高考英语语法专题 名词

高考英语语法专题名词第二部分语法专题讲析专题一名词考点一名词的固定搭配①[2016·天津]The dictionary is out of date：many words have been added tothe language since it was published.这本词典过时了：自从它出版以来，这种语言已经增加了许多单词.②[2015·江苏]Some schools will have to make adjustments in agreement withthe national soccer reform.这些学校将不得不作出一些调整来和国家足球改革保持一致.1．动词have，keep，take，make，get，pay，play，give，put等加名词构成的短语have a good reputation有个好的名声have an idea of了解have a sense of有……意识have a feeling of有……感觉have access to可以获得have an advantage over胜过，优于keep a balance保持平衡take...into account考虑……take advantage of利用；趁……之机make fun of取笑，嘲弄make the best of充分利用；妥善处理get/lose contact with与……取得/失去联系get relief得到缓解give a solution给出解决方案put...into practice将……付诸行动2．介词后加名词构成的短语in great demand需求量很大in quantity大量，大批in progress在进行中in production在产量方面out of one's reach某人够不到out of touch失去联系out of sight看不见beyond recognition辨认不出来without permission未经允许考点二名词的单复数①[2015·江苏]—Go and say sorry to your Mom，Dave.—I'd like to，but I'm afraid she won't be happy with my apology/apologies.——戴夫，去向你妈妈道歉.——我想去，但是我怕她对我的道歉并不会感到满意.②Leaves turn green in spring.春天树叶变绿了.1．单数名词变为复数名词的基本规则一般情况加－s，以s，x，sh，ch等结尾，加－es，例如：buses，boxes，dishes，watches等〔stomachs例外〕.〔1〕以辅音字母加－y结尾的名词，将－y变为－i再加－es，例如：families，butterflies，dictionaries，stories等.〔2〕以－o结尾的名词变为复数时，常在词尾加－s，但中学英语中下列名词要加－es，它们是：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿，即Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes.但下列以－o结尾的名词既可以加－es，也可以加－s，它们是：zeros〔zeroes〕零，mosquitos 〔mosquitoes〕蚊子，volcanos〔volcanoes〕火山.〔3〕以－f或－fe结尾的名词变为复数时，一般直接加－s，例如：roofs和believes等.但下列以－f或－fe结尾的名词需要把f或fe去掉，加－ves，它们是：为了自己活命，小偷和他的妻子手里拿着刀子和树叶站在架子上，把狼劈成两半，即selves，lives，thieves，wives，k nives，leaves，shelves，wolves，halves.但下列以－f结尾的名词既可以去掉f加－ves，也可以直接加－s，它们是：handkerchiefs〔handkerchieves〕手帕，scarfs 〔scarves〕围巾.〔4〕合成名词变成复数时，通常只将里面所含的主体名词变为复数，如果没有主体名词，则将最后一部分变为复数.如：sons－in－law女婿；passers－by过路人；story－tellers讲故事的人；breakfasts早餐；housewives家庭主妇.2．常见单复数同形的名词Chinese中国人；Japanese日本人；sheep绵羊；deer鹿；series系列；means方式；works工厂；fish鱼；fruit水果；crossroads十字路口；horsepower马力；jin斤等.其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits.2018高考一轮总复习教师用书·英语第二部分语法专题讲析考点三抽象名词具体化①[2014·辽宁]Your contribution will certainly make the event a hugesuccess.你的贡献一定会使这个事件很成功.②—The hero bus driver in Hangzhou died yesterday.—Yes，news came as a shock to me.——杭州英雄司机昨天去世了.——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情.考点总结单词抽象名词意义具体化名词意义success成功成功的人或事pleasure乐趣令人高兴的事attraction吸引有吸引力的人或事物beauty美；美丽美丽的人或美好的事物令人感到安慰的安慰；慰藉人或事物danger危险危险的人或因素delight高兴令人高兴的事failure失败失败的人或事物surprise惊奇令人惊奇的事情shock震惊令人震惊的事情pride骄傲令人骄傲的事情◆名词与语法填空在语法填空中，对于名词的考查主要涉及可数名词的复数、名词的所有格以及词类变换.[典题试做1]用括号内所给词的正确形式填空1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]But for tourists like me，pandas are its top ________〔attract〕．2．[2016·全国Ⅰ]The nursery team switches him every few ________〔day〕 with his sisterso that while one is being bottle－fed...3．[2016·全国Ⅱ]Then，handle the most important tasks first so you'll feel a real sense of________ 〔achieve〕．4．[2016·全国Ⅱ]Recent ________ 〔study〕 show that we are far more productive at work ifwe take short breaks regularly.5．[2016·四川]Any smell might attract natural ________ 〔enemy〕 that would try to eat thelittle panda.答案：1.attraction 2.days 3.achievement4．studies 5.enemies[应对策略1]首先要弄清数与格，即名词是否该用复数，是否要用所有格；其次，注意有关名词的构词法，即有关名词的词类转换.这就要求考生要搞清楚名词在句中作什么成分，近几年常考名词作主语、宾语、表语的情况.◆名词与短文改错短文改错中对于名词的考查最可能考查名词的数与格.汉语中的名词在形式上没有复数变化，而是通过在其前加数词或量词等方式来表示.而英语则不同，除了在名词前加数词外，如果是可数名词，还须用其名词复数形式，而不可数名词没有复数形式.其次名词的考查还会涉及词性转换方面的错误.[典题试做2]单句改错〔每小题1处错误〕1．[2016·全国Ⅰ]My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.________2．[2016·全国Ⅱ]If we go on a trip abroad，we can broaden our view and gain knowledgeswe cannot get from books.________3．[2016·全国Ⅲ]The teenage year from 13 to 19 were the most difficult time forme.________4．[2016·四川]Mom has a full－time job，but she has to do most of thehouseworks.________答案：1.honest→ho nesty 2.knowledges→knowledge3．year→years 4.houseworks→housework[应对策略2]遇到名词首先注意区分它是可数名词还是不可数名词；其次还可以根据名词前的修饰语或谓语动词的单复数来判断.此外，还要注意名词的所有格以及名词的句法功能，判断是否存在词性转换方面的错误.◆书面表达中名词易错点聚焦1．写作中对于复数名词易疏漏－s或－es，如：〔误〕I'd love to make friend with you.〔误〕All the picture displayed are of geat value. 2．部分名词的复数变化错误，如：familys，knifes，difficultys，pianoes，heros，womandoctors，tooths，childrens，medias. 3．部分词性易混作名词，如：动词误作名词形容词误作名词动词名词形容词名词succeed success honest honestyaffect effect healthy health4.可数与不可数名词混淆.如：不可数可数take action take measuressome advicesome suggestionstake exercise eye exercisesmake progressinformationⅠ.单句语法填空1．[2017·广东汕头二模]Without the proper treatment，minor________〔injury〕or burnscould lead to more suffering and even loss of lives.2．[2017·山东青岛一模]They were the kind that I did not have in my________〔collect〕 soI placed them carefully in my bag.3．[2017·山东烟台3月诊断]Three months later，〕．4．[2017·江苏泰兴质检]For sustainable development，the government has decided to give________〔prefer〕to those energy－conserving and environment－friendly businesses inmany aspects.5．[2017·江苏运河中学一调]—Mr Wang is a man of few words，but quick in mind.—A still tongue makes a wise________，you know.答案：1.injuries解析：句意：如果得不到妥善治疗，轻伤或轻度烧伤可能会导致更大的痛苦甚至死亡.形容词后需加名词作主语，injury为可数名词，minor没有不定冠词，故需用injury的复数形式injuries表示泛指.2．collection解析：句意：因为它们是我收藏中没有的那种，因此我把它们小心地放在了我的包里.形容词性物主代词后需用名词形式，故答案为collection.3．games解析：句意：三个月后，Zejd能够和他的同班同学很愉快地对诸如家庭作业、游戏等常规事情进行交流了.介词like后需用名词形式，game为可数名词，在本句中表示泛指，故用其复数形式.4．preference 解析：句意：为了可持续发展，政府已经决定在很多方面给那些节能环保企业优惠.givepreference to...给……以优惠.5．head 解析：句意：——王先生寡言少语但思维敏捷.——你知道：寡言者智.A stilltongue makes a wise head.为谚语，意为：寡言者智.Ⅱ.单句改错1．[2017·福建南平3月质检]Often she buys some toy for him to play with，especially on hisbirthday.________2．[2017·河北邯郸一模]During the next few days，we visited the world－famous sight，such as the Great Wall，the Summer Palace，and the Forbidden City，which contain alarge number of precious treasures.________3．[2017·河南焦作一模]While I was walking on my way to school，I noticed two cleanersweeping the street.________ 4．[2017·湖北黄冈3月质检]And then I went to a department store near the hospitals andcontacted her family.________5．[2017·江西八所重点中学4月联考]We were touched by such an act of kind on a hotday.________答案： 1.toy→toys 2.sight→sights3.cleaner→cleaners 4.hospitals→hospital5.kind→kindnessⅢ.语法填空A〔名词专练〕It was late at night.Two 1.________〔German〕were sleeping in their room when suddenly，one of them，Mrs. Green，was woken up and found a thief slipping into their room to try his luck.She had three 2.________〔thousand〕 dollars in her pocket.“What should I do？Many 3.________〔thief〕usually bring 4.________〔knife〕with them，”she thought in 5.________〔silent〕．And at the same time the thief happened to touch a 6.________〔sport〕suit.It seemed as if he found there was someone in the room，so he went out to the next room where two 7.________〔Frenchman〕were sleeping.When he was looking for 8.________〔money〕 or some 9.________〔jewel〕 in the next room，Mrs.Green woke up her husband quickly and called the 10.________〔policeman〕．And then the thief knew what had happened.He was so scared that he took out a knife.Just then the police showed up.Before the thief ran away，the police caughthim.For Mrs. Green，it was really an unusual experience.答案：1.Germans 2.thousand 3.thieves 4．knives 5.silence 6.sports 7.Frenchmen 8.money 9.jewels/jewelry 10.policeB[2017·河北石家庄高三调研]We think that life in Chinese high school is an adventure in which we have to survive mountains of homework and exams.Yet would it be 1.________〔surprise〕 if I tell you that highschool life in the US is almost as stressful and demanding as it is in China?In US high school，everything 2.________〔record〕 and graded，including your grades on quizzes，tests and final examinations.Failing 3.________〔turn〕 in your homework on time willdirectly affect your grade for a certain course.Perhaps contrary to 4.________we used to think of the US high school students，they pay great attention to their 5.________〔academy〕 performance to try to get into distinguished university.6.________，they'll be disappointed after graduation fromhigh school.Like university students，the US high school students have the 7.________〔free〕 to choosethe courses that most interest 8.________〔they〕．Even a 9th－grader can sit 9.________the same classroom as 12th－graders.But this also means he or she has to work very hard，because the teacher will not treat him or her differently just because he or she is a few years10.________〔young〕．答案：[解题导语]本文是一篇说明文.文章主要介绍了美国的高中生活.1．surprising 解析：考查分词形容词.此处是现在分词作形容词，意为“令人吃惊的”，符合语境.2．is recorded解析：考查动词的时态和语态.everything和谓语record之间构成逻辑上的动宾关系，且表示客观情况，故用一般现在时的被动语态，即is recorded，与graded呼应.3．to turn 解析：考查非谓语动词.fail to do sth.意为“不能做某事”，为固定搭配.4．what 解析：考查名词性从句.空处引导宾语从句，在从句中作宾语，表示物的概念，故填what.5．academic解析：考查形容词.修饰名词应用形容词，故用形容词academic修饰名词performance，作定语.6．Otherwise解析：考查副词.根据语境可知，此处表示否则他们高中毕业后就会感到失望，故用副词otherwise，意为“否则”，作状语.7．freedom 解析：考查名词.由定冠词the可知，此处应用名词，即freedom.8．them 解析：考查代词.此处应用宾语形式，作动词interest的宾语，故用them.9．in 解析：考查介词.in the classroom意为“在教室里”，符合语境，故用介词in.10．younger解析：考查形容词比较级.根据上文可知，9年级和12年级的学生相比，自然是年轻一些，故用形容词的比较级形式，即younger.11 / 11。