出自己的信用卡号码,同样地,也有很多人不留意交易完成后放在银行柜台上的副本。
科技英语原文及简单翻译
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How ASIMO WorksIntroduction to How ASIMO WorksWant a robot to cook your dinner, do your homework, clean your house, or get your groceries? Robots already do a lot of the jobs that we humans don't want to do, can't do, or simply can't do as well as our robotic counterparts.Honda engineers have been busy creating the ASIMO robot for more than 20 years. In this article, we'll find out what makes ASIMO the most advanced humanoid robot to date.The Honda Motor Company developed ASIMO, which stands for Advanced Step in Innovative Mobility, and is the most advanced humanoid robot in the world. According to the ASIMO Web site, ASIMO is the first humanoid robot in the world that can walk independently and climb stairs.Rather than building a robot that would be another toy, Honda wanted to create a robot that would be a helper for people -- a robot to help around the house, help the elderly, or help someone confined to a wheelchair or bed. ASIMO is 4 feet 3 inches (1.3 meters) high, This allows ASIMO to do the jobs it was created to do without being too big and menacing.ASIMO's Motion: Walk Like a HumanHonda researchers began by studying the legs of insects, mammals, and the motion of a mountain climber with prosthetic legs to better understand the physiology and all of the things that take place when we walk -- particularly in the joints. For example, the fact that we shift our weight using our bodies and especially our arms in order to balance was very important in getting ASIMO's walking mechanism right. The fact that we have toes that help with our balance was also taken into consideration: ASIMO actually has soft projections on its feet that play a similar role to the one our toes play when we walk. This soft material also absorbs impact on the joints, just as our soft tissues do when we walk.ASIMO has hip, knee, and foot joints. Robots have joints that researchers refer to as "degrees of freedom." A single degree of freedom allows movement either right and left or up and down. ASIMO has 34 degrees of freedom spread over different points of its body in order to allow it to move freely. There are three degrees of freedom in ASIMO's neck, seven on each arm and six on each leg. The number of degrees offreedom necessary for ASIMO's legs was decided by measuring human joint movement while walking on flat ground, climbing stairs and running.ASIMO also has a speed sensor and a gyroscope sensor mounted on its body. They perform the tasks of:∙sensing the position of ASIMO's body and the speed at which it is moving ∙relaying adjustments for balance to the central computerThese sensors work similarly to our inner ears in the way they maintain balance and orientation.ASIMO also has floor surface sensors in its feet and six ultrasonic sensors in its midsection. These sensors enhance ASIMO's ability to interact with its environment by detecting objects around ASIMO and comparing gathered information with maps of the area stored in ASIMO's memory.To accomplish the job our muscles and skin do in sensing muscle power, pressure and joint angles, ASIMO has both joint-angle sensors and a six-axis force sensor.Unless you know a lot about robotics, you may not fully grasp the incredible milestone it is that ASIMO walks as we do. The most significant part of ASIMO's walk is the turning capabilities. Rather than having to stop and shuffle, stop and shuffle, and stop and shuffle into a new direction, ASIMO leans and smoothly turns just like a human. ASIMO can also self-adjust its steps in case it stumbles, is pushed, or otherwise encounters something that alters normal walking.In order to accomplish this, ASIMO's engineers had to find a way to work with the inertial forces created when walking. For example, the earth's gravity creates a force, as does the speed at which you walk. Those two forces are called the "total inertial force." There is also the force created when your foot connects with the ground, called the "ground reaction force." These forces have to balance out, and posture has to work to make it happen. This is called the "zero moment point" (ZMP).To control ASIMO's posture, engineers worked on three areas of control:∙Floor reaction control means that the soles of the feet absorb floor unevenness while still maintaining a firm stance.∙Target ZMP control means that when ASIMO can't stand firmly and its body begins to fall forward, it maintains position by moving its upper body in the direction opposite the impending fall. At the same time, it speeds up its walking to quickly counterbalance the fall.∙Foot-planting location control kicks in when the target ZMP control has been activated. It adjusts the length of the step to regain the right relationship between the position and speed of the body and the length of the step.ASIMO's Motion: Smooth MovesASIMO can sense falling movements and react to them quickly; but ASIMO's engineers wanted more. They wanted the robot to have a smooth gait as well as do something that other robots can't do -- turn without stopping.When we walk around corners, we shift our center of gravity into the turn. ASIMO uses a technology called "predictive movement control," also called Honda's Intelligent Real-Time Flexible Walking Technology or I-Walk, to accomplish that same thing. ASIMO predicts how much it should shift its center of gravity to the inside of the turn and how long that shift should be maintained. Because this technolgy works in real time, ASIMO can do this without stopping between steps, which other robots must do.Essentially, with every step ASIMO takes, it has to determine its inertia and then predict how its weight needs to be shifted for the next step in order to walk and turn smoothly. It adjusts any of the following factors in order to maintain the right position:∙the length of its steps∙its body position∙its speed∙the direction in which it is steppingWhile reproducing a human-like walk is an amazing achievement, ASIMO can now run at speeds up to 3.7 miles per hour (6 kilometers per hour). In order to qualify as a true running robot, ASIMO must have both feet off the ground for an instant in each step. ASIMO manages to be airborne for .08 seconds with each step while running.Honda engineers encountered an entirely new set of challenges while trying to give ASIMO the ability to run. They gave ASIMO’s torso a degree of freedom to aid in bending and twisting so that the robot could adjust its posture while airborne. Without this ability, ASIMO would lose control while airborne, possibly spinning in the air or tripping when landing.In order to make turns smoothly while running, the engineers enhanced ASIMO's ability to tilt its center of gravity inside turns to maintain balance and counteractcentrifugal force. ASIMO could even anticipate turns and begin to lean into them before starting the turn, much like you would if you were skiing or skating.ASIMO如何工作介绍如何工作。
科技英语课文翻译及课后答案
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第一单元自动化第二部分阅读A自动化的含义“自动化”已经是,而且现在仍然是,一个被大量滥用的词。
但是,人们对其确切的意义以及所包括的内容,正在逐渐地有了较为正确的了解。
如果不是下一个定义的话,我也许可以尝试作些解释,把自动化说成是一个概念。
运用这个概念,人们通过对机器装置的性能进行充分的测量、观察和控制,从而使其以最高的效率运转。
这需要对这种装置的功能有一个详细而连贯性的了解,以便需要时便能运用最佳的矫正操作。
自动化按其确切的意义,只有全面运用通信、计算和控制三个主要组成部分(“三C" )才能完全实现。
我认为,确保人们对合为一体的三个组成部分对我们的社会所蕴含着的某些意义有所认识和了解,是很有必要的。
首先,我们不妨考虑工业部门之一的炼钢工业。
在炼钢工业中,自动化已经开始成型。
到过钢厂的人都会知道从高炉开始的各种工艺流程的一些情况,成品条钢或板钢生产出来之后,再准备送往制造工艺车间或汽车厂,这些工艺流程是相互链接的。
为了使工厂中各个车间充分发挥效率,可以使用计算机来控制每个车间。
在此之前,计算机工作所需要的一切资料均输入机内。
就高炉来说,需要给计算机提供装人高炉的原料的信息、高炉工作温度的信息和处理各种各样配料的最好方法等方面的资料。
钢厂的高炉操作是一项复杂而要求技术熟练的作业,需要大量的知识和大量的综合信息,并迅速地做出判定选择,以便确保高炉工艺流程中的下一阶段的有效工作。
计算机对所有这一切都了解得很透彻,能够做出非常大量的中间判定,并且能够把全部信息立刻和不间断地提供给管理人员,以使他们做出高效管理这个工厂所需要的最后决定。
由此产生的信息数据和判定要进行处理,然后转送到下一个工序。
在这里,对操作的一些专门细节再次进行整理,提出最佳和最终的判定,然后对这些信息再一次进行处理并输送给下一道工序。
同时,当信息数据从生产单元的一道工序输送到下一工序并完全结合成为一项新的操作时,每次变化的结果反馈到最初阶段,而且,不断地做进一步的调整,结果是整个工厂的工艺流程便能够高效率地进行下去。
15.科技英语翻译
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转化法 (conversion)
不通过任何词形上变化,直接转化为另一个词。在转 化过程中,词性有所改变而词义则与转化前的原义仍 保留有若干联系。 radio用无线电通讯(由名词词义“无线电”转化 而来) x-ray用x光检查(由名词词义“X光”转化而来) e-mail发电子邮件(由名词词义“电子邮件”转化 而来) clone使无性繁殖;复制(由名词词义“无性繁殖, 克隆”转化而来) format为„编排格式(由名词词义“格式”转化而 来)
情态动词can和may
这两个情态动词可用来表示客观可能性,而其他则多突出主 观性。
(1)You cannot get AIDS by working or attending school with someone who has the disease . 与艾滋病患者一起工作或上学不会传染上艾滋病。 (2)Anyone with a personal computer ,a modem and the necessary software to link computers over telephone lines can sign on. 任何人只要有一台个人电脑, 再有一个调制解调器和必要的软件, 就可以把电脑连接到电话线上,然后就能申请上网。 (3)The best way to improve urban air may be to curb the use of cars,even though modem car are far cleaner than earlier ones. 改善城市空气质量最好的办法可能还是控制汽车的使用,尽管现代 汽车比以前的汽车污染要小得多。 (4)There are many methods by which gastric resection may be accomplished. 胃切除可以用许多方法。
《科技英语翻译》课程练习十四
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《科技英语翻译》课程练习十四答案一、翻译以下句子,注意美学艺术的处理1) Manufacturing processes may be classified as unit production with small quantities being made and mass production with large numbers of identical parts being produced.译文:制造方法可分为单件生产和批量生产,单件生产指小批量生产,批量生产指大量相同零件的生产。
2) As a result, surgeons can operate freely without the encumbrance of suits, respirators, and helmets.译文:这样,军医就可以手脚灵活地施行手术,而不必穿戴臃肿的防毒服、防毒面罩和头盔。
3) Navy and Army researchers have targeted diarrheal agents for combined vaccine development because in terms of morbidity and lost duty time, diarrheal diseases pose the greatest threat to deployed U. S. forces during regional conflicts.译文:海军和陆军的研究工作者将腹泻多联疫苗作为疫苗研制目标,因为就腹泻发病率和卫生减员日而言,它对局部冲突中向外海部署的美国军队构成了最大的威胁。
4) We must find ways of detoxifying toxic products produced by industrial plants. We must find substitutes for packaging, substitutes that are recyclable. We must find substitutes for chemicals that destroy the ozone layer.译文:我们必须寻找消除工业企业造成的有毒物质的方法。
科技英语阅读课文翻译-Unit3
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Unit 3当所以人的朋友,是私人的事情吗脸谱网有一个重要的隐私人员,但是我怀疑他将从现在存在10年。
那不是因为脸谱不顾一切去掉隐私保护,但由于脸谱和其他社交网站的普及促进了共享个人的一切事物,消除了从公共分离出私事的结点。
由于共享的个人信息的范围扩展到,几个朋友一起归入脸谱的许多杂项的个人的“朋友”标签中,披露的事情成为很常态和私人的事情变得古怪和不合时宜。
脸谱的年轻成员,是那些高中生或者大学生,以及脸谱开始出现在校园里的时候那些舒适共享任何东西分应届毕业生。
它的老成员是仅仅在2006年打开网络工作场所后加入的。
任何人都调整到一个新的善于自我表达超过沉默的价值体系。
脸谱表示它有1.75亿会员,是世界上最大的社会网络。
但在美国,大多数成员都还比较年轻。
脸谱提供广告给5440万成员的目标,且不分年龄人人共享。
但是,如果广告客户想缩小它的目标观众到那些25岁或更老的,数量就会下降到2880万。
它缩小到30或以上岁数的人,脸谱只有仅仅提供2030万。
许多超过30 岁的人尚未注册,因此脸谱有一个惊人的增长机会。
每个星期,新成员是在美国以百万和全球范围会员和个人网络的增长,似乎不受公司在其短暂的五年历史的失态的影响。
其中的一个实例是在二月,当它与它的服务条款拨弄时。
新的语言似乎断言脸谱“不可撤销”的权利是去保留和使用一个成员的个人信息。
即使成员已经关闭了他或她的脸谱帐户,也应该多一点编辑。
这个强烈抗议是大声的,仅仅一些成员需要增加他们的声音去创建一个喧嚣声,然后脸谱恢复旧的语言。
几天后,它为公司和另一项权利和责任的草案,提供了一个草案原则,对将被批准的成员。
脸谱提供给成员很多隐私选项。
我算43个可以调整的设置,不包括一堆限制的、可以看出一个人的脸谱朋友安装软件应用程序的信息。
脸谱的默认设置是为在某些方面的新的帐户保护用户。
例如,在一个人的个人资料只限于朋友和其他人的学校,工作场所或地理网络。
它不是朋友的朋友访问。
科技英语阅读翻译(张敏)
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Unlocking the Climate Puzzle解开气候之谜(1)Life has prospered on this planet for nearly four billion years. In that time, climate had fluctuated drastically, from ice ages lasting tens of thousands of years to epochs of steamy heat. With each change, sundry species have benefited and flourished.Others adapted, faltered, or died. Now, many experts believe, humans are imperiling their own ecological niche with the threat of global warming. The vaporous by—products of civilization, in the form of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide (C0₂), have trapped enough heat in the atmosphere to raise Earth's average surface air temperature a half degree Celsius (one degree Fahrenheit) during this century. If the trend continues, it could alter climate patterns worldwide-thawing glaciers, boosting sea level, scorching plains into deserts, and shifting vegetation zones。
科技英语课后翻译整理
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Unit 11.在历时四年的研究中,科学家调查了地球上的许多生境、物种以及将它们联系起来的生态体系。
For four years the scientists examined the planet’s many habitats and species and the systems that bind them together.2.《千年生态系统评估综合报告》为人们提供了认识生态系统经济价值的全新视角,也为人们尊重和保护地球的生命支持体系提供了新的论据。
The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report gives people a new insight into the economic importance of ecosystem services and some new and additional arguments for respecting and conserving the Earth’s life-support system.3.科学家认为,水文系统的改变可能导致破坏性洪灾的发生更加频繁和严重。
According to the scientists, changes to water systems may increase the frequency and severity of destructive floods.4.从经济角度看,与那些被用于商业开发的生态系统相比,很多原始生态系统的价值更高。
From an economic perspective, compared with the ecosystems altered for commercial use, many intact ones are more valuable.5.如何在利用地球生态系统提高人类生活水平的同时,缓解该系统所承受的压力,完全取决于人类社会。
科技英语阅读原文及翻译(李健版,单元1-7)
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Unit 1 EnvironmentEarth’s Health in Sharp Decline, Massive Study Finds大规模研究发现:地球的“健康”每况愈下The report card has arrived from the largest ever scientific Earth analysis, and many of the planet’s ecosystems are simply not making the grade.有史以来对地球进行的最大规模的科学分析结果表明,地球上的许多生态系统都达不到标准。
The UN-backed Millennium Ecosystem Assessment Synthesis Report found that nearly two-thirds of Earth’s life-supporting ecosystems, including clean water, pure air, and stable climate, are being degraded by unsustainable use.由联合国主持的《千年生态系统评估综合报告》指出,由于不可持续的使用,地球上将近三分之二的用来维持生命的生态系统(包括干净的水源、纯净的空气以及稳定的气候)正遭受破坏。
Human has caused much of this damage during the past half century. Soaring demand for food, fresh water, timber, fiber and fuel have led to dramatic environmental changes, from deforestation to chemical pollution, the report says. The already grim situation may worsen dramatically during the first half of the 21st century, the report’s authors warn.以上大部分的破坏都是人类在过去的半个世纪里造成的。
《科技英语翻译》_赵玉闪_课后习题翻译_567单元_打印电子版_研究生课程
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7Thus electricity is seen to be a form of energy by which power be taken up at one place and rapidly---and generally very efficiently---delivered at another. 于是,电能被看作能量的一种形式,可把动力以电的形式迅速地,而且通常是非常高效率地由一个地方输送到另一个地方。
The process is similar to that performed at the transmit end, and the carriers are suppressed within the balanced modulation. 此项过程与发送端所进行的相似,载波被压制在平衡调制器内。
Pure oxygen must be given to patients in certain circumstances. 在某些情况下必须给病人纯氧气。
Because it is not heavy for the power it gives, a petrol engine is still used in small aircraft. 就功率来说,汽油发动机不算重,因此,现在的小型飞机仍然使用它。
Innovative glass technology has been driven by increasing concern with climate changes, energy conservation, and urban sustainability. 人类日益关注气候变化,关注节约能源和城市可持续发展,这推动了玻璃技术不断创新。
A lot has been found out about the journeys of migrating birds by marking the birds with aluminum rings put on one leg. 候鸟的旅行情况,很多是靠在鸟腿上套个铝环作标记查明的。
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Unit 1 Text科学的方法解释我们知道的事实是科学家的事情。
当他能解释的时候,他选择对照试验。
如果他想找到光对于植物的影响,他将会取许多尽可能相像的植物,时而他在阳光下,时而在阴影中,时而在黑暗中,所有的时间保持其他所有的条件(温度,养分)相同。
以这种方式,通过保持其他条件恒定,然后只改变光,光对植物的影响能够被清晰的看到。
使用控制变量的这种方法与研究铁生锈一定要有一定的湿度和哪种豆类一季的产量最高是不同的。
在探究的过程中,科学家发现对于一个现实中增长的数字,他所想的是普通的解释。
如果这个解释能持续适应变化的现实,就被称作假设。
如果一个假设一直满足着无数实验的测试并且不动摇,它就成为定律。
这个科学中的定律与国家法律是不同的。
首先,一个科学定律在任何时候都是需要修改的。
当发现一个事实使人感到与该定律应得出的预期结果相矛盾的时候,就会发生这种情况。
事实上,有的定律也许不得不被放弃。
第二,一个科学定律说“这个可能是这样解释的”或者“这解释了关于它们的众所周知的事实”。
但是一个国家的法律说“你必须。
”或者“你禁止。
”。
科学的定律没有道德上的力量;它既不结合人类的行为,也不被人类的道德支持或反对。
科学家总是最欣慰于发现很多现象潜在的解释,表明它证明可能性的变化,没有费周折。
通过适当的被安排的决定性的实验,表明了他所拥有的假设的准确性。
如果他们的解释是正确的,指出设计用来解答新问题的实验,他们也会很欣慰。
科学家的好奇心是永远不会满足的。
证据表明,宇宙的广阔和结构的复杂度正在以一个惊人的速度增长。
每一项新的发现说明“已经知道的”和“可以被知道的”之间的差距不但没有缩小,反而还在增大。
新鲜的,未开发的领域永远开放着。
在19和20世纪,科学知识的迅速增加容易给学生和教师们留下这样的印象——一个问题刚刚阐述,答案就揭晓了。
一个更细节化的对于科学历史的研究纠正了“基本发现是在戏剧性的意外中产生的”的印象。
甚至是在我们当代,将放射能的发现从对于第一个原子弹的解释之中分离出来不少于五十年。
大部分现在能使我们控制疾病开始和持续时间的基础信息已经在一个世纪前被知晓。
给出科学发现简洁描述的老师们,容易忘记长期处于的那段困惑、错误的假设、大体的不确定一成不变地领先于对科学事实明确陈述的时期。
Unit 2 Text B关于阿西莫机器人的更多信息控制和发动阿西莫机器人。
阿西莫不是一个自动的机器人。
他不能自主的进屋和决定如何去驾驶。
阿西莫既在特定区域执行特定任务时需要编程做标记使他明白,又需要被人工的操控。
阿西莫可以以下四种方法操作:1、个人计算机;2、无线控制器(和操纵杆有几分相像);3、手势;4、声音命令使用802.Ⅱ无线技术和笔记本或台式电脑,你能控制阿西莫并且能从他照相机似的眼睛中看到它看到的东西。
阿西莫也能用它的个人电脑与互联网联通,并为你检索诸如天气预报和新闻的信息。
无限操纵杆控制器操控阿西莫动作的方法和你操控遥控车的方法相同。
你可以让阿西莫向前,向后,斜着走,沿对角线走,急转弯,饶角落走或转圈跑,用本操作方法使阿西莫移动可能不太先进,但阿西莫有自我调节步伐的能力,如果你让他向前走,他遇到坡或各种障碍,阿西莫自动地调整步伐来适应地形。
阿西莫能识别几个手势和人体姿势并作出反应,这使得用户能无声的命令阿西莫,例如,你可以指向你想染阿西莫去的特殊的地方,他将会遵守你的指引,如果你朝阿西莫挥手,他也会自行挥手作为应答,他甚至能够识别你何时跟他握手。
阿西莫能理解并执行简单的、预先变成的语言指令。
可编入他内存指令的数目几乎是没有限制的。
你可以将你的声音记录在它的程序中,使得阿西莫更容易识辨你。
除了控制阿西莫动作的声音指令,还有能让阿西莫用语言回答的对话指令。
这一特性使得阿西莫得阿西莫可以担任接待员,迎接来宾和回答问题。
像所有机器人领域其他的技术一样,阿西莫由私服发动机提供动力。
带有转轴的小型大功率发动组在控制器的引导下带动他的四肢和外壳到一个特定的角度。
一旦发动机转到合适的角度,就会关闭,直到指令再次旋转。
例如,一个私服系统控制阿西莫手臂的关节,让他保持现有的角度知道他需要移动,接着再控制它的移动。
私服系统使用方位感和设备(也叫数字解码器)以确保电机的轴在正确的位置,它们根据携带的机械负载量来按比例使用能量。
例如,一个低负载的伺服系统,不会使用太多电能。
阿西莫在他体内有三十四个伺服电机带动躯干、手臂、双手、双脚、双腿、脚踝和其他活动部分。
阿西莫管理一系列伺服电机来控制每一类动作。
阿西莫由一个电压5.18伏特,单次充电续航一小时的可充电锂离子电池供电,电池储存在阿西莫的背包中,重约13磅。
阿西莫的电池充满电需三小时,所以,如果需要阿西莫运行较长时间,第二和第三块电池尤为重要。
用户可通过连接电源在阿西莫身体上充电或者取下背包单独充电。
阿西莫的生命轨迹本田公司在1986年开始发展人形助手机器人,本田的工程师们懂得机器人必须能够轻松的在房子或建筑周围行走,这意味着行走技术必须完美,因此,他们最初的构思是有脚的的盒子,一旦行走机械基本完成,胳膊,手和最后的头会被增加。
阿西莫编年史1986年—静态步行田制造的第一个机器人叫E0,E0走得很慢,完成一步需20秒。
这是因为E0的行为叫做“静态步行”。
在静态步行中,在机器人迈出第一步后,它需要等待脚上的重量平衡后才开始下一步。
人类不那么走路,所以研究人员继续。
1987年—动态步行到这,工程师们完成了动态步行方法的研究,这变得更像人类。
有了这种行走技术,机器人(现在叫E1型,不久随着研究的改进出现了E2,E3型),倾斜着迈出下一步,转换自身重量,移动另一只脚接住自己,以便于他向前走而不是向前倒。
1991年—像真人一样行走E4,E5,E6型号中,本田的工程师们在机器人更容易走斜坡,上楼梯和走在凹凸不平的地面行走的方面完善了行走机械。
因为像真人一样行走,实际上需要用到身体,手臂和头。
工程师们需要向下一步行走并装上身体其余的部分。
1993年—外形更像人类的机器人有了身体,手臂,双手和头部,P1,P2,P3的下一代型号看起来更像人类。
然而,P1型号高6英尺2英寸(188厘米),重386磅(175千克),P2 型号在高度上缩小了一定比例,但是重了463磅(210千克)—你一定不希望他才在你的脚趾上。
但是,他在凹凸不平的表面,斜坡走得很好,并且能够抓住物品和手推推车。
P2型号甚至在推它的时候能够保持平衡。
P3型号5英尺2英寸(157厘米)的高度看起来更舒服(吓人的程度更小)。
它重287磅(130 千克),P3型号比它的前辈们走得更加快和灵活。
1997——阿西莫行走系统更多的改进使得阿西莫行走更加优雅,在各种环境中行走更加容易。
复杂的臀部关节使得阿西莫能灵活地转身——许多其他的机器人必须停下并曳着脚步才能办到。
考虑到阿西莫如何被使用,工程师们决定进一步将阿西莫的尺寸缩减到4英尺(122厘米),以便于它既不会吓到坐着(或站着,诸如此类)的人,又能和视线平齐。
这个高度也使阿西莫能在餐桌上或电脑旁工作,能够碰到电灯开关和拧门把手。
阿西莫很强壮,但全身由镁合金组成,重量很轻,外壳覆盖塑料皮肤,仅重 115磅(52千克)。
预判动作控制技术使得阿西莫能自动预测它的下一个动作并转换重量进行转弯。
阿西莫也能随时调整步幅来让自己走得更快或更慢。
P2和P3型需用编程的行走模式。
2005——更好、更快、更强工程师们进一步优化了阿西莫的动力系统。
将它的行走速度由2.5km/h,提升到2.7km/h,并赋予它最高可达到6km/h的奔跑速度本田公司将阿西莫的高度提升到4英尺3英寸(130厘米),机器人的重量提升了一些,临界规模达到119磅。
工程师将阿西莫的电源更换为锂电池,这使得再次充电之前,它的运行时间加倍。
他们还加入IC卡通信技术,让阿西莫可以和人们互动。
新式传感器使阿西莫能和拉着它手的人同步移动。
阿西莫的伙伴们除了阿西莫,还有许多漂亮且复杂的人型机器人出现来做许多相同的事。
它们之中的大多数建造规模更小并且更多针对环境而不是服务。
现在,就技术而言,阿莫西面临的最大竞争:川田工业的HRP-2索尼的QRIO机器人富士通的HOAP系列ZMP机器人丰田公司机器人Kokoro公司的Actroid机器人世界上还有几种不同的机器人用在医院里,它们在走廊里行走,乘电梯传递病人的病例,X光,药品和其他的东西。
它们装有轮子并被输入医院的布局或者识别并遵循墙上的标识和条形码。
从20世纪60年代起,机器人被用于许多领域。
随着处理器变得更强,机器人技术扩展到新领域,离我们拥有一个“Rosie”机器人为我们做饭和打扫房间已经不远了。
Unit 3 Text B通讯通道的速度和容量任何一个关于电脑通讯的网络和讨论都会不可避免的包括通讯通道的速度和容量,从一个总的视角来看,速度意味着数据速率,那就是把一个数据从一个节点传到另一个节点有多快。
容量就是一个通讯通道能够携带的数据总含量。
对于速度和容量的概念以及用来描述他们的术语总有一些困惑,四个经常被使用的并且时常被误解的术语有带宽,数据速率,生产量(能力),波特,以上有关这些术语的讨论如下。
带宽和速率在模拟通讯中,带宽指的是能够被携带通过一个通道的最高频和最低频之间的差。
频带越宽,对于一个给定的频率范围就会有更多的频率通过,典型话音及线路传送300HZ-3300HZ的频率,因此,带宽是3300 HZ-3ooHZ=300HZ或3Khz。
在数字通讯中,带宽指的是数据速率,数据速率的意思是通过一个通讯媒介,在给定的一段时间内有多少数据被传送,数据速率是测量每秒位数,并且从通道的一端到另一端变化非常大。
例如,LANS的数据速率范围从4百万位每秒到1000M 位每秒现在使用的电话连接所用的宽带范围从300位每秒到33.600位每秒或56位每秒,使用高速电路的范围是从1.5MBPS到45MBPS到 622MBPS,甚至更高。
数据速率不应该和波特率混淆,波特率是信号速度的单位,以法国工程师JeanMaurice(1845年到1903年的名字命名的,它是在信号的一个周期内离散改变量的数量,例如,一个通讯通道传送在300波特,意味着通道的信号率每秒钟改变300次,尽管波特代表传送速度的量度,但是他也不是每秒钟被传递的位数,因此,波特率与数据速率是不同的,这两者只有很少的部分是相同的,除非有另外的标准,我们将总是用每秒的位数来表示带宽,或者是每秒一个位的倍数,例如4位每秒,他是1000BPSM位每秒(MBPS)。
他是100万位每秒和GBPS,他是十亿位每秒。
另一个相关的常常被误解的概念是生产量,我经常听到带宽和生产量被相互转换使用。
然而,实际上是有不同的,当我们应用电脑通讯和网络时,带宽代表通讯理论上的容量,用每秒的位数表示为了理解带宽和生产量的不同。