老年公寓的外文翻译

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实拍新西兰的养老院

实拍新西兰的养老院分类：趣闻天下在新西兰，老人们养老的方式大体上分为两种----一种是居家养老。

这类居家养老的老人要么是独自居住（日常起居由所住社区照顾）；要么跟随自己的子女或者亲属居住（由亲属照顾）。

另一种养老的方式，即入住“养老院”。

这，也是当地大多数老人选择的养老方式。

那么，在新西兰，养老院（Rest home）又大体上分为两种类型---一种叫做HOSPITAL REST HOME（医院养老院），这类养老院的主要职责是：照顾那些神志不清，半身不遂，亦或，完全不能自理的老人们。

而另一种呢，则成为Retirement village（退休村庄），这类养老院的主要服务对象是：那些身体比较健全，但是家里无人照料，亦或，倍感孤单的老人们。

总体来说，无论是在hospital，还是在village，都备有注册护士和受过培训的护工7天24小时值班，主要是：为居住的老人们提供必要的医疗服务和一些生活护理，等方面的工作。

在养老院，每个老人的开销大致是：1000新币/周（大概合5000元人民币/周），这其中，每位老人自己支付30%的开支，而余下的70%的开支，则由政府为老人支付。

按照新西兰政府颁布的退休政策，在这里，不论你以前从事何种行业？何种职业？亦或，一生“无业”？所有年满65岁的老人，都可以在政府手里申领相差无几的退休金。

所以，居于此，99%的新西兰老人都能够用养老金支付这30%的养老费用。

额外的解释：在养老费用的支付上，如果老人自己拥有资产，那么，先用老人自己的资产支付养老费用，等老人的资产支付完毕后，政府再出资支付老人的养老费用，，。

这，这，新西兰政府的政策，好像太“杀富济贫”了吧，，，？呵呵其实，在新西兰，有诸多严格的法律保护公民的私有资产不受侵犯，但是，另外一面呢，嗯，我感觉：在这里，富人们活的很好，穷人们活得也不错。

话说，昨天，在阳光四射下，我到访了惠灵顿（新西兰首都）一家养老院，，这家养老院是一家同时具备hospital（医院护理）和retirement village（退休村庄）功能的养老院。

阿尔卡迪亚老年公寓外文翻译1

密级分类号编号成绩本科生毕业设计 (论文)外文翻译原文标题roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraper in building译文标题住宅施工过程中现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治作者所在系别xxxx作者所在专业xxxx作者所在班级xxxx作者姓名xxx作者学号xxx指导教师姓名xxx指导教师职称xxxx完成时间2012 年 3 月北华航天工业学院教务处制译文标题住宅施工过程中现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治原文标题roduction and prevention and cure of the crack of skyscraper inbuilding作者PAUL QUIGLEY译名保罗·圭格利国籍美国原文出处The American Society of Civil Engineers现浇楼板裂缝的产生与防治随着城市住宅建设步伐的加快，不少住宅小区相继建成，许多住户陆续搬进新居，他们对住房的质量要求越来越高，尤其对一些现浇楼板出现的裂缝情况非常关注，担心这些裂缝最终会引发不安全事故，而纷纷向建筑质量监督部门投诉。

如某市一开发商共建6层楼住宅16幢，建筑面积约10万平方米，砖混结构，初装修，一梯二户用砖墙分隔，每层设有圈梁同楼板整浇，板厚100mm，混凝土标号为C20，房屋长约80-90m之间，不设伸缩缝，底层为2.2m车库层，基础采用C20钢筋笼灌注桩。

该小区于2003年10月完工，竣工验收时，未发现明显裂缝，在住户装修时，发现楼板有裂缝出现，故联名向质量监督部门投诉，经实地踏看，16幢房屋均存在深浅不一的裂缝。

裂缝宽度在0.2mm-0.4mm之间，裂缝位置绝大多数处在板四角，朝阳处更为明显。

于是，质监部门组织有关单位，首先对房屋沉降量和倾斜度进行复查，结果都在允许范围内，再查看施工图纸也符合有关规范要求。

鉴于上述情况，经过认真分析，确认裂缝原因有以下几点：1、引起现浇板裂缝的主要原因是混凝土的收缩，因为混凝土在自然硬化过程中，由于水份不断蒸发，而体积渐渐收缩，但板四周受支座的约束，不能自由伸缩，所以当混凝土的收缩所引起现浇板的约束应力超过一定限度时，势必引发现浇板开裂。

养老院英语作文模板

养老院英语作文模板英文回答：Introduction。

Nursing homes, also known as old-age homes or retirement homes, play a vital role in providing care and support to elderly individuals who require assistance with daily living. These institutions offer a range of services tailored to the needs of the aging population, ensuring their well-being and quality of life.Services Provided。

Nursing homes provide a comprehensive suite of services to meet the diverse needs of elderly residents. These services may include:Medical Care: Skilled nursing care, medication management, wound care, and other medical services areprovided by licensed healthcare professionals.Personal Care: Assistance with daily activities such as bathing, dressing, eating, and toileting is offered to maintain residents' independence and dignity.Social and Recreational Activities: Nursing homes organize social events, entertainment, and outings to promote socialization and engagement among residents.Dietary Services: Nutritious meals and snacks are prepared in accordance with residents' dietary needs and preferences.Transportation: Transportation services are provided for appointments, errands, or social activities.Spiritual Care: Chaplain services or other spiritual support is available to residents who desire it.Types of Nursing Homes。

关于养老院的外文翻译

养老院养老院分为疗养院，专业护理组（首尔大学），护理院或疗养院。

这是一个需要护理和日常活动有不便的人居住的地方。

居住在这里的居民包括身体或精神残疾的老人和成年人，住在疗养院的人如果发生意外或疾病也会被进行物理治疗。

居民的法律权利取决于机构的法律地位。

美国在美国，一个“专业护理机构”或“民营护理机构”是指一个注册参加并可以医疗保险报销的机构。

联邦医疗保险方案主要是为那些在工作时为社会保障和医疗保险做出贡献的老年人而设的，护理基金是指给予那些得到认证并参与了医疗报销的养老院的资金。

联邦医疗补助计划是为每个国家提供医疗及相关服务，并为那些所谓的“穷人”实施的。

所谓的“穷人”是指每个国家确定的给予老人，残疾人或儿童医疗补助的资格（如儿童的健康保险计划 -芯片和母婴保健和食品方案）。

每个国家开办的养老院，都受到国家法律和法规的保护。

护养院可以选择参加医疗保险或医疗补助。

如果他们通过一项调查（检查），他们得到许可，也受到联邦法律和法规的保护。

全部或部分护理之家可参加医疗保险或医疗补助。

在美国，护理安老院参加医疗保险或医疗补助须有职业护士每天24小时值班。

至少每天8小时，每周7天，必须有一个注册护士值班。

护养院的管理由持牌护理之家管理员管理。

不像美国护理没有标准化的培训和管理人员发牌规定，但大多数州都要求有联邦许可证，许多州，如加利福尼亚州有他们自己的系统管理员执照。

到2005年4月18日，美国共有16094家有许可的养老院，低于2002年12月12日，德尔的16516家。

有些国家已经给能够在社区生活但需要帮助的老人和其他成年人提供不同的照料。

例如，康涅狄格安老院或安老院是由公共卫生国务院授权。

这些安老院提供24小时监管，提供了更多的“如家“的环境。

许多人实际上已转化为住房，提供一个住宅社区，促进了独立的生活方式和给予他人需要的某种形式的援助，以促进更好的在社区生活服务护理之家提供的服务包括护士，护理助手和助理服务，物理，职业及语言治疗师，社会工作者及康乐助理和食宿。

老年公寓中英文对照外文翻译文献

老年公寓中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)翻译：老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

住房负担能力的影响老人对生活的其他必需品，如食品和医疗的负担能力。

住宅附近的医疗设施，购物，交通和娱乐设施服务，可以提高生活质量。

住宅是回忆过去，同时也是联系朋友和邻居的地方。

存在支持功能和服务设施的住宅也可以使人们老有所养。

在这一部分，我们会研究住房问题和老年人的选择。

于此同时，我们将用一系列问题和练习测试住宅的智能。

二、老年人的住房情况老年人的住房情况典型在哪里？我们将从五个方面开始研究：（1）住房所有权的普及，（2）常留现有地，（3）生活安排。

（4）老年人对现有住房的依恋，（5）移动行为。

老年人与谁生活可以影响其购房能力，空间需要，以及对这些地方养老的能力。

约54％的长者与配偶生活，31％独居，几乎13%和他的亲人居住而不是和他的配偶，同时有大约2%的老年人和没有关系的人居住。

随着年龄的增长，老年人（主要是妇女）更可能独居或和亲人居住儿不是和配偶住在一起。

年老体弱独居的妇女最有可能居住在有额外房间的家园，需要身心都支持性住房和服务来实现“老得其所”。

人口的这一部分组成的群体，他们更愿意居住在有保障设施的建筑里。

很多老年人在生理上很大程度依赖他们生活很久的住宅。

在这些地方他们将自己的孩子养大，留下了一生的记忆。

它也是联系像邻居，店主这样一系列家庭成员的桥梁，除此之外位于教堂，图书馆，和一些社区服务设施附近。

对于大多数老年人来说，在探索与追求中，住宅是他们个性的延伸。

另外，住宅可以表现他们将来的经济保障，特别是对这些已经买下住宅的人来讲。

对于住宅所有者来讲，住宅通常是他们做可靠的财产。

住宅代表着一种独立，表明居民可以靠自己居住。

基于这些原因，在AARP的一项关于老年人的住宅类型偏好的调查中，有将近80%的老年人想要居住在自己家里永远不想搬出的这种结果是可以理解的。

这种现象被解释为居家养老偏好。

老年公寓的外文翻译--老年人的住宅问题与选择

1750单词，9500英文字符,3200汉字Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems and options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders? We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised theirchildren and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many older persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housinginitiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the nursing home. Theseoptions vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services are accessible.ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, ashortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although these strategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

荷兰鹿特丹德普卢斯普伦堡老年公寓

\( 114#老年公寓#地标建筑#住户自治这是一座屡获殊荣的现代建筑，也是鹿特丹郊区艾瑟尔蒙德市的地标，其建筑外观具有极强的个性特征。

该建筑是一栋租赁型老年公寓，旨在为老年人提供像家一样的独立居所。

荷兰鹿特丹德普卢斯普伦堡老年公寓Rotterdam, NetherlandsDe Plussenburgh Apartment for the Elderly陈瑜Chen Yu清华大学建筑学院博士研究生开设时间2006年设施类型租赁型老年公寓总建筑面积15678平方米建筑层数17/7居室总数104套居室类型5种，以两室一厅为主，面积在80H00平方米之间护理员配比仅有1名兼职管家服努对象55岁以上的老年人运营方鹿特丹老年住房基金会S0R建筑设计A rons en G elauff A rch ite cte nI115一、项目概况及设计理念德普卢斯普伦堡（De Plussenburgh )老年公寓源于2001年一项以“退休住房”为主题的建筑设计竞赛，最终由阿姆斯特丹的建筑事务所Arons en Gelauff Architecten 获得设计权。

该项目的设计灵感来自现代社会对老龄化的“拒绝”，设计师认为老年人也是自由活泼的群体，其住所不应是呆板生硬的，因而提出“彩色公寓楼” 的概念，来迎合“新老年人”的审美品味。

项目定位为租赁型公寓，为老年人提供居住空间和公共活动场所。

公寓位于城市的黄金地段，紧邻一家护理院，附近还有购物中心、轻轨站等（图5)，为入住老人的曰常生活带来了便利。

公寓建成于2006年，总建筑面积15678平方米，共设有104套房间，5种居室类型，多为两室一厅，面积在80-100平方米之间。

公寓采用“十字交叉”的建筑形式，17层高的竖向塔楼与7层高的架空水平条状建筑连接在一起，造型独树一帜建筑立面用波浪形阳台营造了三维立体感，另一侧立面装有200多块红、黄、橙和紫色的自洁玻璃板，色彩缤纷（图1、4)。

老年公寓外文翻译

H o u s i n g P r o b l e m s a n d O p t i o n s f o r t h e E l d e r l y IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems and options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alon e are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many older persons, the home is an extension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what theywant is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered byquasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number ofnon-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that providelow-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental and condition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. S ome certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, whichmay be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the nursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized, as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services are accessible.ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remaina financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has become increasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although these strategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging/老年人的住宅问题与选择简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

养老院英语作文80词

养老院英语作文80词英文回答：Retirement homes provide housing, meals, healthcare, and other services to elderly individuals who are unable to live independently. These facilities offer a variety of amenities and activities to cater to the needs of their residents. Some of the most common services provided by retirement homes include:Housing: Retirement homes typically offer a variety of housing options, from private rooms to shared apartments. Some facilities also have specialized units for residents with dementia or other cognitive impairments.Meals: Retirement homes provide three meals a day, as well as snacks and beverages. The food is typically prepared by a chef and is designed to meet the nutritional needs of older adults.Healthcare: Retirement homes offer a variety of healthcare services, such as medication management, wound care, and physical therapy. Some facilities also have on-site nurses or physicians who can provide medical care.Activities: Retirement homes offer a variety of activities to keep their residents active and engaged. These activities can include exercise classes, games,social events, and outings.中文回答：养老院为无法独立生活的老人提供住房、膳食、医疗保健和其他服务。

英语作文养老院

英语作文养老院Old age homes are places where elderly people can live and be taken care of when they are no longer able to live independently. These facilities provide a range of services, including assistance with daily activities, medical care, and social activities. Many older adults choose to live in retirement homes because they offer a sense of communityand companionship.The staff at retirement homes play a crucial role in ensuring the well-being of the residents. They provide assistance with personal care, medication management, and other daily tasks. Additionally, they organize activities and events to keep the residents engaged and active. The staff members are dedicated to creating a safe and comfortable environment for the elderly residents.Living in a retirement home can offer many benefits for older adults. It provides a sense of security and peace of mind, knowing that help is always available if needed. Italso allows them to socialize and form friendships with other residents, reducing feelings of loneliness and isolation. Moreover, retirement homes often offer amenities such as fitness centers, libraries, and gardens, allowing the elderly to enjoy a fulfilling and enriching lifestyle.It is important for retirement homes to prioritize the physical and emotional well-being of their residents. This includes providing nutritious meals, access to healthcare services, and opportunities for social interaction. Many retirement homes also offer specialized care forindividuals with specific medical conditions, such as dementia or mobility issues.In conclusion, retirement homes play a vital role in providing care and support for elderly individuals. They offer a range of services to ensure the well-being of residents and create a sense of community and belonging. It is important for retirement homes to continue prioritizing the needs of older adults and providing a high standard of care.。

比较养老院和疗养院的区别作文英语

比较养老院和疗养院的区别作文英语Comparing the Differences between Nursing Homes and Convalescent Homes.Nursing homes and convalescent homes are two types of institutions that provide care and accommodation for individuals, but they differ significantly in terms oftheir purpose, the type of care they offer, and the types of individuals they cater to. In this article, we will explore the key differences between these two institutions.Firstly, let's define each type of institution. A nursing home is primarily a social welfare organizationthat provides collective living and daily care services to the elderly. These services aim to ensure the comfort and well-being of the residents, who are typically unable to live independently due to age-related health issues. Nursing homes often provide medical care, meals, and other amenities such as housekeeping and laundry services.On the other hand, a convalescent home is a medical facility that provides recuperation and rehabilitation services to individuals who are recovering from illness or injury. These homes are typically located in areas with natural healing factors, such as beautiful scenery or clean air, and provide a peaceful and relaxing environment conducive to recovery. In addition to providing accommodation and meals, convalescent homes also offer physical therapy, massage, and other therapeutic services to help patients regain their strength and health.One of the key differences between nursing homes and convalescent homes lies in their target populations. Nursing homes are primarily designed for the elderly who require assistance with daily living activities due to age-related conditions such as frailty, dementia, or chronic illnesses. On the other hand, convalescent homes cater to individuals who are recovering from acute illnesses or injuries and require medical attention and rehabilitation services.Another significant difference lies in the type of careprovided by each institution. Nursing homes provide a range of services including medical care, personal care, and emotional support to their residents. These services are tailored to meet the specific needs of each resident and may include assistance with eating, bathing, dressing, and other daily activities. On the other hand, convalescent homes focus on providing medical and therapeutic services to help patients recover from their illnesses or injuries. These services may include physical therapy, massage, occupational therapy, and other forms of rehabilitation.Additionally, the locations of these institutions also differ. Nursing homes are typically located in urban or suburban areas close to hospitals and other medical facilities. This is to ensure that residents can easily access medical care and other necessary services when needed. On the other hand, convalescent homes are often located in rural or scenic areas with natural healing factors such as clean air, beautiful scenery, and peaceful environments. These locations are chosen to provide a relaxing and recuperative atmosphere conducive to recovery.In conclusion, nursing homes and convalescent homesdiffer significantly in terms of their purpose, the type of care they offer, and the types of individuals they cater to. Nursing homes provide collective living and daily care services to the elderly who require assistance with daily living activities due to age-related conditions. On the other hand, convalescent homes provide recuperation and rehabilitation services to individuals who are recovering from illness or injury in a peaceful and relaxing environment conducive to recovery. It is important to understand these differences when considering which type of institution is most suitable for an individual's needs.。

养老院的英语作文70字

养老院的英语作文70字英文回答：Nursing homes provide housing, meals, and personal care for elderly people who can no longer live independently. They can provide a safe and comfortable environment for elderly people who need help with daily tasks such as bathing, dressing, and eating. Nursing homes also offer medical care and rehabilitation services to help elderly people stay healthy and active.There are many different types of nursing homes, each with its own unique set of services and amenities. Some nursing homes offer long-term care for elderly people who need 24-hour supervision and care. Others offer short-term care for elderly people who are recovering from an illnessor injury. Some nursing homes also offer respite care for elderly people who need a short break from their caregivers.The cost of nursing home care can vary depending on thetype of care provided and the location of the nursing home. Long-term care can be expensive, but there are many financial assistance programs available to help people afford the cost.Nursing homes can be a valuable resource for elderly people who need help with daily tasks and medical care. They can provide a safe and comfortable environment for elderly people to live in and can help them stay healthy and active.中文回答：什么是养老院？养老院为无法独立生活的老人提供住所、餐饮和个人护理。

养老院的英语作文

养老院的英语作文A nursing home is a place where elderly people can live and receive care when they are no longer able to live independently. It provides a safe and comfortable environment for seniors to live in, and it offers a rangeof services to meet their needs.The staff at a nursing home includes nurses, caregivers, and other healthcare professionals who are trained to provide medical care and assistance with daily activities. They help residents with tasks such as bathing, dressing, and taking medication, and they also provide companionship and emotional support.In addition to medical care, nursing homes often offer recreational activities and social events to keep residents engaged and active. These activities may include exercise classes, arts and crafts, music therapy, and outings tolocal attractions. These activities help residents stay physically and mentally active, and they also provideopportunities for social interaction and community engagement.One of the benefits of living in a nursing home is the sense of community and belonging that it provides. Residents have the opportunity to form friendships andbuild relationships with their peers, and they can participate in group activities and events that help them feel connected to others. This sense of community can help combat feelings of loneliness and isolation, which are common among elderly people.Overall, nursing homes play a vital role in providing care and support for elderly people who are no longer able to live on their own. They offer a range of services to meet residents' medical, emotional, and social needs, and they provide a safe and comfortable environment for seniors to live in. Nursing homes are an important resource for elderly people and their families, and they play a valuable role in helping seniors live happy and fulfilling lives.。

养老院英语作文100字

养老院英语作文100字英文回答：Old age homes, also known as retirement homes or nursing homes, provide accommodation and care for elderly individuals who are unable to live independently. Theyoffer a range of services, including medical care, personal assistance, and social activities.There are a variety of reasons why individuals may choose to live in an old age home. Some may have physical or cognitive impairments that make it difficult for them to live on their own. Others may lack family or friends who are able to provide the necessary care. Additionally, some individuals may simply prefer the social and community atmosphere of an old age home.The decision of whether or not to move into an old age home is a personal one. There are both advantages and disadvantages to consider.Advantages:Access to medical care: Old age homes typically have trained staff who can provide medical care and assistance. This can be especially beneficial for individuals with ongoing health conditions.Personal assistance: Old age homes can provide personal assistance with activities of daily living, such as bathing, dressing, and eating. This can help individuals maintain their independence and quality of life.Social activities: Old age homes often offer a variety of social activities and events. This can help individuals stay connected with others and avoid isolation.Security: Old age homes provide a secure environment for individuals who may be vulnerable or at risk.Disadvantages:Cost: Old age homes can be expensive, and not all individuals can afford the cost of care.Loss of independence: Moving into an old age home may involve some loss of independence, as individuals may have to follow the rules and routines of the facility.Emotional stress: The transition to an old age home can be emotionally stressful for both the individual and their family members.Lack of privacy: Old age homes typically have shared living spaces, which may mean that individuals have less privacy than they would in their own home.Ultimately, the decision of whether or not to move into an old age home is a personal one. Individuals should carefully weigh the advantages and disadvantages before making a decision.中文回答：养老院，也称为退休之家或疗养院，为无法独立生活的老人提供住宿和护理。

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老年人的住宅问题与选择一、简介住宅在老年人生活的极为重要。

住房负担能力的影响老人对生活的其他必需品，如食品和医疗的负担能力。

住宅附近的医疗设施，购物，交通和娱乐设施服务，可以提高生活质量。

住宅是回忆过去，同时也是联系朋友和邻居的地方。

存在支持功能和服务设施的住宅也可以使人们老有所养。

在这一部分，我们会研究住房问题和老年人的选择。

于此同时，我们将用一系列问题和练习测试住宅的智能。

二、老年人的住房情况老年人的住房情况典型在哪里？我们将从五个方面开始研究：（1）住房所有权的普及，（2）常留现有地，（3）生活安排。

（4）老年人对现有住房的依恋，（5）移动行为。

老年人与谁生活可以影响其购房能力，空间需要，以及对这些地方养老的能力。

约54％的长者与配偶生活，31％独居，几乎13%和他的亲人居住而不是和他的配偶，同时有大约2%的老年人和没有关系的人居住。

随着年龄的增长，老年人（主要是妇女）更可能独居或和亲人居住儿不是和配偶住在一起。

年老体弱独居的妇女最有可能居住在有额外房间的家园，需要身心都支持性住房和服务来实现“老得其所”。

人口的这一部分组成的群体，他们更愿意居住在有保障设施的建筑里。

很多老年人在生理上很大程度依赖他们生活很久的住宅。

在这些地方他们将自己的孩子养大，留下了一生的记忆。

它也是联系像邻居，店主这样一系列家庭成员的桥梁，除此之外位于教堂，图书馆，和一些社区服务设施附近。

对于大多数老年人来说，在探索与追求中，住宅是他们个性的延伸。

另外，住宅可以表现他们将来的经济保障，特别是对这些已经买下住宅的人来讲。

对于住宅所有者来讲，住宅通常是他们做可靠的财产。

住宅代表着一种独立，表明居民可以靠自己居住。

基于这些原因，在AARP的一项关于老年人的住宅类型偏好的调查中，有将近80%的老年人想要居住在自己家里永远不想搬出的这种结果是可以理解的。

这种现象被解释为居家养老偏好。

虽然大多数老年人目前社区附近的移动，寻求与一些如西南地区天气温暖的退休社区，遥远的西部和南部地区。

三、联邦政府的老年人住房方案联邦政府有两个基本的住房战略来解决老人的住房问题。

策略之一，被称为“供方”的方式，寻求建立如公共住房或第Section住宅为老年人提供居住的新住宅区。

公共房屋由准政府地方公共住房当局管理。

同时为老人和残疾人建设的第Section202住宅是由非盈利组织出资建造，包括宗教和非宗派组织。

约有150万老年人或3％的老年人口生活在联邦政府资助房屋，约38.7万老年人居住在Section202住宅。

随着时间的推移，由于经济适用型住宅建设的成本，政府已经转向远离这些新方案，问题是非老年住宅正在大量实施，有一种观点，政府应不再直接与参与建设住房。

虽然与20世纪70年代末的高近2万建设单位相比，Section202住宅在过去十年的预算拨款先后为6000左右，但作为有联邦政府资助的为数不多的项目之一，它是一个非常受欢迎和成功的方案。

在过去的十年里联邦政府不在投资新的项目，倡议强调需求方的补贴，提供低收入租房者使用证明或凭证，他们可以使用各种设置的多单元，包括在私营部门，公寓符合条件的租金和指导方针。

这些凭证旨在减少住房费用过高。

一些证明被称为“基于项目的补贴”，并连接到联邦资助，如Section202住房。

然而，由于住房项目并没有授权，供应方和需求方一起计划只能满足符合租赁要求的约1/3老年人的需求。

虽然在面对的庞大的预算削减中，房屋的倡导者们一直试图留住现有的方案，注意力却一直朝着满足体弱长者的住房和服务需求转移。

这个强调体现了在八十岁和九十岁的老年人中，需要一个有利的环境和与身体相关的服务的老年人越来越多。

在这一群体中，老年人的公共住房和Section202住宅的比例很高。

最初的是为六十岁或七十岁的独立性老年人建立，这类型的住房现在包括八十岁和九十岁的老年人，许多人已到百岁。

因此，政府在制定策略时增加建筑服务使他们更好的适应体弱老年人的需要。

90年代初在HUD的预算问题中的一项重大举措，已为联邦政府支付服务协调员，让他们评估居民对于政府资助房屋和与之相关的服务的需要程度。

截至1998年，大约有1000位政府的协调员资助全国的房屋建设。

四、房屋连续：一个老人的选择范围一个在住房领域长期存在的假设是，随着老年人越来越虚弱，他们将不得不从一个设立的住房连续搬到另一个。

住房选择的数字表明，沿着这条连续性我们发现了这些选择，其中包括单户住宅，公寓，集中住宅，资助房屋和护理院（肯迪格＆Pynoos，1996）。

房屋连续的终点养老院。

这些选择在他们的可获得性，可承担性，和对满足虚弱的老年人的能力方面有很大的不同。

一个支持性持续照顾的概念是基于这样的假设：住房选择可以由提供服务的数量和类型区别;在交通便利，功能和设计方面的生理状况支持;和住房所指向的人们的能力水平。

住房选择的数字显示，这样的选择怎样满足独立，半依赖和依赖的老年人的需求。

半依赖型老人可以在一些日常生活中，如做饭，打扫卫生，和购物等活动方面需要其他人的帮助。

除了需要一些日常生活的帮助，依赖型老年人可能在如厕所，饮食和洗澡更基本的活动需要帮助助。

虽然半依赖和依赖老年人可以在出现整个住房的连续中，独立的老年人不太喜欢住在有辅助生活设计及装备，以满足体弱长者的需要房屋类型，除非他们的配偶要求这些。

虽然连续性确定了住房类型的范围，但是越来越多人认识到，即使年老体弱的老年人需要帮助，他们也不一定要从一个地方搬到另一个地方。

半依赖或依靠老年人能够在各种环境下生活，包括他们自己的住宅和公寓，前提是环境更加适宜，照顾者可以提供协助和方便实惠的服务。

五、在不同类型住房选择上的老年人的分布约81％的老年人居住在单个家庭的单元房里，7.2％老年人居住在流动性住宅里。

移动房屋，经常被称为现在的预制房屋，已经因为其相对较低的成本，房屋供应量正在迅速增长。

约8％的老年人居住在公寓以及专门为他们居住而设计的街区。

它们的范围很广，从主要支持退休后的休闲化的生活方式（主动退休社区）的适用性住房，到主要是为了迎合体弱的老年人的个人帮助和护理服务（Pynoos＆Golant，1995; Golant，1992年）。

估计数字显示，约有老年人口总数的一百万（或刚刚超过3％），目前选择综合性支持住宅，这类住宅也提供服务。

对住房选择可用性（本身就对许多不同类型的简短定义附录）在国家和地区之间差异很大。

例如，在一些地区，分区禁止或使人们很难创造像附件公寓或ECHO单位住房类型。

因此，对于老年人来讲，在为老年人提供的住宅类型选择上存在严重差距。

六、结论住宅在老年人的生活中发挥了关键作用。

大部分独立生活的老年人户主对他们所住的单位表示十分满意。

然而，住房费用高，特别是对于租房者，仍然是许多老年人面临的财政问题，对于低收入的租房者和生活在农村地区的人来讲也是如此。

联邦住宅计划，如公共房屋，第202条的住房和第8联邦住房方案由于资金有限，只能够解决只有约三分之一的符合条件的老年人。

此外，对于体弱的老年人在可行的选项住宅方面存在短缺。

直到最后十年，老年人住宅才被设想为主要的栖身之所。

人们逐渐认识到，需要服务和支持功能的体弱多病的老年人，他们不得不离开自己家园或公寓，搬到护理或疗养院机构以获得援助。

然而，随着时间的推移，可链接的多种类型的住房的概念，已经取代了原来的住房连续性的想法。

对于体弱多病的老年人来讲可以生活在现有的住宅环境，包括拥有服务和住宅修改的他们自己的家园或公寓等。

因此，在这过去的十年，我们努力修改了家园，为多单元住房增加服务协调员，和为辅助设施和ECHO单元创造选择机会。

尽管家庭护理服务的大规模可变性提升了这些战略，但在养老院医疗补助政策仍然为体弱多病的老年人提供了动机。

在对体弱多病的老年人住房领域方面，最显著的一个发展是私营福利性住宅的增长，现在许多州政府将其视为住宅替代疗养院。

美联运动本身提出了一些监管融资的问题，以及长期护理，如居住环境应该包括什么，确保居民可以在此终老，符合居民喜好，保护个人权利和确保护理质量。

然而，美联储的出现以及大范围的住宅选择表明，老年人在生活安排选择的空间将更大。

文献来源:American Association of Homes and Services for the Aging/Housing Problems and Options for the Elderly IntroductionHousing is a critical element in the lives of older persons. The affordability of housing affects the ability of the elderly to afford other necessities of life such as food and medical care. Housing that is located near hospitals and doctors, shopping, transportation, and recreational facilities can facilitate access to services that can enhance the quality of life. Housing can also be a place of memories of the past and a connection to friends and neighbors. Housing with supportive features and access to services can also make it possible for persons to age in place. In this session, we will be examining housing problems and options for the elderly. Along the way, we will be testing your housing IQ with a series of questions and exercises.Housing Situation of Older PersonsHow typical is the housing situation of the olders?We will begin by examining five areas :（1）Prevalence of home ownership （2）Length of stay in current residence （3）Living arrangements （4）Attachments of older persons to where they live （5）Moving behavior.With whom older persons live can influence housing affordability, space needs, and the ability to age in place. About 54% of older persons live with their spouses, 31% live alone, almost 13% live with related persons other than their spouse and about 2% live with unrelated persons. With increasing age, older persons (primarily women) are more likely to live alone or with a relative other than a spouse. Frail older women living alone are the persons most likely to reside in homes with ‘extra’ rooms and to need both physically supportive housing features and services to "age in place". This segment of the population is also the group most likely to move to more supportive housing settings such as assisted living.Many older persons have strong psychological attachments to their homes related to length of residence. The home often represents the place where they raised their children and a lifetime of memories. It is also a connection to an array of familiar persons such as neighbors and shopkeepers as well as near by places including houses of worship, libraries and community services. For many older persons, the home is anextension of their own personalities which is found in the furnishings . In addition, the home can represent a sense of economic security for the future, especially for homeowners who have paid off their mortgages. For owners, the home is usually their most valuable financial asset. The home also symbolizes a sense of independence in that the resident is able to live on his or her own. For these types of reasons, it is understandable that in response to a question about housing preferences, AARP surveys of older persons continue to find that approximately 80% of older persons report that what they want is to "stay in their own homes and never move." This phenomena has been termed the preference to "age in place."Although most older persons move near their current communities, some seek retirement communities in places with warmer weather in the southwest, far west and the south.The Federal Government's Housing Programs for the ElderlyThe federal government has had two basic housing strategies to address housing problems of the elderly. One strategy, termed the "supply side" approach, seeks to build new housing complexes such as public housing and Section 202 housing for older persons. Public housing is administered by quasi-governmental local public housing authorities. Section 202 Housing for the elderly and disabled is sponsored by non-profit organizations including religious and non-sectarian organizations. Approximately 1.5 million older persons or 3% of the elderly population live in federally assisted housing, with about 387,000 living in Section 202 housing. Over time, the government has shifted away from such new construction programs because of the cost of such housing, the problems that a number of non-elderly housing programs have experienced, and a philosophy that the government should no longer be directly involved with the building of housing. Section 202 housing, a very popular and successful program, is one of the few supply-side programs funded by the federal government, although the budget allocation during the last ten years has allowed for the construction of only about 6,000 units per year compared to a high of almost 20,000 units in the late 1970s. Instead of funding new construction, federal housing initiatives over the last decade have emphasized ‘demand side’ subsidies that provide low-income renters with a certificate or a voucher that they can use in a variety of multiunit settings, including apartments in the private sector that meet rental andcondition guidelines. These vouchers and certificates are aimed at reducing excessive housing costs. Some certificates are termed ‘project based’ subsidies and are tied to federally subsidized housing such as Section 202. Because housing programs are not an entitlement, however, supply-side and demand side programs together are only able to meet the needs of about 1/3 of elderly renters who qualify on the basis of income.While advocates for housing have been trying to hold on to the existing programs in the face of huge budget cuts at HUD, much of the attention has been shifting towards meeting the shelter and service needs of the frail elderly. This emphasis reflects the increasing number of older persons in their eighties and nineties who need a physically supportive environment linked with services. This group of older persons includes a high percentage of older residents of public and Section 202 housing. Initially built for independent older persons who were initially in the late sixties and early seventies, this type of housing now includes older persons in their eighties and nineties, many of whom have aged in place. Consequently, the government is faced with creating strategies to bring services into these buildings and retrofit them to better suit the needs of frail older persons. A major initiative of the early 1990s, which may be stalled by current budget problems at HUD, has been for the federal government to pay for service coordinators to assess the needs of residents of government assisted housing complexes and link them with services. As of 1998, there were approximately 1,000 service coordinators attached to government assisted housing complexes across the country.The Housing Continuum: A Range of Options for ElderlyA long-standing assumption in the field of housing has been that as persons become more frail, they will have to move along a housing continuum from one setting to another. As the figure on housing options suggests, along this continuum are found a range of housing options including single family homes, apartments, congregate living, assisted living, and board and care homes (Kendig & Pynoos, 1996). The end point of the housing continuum has been the nursing home. These options vary considerably in terms of their availability, affordability, and ability to meet the needs of very frail older persons.The concept of a continuum of supportive care is based on the assumption that housing options can be differentiated by the amount and types of services offered; the supportiveness of the physical setting in terms of accessibility, features, and design; and the competency level of the persons to whom the housing is targeted. The figure on housing options indicates how such options generally meet the needs of older persons who are categorized,as independent, semi-dependent and dependent. Semi-dependent older persons can be thought of as needing some assistance from other persons with instrumental activities of daily living (IADLs) such as cooking, cleaning, and shopping. In addition to needing assistance with some IADLs, dependent older persons may require assistance with more basic activities such as toileting, eating and bathing. Although semi-dependent and dependent older persons can be found throughout the housing continuum, independent older persons are very unlikely to reside in housing types such as assisted living specifically designed and equipped to meet the needs of frail older persons unless their spouses require these needs.Although the continuum of housing identifies a range of housing types, there is increasing recognition that frail older persons do not necessarily have to move from one setting to another if they need assistance. Semi-dependent or dependent older persons can live in a variety of settings, including their own homes and apartments, if the physical environment is made more supportive, caregivers are available to provide assistance and affordable services are accessible.ConclusionsHousing plays a critical role in the lives of older persons. Most older homeowners who function independently express a high level of satisfaction with their dwelling units. However, high housing costs, especially for renters, remain a financial burden for many older persons and problems associated with housing condition persist especially for low- income renters and persons living in rural areas. Federal housing programs such as public housing, Section 202 housing, and Section 8 housing certificates have only been able to address the basic housing problems of only about one-third of eligible older persons because of limited budgets. Moreover, a shortage of viable residential options exists for frail older persons. Up until the last decade, housing for the elderly was conceived of primarily as shelter. It has becomeincreasingly recognized that frail older persons who needed services and physically supportive features often had to move from their homes or apartments to settings such as board and care or nursing homes to receive assistance. Over time, however, the concept of a variety of housing types that can be linked has replaced the original idea of the continuum of housing. It is possible for frail older persons to live in a variety of existing residential settings, including their own homes and apartments with the addition of services and home modifications. Consequently, the last decade has seen a number of efforts to modify homes, add service coordinators to multi-unit housing and create options such as accessory and ECHO units. Although these strategies have been enhanced by a somewhat greater availability of home care services, Medicaid policy still provides incentives to house frail older persons in nursing homes. The most visible development in the field of housing for frail older persons has been the growth of private sector assisted living which is now viewed by many state governments as a residential alternative to nursing homes. The AL movement itself has raised a number of regulatory and financing issues that cross-cut housing and long term care such as what constitutes a residential environment, insuring that residents can age in place, accommodating resident preferences, protecting the rights of individuals and insuring quality of care. Nevertheless, the emergence of AL along with a wider range of other housing options holds out the promise that older persons will have a larger range of choices among living arrangements.。