2020届上海高考英语概要写作专题

2020届高考英语概要写作专题

2019-06

汪敏

概要写作专题一. 基本考情

（一）高考官方大纲要求

学习内容

学习

水平

学习要求

记叙文基本结构

分析语篇的基本结构和主要信息，把握记叙文的主旨大意和段落

大意；

就日常生活中的话题和需要，灵活运用记叙文完成口头或书面的

表达

主旨大意、

段落大意

关键词句、

隐含意思

C 在口头或书面交流中推断语段或语篇的隐含意义

说明文说明方法 C

掌握举例、分类、比较等各种说明方法；

在口头或书面表达中运用恰当的说明方法进行介绍或描述

议论文论点与论

据

掌握语篇的论点及相关论据；

推断论点或论据中关键词句的隐含意思；

在口头或书面表达中提出论点，运用恰当的论据支撑论点

（二）高考真题及评分标准

Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Learning by Rote in the Digital Age

Rote learning has become seen as an outdated method of teaching. The dictionary defines learning ‘by rote’ as: ‘from memory, without thought of the meaning; in a mechanical way’.

The decline of rote learning has been quickened by technology. No one needs to memorize friends’ phone numbers or email addresses because such data is conveniently stored and accessible electronically. And why remember when and where World War Two broke out when you can find the answer on the internet in about 6 seconds? But now there are voices for a need to return to rote learning.

In fact, memorizing key data is essential to learning any skill. Doctoring requires knowledge of medicine and lawyering requires knowledge of cases and laws. Of course, being able to recall things will not further your understanding of those things, but without memorizing these foundation elements, you cannot progress to a deeper understanding of a subject.

While the internet and computers have weakened the need for us to remember things, it may well be that mobile learning can help bring this style of learning back to life by making it more convenient and more fun.

Drilling yourself-with flashcards or by repetition-is usually hard and boring work, which is why most people need their multiplication tables to be drilled into them by teachers or parents. Rote learning without a willing third party can be a battle of discipline and motivation. But mobile learning can make those flashcards and drills more appropriate to individual study; our digital devices can challenge and inform us at the same time and also keep us motivated, whether through game-like structures or recording our progress.

Once you’ve acquired the essentials of a subject by rote learnin g, you will find it easier to go deeper in the application of knowledge which is important.

参考答案（仅供阅卷老师参考）

Rote learning means mechanical memorization. Although technology makes it less needed, its value is being rediscovered. Rote learning helps people acquire basic knowledge, laying a foundation for further understanding. In fact, technology makes mobile learning possible, which motivates learners in rote learning and makes memorization more interesting and individualized.

评分标准:

1. 本题总分为10分, 其中内容5分, 语言5分。

2. 评分时应注意的主要方面: 内容要点、信息呈现的连贯性和准确性。

3. 词数超过60，酌情扣分。

各档次给分要求:

内容部分

A. 能准确、全面地概括文章主旨大意，并涵盖主要信息。

B. 能准确概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏个别主要信息。

C. 能概括文章主旨大意，但遗漏部分主要信息。

D. 未能准确概括文章主旨大意，遗漏较多主要信息或留有过多细节信息。

E. 几乎不能概括文章的主旨大意，未涉及文中有意义的相关信息。

F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。

语言部分

A. 能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

B. 能用自己的语言较连贯、正确地表述，但有个别语言错误。

C. 基本能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述，但连贯性较差，且有少量不影响表意的语言错误。

D. 基本能用自己的语言表述，但连贯性较差，且严重语言错误较多。

E. 几乎不能用自己的语言连贯、正确地表述。

F. 完全未作答或作答与本题无关。

二. 专题精讲

（一）记叙文

一、Summary写作步骤：

主要包括三个步骤：（1）阅读；（2）写作；（3）修改成文。

第一步：阅读

A．认真阅读给定的原文材料。如果一遍不能理解，就多读两遍。阅读次数越多，你对原文的理解就越深刻。

B．给摘要起一个标题。用那些能概括文章主题思想的单词、短语或短句子作为标题。也可以采用文中的主题句作为标题。主题句往往出现在文章的开头或结尾。一个好标题有助于确定文章的中心思想。

C．现在，就该决定原文中哪些部分重要，哪些部分次重要了。对重要部分的主要观点进行概括。

D．简要地记下主要观点——主题、标题、细节等你认为对概括摘要重要的东西。

第二步：动手写作

A. 原文大约为350字左右，摘要大约为50-60字左右。

B. 摘要应全部用自己的话完成。不要引用原文的句子。

C. 应该遵循原文的逻辑顺序。这样你就不必重新组织观点、事实。

D. 摘要必须全面、清晰地表明原文所载的信息，以便你的读者不需翻阅原文就可以完全掌握材料的原意。

E. 写摘要时可以采用下列几种小技巧：

1) 删除细节。只保留主要观点。

2) 选择一至两个例子。原文中可能包括5个或更多的例子，你只需从中筛选一至二个例子。

3) 把长段的描述变成短小、简单的句子。如果材料中描述某人或某事用了十个句子，那么你只要把它们变成一两句即可。

4) 避免重复。在原文中，为了强调某个主题，可能会重复论证说明。但是这在摘要中是不能使用的。应该删除那些突出强调的重述句。

5) 压缩长的句子。

第三步：修改成文

草稿拟好以后，对它进行修改。首先，与原文比较看是否把所有重要的观点都概括了，摘要中的观点是否与原文中的完全一致。其次，如果摘要中出现了不必要的词汇、短语或长句子，删除它们。第三，检查拼写、语法和标点符号的错误。最后，保持语言简单明了。

经过上述步骤和方法，一篇摘要就可以完成了。

二、记叙文教学步骤

1. 讲述写作方法：要素串联法

记叙文主要是记叙所发生的事情和经历。常见的形式有：故事、日记、新闻报道、游记等。记叙文通常要交待清楚五要素的内容，即where, when, what, who, how, 给读者一个内容完整、细节清晰的故事。事情的叙述通常按时间的顺序叙述，让读者易于把握所叙述内容之间的内在关联，我们必须抓住记叙文的写作特点或思路，从而更好地理解文章主题，概括出比较中肯的短文中心大意。

2. 教授记叙文的概要模板：

The passage/story is about a misunderstanding between a student and a teacher.

The author tells us a story about a ________.

The passage is a story about ________.

According to the passage, the hero in the story ________.

记叙文概要分类模板

a.点明写作目的类：

The writer tells us…（主题）by showing us an example of…, who/which…（故事情节）.

b. 作者经历类：

In the passage, the writer mainly tells us his

experience of doing sth, which……

c. 他人经历类：

This passage is mainly about sb’s experience of doing sth…..

3. 例题详解

2011年上海高考英语阅读理解Passage A

The teacher who did the most to encourage me was, as it happened, my aunt. She was Myrtle C. Manigault, the wife of my mother’s brother Bill. She taught in second grade at all-black Summer School in Camden, New Jersey.

第一段：介绍了文章的主人公，Myrtle C. Manigault，一名教师，同时也是作者的阿姨。

During my childhood and youth, Aunt Myrtle encouraged me to develop every aspect of my potential, without regard for what was considered practical or possible for black females. I liked to sing; she listened to my voi ce and pronounced it good. I couldn’t dance; she taught me the basic dancing steps. She took me to the theatre --- not just children’s theatre but adult comedies and dramas --- and her faith that I could appreciate adult plays was not disappointed.

第二段：这一段的划线句可以看做是全文的中心句，这位阿姨真是不得了啊，给她起个绰号叫“女神兽”吧，她居然能挖掘学生每方面的潜力，厉害呀，真是醉了啊。

先让你们感受一下什么是“女神兽”级别的人物。

然后，通过sing, dance和theatre这些关键字，可以概括出这位阿姨让作者在艺术（art）

方面得到熏陶。

My aunt also took down books from her extensive library and shared them with me. I had books at home, but they were all serious classics. Even as a child I had a strong liking for humor, and I’ll never forget the joy of discovering Don Marquis’s Archy & Mehitabel through her.

第三段：Myrtle对作者文学（literature）方面的培养。

Most important, perhaps, Aunt Myrtle provided my first opportunity to write for publication. A writer herself for one of the black newspapers, she suggested my name to the editor as a “youth columnist”. My column, begun when I was fourteen, was supposed to cover teenage social activities---and it did---but it also gave me the freedom to write on many other subjects as well as the habit of gathering material, the discipline of meeting deadlines, and, after graduation from college six years later, a solid collection of published material that carried my name and was my passport to a series of writing jobs.

第四段：此段比起前两段来说较长，用较长一点的篇幅来阐述了Myrtle给了作者一次参与报社编辑工作的机会。而这次经历对于作这来说，也算是她未来工作的敲门砖。（第二处划线句）对于此段的概括不能过于简单，应该略长于前两段。

Today Aunt Myrtle is still an enthusiastic supporter of her “favorite niece”. Like a diamond, she has reflected a bright, multifaceted (多面的) image of possibilities to every pupil who has crossed her path.

第五段：Myrtle仍然用自己的方式来引导着她的学生。

【参考答案】

This passage introduces Myrtle C. Manigault, the author’s aunt and teacher who went to all length to exploit her ni ece’s potential. Apart from exposing the author to art and literature, Myrtle paved the way for her profession as a writer by recommending her to write for newspaper. Now Myrtle’s inspirational power can still be felt by the pupils. (58 words)

4. 练习

Directions:Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the

passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Reading the world in 195 books

In 2012, I set myself the challenge of trying to read a book from every country of all 195 UN-recognized states in a year. With no idea how to find publications, I decided to ask the planet’s readers for help. I created a blog called A Year of Reading the World and put out an appeal for suggestions of titles that I could read in English.

The response was amazing. Before I knew it, people all over the planet were getting in touch with ideas and offers of help. Some posted me books. Others did hours of research on my behalf. In addition, several writers, like Turkme nistan’s Ak Welsapar and Panama’s Juan David Morgan, sent me unpublished translations of their novels. Even with such an extraordinary team behind me, however, sourcing books was no easy task.

But the effort was worth it. As I made my way through the plan et’s literary landscapes, extraordinary things started to happen. Far from simply armchair travelling, I found I was inhabiting the mental space of the storytellers. I discovered, bookpacking offered something that a physical traveller could hope to experience only rarely: it took me inside the thoughts of individuals living far away and showed me the world through their eyes. More powerful than a thousand news reports, these stories not only opened my mind to basic information of life in other places, but opened my heart to the way people there might feel. And that in turn changed my thinking. Through reading the stories shared with me by book ish strangers around the globe, I realized I was not an isolated person, but part of a network that stretch ed all over the planet.

One by one, the country names on the list that had begun as an intellectual exercise transform ed into places filled with laughter, love, anger, hope and fear. Lands that had once seemed foreign and remote became close and familiar to me — places I could identify with. At its best, I learned, fiction makes the world real.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

…………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

The writer set a goal of reading 195 books from 195 countries in a year. He received great help from fans of his blog, though it was hard to obtain all the books. （2分）However, the process of reading proved rewarding. Not only did he broaden his horizon, but he became familiar with the places and identified with the people there. （3分）（60词）

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

From Burn Survivor to Global Inspiration

Last October, the Kona Ironman World Championship witnessed an unbelievable finish. Turia Pitt, an Australian woman who suffered severe burns when caught in a bush fire during a marathon six years ago, successfully challenged herself.

Pitt spent 864 days in a hospital and went through more than 200 operations. Doctors said she would never run again, but she proved them wrong.

Crossing the line in the Hawaiian darkness, Pitt showed incredible emotion as the race commentator (现场解说员) announced: “Turia Pitt, you are an ironman!” On social media, people around the world applauded her determination.

Apart from continuing to be a star athlete, Pitt is also a motivational speaker now. She is sharing her journey of recovery with others to help raise awareness about the importance of organ

donation, which she believes saved her life.

Pitt was 24 years old when she and five others encountered the fire. Doctors had to remove the burnt skin and replace it with donated skin that could fight infection. None could be found in Australia and doctors were forced to search abroad. They finally found skin that could be used in the United States.

“I’m not being dramatic, but it was the skin that saved my life,” said Pitt. “I decided to live my life to the best of my abilities because I never wanted those donors, wherever they are, to think I was ungrateful for their gift.”

So Pitt set herself a big goal: the Kona Ironman World Championship. In order to compete, she had to first learn how to stand, walk and even talk all over again. And because of her burns, she also has trouble sweating and regulating her body temperature.

Despite these disadvantages, Pitt completed the race in just 14 hours. She said this achievement would not be possible without the donated skin, highlighting the importance of organ donation.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

…………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

Turia Pitt met with a fire during a marathon and got severely burnt 6 years ago. But she eventually survived and recovered with the donated skin. What inspired people more was that she finished the Kona Ironman World Championship despite all the disadvantages she had after the surgery. She is now promoting organ donation with her own recovery experience. (59 words)

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Meet The Member Who Quit Sugar

When I was 15, I weighed 100 kg.

I was a size 20+ and hated the way I looked. I was a serial big eater and quite depressed. I would sit in front of the fridge, eat something, move to the cupboard, eat a packet of chips, and move back to the fridge.

It was a heartbreaking cycle of hate and food. I didn’t feel confident, pretty, or worthwhile.

Shopping made me cry, I avoided mirrors, and my social life came to an end. I actually lost friends because they told me I was antisocial. It became so bad that I wanted to abuse myself; my skin and my mind became my enemy.

But then, I turn ed my life around. I quit sugar.

It started with my mum. She staged an intervention(干预) that made me cry. I wanted to change —— I needed to change —— and she could see how unhappy I was.

She put me onto a diet that mostly aimed to schedule meals, and —— to my shock horror ——cut out all processed sugar. It was so hard at first. I remember the shame of sneaking chocolate and candies when the three o’clock hunger hits.

But the weeks kept coming and it just got easier. I stopped eating sugar, and I stopped loving it; simple as that.

I substitute d chips and biscuits for fruit and nuts, and had cup-of-soups after school when I was hit by the desire. I also had more energy, having a 20-minute walk with my dog into my everyday routine; I began to love that personal time.

Cutting out sugar gave me so much more control over my body, and my outlook on life improved. So many people are intimidated by the words “quit sugar”. It’s not true. Fruit, honey, et cetera are natural sugars, and believe me, they fuel you better than chocolate bars ever could.

Now I’m 17, turning 18, and I weigh 70 kg. I still struggle with my weight, but this is where I sit naturally, and I am very proud of myself. I never thought I would be confident enough to wear dresses or skirts, and take leadership roles to put myself out there and develop my social skills.

I could never have done it without the support of my friends and family, and I urge everyone who wants to do right by themselves and change their diet —— quitting sugar or otherwise —— to share their decision with people. Develop a support network, online or offline, which can offer you advice or pick you up when you’re down. And I can assure you, from my own personal experience, your body will thank you, and you will thank yourself too.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

…………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

After experiencing a lot of heartbreaking moments due to her overweight, the author made up her mind to go diet by quitting sugar. She turned to her mother and healthy food. After struggling with her weight and sugar-eating habit, now she has lost 30 kg and feels much better than ever before. Her experience is to take action and support.

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Hope

Nothing in my life had prepared me for what I had to do. Choosing my words carefully, and fighting to stay calm, I told my 4-year-old daughter that her grandmother had suffered a stroke (中风), that she was unconscious, and that the doctors said she would probably never wake up. As she moved closer to me, Amelia looked at me, eyes bright, and said, “Maybe Grandma will be okay.” “Maybe she will,” I said, keeping back the tears. But I knew b etter. I was flying up to Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, from our Florida home in the morning to say good-bye to my mom.

The rest of that awful week, I joined my brother and father sitting by my mother’s side in the hospital room. I held her hand and talked to her. I told her that we still needed her. I told her that it wasn’t time to leave yet. I told her how much I loved her. And I told her that her little granddaughter, Amelia, believed that she’d get better. The doctors, with all their years of training and experience, offered no hope for recovery. The damage was simply too extensive.

A couple of weeks later, an odd thing happened. Mom woke up! And then She persevered through a long and tough process of restoration to health, during which she had to learn to walk, read, and write all over again, and eventually returned home to Dad. The only one who wasn’t shocked was Amelia. The doctors couldn’t explain it. Amelia didn’t need to. Hope came as naturally to her as breathing.

So why are we so afraid to hop e sometimes? Maybe it’s because over the years, life’s disappointments can turn us to disillusionment(理想破灭). How many times have you heard someone say: “Hope for the best, expect the worst”? That’s not really hope at all.

Hope is being able to look at our world with all of the joy and wonder of a child.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

…………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

Doctors were pessimistic about my mother’s stroke while my little daughter, Amelia, full of hope. I passed on Amelia’s hope when our family gathered to bid farewell to her in hospital. Incredibly, she recovered and came back home after a period of restoration. Everyone was astonished except Amelia. Hope does bring people in trouble amazement. (55 words)

（二）说明文

1. 写说明文概述的步骤：

1）确定主题句。确定阅读文章的主题句，一般在段首。没有主题句的需要自己组合。

2）寻找关键词。分析主题句意义，确定关键词，关键词一般体现为名词、形容词，关键词的数目决定了概括的信息浓度。

3）重构主题句。概括的主题句逻辑上要统摄后面所有的支撑句。可以从作者的写作目的逆推，反映写作目的主题句是高度抽象的，它基本决定了概括的质量。

4）重组支撑句。支撑句的意义在逻辑上受制于主题句，可以是补充过程或者提供证据。

口诀：简括为：缩长见短，省却细腻。（括：概括性。见：间接引语。短：短的连词。细腻：细节和例子）

2. 写说明文概述要注意的事项：

1) 不能摘抄原文句子, 要用自己的语言“重组” 主要内容；

2) 只保留主要观点，不要细节；

3) 不要发表自己的观点；

4) 不要把列举、描绘性语言当成概述性语言；

5) 一般用第三人称转述；

6) 概述不要太宽泛，缺乏针对性，也不要只针对原文某个细节，概述得太狭窄；

7) 注意段中句子的衔接, 切忌只简单地写出一些互不相干的句子；

8) 保证无语法错误;

说明文Summary 的解题步骤

第一步通读全文, 领略大意。通常summary 的开头都有一些常用的句子，学生可以积累用。

第二步小结每一段的大意。用最简练的文字把文章每段的主要内容概括出即可。

第三步根据每一段的大意以及作者的侧重点, 不要加入自己的个人观点，综合归纳全文的大意。对于说明性或描述性的短文，可以用概括性文字说明某一现象。比如可概括如下：This article points out the common phenomenon…

3. 例题详解

建平中学2016年高三期中考试摘要写作分析

In what concrete ways can information and communication technologies (ICTs) benefit the two-thirds of humanity who are more concerned about their next meal than about e-mail or eBay?

划线部分的内容需要概括，根据who are more concerned about their next meal可知这群人饭都不一定吃得饱。后文多次出现一些非洲的国家。所以最好阐明people in poverty-stricken countries/areas.

First, there are the economic advantages of these technologies. Besides providing business with the opportunity to access real-time market information and complete business transactions electronically, ICTs can reduce costs and provide a channel to market goods and services.1) One small company from Tanzania replaced $20 faxes with 10 cent e-mails and saw its telecommunications bill go from over $500 per month to $45 per month. 2) In the business-to-consumer section you will find examples like https://www.360docs.net/doc/5f13945647.html, which sells gifts, including sheep and goats, over the Internet.

此段中第一句就表达了ICTs能提供经济方面的利益。但如果仅仅在summary中表达这个意思，华莱士老师个人认为过于笼统。本段中“ICTs can reduce...service”这句话道出了ICTs在经济方面的较为具体的作用：reduce cost和provide marketing channel。随后1）2）两句话提供例证。

Health services also benefit from ICTs. 1) Using the Internet, doctors in poor countries can keep up to speed with the latest developments in their field as well as seek help from their peers. 2) This technology can also facilitate the control of diseases. Throughout Africa, for instance, individual cases of meningitis（脑膜炎）are tracked over the Internet so that epidemics can be stopped early.

本段中第一句话“Health services... ICTs”同样过于general。1) 句中，阐述了医生能得知最新医学发展已经得到同行的帮助。根据这个example可以提炼出“the level of medical services increase ”。本段最后的example例证了2）句中的"the control of disease".

ICTs can make it easier to reach a broad section of population in education too. The African virtual university is a distance learning project which is partly financed by the World Bank, and which serves the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. The virtual university uses satellites to broadcast televised courses to students who communicate with teachers by e-mail and telephone.

本段中的第一句体现了该段的main idea.但不能照抄本句。根据划线句得知学生可以通过直播的课程得到教育的资源和机会。

Finally, we come to what has been called “e-government”. 1) E-government initiatives focus on making government transparent and accountable by providing citizens with direct access to information. Critics might argue that when you’re being stalked by war, hunger and disease, this may not be a priority. But e-government is about more than just the ability to pay your taxes online or apply for a driving license over the Internet. It is about 2) giving citizens access to information which allows them to make informed decisions on subjects that affect their lives.

最后一段的第一句同样没有直接阐明ICTs提供了何种帮助。所以也不能直接抄进summary。两处划线部分说明了政府信息对公众更加公开透明了。这才是重点。

Summary:

ICTS are beneficial to people in impoverished areas. They bring about economic benefits by reducing operation costs and adding avenues for marketing. Level of medical services can be increased and the spread of diseases can be limited. As for education, most students are offered easy access to televised education. Finally, more transparency of government information are given to citizens. (59 words)

总结：

1）就算是Summary写作，也不能写得过于general。Summary就好比菜单上面的一道菜名，比如“宫保鸡丁”，看到这个菜名就能知道菜是啥样子。但如果summary中的信息过于general，就好比你看到的每道荤菜的菜名都是“肉！！！”

2）写summary时必须具备两种必备的技能。第一是找关键信息。第二种技能对于学生更具有挑战性：有时候段落中只出现了supporting detail，没出现topic sentence。这时要学会利用example来提炼idea

4. 练习

Directions: Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.

Sales strategies

How can a company improve its sales? One of the keys to more effective selling is for a company to first decide on its “sales strategy”. In other words, what is the role of the salesperson? Is the salesperson’s job narrative, suggestive, or consultative?

The “narrative” sales strategy depends on the salesperson moving quickly into a standard sales presentation. His or her pitch highlights the benefit for the customer of a particular product or service. This approach is most effective for customers whose buying motives are basically the same.

The “suggestive” approach is tailored more for the individual customer. The salesperson must be in a position to offer alternative recommendations that meet a particular customer’s needs. One key aspect of the suggestive approach is the need for the salesperson to engage the buyer in some sort of discussion. The salesperson can then use the information from the customer to suggest an appropriate product or service.

The final strategy demands that a company’s sales staff act as“consultants” for the buyer. In this role, the salesperson must acquire a great deal of information about the customer. They do this through market research, surveys, and face-to-face discussions. Using this information, the salesperson makes a detailed presentation tailored to a consumer’s needs. More and more sales teams are switch ing from a narrative or a suggestive approach to a more consultative strategy. As a result, corporations value creativity and analytical skills.

Such sales strategies as narrative, suggestive and consultative strategies can improve a company’s sales. The narrative strategy refers to a standard presentation suitable for buyers with similar motives, while the suggestive strategy means the salesperson should offer alternative choices of a particular customer. Finally, the presentation in consultative strategy is designed to meet a consu mer’s specific needs.

__________ __________ __________ __________ __________ __________

…………… …………… …………… …………… …………… ……………

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main points of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.

Quiet Virtue: The Conscientious

The everyday signs of conscientiousness(认真尽责) ——being punctual, careful in doing work, self-disciplined, and scrupulous(一丝不苟的) in attending to responsibilities ——are typical characteristics of the model organizational citizen, the people who keep things running as they should. They follow the rules, help out, and are concerned about the people they work with. It’s the conscientious worker who helps newcomers or updates people who return after an absence, who gets to work on time and never abuses sick leaves, who always gets things done on deadline.

Conscientiousness is a key to success in any field. In studies of job performance, outstanding effectiveness for almost all jobs, from semi-skilled labor to sales and management, depends on conscientiousness. Among sales representatives for a large American car manufacturer, those who were most conscientious had the largest volume of sales.

Conscientiousness also offers a buffer (缓冲) against the threat of job loss in today’s constantly changing market, because employees with this quality are among the most valued. For the sales representatives, their level of conscientiousness mattered almost as much as their sales in determining who stayed on.

But conscientiousness in the absence of social skills can lead to problems. Since conscientious people demand so much of themselves, they can hold other people to their own standards, and so be overly judgmental when others don’t show the same high levels of model behavior. Factory workers who were extremely conscientious, for example, tended to criticize co-workers even about failures that seemed unimportant to those they criticized, which damaged their relationships.

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高考英语之概要写作.pdf

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