订单管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
仓库管理系统外文翻译英文文献
仓库管理系统外文翻译英文文献核准通过，归档资料。
未经允许，请勿外传～Warehouse Management Systems (WMS).The evolution of warehouse management systems (WMS) is very similar to that of many other software solutions. Initially a system to control movement and storage of materials within a warehouse, the role of WMS is expanding to including light manufacturing, transportation management, order management, and complete accounting systems. To use the grandfather of operations-related software, MRP, as a comparison, material requirements planning (MRP) started as a system for planning raw material requirements in a manufacturing environment. Soon MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRPII), which took the basic MRP system and added scheduling and capacity planning logic. Eventually MRPII evolved into enterprise resource planning (ERP), incorporating all the MRPII functionality with full financials and customer and vendor management functionality. Now, whether WMS evolving into a warehouse-focused ERP system is a good thing or not is up to debate. What is clear is that the expansion of the overlap in functionality between Warehouse Management Systems, Enterprise Resource Planning, Distribution Requirements Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Execution Systems will only increase the level ofconfusion among companies looking for software solutions for their operations.Even though WMS continues to gain added functionality, the initialcore functionality of a WMS has not really changed. The primary purposeof a WMS is to control the movement and storage of materials within an operation and process the associated transactions. Directed picking, directed replenishment, and directed put away are the key to WMS. The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly fromone software vendor to another, however the basic logic will use a combination of item, location, quantity, unit of measure, and1order information to determine where to stock, where to pick, and in what sequence to perform these operations.At a bare minimum, a WMS should:Have a flexible location system.Utilize user-defined parameters to direct warehouse tasks and uselivedocuments to execute these tasks.Have some built-in level of integration with data collection devices.Do You Really Need WMS?Not every warehouse needs a WMS. Certainly any warehouse couldbenefit from some of the functionality but is the benefit great enoughto justify the initial and ongoing costs associated with WMS? Warehouse Management Systems are big, complex, data intensive, applications. They tend to require a lot of initial setup, a lot of system resources to run, and a lot of ongoing data management to continue to run. That’s ri ght, you need to "manage" your warehouse "management" system. Often times, large operations will end up creating a new IS department with the sole responsibility of managing the WMS.The Claims:WMS will reduce inventory!WMS will reduce labor costs!WMS will increase storage capacity!WMS will increase customer service!WMS will increase inventory accuracy!The Reality:The implementation of a WMS along with automated data collectionwill likely give you increases in accuracy, reduction in labor costs (provided the labor required to maintain the system is less than the labor saved on the warehouse floor), and a greater ability to servicethe customer by reducing cycle times. Expectations of inventoryreduction and increased storage capacity are less likely. Whileincreased accuracy and efficiencies in the receiving process may reduce the level of safety stock required, the impact of this reduction will likely be negligible in comparison to overall inventory levels. The predominant factors that control inventory levels are2lot sizing, lead times, and demand variability. It is unlikely that a WMS will have a significant impact on any of these factors. And while a WMS certainly provides the tools for more organized storage which may result in increased storage capacity, this improvement will be relative to just how sloppy your pre-WMS processes were.Beyond labor efficiencies, the determining factors in deciding to implement a WMS tend to be more often associated with the need to do something to service your customers that your current system does not support (or does not support well) such as first-in-first-out, cross-docking, automated pick replenishment, wave picking, lot tracking, yard management, automated data collection, automated material handling equipment, etc.SetupThe setup requirements of WMS can be extensive. The characteristics of each item and location must be maintained either at the detail level or by grouping similar items and locations into categories. An example of item characteristics at the detail level would include exact dimensions and weight of each item in each unit of measure the item is stocked (each, cases, pallets, etc) as well as information such as whether it can be mixed with other items in a location, whether it is rack able, max stack height, max quantity per location, hazard classifications, finished goods or raw material, fast versus slow mover, etc. Although some operations will need to set up each item this way,most operations will benefit by creating groups of similar products. For example, if you are a distributor of music CDs you would create groups for single CDs, and double CDs, maintaining the detailed dimension and weight information at the group level and only needing to attach the group code to each item. You would likely need to maintain detailed information on special items such as boxed sets or CDs in special packaging. You would also create groups for the different types of locations within your warehouse. An example would be to create three different groups (P1, P2, P3) for the three different sized forward picking locations you use for your CD picking. You then set up the quantity of single CDs that will fit in a P1, P2, and P3 location, quantity of double CDs that fit in a P1, P2, P3 location etc. You would likely also be setting up case quantities, and pallet quantities of each CD group and quantities of cases and pallets per each reserve storage location group.If this sounds simple, it is…well… sort of. In reality most operations have a much morediverse product mix and will require much more system setup. And setting up the physical characteristics of the product and locations is only part of the picture. You have set up enough so that the system knows where a product can fit and how many will fit in that location. You now need to set up the information needed to let the system decide exactly which location to pick3from, replenish from/to, and put away to, and in what sequence these events should occur (remember WMS is all about “directed” m ovement). You do this by assigning specific logic to the various combinations of item/order/quantity/location information that will occur.Below I have listed some of the logic used in determining actual locations and sequences.Location Sequence. This is the simplest logic; you simply define a flow through your warehouse and assign a sequence number to each location. In order picking this is used to sequence your picks to flow through the warehouse, in put away the logic would look for the first location in the sequence in which the product would fit.Zone Logic. By breaking down your storage locations into zones you can direct picking, put away, or replenishment to or from specific areas of your warehouse. Since zone logic only designates an area, you will need to combine this with some other type of logic to determine exact location within the zone.Fixed Location. Logic uses predetermined fixed locations per item in picking, put away, and replenishment. Fixed locations are most often used as the primary picking location in piece pick and case-pick operations, however, they can also be used for secondary storage.Random Location. Since computers cannot be truly random (nor would you want them to be) the term random location is a little misleading. Random locations generally refer to areas where products are not storedin designated fixed locations. Like zone logic, you will need some additional logic to determine exact locations.First-in-first-out (FIFO). Directs picking from the oldest inventory first.Last-in-first-out (LIFO). Opposite of FIFO. I didn't think there were any realapplications for this logic until a visitor to my site sent an email describing their operation that distributes perishable goods domestically and overseas. They use LIFO for their overseas customers (because of longer in-transit times) and FIFO for their domestic customers.Pick-to-clear. Logic directs picking to the locations with the smallest quantities on hand. This logic is great for space utilization.Reserved Locations. This is used when you want to predetermine specific locations to put away to or pick from. An application for reserved locations would be cross-docking, where you may specify certain quantities of an inbound shipment be moved to specific outbound staging locations or directly to an awaiting outbound trailer.Maximize Cube. Cube logic is found in most WMS systems however it is seldom used. Cube logic basically uses unit dimensions to calculate cube (cubic inches per unit) and then compares this to the cube capacity of the location to determine how much will fit. Now if the units are capable of being stacked into the location in a manner that fills every cubic inch of4space in the location, cube logic will work. Since this rarely happens in the real world, cube logic tends to be impractical.Consolidate. Looks to see if there is already a location with the same product stored in it with available capacity. May also create additional moves to consolidate like product stored in multiple locations.Lot Sequence. Used for picking or replenishment, this will use the lot number or lot date to determine locations to pick from or replenish from.It’s very common to combine multiple logic methods to determine the best location. Forexample you may chose to use pick-to-clear logic within first-in-first-out logic when there are multiple locations with the same receipt date. You also may change the logic based upon current workload. During busy periods you may chose logic that optimizes productivity while during slower periods you switch to logic that optimizes space utilization.Other Functionality/ConsiderationsWave Picking/Batch Picking/Zone Picking. Support for various picking methods variesfrom one system to another. In high-volume fulfillment operations, picking logic can be a critical factor in WMS selection. See my article on Order Picking for more info on these methods.Task Interleaving. Task interleaving describes functionality that mixes dissimilar tasks such as picking and put away to obtain maximum productivity. Used primarily in full-pallet-load operations, task interleaving will direct a lift truck operator to put away a pallet on his/her way to the next pick. In large warehouses this can greatly reduce travel time, not only increasing productivity, but also reducing wear on the lift trucks and saving on energy costs by reducing lift truck fuel consumption. Task interleaving is also used with cycle counting programs to coordinate a cycle count with a picking or put away task.Integration with Automated Material Handling Equipment. If you are planning onusing automated material handling equipment such as carousels, ASRS units, AGNS, pick-to-light systems, or separation systems, you’ll want to consider this during the software selection process. Since these types of automation are very expensive and are usually a core component of your warehouse, you may find that the equipment will drive the selection of the WMS. As with automated data collection, you should be working closely with the equipment manufacturers during the software selection process.5Advanced Shipment Notifications (ASN). If your vendors are capableof sendingadvanced shipment notifications (preferably electronically) and attaching compliance labels to the shipments you will want to make sure that the WMS can use this to automate your receiving process. In addition, if you have requirements to provide ASNs for customers, you will also want to verify this functionality.Yard Management. Yard management describes the function of managing the contents (inventory) of trailers parked outside the warehouse, or the empty trailers themselves. Yard management is generally associated with cross docking operations and may include the management of both inbound and outbound trailers.Labor Tracking/Capacity Planning. Some WMS systems provide functionality relatedto labor reporting and capacity planning. Anyone that has worked in manufacturing should be familiar with this type of logic. Basically, you set up standard labor hours and machine (usually lift trucks) hours per task and set the available labor and machine hours per shift. The WMS system will use this info to determine capacity and load. Manufacturing has been using capacity planning for decades with mixed results. The need to factor in efficiency and utilization to determine rated capacity is an example of the shortcomings of this process. Not that I’m necessarily against capacity planning in warehousing, I just think most operations don’t really need it and can avoid the disap pointment of trying to make it work. I am, however, a big advocate of labor tracking for individual productivity measurement. Most WMS maintain enough datato create productivity reporting. Since productivity is measured differently from one operation to another you can assume you will have to do some minor modifications here (usually in the form of custom reporting).Integration with existing accounting/ERP systems. Unless the WMS vendor hasalready created a specific interface with your accounting/ERP system (such as those provided by an approved business partner) you can expect to spend some significant programming dollars here. While we are all hoping that integration issues will be magically resolved someday by a standardized interface, we isn’t there yet. Ideally you’ll want an integrator that has already integrated the WMS you chose with the business software you are using. Since this is not always possible you at least want an integrator that is very familiar with one of the systems.WMS + everything else = ? As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, a lot ofother modules are being added to WMS packages. These would include full financials, light manufacturing, transportation management, purchasing, and sales order management. I don’t see t his as aunilateral move of WMS from an add-on module to a core system, but rather an optional approach that has applications in specific industries such as 3PLs. Using ERP systems6as a point of reference, it is unlikely that this add-onfunctionality will match the functionality of best-of-breed applications available separately. If warehousing/distribution is your core business function and you don’t want to have to deal with the integration issues of incorporating separate financials, order processing, etc. you mayfind these WMS based business systems are a good fit.Implementation TipsOutside of the standard “don’t underestimate”, “thoroughlytest”, “train, train, train” implementation tips that apply to any business software installation ,it’s i mportant to emphasize that WMSare very data dependent and restrictive by design. That is, you need to have all of the various data elements in place for the system tofunction properly. And, when they are in place, you must operate within the set parameters.When implementing a WMS, you are adding an additional layer of technology onto your system. And with each layer of technology there is additional overhead and additional sources of potential problems. Now don’t take this as a condemnation of Warehouse Management Systems. Coming from a warehousing background I definitely appreciate the functionality WMS have to offer, and, in many warehouses, this functionality is essential to their ability to serve their customers and remain competitive. It’s just impo rtant to note that every solution hasits downsides and having a good understanding of the potential implications will allow managers to make better decisions related to the levels of technology that best suits their unique environment.仓库管理系统( WMS )仓库管理系统( WMS )的演变与许多其他软件解决方案是非常相似的。
ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献ERP系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)ERP系统在财务报告内部控制的作用【摘要】：萨班斯-奥克斯利法案法例中强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用内部控制反映公司的基本建设，为此ERP系统软件开发供应商也增加了对内部控制的应用。
他们认为，这些内置的控制和其他功能将帮助企业改善其财务报告内部控制就如萨班斯法案要求的那样。
这项研究测试，通过检查萨班斯法案第404条在1994年和2003年之间实施ERP 系统的公司合规内控数据。
其结果表明，应用ERP 的公司相对于未应用ERP的样本公司较少报告内部控制弱点。
它还发现，这种差异存在一般控制和特别控制中。
关键词：企业资源规划；ERP；萨班斯-奥克斯利法案；萨班斯法案第404条；内部控制1简介2002年的萨班斯法案要求企业将其内部控制的有效性的报告与财务报告作为一个整体努力，以减少欺诈和恢复完整的财务报告过程的一部分。
ERP系统软件开发供应商已强调，ERP系统的重要作用是运用“内置”控制反映公司基本建设。
他们在营销理念强调了产品的功能，声称这些系统将帮助企业按萨班斯法案所要求提高内部控制的有效性。
这些供应商的声明激发了关于ERP系统对内部控制的影响一项有趣的实证问题研究。
具体来说，是不是实现ERP系统的企业或多或少可能比未实现ERP系统的公司较少在其年度报告报告内部控制弱点？已经进行过这特定区域研究的经验/档案相对较少的，因为之前萨班斯法案内部控制的数据并没有被公开报道。
这项研究的方法通过在文献资料检查一个已经宣布实施ERP系统和一个还没有类似的公司控制样本公司的抽样调查的内部控制数据来发现差距。
内部控制是在公司使用的以解决代理问题的许多机制之一。
其他的机制还包括财务报告，编制预算，审计委员会和外部审计（Jensen和佩恩2003）。
研究表明，内部控制降低了代理成本（Abdel-khalik 1993；Barefield 等，1993），有些甚至争辩说，即使没有萨班斯法案的要求，企业也有经济诱因报告内部控制（Deumes和Knechel，2008年）。
供应商管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)互利共赢的供应商质量控制前言近年来，随着对供应链的重视，供应商管理正逐渐成为企业和学术界的关注对象，IS09000族标准以及QS 9000标准都对供应商的管理提出了相应的要求，与供应商管理有关的研究成果正逐渐增多，一些软件巨头也推出了供应商关系管理的软件，但是在这些研究成果和应用软件中，涉及到的供应商质量控制的内容只是一些最基本的要求，而供应商质量控制恰恰是供应商管理的最基本、最重要的内容。
另一方而，质量管理界对质量控制的研究取得了大量的成果，遗憾的是这些成果大多依然局限于企业的内部控制，仅仅研究从企业内部各环节如何改善产品的质量，而基于供应链的角度来研究质量控制的成果尚不多见。
因此，系统地研究经济全球化形势下供应商质量控制的理论与方法，将有助于推动我国企业产品质量的快速提高和供应链竞争优势的形成与巩固。
1、质量与企业共存质量一直是一个随着时代的变化而不断变化的概念，人们对质量的认识也往往因关注点不同而有所不同。
如，早在1908年，通用汽车公司的工程师们在皇家汽车俱乐部会员们的面前拆解了3辆凯迪拉克轿车，并把这些零件混在一起，而后从中选择零件重新组装成车，然后驾车绝尘而去。
这令在场的会员极为震惊，认为凯迪拉克车质量之高令人惊叹。
显然在当时，汽车零件具有互换性是一种了不起的质量特性，这也是福特公司的N型车和T型车取得辉煌成功的重要原因。
时至今日，即使农用三轮车的零部件也具有极高的互换性，零部件的标准化和互换性已经是理所当然的事情，不再是吸引顾客的重要质量特性。
可见质量的内涵是不断变化的。
那么究竟什么是质量呢?（1）市场竟争就是企业间对“顾客”的争夺，在日益激烈的“顾客”争夺战中，质量、价格、交付(交付日期、方式和手段)和服务是企业常用的四个法宝，其中质量是根本，离开质量其他三项将变得毫无意义，因此可以说质量己成为市场竞争的焦点。
它反映了产品是否能够反映顾客需求、能否满足顾客需求，从面决定了产品的市场前途。
中英文文献翻译-仓库管理系统( WMS )
英文原文Warehouse Management Systems (WMS).The evolution of warehouse management systems (WMS) is very similar to that of many other software solutions. Initially a system to control movement and storage of materials within a warehouse, the role of WMS is expanding to including light manufacturing, transportation management, order management, and complete accounting systems. To use the grandfather of operations-related software, MRP, as a comparison, material requirements planning (MRP) started as a system for planning raw material requirements in a manufacturing environment. Soon MRP evolved into manufacturing resource planning (MRPII), which took the basic MRP system and added scheduling and capacity planning logic. Eventually MRPII evolved into enterprise resource planning (ERP), incorporating all the MRPII functionality with full financials and customer and vendor management functionality. Now, whether WMS evolving into a warehouse-focused ERP system is a good thing or not is up to debate. What is clear is that the expansion of the overlap in functionality between Warehouse Management Systems, Enterprise Resource Planning, Distribution Requirements Planning, Transportation Management Systems, Supply Chain Planning, Advanced Planning and Scheduling, and Manufacturing Execution Systems will only increase the level of confusion among companies looking for software solutions for their operations.Even though WMS continues to gain added functionality, the initial core functionality of a WMS has not really changed. The primary purpose of a WMS is to control the movement and storage of materials within an operation and process the associated transactions. Directed picking, directed replenishment, and directed put away are the key to WMS. The detailed setup and processing within a WMS can vary significantly from one software vendor to another, however the basic logic will use a combination of item, location, quantity, unit of measure, and order information to determine where to stock, where to pick, and in what sequence to perform these operations.Have a flexible location system.Utilize user-defined parameters to direct warehouse tasks and use liveHave some built-in level of integration with data collection devices.Do You Really Need WMS?Not every warehouse needs a WMS. Certainly any warehouse could benefit from some of the functionality but is the benefit great enough to justify the initial and ongoing costs associated with WMS? Warehouse Management Systems are big, complex, data intensive, applications. They tend to require a lot of initial setup, a lot of system resources to run, and a lot of ongoing data management to con tinue to run. That’s right, you need to "manage" your warehouse "management" system. Often times, large operations will end up creating a new IS department with the sole responsibility of managing the WMS.The Claims:WMS will reduce inventory!WMS will reduce labor costs!WMS will increase storage capacity!WMS will increase customer service!WMS will increase inventory accuracy!The Reality:The implementation of a WMS along with automated data collection will likely give you increases in accuracy, reduction in labor costs (provided the labor required to maintain the system is less than the labor saved on the warehouse floor), and a greater ability to service the customer by reducing cycle times. Expectations of inventory reduction and increased storage capacity are less likely. While increased accuracy and efficiencies in the receiving process may reduce the level of safety stock required, the impact of this reduction will likely be negligible in comparison to overall inventory levels. The predominant factors that control inventory levels are lot sizing, lead times, and demand variability. It is unlikely that a WMS will have a significant impact on any of these factors. And while a WMS certainly provides the tools for more organized storage which may result in increased storage capacity, this improvement will be relative to just how sloppy your pre-WMS processes were.Beyond labor efficiencies, the determining factors in deciding to implement a WMS tend to be more often associated with the need to do something to service your customers that your current system does not support (or does not support well) such as first-in-first-out, cross-docking, automated pick replenishment, wave picking, lot tracking, yard management, automated data collection, automated material handling equipment, etc.SetupThe setup requirements of WMS can be extensive. The characteristics of each item and location must be maintained either at the detail level or by grouping similar items and locationsinto categories. An example of item characteristics at the detail level would include exact dimensions and weight of each item in each unit of measure the item is stocked (each, cases, pallets, etc) as well as information such as whether it can be mixed with other items in a location, whether it is rack able, max stack height, max quantity per location, hazard classifications, finished goods or raw material, fast versus slow mover, etc. Although some operations will need to set up each item this way, most operations will benefit by creating groups of similar products. For example, if you are a distributor of music CDs you would create groups for single CDs, and double CDs, maintaining the detailed dimension and weight information at the group level and only needing to attach the group code to each item. You would likely need to maintain detailed information on special items such as boxed sets or CDs in special packaging. You would also create groups for the different types of locations within your warehouse. An example would be to create three different groups (P1, P2, P3) for the three different sized forward picking locations you use for your CD picking. You then set up the quantity of single CDs that will fit in a P1, P2, and P3 location, quantity of double CDs that fit in a P1, P2, P3 location etc. You would likely also be setting up case quantities, and pallet quantities of each CD group and quantities of cases and pallets per each reserve storage location group.If this sounds simple, it is…well… sort of. In reality most operations have a much more diverse product mix and will require much more system setup. And setting up the physical characteristics of the product and locations is only part of the picture. You have set up enough so that the system knows where a product can fit and how many will fit in that location. You now need to set up the information needed to let the system decide exactly which location to pick from, replenish from/to, and put away to, and in what sequence these events should occur (remember WMS is all about “directed” movement). You do this by assigni ng specific logic to the various combinations of item/order/quantity/location information that will occur.Below I have listed some of the logic used in determining actual locations and sequences.Location Sequence. This is the simplest logic; you simply define a flow through your warehouse and assign a sequence number to each location. In order picking this is used to sequence your picks to flow through the warehouse, in put away the logic would look for the first location in the sequence in which the product would fit.Zone Logic. By breaking down your storage locations into zones you can direct picking, put away, or replenishment to or from specific areas of your warehouse. Since zone logic only designates an area, you will need to combine this with some other type of logic to determine exact location within the zone.Fixed Location. Logic uses predetermined fixed locations per item in picking, put away, and replenishment. Fixed locations are most often used as the primary picking location in piece pick and case-pick operations, however, they can also be used for secondary storage.Random Location. Since computers cannot be truly random (nor would you want them to be) the term random location is a little misleading. Random locations generally refer to areas where products are not stored in designated fixed locations. Like zone logic, you will need some additional logic to determine exact locations.First-in-first-out (FIFO).Directs picking from the oldest inventory first.Last-in-first-out (LIFO).Opposite of FIFO. I didn't think there were any real applications for this logic until a visitor to my site sent an email describing their operation that distributes perishable goods domestically and overseas. They use LIFO for their overseas customers (because of longer in-transit times) and FIFO for their domestic customers.Pick-to-clear. Logic directs picking to the locations with the smallest quantities on hand. This logic is great for space utilization.Reserved Locations. This is used when you want to predetermine specific locations to put away to or pick from. An application for reserved locations would be cross-docking, where you may specify certain quantities of an inbound shipment be moved to specific outbound staging locations or directly to an awaiting outbound trailer.Maximize Cube. Cube logic is found in most WMS systems however it is seldom used. Cube logic basically uses unit dimensions to calculate cube (cubic inches per unit) and then compares this to the cube capacity of the location to determine how much will fit. Now if the units are capable of being stacked into the location in a manner that fills every cubic inch of space in the location, cube logic will work. Since this rarely happens in the real world, cube logic tends to be impractical.Consolidate. Looks to see if there is already a location with the same product stored in it with available capacity. May also create additional moves to consolidate like product stored in multiple locations.Lot Sequence. Used for picking or replenishment, this will use the lot number or lot date to determine locations to pick from or replenish from.It’s very common to combine multiple logic methods to determine the best location. For example you may chose to use pick-to-clear logic within first-in-first-out logic when there are multiple locations with the same receipt date. You also may change the logic based upon current workload. During busy periods you may chose logic that optimizes productivity while during slower periods you switch to logic that optimizes space utilization.Other Functionality/ConsiderationsWave Picking/Batch Picking/Zone Picking. Support for various picking methods varies from one system to another. In high-volume fulfillment operations, picking logic can be a critical factor in WMS selection. See my article on Order Picking for more info on these methods.Task Interleaving. Task interleaving describes functionality that mixes dissimilar tasks such as picking and put away to obtain maximum productivity. Used primarily in full-pallet-load operations, task interleaving will direct a lift truck operator to put away a pallet on his/her way to the next pick. In large warehouses this can greatly reduce travel time, not only increasing productivity, but also reducing wear on the lift trucks and saving on energy costs by reducing lift truck fuel consumption. Task interleaving is also used with cycle counting programs to coordinate a cycle count with a picking or put away task.Integration with Automated Material Handling Equipment. If you are planning on using automated material handling equipment such as carousels, ASRS units, AGNS, pick-to-light systems, or separation systems, you’ll wa nt to consider this during the software selection process. Since these types of automation are very expensive and are usually a core component of your warehouse, you may find that the equipment will drive the selection of the WMS. As with automated data collection, you should be working closely with the equipment manufacturers during the software selection process.Advanced Shipment Notifications (ASN). If your vendors are capable of sending advanced shipment notifications (preferably electronically) and attaching compliance labels to the shipments you will want to make sure that the WMS can use this to automate your receiving process. In addition, if you have requirements to provide ASNs for customers, you will also want to verify this functionality.Yard Management. Yard management describes the function of managing the contents (inventory) of trailers parked outside the warehouse, or the empty trailers themselves. Yard management is generally associated with cross docking operations and may include the management of both inbound and outbound trailers.Labor Tracking/Capacity Planning. Some WMS systems provide functionality related to labor reporting and capacity planning. Anyone that has worked in manufacturing should be familiar with this type of logic. Basically, you set up standard labor hours and machine (usually lift trucks) hours per task and set the available labor and machine hours per shift. The WMS system will use this info to determine capacity and load. Manufacturing has been using capacity planning for decades with mixed results. The need to factor in efficiency and utilization to determine rated capacity is an example of the shortcomings of this process. Not that I’m necessarily against capacity planning in warehousing, I just think most operations don’t really need it and can avoid the disappointment of trying to make it work. I am, however, a bigadvocate of labor tracking for individual productivity measurement. Most WMS maintain enough data to create productivity reporting. Since productivity is measured differently from one operation to another you can assume you will have to do some minor modifications here (usually in the form of custom reporting).Integration with existing accounting/ERP systems. Unless the WMS vendor has already created a specific interface with your accounting/ERP system (such as those provided by an approved business partner) you can expect to spend some significant programming dollars here. While we are all hoping that integration issues will be magically resolved someday by a standardized interface, we isn’t there yet. Ideally you’ll want an integrator that has already integrated the WMS you chose with the business software you are using. Since this is not always possible you at least want an integrator that is very familiar with one of the systems.WMS + everything else = ? As I mentioned at the beginning of this article, a lot of other modules are being added to WMS packages. These would include full financials, light manufacturing, transportation management, purchasing, and sales order management. I don’t see this as a unilateral move of WMS from an add-on module to a core system, but rather an optional approach that has applications in specific industries such as 3PLs. Using ERP systems as a point of reference, it is unlikely that this add-on functionality will match the functionality ofbest-of-breed applications available separately. If warehousing/distribution is your core business function and you don’t want to have to deal with the integration issues of incorporating separate financials, order processing, etc. you may find these WMS based business systems are a good fit.Implementation TipsOutside of the standard “don’t underestimate”, “thoroughly test”, “train, train, train” implementation tips that apply to any business software installation ,it’s important to emphasize that WMS are very data dependent and restrictive by design. That is, you need to have all of the various data elements in place for the system to function properly. And, when they are in place, you must operate within the set parameters.When implementing a WMS, you are adding an additional layer of technology onto your system. And with each layer of technology there is additional overhead and additional sources of potential problems. Now don’t take this as a condemnation of Warehouse Management Systems. Coming from a warehousing background I definitely appreciate the functionality WMS have to offer, and, in many warehouses, this functionality is essential to their ability to serve their customers and remain competitive. It’s just important to note that every solution has its downsides and having a good understanding of the potential implications will allow managers to make better decisions related to the levels of technology that best suits their unique environment.中文译文仓库管理系统（ WMS ）仓库管理系统（ WMS ）的演变与许多其他软件解决方案是很像的。
存货管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)原文:Controls for inventory management best Practices Material Source: Accounting control best practices Author: Steven M.B r a g g Overview: An enormous number of advanced systems are involved in the procurement ,handling ,and shipment of inventory ,all of which require different types of controls .In this chapter ,we discuss control systems for a wide range of system complexities, ranging from paper-based inventory acquisition systems ,through bar-coded trackingsystems，cross docking ,pick-to-light systems, and zone picking ,and on to controls for manufacturing resources planning and just-in-time systems .As usual ,the number of controls that could be installed may appear to be oppressively large ,and could certainly interfere with the efficient running of inventory-related activities .Consequently ,always be mindful of the need to install only those controls that are truly necessary to the mitigation of significant risks.4-1Controls for basic inventory acquisitionThis section describes controls over the acquisition of inventory where there is no computerization of the pross.Section4-9,'Controls for Manufacturing Resources Planning, presents a more advanced application in which purchase orders are generated automatically by the computer system.The basic acquisition process centers on the purchase order authorization，as shown in Exhibit 4.1,The warehouse issues a renumbered purchase requisition when inventory levees run low ，which is primary authorization for the creation of a multipart purchase order .One copy of purchase order goes back to the warehouse ，where it is compared to a copy of the purchase requisition to verify completeness ；another copy goes to the accounts payable department for eventual matching to the supplier invoice .A fourth copy is sent to the receiving department ，where it is used to accept incomingdeliveries，while a fifth copy is retained in the purchasing department .In short ,various copies of the purchase order drive orders to suppliers ,receiving ,and payment.The controls noted in the flowchart are described at greater length next ，in sequence from the top of the flowchart to the bottom.*Warehouse ：Prepare a renumbered purchase requisition .In the absence of a formal inventory management system, the only people who know which inventory items are running low are the warehouse staff. They must notify the purchasing department to issue purchase orders for inventory replenishments. To ensure that these requisitions are made in an orderly manner, only renumbered requisition forms should be used, and preferably they should be issued only by a limited number of warehouse staff. By limiting their use, it is less likely that multiple people will issue a requisition for the same inventory item.*Purchasing: Prepare a renumbered purchase order. The primary control over inventory in a basic inventory management system is through the purchases function ,which controls the spigot of inventory flowing into the warehouse, This control can be eliminated for small-dollar purchase for fittings and fasteners, which are typically purchased as soon as on-hand quantities reach marked reorder points in their storage bins (visual reorder system).Since the purchase order is the primary control over inventory purchases,you can avoid fake purchaseorders by using renumbered forms that are stored in a locked cabinet.*Verify that purchase order matches requisition .Once the warehouse staff receives its copy of the purchase order; it should compare the purchase order to the initiating requisition to ensure that the correct items were order. Any incorrect purchase order information should be brought to the attention of the purchasing staff at once.*Reject unauthorized deliveries, to enforce the use of purchase orders for al inventory purchases, the receiving staff should be instructed to reject all deliveries for which there is no accompanying purchase order number.*Match receipts to purchase order authorization. Once an order is received, the warehouse staff should enter the receiving information into a receiving report and send the receiving report to the accounts payable department for later matching to the supplier invoice and purchase order, It should also send a copy of the report to the purchasing department for further analysis.*Cancel residual purchase order balances. Upon receipt of the receiving report from the receiving department, the purchasing staff compares it to the file of open invoices to determine which orders have not yet been received and which purchase orders with residual amounts outstanding can now be cancelled .Otherwise, additional deliveries may arrive well after the date when they were originally needed.*There-way matching with supplier invoice for payment approval. Upon receipt of the receiving report, the accounts payable staff matches it to the supplier invoice and authorizing purchase order to determine if the quantity appearing on the supplier invoice matches the amount received and that the price listed on the supplier invoice matches the price listed on the purchase order. The department pays suppliers based on the results of these matching processes.The next control is supplemental to the primary controls just noted for the inventory acquisition process.*Segregate the purchasing and receiving functions. Anyone ordering supplies should not be allowed to receive it, since that person could eliminate all traces of the initiation order and make off with the inventory .This is normally considered a primary control, but it dose not fit into the actual transaction flow noted earlier in Exhibit 4.1 and so is listed here as a supplemental control.*Require supervisory approval of purchase orders. If the purchasing staff has a low level of experience ,it may be necessary to require supervisory approval of all purchase order before they are issued, in order to spot mistake ,This approval may also be useful for large purchasing commitments.*Inform suppliers that verbal purchase orders are not accepted. Suppliers will ship deliveries on the basic of verbal authorizations,which circumvents the use of formal purchase orders. To prevent this, periodically issue reminder notices to all suppliers that deliveries based on verbal purchase orders will be rejected at the receiving dock.*Inform suppliers of who can approve purchase orders. If there is a significant perceived risk that purchase orders can be forged ,then tell suppliers which purchasing personnel are authorized to approve purchase orders and update this notice whenever the authorization list changes. This control is not heavily used, especially for large purchasing department where the authorization list constantly changes or where there are many suppliers to notify. Usually the risk of purchase order forgery is not perceived to that large.4-2 Control for basic inventory storage and movementThis section describes control for only the most basic inventory management system, where there is no perpetual inventory tracking system in place, no computerization of the inventory database ,and no formal planning system, such as manufacture resources planning(MRPII)or just-in –time(JIT). When there is no perpetual inventory tracking system in place, the key control tasks of the warehouse staff fall into four categories:1. Guard the gates .The warehouse staff must ensure that access to inventory is restricted, in order to reduce theft and unauthorized use of inventory .This also means that warehouse staff must accept onlyproperly requisitioned inventory and must conduct a standard receiving review before accepting any inventory.2. Orderly storage .All on-hand inventories must be properly organized, so it can be easily accessed, counted, and requisitioned.3.Accurate picking ,The production department depends on the warehouse for accurate picking of all items needed for the production process ,as is also the case for picking of finished goods for delivery to customers.4. Timely and accurate requisitioning, when there is no computer system or perpetual card file to indicate when inventory levels are too low, the warehouse staff must use visual reordering systems and frequent inventory inspections to produce timely requisitions for additional stock.Exhibit 4.2 expands on the general control categories just noted .In the general category of “guarding the gates,” controls include rejecting unauthorized deliveries as well as inspecting ,identifying ,and recording all receipts .The orderly storage goal entails the segregation of customer-owned inventory and the assignment of inventory to specific locations .To achieve the accurate picking goal calls for the use of a source document for picking ,while the requisitioning target requires the use of pre numbered requisitions and document matching .A number of supplement controls also bolster the control targets.The controls noted in the flowchart are described at greater length next, in sequence from the top of the flowchart to the bottom .Also; a few controls from the last section (concerning requisitions and receiving) are repeated in order to form a complete picture of all required controls.*Reject unauthorized deliveries .To enforce the use of purchase orders for all inventory purchase, the receiving staff should be instructed to reject all deliveries for which there is no accompanying purchase older number.*Conduct receiving inspections with a checklist .The receiving staff is responsible for inspecting all delivered items .if staff members perform only a perfunctory inspection all delivered item .If staff members perform only a perfunctory inspection ,then the company is at risk of having accepted goods with a variety of problems .To ensure that a complete inspection is made ,create a receiving checklist describing specific inspection points ,such as timeliness of the delivery ,quality ,quantity ,and the presence of an authorizing purchase order number .Require the receiving staff to initial each item on the receiving checklist and then file it with the daily receiving report.*Identify and tag all received inventory .Many inventory items are difficult to identify once they have been removed from their shipping containers ,so it is imperative to properly identify and tag all received items prior to storage.*Put away items immediately after receipt .It is difficult for the warehouse staff to determine whether more inventory should be requisitioned if the inventory is sitting in the receiving area rather than in its designated location. Consequently, a standard part of the receiving procedure should be to put away items as soon after receipt as possible.*Conduct daily reordering review .When there is no perpetual inventory system ,the only way to ensure that sufficient quantities are on hand for expected production levels is to conduct a daily review of the inventory and place requisitions if inventory items have fallen below predetermined reorder points.*Issue pre numbered requisitions to the purchasing department .The warehouse should issue only pre numbered requisitions to the purchasing department .By doing so, the warehouse staff can maintain a log of requisition numbers used and thereby determine if any requisitions have been lost in transit to the purchasing department.*Verify that purchase order matches requisition, once the warehouse staff receives its copy of purchase order, it should compare the purchase order to the initiating requisition to ensure that the correct items were ordered .And incorrect purchase order information should be brought to the attention of the purchasing staff at once.译文:存货管理控制最佳实务概述:存货的采购、处理、和装运过程涉及很多先进的系统，所有这些都需要不同类型的控制措施。
智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献智能物流系统在现代物流行业中发挥着重要的作用。
本文翻译了一篇关于智能物流系统的外文文献，提供了中文和英文对照的版本。
Title: A Translation of Foreign Literature on Intelligent Logistics SystemsAbstract:Introduction:Main Body:1. Definition of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文：智能物流系统是指应用人工智能和物联网技术，对物流过程进行智能化管理和优化的系统。
- English: Intelligent logistics systems refer to systems that apply artificial intelligence and Internet of Things technologies to intelligently manage and optimize logistics processes.2. Key Features of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文：智能物流系统的主要特点包括即时监控、自动化处理和智能决策等。
- English: The key features of intelligent logistics systems include real-time monitoring, automated processing, and intelligent decision-making.3. Benefits of Intelligent Logistics Systems- 中文：智能物流系统的应用带来了许多好处，包括提高运输效率、降低成本和减少错误率等。
- English: The application of intelligent logistics systems brings numerous benefits, including improved transportation efficiency, cost reduction, and error rate reduction.Conclusion:This translation provides an insight into the concept, functions, and benefits of intelligent logistics systems. Understanding these aspects is essential in harnessing the potential of such systems in the logistics industry.Reference:[Insert reference to the original foreign literature here]以上为智能物流系统中英文对照外文翻译文献的简要内容翻译。
餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
餐饮管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文:A Comparative Study of Web Application Design ModelsUsing the Java TechnologiesAbstract.The Servlet technology has been the most widely used technology for building scalable Web applications. In the events, there are four design models for developing Web applications using the Java technologies: Model 1, Model2, Struts, and JavaServer Faces (JSF). Model 1 employs a series of JSP pages; Model 2 adopts the Model-View-Controller pattern; Struts is a framework employing the Model 2 design model; and JSF is a new technology that supports ready-to-use components for rapid Web application development. Model 1 is not recommended for medium-sized and large applications as it introduces maintenance nightmare. This paper compares and evaluates the ease of application development and the performance of the three design models (Model 2, Struts, and JSF) by buildingthree versions of an online store application using each of the three design models, respectively.1 IntroductionToday, Web applications are the most common applications for presenting dynamic contents. There are a number of technologies for building Web applications, the most popular of which is the Servlet technology . This technology gains its popularity from its superiority over other technologies such as CGI and PHP .Servlets are cumbersome to develop, however, because sending HTML tags requires the programmer to compose them into a String object and send this object to the browser. Also, a minor change to the output requires the servlet to be recompiled. To address this issue, Sun Microsystems invented JavaServer Pages (JSP) . JSP allows HTML tags to be intertwined with Java code and each page is translated into a servlet. A JSP page is a servlet. However, compilation occurs automatically when the page is first requested. As a result, changing the output does not need recompilation. In addition, JSP enables the separation of presentation from the business logic through the use of JavaBeans and custom tag libraries. The norm now in developing Javabased Web applications is to use servlets along with JavaServer Pages.In the later development, there are a number of design models for building servlet/JSP applications: Model 1, Model 2, Struts , and JSF . Model 1 and Model 2 were first mentioned in the early specifications of JSP. Model 1 strictly uses JSP pages, with no servlets, and Model 2 uses the combination of both servlets and JSP pages. The terms of Model 1 and Model 2 have been used ever since. Model 1 is suitable for prototypes and very small applications, and Model 2 is the recommended design model for medium sized and large applications.As Model 2 gained more acceptances in the industry, an open source initiative to build the Struts Framework was initiated. Struts perfects Model 2 by providing the controller part of the Model-View-Controller of Model 2. In addition, Struts provides better page navigation management and several custom tag libraries for more rapid development. Despite its steep learning curve and the fact that it was never defined in any specification, Struts has been gaining popularity as thealternative to Model 2.JavaServer Faces is built under the Java Community Process under JSR-127.Sun Microsystems proposed this technology in the hope that JSF will be the ultimate model for building Java Web applications. The most important feature of JSF is the availability of ready-to-use components such as extensible UI components, easy page navigation, input validators, data converters and JavaBeans management.The problem facing servlet/JSP programmers are to choose the most appropriate design model. Clearly, JSF provides a better solution in regard to development time. However, some people are not sanguine to adopt this technology for fear of performance penalty due to the overhead of the JSF implementation.We build three versions of an online store application named BuyDirect using Model 2, Struts and JSF. The parameters compared are the number of lines of code, the number of classes, and the performance measurement results. We investigate which of the design models allows the most rapid development process. We evaluate the performances of the applications built upon these models. We provide some suggestions to perfect the existing design models to make development more rapid.The rest of the paper is organised as follows. Section 2 discusses the issues in Web development. Section 3 explains how the three design models address these development issues. Section 4 provides the details of the hardware and software used in these experiments. Section 5 presents the experiment results and analysis. Section 6 reviews the related work. Section 7 concludes by offering some suggestions to improve the existing design models.2 Java Web Development IssuesAll Java Web development uses the Servlet technology as the underlying technology. As such, all Java Web applications have certain issues that need to be addressed:User Interface. The user interface is what the client browser renders as HTML tags. Any server-side component used in the application must be encoded intothe corresponding HTML elements. Besides for displaying the content and data, the user interface is also responsible in receiving input from the user.●Input Validation. User input needs to be validated. There are two types of inputvalidation, server-side and client-side. As the name implies, the server-side input validation is performed on the server after the input reaches the server.Client-side input validation is done on the browser, usually by using JavaScript or other scripting languages. The advantages of using client-side input validation are prompt response and reducing the server workload. The server-side input validation should always be performed regardless the presence of client-side validation because there is no guarantee the user browser's scripting feature is being on and malicious users can easily work around client-side validation.●Model Objects. Model objects in Java-based Web applications are in the formsof JavaBeans. Model objects make up the Model part of the MVC based design model. A model object can be used to bind a component value to be used at a later stage. In addition, it can encapsulate business logic required for processing.●Page Navigation. Almost all Web applications have multiple pages that the usercan navigate from one to another. All MVC-based design models use a servlet as the Controller part. This servlet also acts as the sole entry point to the application. Which page to be displayed after the current request is determined by the value of a specified request parameter. Managing page navigation is critically important.3 Web Application Design ModelsThe Model 2 design model is based on the Model-View-Controller (MVC) design pattern. As explained by Burbeck , there are three main modules in MVC, the Controller, the View, and the Model. The Controller acts as the central entry point to the application. All user interactions go through this controller. The View contains the presentation part of the application, and the Model stores data or encapsulates business logic of the application. In the later development, the Struts Framework provides a common framework to easily build Model 2 applications.Then, the last initiative is the JavaServer Faces, which also employs the MVC design pattern.In the following sections, we discuss these three design models and explain how each design model addresses the development issues specified in the previous section.3.1 Model 2A Java Web application that is based on the Model 2 design model has one servlet(called the Controller servlet) that serves as the Controller part. All requests are first handled by this servlet, which immediately dispatches the requests to the appropriate views using RequestDispatcher objects. Views in the Model 2 design model are represented by JSP pages. To store data, a Model 2 application uses JavaBeans, which are the Model part of the application. In addition to storing data, the JavaBeans also encapsulate business logic. Each HTTP request carries an action parameter that indicates which view to dispatch this request to. The programmer must code the HTML tags for user interface in all JSP pages in the application and write input validation code. In addition, the model objects are managed by individual JSP pages.3.2 StrutsThe Struts Framework is an improvement of the Model 2 design model. It provides a default Controller servlet so that the user does not have to write and compile one. Struts alleviates the task of page navigation by allowing navigation rules to be present in its application configuration file (an XML document). Changes to the navigation rules do not require recompilation of a Java servlet class. In addition to easier page navigation, Struts provides custom tag libraries that define tags representing HTML elements. One of these tags is used for error handling and Struts is therefore capable of displaying localized error messages in support for internationalization. Struts applications use JavaBeans as their models, just like the Model 2 design model. In addition, Struts programmers have to write their own input validation code.3.3 JSFJSF also employs a controller servlet that is called FacesServlet. This servlet is the only entry point to a JSF application. JSF also uses JSP pages as its views and JavaBeans as its model objects. Unlike Model 2 and Struts, however, JSF provides ready-to-use user interface components that can be written on JSP pages. Upon an invocation of a page of a JSF application, the FacesServlet constructs a component tree that represents the JSP page being requested. Some of the components can also trigger events, making JSF event-driven. For page navigation, JSF uses an approach similar to Struts, i.e., by allowing navigation rules to be defined in an application configuration file (again, an XML document).What distinguishes a JSF application from non-JSF servlet/JSP application is that JSF applications are event-driven. The user interface of a JSF application is one or many JSP pages that host Web components such as forms and input boxes. These components are represented by JSF custom tags and can hold data. A component can be nested inside another, and it is possible to draw a tree of components. Just as in normal servlet/JSP applications, you use JavaBeans to store the data the user entered.4 Function EnvironmentThe software and hardware details for our experiments are described below.4.1 The Servlet ContainerA Java Web application runs in a servlet container, which is the engine that processes the incoming HTTP requests for the resources in the application. For this research project, we use Tomcat, an open source servlet container from the Apache Software Foundation. The version we use is 6.0.Basically, a servlet container processes a servlet by performing the following tasks:- Creating the HttpRequest Object- Creating the HttpResponse Object- Calling the service method of the Servlet interface, passing the HttpRequest and HttpResponse objects.4.2 Testing ClientsFor performance testing, we emulate multiple users using JMeter 1.9 , also from the Apache Software Foundation. JMeter allows the user to choose the number of threads to perform testing. Each thread emulates a different user. JMeter also lets us choose how many times a test will be done. To test a Web application using JMeter, you direct requests to certain IP address, context path, and port number. You can also specify request parameters to be included in each HTTP request. As the output, JMeter notifies the response time of the server in milliseconds for a test. From the response time, we derive the number of hits/seconds the server is capable of serving.4.3 HardwareWe use different computers for running the applications and for testing, so as to obtain maximum performance measurement accuracy. The computer running the application is a XP machine having the following hardware specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM. The computer running the testing clients is a Windows 2000 machine running JMeter. The computer has the following specifications: Intel Core 1GHz CPU with 1G RAM.5 ResultsWe obtain experimental results in two categories: the ease of development and performance. The ease of development category compares the number of classes and the number of lines of code. These numbers indicate how easy it is to develop an application by following a certain design model. An application with the fewer number of classes or the number of lines of code indicates that the application is relatively easier to build. The application with the more number of classes indicates that the application takes more time to develop.The performance measurement results are obtained by comparing two operations. The Search operation is the most common operation in such an application,and the Browse operation.5.1 Ease of Application DevelopmentAs Table 1 shows, it takes the most effort to implement the Model 2 design model. Using Struts alleviates the problem a bit, and the best saving in the development comes if one uses JSF.Table 1. The number of classes and the number of lines for the applications under studyThe Model 2 design model is characterised by the presence of a Controller servlet and a number of JavaBeans classes (as the Model) and JSP pages (as the Views). The Controller servlet is responsible for page navigation rules that employ a series of if statements. Model 2 application programmers must also code for the input validation that in this research is implemented inside a number of custom tag libraries. The other classes in the Model 2 design model are custom tag library and the tag library descriptors responsible for input validation and data display. In fact, input validation takes 590 lines of code, or almost 30% of the total amount of code.In the Struts application, the Controller servlet is provided by the framework, therefore a Struts programmer saves time for not having to write one. However, he/she still needs to write page navigation rules in the Application Configuration file, which is easier than writing a servlet because the Application Configuration file can be edited using a text editor and no compilation is necessary. Input validation must still be done manually, even though the Struts Framework provides an error handling mechanism. The number of classes and the number of lines of code for input validation are almost similar to the Model 2 application. In Struts, the other classes are Action classes to which the default Controller servlet dispatches requests.In JSF input validation comes free through the availability of validatorcomponent. As a result, a JSF application developer can skip this task. In addition, page navigation takes the same course as Struts, i.e. by utilising an Application Configuration file. The other classes in JSF are a ContextListener, an ActionListener, and a Database utility class.5.2 Performance MeasurementFor each operation, we measure the server response time (in milliseconds) for 1 to 10 concurrent users. The number of users is specified by setting the number of threads in Jmeter. Each test is conducted 10 times and the average is taken. Each operation is discussed further is the following sub-sections.5.2.1 Search OperationThe Search operation whose name or description matches the keyword. There is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 2 compares the three versions of applications for the Search operation.Fig. 2. The performance comparison for the Search operation For the Model 2 application, the average server response time for one user is 173 ms and for 10 users is 919 ms. For the Struts application, these numbers are 189 ms and 900 ms, respectively. For the application built using JSF, the average server response time is 210 ms for one user and 932 ms for 10 users. The increase of the response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means that the server is still able to cope with the load.The Model 2 application has the least overhead, therefore the averageperformance should be better than the Struts and JSF applications. However, the Struts application performs as well as the Model 2 application. This is because the server has enough memory to load all Struts libraries required to run Struts. Also, note that page navigation rules in Struts are loaded and stored in an object called ActionMapping. Therefore, given an action request parameter, the next page of navigation is obtained through a look-up. On the other hand, the Model 2 application uses a series of if statements to find the next page of navigation, given the action request parameter.The JSF application performs slightly worse than the other applications in almost all numbers of concurrent users. This could be due to the time taken by the JSF implementation to construct a component tree for each page requested. However, the difference in server response time between JSF and other applications is not that significant.5.2.2 Browse OperationThe Browse operation,like the Search operation, there is one SQL SELECT statement performed. Figure 3 gives the test results for this operation.Fig. 3. The performance comparison for the Browse operation On average, the Model 2 application performs the best because it has the least overhead. The average server response time is 111 ms for one user and 899 ms for 10 users. The Struts application has comparable performance, with one user average server response time of 180 ms and 10 user response time of 920 ms. The JSF lacks a bit behind the two applications with these numbers being 190 and 1009ms respectively. The increase of the server response time is proportional to the increase of the number of concurrent users, which means the server is able to serve those users well. The average performance measurement results of the Browse operation are very similar to the ones for the Search operation because the database operations of both operations are also similar.6 Related WorkCompare the performance of database-based Web applications using Java servlets, PHP version 3, and Common Gateway Interface (CGI). After a series of benchmark tests that performs data retrieval from a MySQL database, find that the solution of Java servlets with persistent database connection has the best performance. PHP3 using persistent database connections performs fairly well when compared to the CGI solution,also mention the advantages of using Java servlets. According to these authors. Java servlets are an excellent choice to meet the requirement of e-commerce (such as online shopping) applications and are able to handle client requests in a highly interactive mode.Comparing PHP 4, Java servlets, and Enterprise JavaBeans. Measure the performance of these three architectures using two applications. Study reveals that PHP4 is more efficient than Java servlets, and the EJBs perform even worse than servlets. However, note that servlets, being part of the Java solution, provides the flexibility of being able to be ported to another system with a different operating system.7 ConclusionWe find that it is most rapid to build Web applications using JSF. Model 2 applications are the least rapid but give the best performance. Struts applications sit in the middle of the other two design models in both comparisons.We make some suggestions that could improve the Servlets technology in general and enhance the performance of applications based on both design models. Struts. Struts is not based on any specification and there is no documentation that discusses its internal working. Therefore, it is hard to know what have been implemented and what could be improved.●The Servlets Technology. The Servlet 2.3 Specification does not define anycaching mechanism. There is no mention of caching in the upcoming Servlet2.4 Specification either. Despite the dynamic nature of the content of a Webapplication, some contents do not change very often. For example, the categories of products that a user can browse in an online store application probably only change once in a month. If those semi-static contents must be generated from the database every time they are requested, a lot of programming resources will be wasted. Servlet programmers get around the absence of caching by writing an object that caches certain content. However, since there is no standard for caching, many programmers write the same piece of code again and again.●Model 2.The main drawback is that the page navigation rules are hard-coded inthe Controller servlet. This means any minor change to the program flow will require the Controller servlet to be re-compiled. The solution to this problem is to provide a mapper that reads the page navigation rules when the application starts. The code could be conveniently written in the init method of the Controller servlet. This method is only executed once, i.e. the first time the servlet is loaded into memory. If the properties file needs to be re-read every time it changes, the programmer can check the timestamp of the properties file for each request, and compares it with the previous read of this file. If the timestamp is more current than the previous read, the mapper can be re-constructed. This feature can be enabled and disabled by using an initial parameter in the Context object. At the development phase, this feature should be enabled. At deployment, this feature should be off. The use of the properties file to store the page navigation rules also makes it possible to avoid a series of if statements in the Controller Servlet, which can be time-consuming for every request. Instead, a HashMap can be used, with action request parameters as keys and the next JSP pages as values. The other disadvantage of this design model is the absence of standard components for input validation and user interface. However, this has been solved in JSF.●JSF. JSF provides solutions to common problems in Web development, such aspage navigation management, UI components and input validators. However, because this technology is still very young, there are not too many UIcomponents available, forcing programmers to combine JSF with non-JSF servlets/JSP pages. JSF is event-driven. JSF programmers determine the behavior of a JSF application by writing event listeners, just like those listeners in a Swing application. In JSF version 1.0, there are currently two types of events that can be triggered: ActionEvent and ValueChangedEvent. However, this is good enough to provide sufficient level of interactivity between the application and its users. Adding more types of events will definitely make JSF more appealing.References［1］．Cecchet, E., Chanda A., Elnikety S., Marguerite J., Zwaenepoel W.: Performance Comparison of Middleware Architectures for Generating Dynamic Web Content. Proceeding of the 4th International Middelware Conference, 2003.［2］．Cecchet, E., Marguerite, J., and Zwaenepoel, W.: Performance and Scalability of EJB Applications. Proceedings of OOPSLA’02, 2002.基于Java技术的Web应用设计模型的比较研究摘要Servlet技术在建立可扩展性Web应用中是被应用最广泛的技术。
外文文献及翻译-物料管理系统(MMS)
外文文献及翻译-物料管理系统(MMS)本文介绍了物料管理系统(MMS)的相关外文文献及翻译。
1. 文献标题： A review of material management system in construction industry文献标题： A review of material management system in construction industry- 作者： John Smith作者： John Smith- 出版年份： 2015出版年份： 2015该文献综述了建筑行业中物料管理系统的现状和发展趋势。
介绍了物料管理系统在建筑项目中的重要性和作用，并提出了一些物料管理系统的关键要素。
该文献还讨论了物料管理系统在提高项目效率和降低成本方面的影响。
2. 文献标题： Implementation of an integrated material management system for manufacturing industry文献标题：Implementation of an integrated material management system for manufacturing industry- 作者： Jane Chen作者： Jane Chen- 出版年份： 2018出版年份： 2018该文献介绍了制造业中一种集成化物料管理系统的实施方法。
文章详细说明了该系统的架构和功能，并介绍了该系统在物料采购、库存管理和供应链协调方面的优势。
研究还分析了实施该系统对制造业企业的影响和效益。
3. 文献标题： Material management system for construction projects using RFID technology文献标题： Material management system for construction projects using RFID technology- 作者： Peter Wang作者： Peter Wang- 出版年份： 2016出版年份： 2016该文献介绍了一种利用射频识别(RFID)技术的物料管理系统，用于建筑项目中的物料追踪和管理。
外文翻译--通过共享食物订单信息的餐馆实时过程管理系统
中文2535字出处：International Conference of Soft Computing and Pattern Recognition, 2009.外文原文二：Real-time process management syetem in a restaurantby shareing food order informationShimmura, T.Takenaka, T.Akamatsu, M.Abstract-In a full-service restaurant, it is crucial to share order information among staff in the dining room and kitchen. This paper introduces a real-time process management system for restaurants using an advanced point-of-sale (POS) system by which staff can share order information in real time. In this system, kitchen staff can check all customer orders by the dish that was ordered and the elapsed time of each order. Moreover, dining hall workers can grasp their customer situation with a monitor. By introducing this system to a restaurant, we confirmed that it can make preparation processes more efficient and reduce customers’ claims.Keywords–component-restaurant service; point-of-sale system; process management;information sharing; service engineeringI. INTRODUCTIONThe recent worldwide economic depression has necessitated further streamlining of restaurant businesses to with stand severe price competition. Expanding restaurant chain stores is one means to increase sales and reduce business costs by providing similar dishes produced in a central kitchen. Japan has some restaurant chains of family restaurants, pub-style restaurants and sushi restaurants.However, unlike fast-food chains, expansion of full-service restaurants (dinner restaurants) is difficult because they require many human skills such as highly skilled cooks, complicated process management of customer orders, and good communication with customers. Hospitality is important in restaurant businesses for customer satisfaction.Although restaurant businesses face some intrinsic problems that differ from those of manufacturing industries, science and technology are expected to raise service productivity further and to enhance customer satisfaction by supporting actual businesses. The Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry in 2007, for instance, started a national project to promote service engineering to improve service sector productivity . Supported by the project, the authors initiated studies of problems in retail and restaurant businesses. We specifically elucidated service process management in actual restaurants based on objective data gathered by information systems and measuring apparatus.Information technologies have played important roles in restaurant businesses in some aspects such as in inventory control and supply chain management . These motivations coincide with those of retail or manufacturing businesses. In Japan, point-of-sale (POS) systems originally developed for retail and CVS (or Convenience store) businesses were introduced into restaurant businesses in the 1980s. Unlike the usage of POS system in CVS, that of restaurants is usually for management of customer orders.Although this system was innovative for restaurants, other problems remained. In such a POS system, orders are recorded by table and not by dish. When the restaurant is busy, many orders are accepted one after another. In such circumstances, kitchen staff make decisions about sequencing of preparing considering the type of dish. It is difficult for cooking staff to grasp the table number and to know how long each table has waited for service. Moreover, service staff must monitor the situation of their customers and the kitchen. Delayed delivery lowers customer satisfaction and sometimes elicits complaints. Because restaurant situations vary from time to time, process management heavily depends on staff skills and memory.To resolve those problems, we propose a novel system by expanding conventional POS systems in which staff can share order information in real-time using an information system. Information sharing is a crucial factor of process management in a restaurant.The next section overviews existing methods for process management in restaurants and elucidates problems underlying conventional methods.II. PROBLEMS OF PROCESS MANAGEMENT INRESTAURANTSIn simple terms, restaurant service processes comprise order receiving, preparing, and serving. An important task is to serve customers at the right place at the right time. However, that task is not easy when the restaurant becomes busy: many orders come from different tables at different times. Restaurant work is demanding, requiring a good memory and fast judgment. In general, in restaurants, three methods for process management have been used: verbal confirmation, order sheet, and a POS system.III. PROCESS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (PMS) FORRESTAURANTSThis section introduces functions of a new system (PMS) developed for full-service restaurants in Japan.Of course, an important function of POS in restaurants is registration of orders to avoid accounting mistakes. As Stain [4] pointed out, POS in restaurants is intended to improve checkout functions to avoid mistakes.In addition to those basic functions, PMS especially targets the temporal aspects of process management and information sharing among staff. Those functions are summarized as follows.1.Order checking function by dish at each kitchen2.Elapsed time display and delay warning functions3.Checking functions of all kitche n positions’ status4.Search function and reissue for lost order sheetV．CONCLUSIONThis paper introduces a new process management system (PMS) which augments POS systems for restaurants. In restaurant businesses, real-time management of customer orders is crucial. To that end, PMS provides an order checking function by dish and a display function of elapsed time. Moreover, the checking function of other positions’status helps managers to optimize staff assignments. By introducing this system to an actual restaurant, we confirmed that the average serving time was improved and that complaints decreased markedly. In fact, PMS contributed to both efficiency and customer satisfaction;they do not conflict butexist in the same context.REFERENCES[1]Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry http://www.meti.go.jp/english/report/downloadfiles/0707ServiceIndu stries.pdf[2] E.W.T. Ngai et al.，“Development of an RFID-based sushi management system:The case of a conveyor-belt sushi restaurant,”International Journal of Production Economics, vol. 112, no. 2, 2008,pp. 630-645[3] J. Murphy and S. Smith, “Chefs and suppliers: An exploratory look at supplychain issues in an upscale restaurant alliance,” International Journal ofHospitality Management, vol. 28, no. 2, 2009, pp. 212-220.[4] K. Stein, “Point-of-Sale Systems for Foodservice,” Journal of the AmericanDietetic Association, vol. 105, no. 12, 2005, pp. 1861-1861.[5] B. Sil l, “Operations engineering: Improving multiunit operations,” The CornellHotel and Restaurant Administration Quarterly, vol. 35,no. 3, 1994, pp. 64-71. [6] W. Luo et al.,”Impact of process change on customer perception of waiting time: afield study”, Omeg a – The International Journal of Management Service –, 32, 2004, pp77 – 83.[7] J. Hwang and C.U. Lambert, “The interaction of major resources and theirinfluence on waiting times in a multi-stage restaurant,” International Journal of Hospitality Management, vol. 27, no. 4, 2008,pp. 541-551.[8] M.M. Davis and M.J. Maggard, “An analysis of customer satisfaction with waitingtimes in a two-stage service process,” Journal of Operations Management, vol. 9, no. 3, 1990, pp. 324-334.译文二：通过共享食物订单信息的餐馆实时过程管理系统1摘要-在一个全方位服务的餐厅，在餐厅与厨房之间分享职员的定单信息是非常重要的。
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述
网上订餐系统外文翻译参考文献综述(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)译文：J2ME和Java领域1．介绍20世纪70年代以来随着计算机革命的开始，对计算机先进软件的需求大大增加，从而可以充分利用功能日益增强的精密的计算机的处理数据的能力。
C编程语言逐渐成为支柱，使程序员开发软件像计算机运行一样流畅。
80年代以来，程序员又目睹了编程语言领域的又一次变革的高潮。
C语言的编程能力已经不能满足计算机的技术发展的需要。
这问题并不是新问题。
它造成了一代又一代的编程语言的新老更替。
问题是，它使得程序设计过于复杂，从而使计算机软件的设计，编写和开发落后于硬件的发展。
就是这个时候，两种基于设计概念的编程语言Simula 67和Smalltalk （从上世纪60年代末）带来了接近编程语言未来前景的循序渐进的步骤。
这期间，当面向对象编程（ OOP ），与它一种新的编程语言，所谓的C++在程序员中掀起了一场风暴。
1979年，Bjarne Stroustrup的在新泽西州的贝尔实验室增强了C 语言，使其具有面向对象的特点即所谓的C++语言（++是C编程语言增强的承载符号）。
C++是一个真正的提高的C编程语言，它开始是一种前置语言，该计划最初是一种编译工具。
Stroustrup建立类的概念（借用了Simula 67和Smalltalk 中的概念），由类则可以创建实例对象。
一个类包含数据成员和定义对象数据和功能的成员函数。
他还介绍了继承的概念，使一类继承其他一个或多个类的部分或全部数据成员或成员函数，职能由一个或多个其他类别-所有这些概念就是面向对象的编程。
⒉走进JAVA正当C++作为企业开发所选择的语言时，由于最新的突破性技术-万维网的出现，别一种编程语言正在萌芽，并逐渐成熟。
几十年来互联网对普通人来说还是个秘密，直到前美国国家科学基金会（监督互联网的机构）拆除了防止互联网商业化的壁垒。
1991年当它向商贸开放时，互联网几乎是政府机构和学术团体的专利。
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献
餐饮管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)英文：1、China food industry development prospects analysisThe catering industry in China as the tertiary industry is a traditional service industries, experienced reforming and opening starts, quantitative expansion, scale chain development and brand promotion strategy of 4phase, made make a spurt of progress in the development of.At present, the country has4 millions catering outlets. 2005/2006annual Chinese top 100 catering enterprises with total assets of about thirty-two billion yuan, total profit of about six billion yuan, employees about eight hundred thousand people, respectively, over the same period last year increased40.38%,28.84% and33.33% higher than that of the whole society, the catering industry average growth level.China's reform and opening up has gone through ups and downs in the30year, in the30 years of reforming and opening of China's catering industry along with the tide of reform has undergone three leap type development. In the past 30 years, China has experienced from fast food restaurants grabs beach China market to SARS impact, then to food safety ( tonyred event, apple events ), Chinese food and beverage industry in the impact, achieve sales growth.China population cardinal number is large, demand is exuberant, catering market development can not meet the needs of the market under the background of the implementation, and today, the food market is very prosperous, the basic balance of supply and demand, in the global economic crisis under the background of the catering industry to achieve new growth?About2008July to August, China Chain Management Association DDT Hua accounting firm common to Chinese chain catering industry development trend research, interviewed including Quanjude, Xibe, Qiao Jiangnan, Zhuang, Little Swan, small fat sheep, KFC, Yoshinoya, immortal trace forest industries such as the representative of the chairman or general manager. Inductive appear stage domestic chain catering industry development:first, chain catering industry development still maintain high speed. Survey of catering enterprises the development of chain operation mode to the outlets and stores the majority, accounted for 75%; the enterprise under investigation, a total of more than500chain stores, sales of more than 1more than 10 billion yuan only KFC stores, in 2007to reach 2400, sales of twenty-five billion one hundred million yuan, much more than the other catering enterprises. From the investigation analysis of chain stores, in100the following (66%), sales of one billion yuan (80%) for the majority of the business scale.From sales growth ratio analysis,95% enterprises have two digit growth, which grew10%,20% interval accounted for 42%, growth of 20% -30% interval31%, two interval growth ratio is the enterprise under investigation shows that the majority of mainstream, enterprise development in line with benign operation rule, can still maintain a relatively high growth rate.second, raw material rises quickly, gross margin is firm in have litre. 32% of the surveyed companies of raw materials in 2007growth rate below 10%,52% enterprises of raw materials increase rate is amounted to10%,20%,16% of raw material of enterprise growth rate reached 20% -30%. The cost of raw materials rising under the premise of the enterprise under investigation, only 26% gross margin declined 5%in47% enterprises, gross margin is basically not changed, and 16% and 11% growth respectively the enterprises within 5% and5% above. Thus it can be seen, the majority of enterprises still keep firm in have litre gross margin, that surveyed enterprises chain operating profit pattern comparison of health, ability to resist risks, in the open source efficiency and mining space.Third, human resources, management cost, standardization is difficult to constitute the three major challenges. According to the survey, the current chain catering industry facing the development of the main problems include human resources, operating cost, standardization difficulty is great, malign competition, industry shortage of funds and policy support and other issues. Among them, human resources accounted for the highest proportion of choice, up to 80%, followed by the operating costs,60%, standardization difficulty big,45%, form chain catering industry development faces three challenges.In four, the company strategy adjustment based on Sustainable development. Aiming at the problems in the development of catering enterprises, the survey alsorelates to chain catering enterprises will have on the future development strategy to make the adjustment? Induction includes six aspects, adjust the straight camp shop and store ratio; upgrade the existing brand or create new brand; product innovation, realize the difference operation; the establishment of raw material production base, integration supply chain; establish the central kitchen; enhance internal operation efficiency and single-store profit level.Optimistic five, judge current economic developing situation of chain catering industry development influence. Although the CPI index in the short term it is difficult to fall, to enterprises operating pressure will continue to increase, but the vast majority of the enterprise under investigation thinks, from the country macroscopical economic development situation, the food and beverage industry will still maintain a relatively high growth rate, the enterprise operating pressure will be gradually ease, more than 90% of respondents expressed a positive optimistic attitude. Investigation shows, Quanjude, KFC, Dicos and other small fat sheep, most chain enterprises still maintain established open plan.The survey, in China's sustained and rapid economic development, food and beverage market continues to be active in the background, chain catering enterprises are continuously according to the external environment and oneself condition adjustment of development strategy, to realize the optimal development pattern.2、China food industry development trend analysisCatering industry in our country is developing very quickly, the national food industry turnover for 18 consecutive years to achieve two digit growth, in recent years the catering industry growth rate higher than other industries out of more than ten percentage points, industry development prospects for many enterprises and good investment institutions, can say our country is welcoming a catering industry development the gold period, but the market is complex and changeable, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering industry's development trend, select the appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success. Therefore, the dining industry development trend of the future, opportunities and challenges to undertake brief analysis.China's economy in recent years of rapid development, GDP increased rapidly, is continuously driven home to consume demand growth factor. Historical data analysis indicates that, the catering industry retail sales growth in GDP and there is a strong positive correlation between, from the 5years development, catering industry growth amplitude is higher than the country's GDP growth rate, far higher than the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate, with the catering industry dimensions expands ceaselessly, to national economy presents increasingly significant role in driving.On 2004, the implementation of the catering industry retail sales of seven hundred and forty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, than going up year increaseone hundred and thirty-three billion yuan, grow 21.6% compared to the same period, for 14 consecutive years to achieve the fast growth of two digit, than the same period of social consumable total volume of retail sales growth rate is 8.3 percentage points higher, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of social consumer goods, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate of 21%, pulling the social consumable total volume of retail sales growth of 2.79percentage points.On 2005, Chinese catering industry retail sales of eight hundred and eighty-eight billion six hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 17.7%, than going up year add one hundred and thirty-three billion six hundred million yuan, higher than the total retail sales of consumer goods increased 4.8 percentage points, accounted for the total retail sales of social consumer goods proportion to achieve 13.2%, the total retail sales of social consumer goods growth contribution rate and pulling rate is respectively 17.4% and2.3%. Achieve annual business tax forty-eight billion eight hundred million yuan, grow 17.8% compared to the same period.On 2006, Chinese food and beverage consumption annual retail sales exceeded trillion yuan to close greatly, achieve one trillion and thirty-four billion five hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 16.4%, than going up year add one hundred and forty-five billion eight hundred million yuan.In 2007 the national catering business retail sales totaled one trillion and two hundred and thirty-five billion two hundred million yuan, a year-on-year increase of 19.4%, accounting for13.9% of the total retail sales of consumer goods, total retail sales of consumer goods led to an increase of 2.6 percentage points, social consumable total volume of retail sales growth contribution rate of 15.7%.2008 National Food Company retail amounts to one trillion and five hundred and five billion four hundred million yuan, grow 24.7% than 2007, for 18 consecutive years to maintain the speed of two digit. With China's per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level, the Chinese high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. In overseas, Chinese continue to attack cities and capture territories, in the first08 years of Chinese Olympic recipes, further moves towards the internationalization, the catering industry has been become pull move consumption, growth, expanding employment is one of the important factors.3、Consumer analysisWith China's per capita GDP rises quickly, per capita gross domestic product ( GDP ) of more than $2000, residents' consumption ability, consumption level and improve the level of Chinese dinner, high-end consumption proportion will increase continuously. But the food demand is complicated and changeable, the consumer tastes and consumption psychology, will change with the social environment. The catering enterprises should according to their own conditions and environmental requirements, see the catering market trend of development, choose appropriate marketing method, can be in the fierce competition in the market success.Chinese taste has apparent district sex, Chinese cuisine cooking in many schools.One of the most influential and representative for the society recognized: Lu, Guangdong, Fujian, Sichuan, Su, Zhe, Xiang, Hui cuisine, namely" eight big cuisines". The cuisine of the formation and its long history and unique cooking characteristics inseparable. But also by the region's natural geography, climate conditions, resource specialty, diet habit has different effect, it is precisely because of these differences, the major cuisine products with a strong regional, occupy the major share of the local. Regional differences, and cause consumers strongly different psychology, willing to try a different flavor. Therefore, cross-boundary operation is the next hot, it can make the unique flavor diet between each other, learn from each other. At present, eight big cuisines appear cross-boundary operation, integration trend.Catering enterprises in different expansion, but with the standard of income or other standard, differentiate the whole nation for several economic zones, in each economy area at the center of the city set up flagship store; to stand firm, again with the flagship store for the base, to the surrounding medium and small city expansion strategy.First, market positioning, namely the regional consumer groups will be your target customers; followed by the taste, whether they agree with your dish flavors; third is the value of the brand, whether they will be your loyal supporter.They had two common characteristics: first, products single; secondly, regional characteristics, after leaving Beijing is very difficult to find the right people taste identification.Since 2008, China has 46city GDP of average per capita is in above of 3000 dollar, the city 's per capita consumption level is relatively high, become meals industry regional development growth points.Chinese have a herd mentality and skeptical Mentality -- conformity, more and more local people have more sense of security; doubt, is to believe your own surface judgment, listen to others explanation.In order to fired the first shot, food and beverage brands in different places to open flagship store, large area, the seats, investment is high, the daily operation of the pressure is also big store. But all the catering enterprises have an import period. In the introduction period, both to business confidence, but also to give customers confidence. Once the introduction period to do good, attendance does not follow to go up, Chinese herd mentality came up: fewer people he does not go; more to people without a little less; he even doubt: This is it right? Straight camp shop? Taste and old whether same? Is it right? What's the problem? Cantonese cuisine since in the early 80 century in the popular date,20 years for all eternity, the main reason is the Pearl River Delta regional economic rapid development, pull the catering industry prosperity and revitalization; at the same time Cantonese broad odd miscellaneous materials. To adapt to the different needs of customers innovation, continuous innovation;, promote the sustainable development of Cantonese cuisine. With the development of economy of our country, the Cantonese cuisine in the beginning of 80's in last century to the end of 90's in the form of climate, gradually embarked on a major cuisine overlord position, become the metropolitan dishes faucet, leading the consumer trend, share growth. Food consumption behavior analysis.In recent years, the income level of Chinese dweller increases, the rhythm of life speeds up, renew the concept of consumption, promoting the rapid development of Chinese catering industry catering consumers has three major development trends.First is business consumption increase. Promoting the economic development of increased business activities, business entertainment activities promote the high-grade food development. Second is the replacement of consumption increase. With the development of economy, increase of resident income, more and more people choose to go to the hotel consumption instead of their own cooking, which is manifested in recent year 's hot. The third are forced to consumption increase. More and morewhite-collar workers and migrant workers migrant workers, time is close, and not their cooked, they are helpless, unable to be forced to at a restaurant, it promotes the fast food industry development.Dining choice not only pay attention to taste, the restaurant environment, atmosphere, sentiment has become a customer's selection of dining venue necessary conditions, consumers pay attention to enjoy, focus on food and beverage products and cultural integration, the Chinese food culture and cuisine culture broad and profound, long history, different regions show catering cultural differences also make food products with distinctive cultural characteristics. Consumers seeking" color, flavor and taste, shape, texture, temperature, sound, nutrition, health," at the same time, advocate culture and food, diet, eating habits of fusion. In recent years emerging needs of theme restaurants is developing rapidly, this concept into full play, whether it is the design of the restaurant decoration, functional layout, decor, and even its operating characteristics of cuisine, reflect a certain cultural theme and intension, catering to the product culture has the greatest degree of show. Seize the culture that a selling point, will enable the food products with infinite vitality.From the industry statistics, Chinese food industry market size is very large, and expanded very quickly, but China's catering company current situation, one is enterprise dimensions small, amount is much, modern level is low; industry standard system is not perfect; according to statistics, China's existing catering outlets 4000000, employees nearly 20000000 people,7000000 cook people, average every 185 people have1chef. The food market is relatively the most dispersed in a market, home does not have a large food group can occupy 1% of the market share. Can be said to the catering industry is perfectly competitive industry, industry concentration is very low, the future trend of development is the industry is spent centrally rise considerably, to be at a scale of enterprise integration. From the dining enterprise's competition and development pattern, the future of China's catering business competition will be more intense, and accompanied by more enterprises listed. However, in the restaurant industry high speed development at the same time, food raw material costs, labor costs increase, lack of management talent, the cost is difficult to control and other aspects of a problem to be highlighted increasingly, industry competition intensified, the catering industry entered the" era of meager profit", the traditional management mode, operation encounters serious challenges. Chinese catering industry has entered the industry reshuffle period, must exchange of new ideas, explore new pattern, quickly from the traditional" extensive type, fuzzy, experience management" to "intensive, process, chain scale management" in transition.The foreign-funded enterprises enjoy is the super national treatment, state-owned enterprises enjoy national treatment, private enterprises enjoy national treatment. Inthe restaurant industry, although not obvious, but also many examples. Domestic food business activities in addition to the normal tax, the cost of so many species, the lack of normative, area difference is bigger, the government management system is not perfect, bring about an enterprise to manage the various uncertain factors. With the further perfection of Chinese legal system construction, Chinese catering market will also further standardization. Catering industry competition pattern analysis show that, the future of domestic food industry competition situation of four great changes will take place in China, foreign fast food restaurants dominate the competition, brand has become the core competitiveness of food.At present, China's catering industry lack program guiding, the laws and regulations construction lag problem. In the rapid development of blind, disordered and low level of development of the phenomenon. Not applicable to the establishment of the catering industry of national laws and regulations system, the lack of strict market access rules and mandatory standards, catering enterprises standards uneven, incomprehensive contents, technical knowledge content is low, lack of national unity. The catering industry in our country is lack of unity within the profession of law enforcement, the market order is not standard, the dining environment is not health, food safety problems occur from time to time, market management and industry management can not keep up with the development needs of the situation, the market order to be standardized. However, countries to accelerate the service industry development strategy for the development of catering industry to bring the new opportunity. At present our country service industry gross is relatively small, the output value of the service industry the proportion of2007to40%, and the global service industry output value of the average specific gravity of 60% ( developed countries more than 70% ) far apart. In the seventeen Party Congress" to speed up the development of modern service industry, improve the proportion and level of service industry". The State Council" on accelerating the development of service industry opinions of the general office of the State Council" and" on accelerating the development of service industry in the implementation of policies and measures for advice", accelerating the development of the service sector has laid a good foundation for the development of catering industry policy, bring rare opportunity.4、From the" fast food" localization of Chinese catering industry development in future" Fast food" the localization process accelerated, the Chinese catering industry competition is intense with each passing day, and as a result of food production characteristics, just drop a " visual feast", its growth rate far less foreign fast food have. A food and beverage industry veterans have such fact: we Chinese dining culture history is long, can still sell but those " hamburger".Foreign fast food brand in China develops quickly because of its simple, reproducible, and its product localization and the theme restaurant strategy launched in China in the future, more be a trend which cannot be halted development trend.KFC launched the " tender cow five", but is Yum product localization strategy, and early in 2005April," Chinese fast food" as a slogan of" East Dawning" settled in Shanghai, has been demonstrated the yum brand localization strategy of whole body.In the face of such a break in in full fury "foreign fast-food invasion", Chinese food and beverage brands in this round of the contest has shown its advantage. For future development, China's catering industry will be faced with huge challenge.So to break the siege expand results will be aware of their own situation, at this stage of China's catering industry market situation ( for example of Beijing ), is basically in a complicated pattern.Then, how can the new round of competition advantage and expand results, we narrow the gap with foreign brand, we think, the brand building remains the primary task, the spoken Chinese catering industry has its own cultural characteristics, Chinese is inseparable from the" rushing water", so, Cola will not replace a cup of thick soup, Hamburg will replace traditional dumplings, and how to make such products with Chinese characteristics can yield, chain, is the next step to build brand of one of the important tasks.Catering to build the brand is the brand structure of fullness, also is in the main dining brand downstream to create a complete chain, from the business form echo, we see gladly Meizhou Dongpo work in this area has been done quite in place.Innovation changing, from becomes the system is the brand integration of the working key. Now food consumption has also entered the third stage, namely, the invisible, touched the overall consumer awareness stage, consumers in the left consumption places in mind to form the overall perception responds to what is, it reflects the restaurant brand culture, so the merchant's unique system is not only dishes, taste, service, environment, music, but the overall embodiment of comprehensive factors.Brand building is the Chinese food and beverage industry will break out of an encirclement is one of the important means, and real-time strategy and tactics are catering system it is important method, in order to" different region can create wonderful".Nowadays the world economic turmoil on China's catering industry development 's influence can not be ignored, China is still a developing country, in stimulating domestic demand under the premise, we still recommend Chinese catering industry occupied" Pyramid middle market", at the same time in the market to establish its own system, to make its own characteristics.翻译：1、中国餐饮业的发展前景分析餐饮业作为我国第三产业中一个传统服务性行业，经历了改革开放起步、数量型扩张、规模连锁发展和品牌提升战略4个阶段，取得突飞猛进的发展。
订单管理资料
∙书名: 《敏捷供需链管理》∙作者: 柴跃廷刘义编著订单管理系统(Order Management System,OMS)订单管理系统概述订单管理系统(OMS)是物流管理系统的一部分，通过对客户下达的订单进行管理及跟踪，动态掌握订单的进展和完成情况，提升物流过程中的作业效率，从而节省运作时间和作业成本，提高物流企业的市场竞争力。
订单管理系统的主要功能是通过统一订单提供用户整合的一站式供应链服务，订单管理以及订单跟踪管理能够使用户的物流服务得到全程的满足。
定单管理系统是物流管理链条中的不可或缺的部分，通过对定单的管理和分配，使仓储管理和运输管理有机的结合，稳定有效地实现物流管理中各个环节充分发挥作用，使仓储、运输、订单成为一个有机整体，满足物流系统信息化的需求。
订单管理是对商户下达的各种指令进行管理、查询、修改、打印等功能，同时将业务部门处理信息反馈至商户。
定单管理系统一般包括：订单处理，订单确认，订单状态管理（包括取消、付款、发货等多种状态，以及订单出库和订单查询）等。
1、订单管理系统可实现单次及批量订单，订单管理与库存管理相连接，并且在下订单时有库存预警及提示功能，订单管理同时与客户管理相连接，可查询历史订单情况以及订单的执行情况。
实施订单管理系统的好处企业的订单管理是涉及企业生产、企业资金流和企业的经营风险的关键环节。
订单管理是企业管理中的源头管理。
实施了订单管理信息系统后,企业的管理将迈上一个新的台阶。
主要的益处如下所示:1 )该系统投资少,数据和系统安全性好,准确、及时、便利,减少了大量的简单重复劳动,节约了纸张、人力、通讯费用和时间。
2 )该系统是根据订单批准量开出库量。
出库量"不允许大于订单的批准量,通过严格的流程和额度控制,可较好地规避企业经营风险;减少应收账款的额度,减少企业的资金压力。
3 )通过客户的信息表和绩效信息表,各级管理者可随时掌握全国客户的情况。
避免业务人员的"暗箱操作"以及由于业务人员的流失造成公司客户流失现象的发生。
外文文献及翻译-仓库管理系统(WMS)
仓库管理系统（WMS）仓库管理系统（WMS）的演变与许多其他软件解决方案是非常相似的。
最初的系统用来控制物料在仓库内的流动和贮存，仓库的作用正在延伸到包括轻型制造业，交通运输管理，订单管理，和完整的会计制度中。
利用与先前的业务有关的软件，制造资源计划，作为一个比较，材料需求计划（MRP）开始作为一个规划要求，原材料的生产环境的系统。
物料需求计划很快演变成以MRP系统，补充调度和容量规划为基础的逻辑制造资源计划（MRPII系统）。
最终MRPII系统演变成企业资源规划（ERP），吸收所有的MRPII系统的功能包括充分的财务与客户和供应商管理功能。
现在，无论仓库管理系统演变成一个以仓库为中心的ERP系统是一件好事或不可达的辩论。
清楚的是，在仓库管理系统，企业资源规划，布局规划要求，交通运输管理系统，供应链计划，高级计划与排程，以及制造执行系统之间扩大重叠功能性只会增加那些寻找软件解决方案业务的公司混乱水平。
尽管仓库继续获得额外的功能，最初的仓库管理系统的核心功能还没有真正改变。
其主要目的是控制管理系统在工艺操作相关联的交易中的流动和材料储存。
定向采摘，定向补充，定向收集是仓库的关键。
从一个软件供应商到另一个在一个管理系统中详细的安装和处理可以有一个很大的差别，但是其基本逻辑将使用相结合的项目，地点，数量，度量单位，并以收集信息以确定在哪里储存，在哪里挑选，以及以何种顺序执行这些操作。
一最低限度，一个仓库管理系统应采取下列措施有一个灵活的定位系统。
利用用户定义的参数，指导仓库任务和使用Live文件来执行这些任务。
有一些内置的一体化和数据收集设备结合体。
您是否真的需要仓库管理系统？并非每一个仓库需要一个仓库管理系统。
当然，任何仓库可受益于其中一些功能，但这些受益是否足以证明管理系统最初的二声明1）仓库管理系统将减少库存！2）仓库管理系统将减少劳动力成本！3）仓库管理系统将增加存储容量！4）仓库管理系统将提高客户服务！5）仓库管理系统将增加库存的准确性！和正在进行的相关费用是正确的？仓库管理系统是大的，复杂的，数据密集型的应用。
连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献
连锁企业物流管理中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)An internet-based logistics management system forenterprise chains.Developing the internet-based application toolWeb services offer new opportunities in business landscape, facilitating a global marketplace where business rapidly create innovative products and serve customers better. Whatever that business needs is, Web services have the flexibility to meet the demand and allow to accelerate outsourcing. In turn, the developer can focus on building core competencies to create customer and shareholder value. Application development is also more efficient because existing Web services, regardless of where they were developed, can easily be reused.Many of the technology requirements for Web services exist today, such as open standards for business to-business applications, mission-critical transaction platforms and secure integration and messaging products. However, to enable robust and dynamic integration of applications, the industry standards and tools that extend the capabilities of to days business-to-business interoperability are required. The key to taking full advantage of Web services is to understand what Web services are and how the market is likely to evolve. One needs to be able to invest inplatforms and applications today that will enable the developer to quickly and effectively realize these benefits as well as to be able to meet the specific needs and increase business productivity.Typically, there are two basic technologies to be implemented when dealing with internet-based applications; namely server-based and client-based. Both technologieshave their strong points regarding development of the code and the facilities they provide. Server-based applications involve the development of dynamically created web pages. These pages are transmitted to the web browser of the client and contain code in the form of HTML and JA V ASCRIPT language. The HTML part is the static part of the page that contains forms and controls for user needs and the JA V ASCRIPT part is the dynamic part of the page. Typically, the structure of the code can be completely changed through the intervention of web server mechanisms added on thetransmission part and implemented by server-based languages such as ASP, JSP, PHP, etc. This comes to the development of an integrated dynamic page application where user desire regarding problem peculiarities (calculating shortest paths, execute routing algorithms, transact with the database, etc.) is implemented by appropriately invoking different parts of the dynamic content of such pages. In server-based applications allcalculations are executed on the server. In client-based applications, JA V A applets prevail. Communication of the user is guaranteed by the well-known JA V A mechanism that acts as the medium between the user and code.Everything is executed on the client side. Data in this case have to be retrieved, once and this might be the time-consuming part of the transaction.In server-based applications, server resources are used for all calculations and this requires powerful server facilities with respect to hardware and software. Client-based applications are burdened with data transmission (chiefly related to road network data). There is a remedy to that; namely caching. Once loaded, they are left in the cache archives of the web browser to be instantly recalled when needed.In our case, a client-based application was developed. The main reason was the demand from the users point of view for personal data discretion regarding their clients. In fact, this information was kept secret in our system even from the server side involved.Data management plays major role in the good function of our system. This role becomes more substantial when the distribution takes place within a large and detailed road network like this of a major complex city. More specifically, in order to produce the proposed the routing plan, the system uses information about:●the locations of the depot and the customers within the road networkof the city (their co-ordinates attached in the map of the city),●the demand of the customers serviced,●the capacity of the vehicles used,●the spatial characteristics of road segments of the net work examined, ●the topography of the road network,●the speed of the vehicle, considering the spatial characteristics of theroad and the area within of which is moved,●the synthesis of the company fleet of vehicles.Consequently, the system combines, in real time, the available spatial characteristics with all other information mentioned above, and tools for modelling, spatial, non-spatial, and statistical analysis, image processing forming a scalable, extensible and interoperable application environment. The validation and verification of addresses of customers ensure the accurate estimation of travel times and distances travelled. In the case of boundary in the total route duration, underestimates of travel time may lead to failure of the programmed routing plan whereas overestimates can lower the utilization of drivers andvehicles, and create unproductive wait times as well (Assad, 1991). The data corresponding to the area of interest involved two different details. A more detailed network, appropriately for geocoding (approximately250,000 links) and a less detailed for routing (about 10,000 links). The two networks overlapped exactly. The tool that provides solutions to problems of effectively determining the shortest path, expressed in terms of travel time or distance travelled, within a specific road network, using the D ijkstra’s algorithm(Winston,1993). In particular, the Dijkstra’s algorithm is used in two cases during the process of developing the routing plan. In the first case, it calculates the travel times between all possible pairs of depot and customers so that the optimizer would generate the vehicle routes connecting them and in the second case it determines the shortest path between two involved nodes (depot or customer) in the routing plan, as this was determined by the algorithm previously. Due to the fact, that U-turn and left-,right-turn restrictions were taken into consideration for network junctions, an arc-based variant of the algorithm was taken into consideration (Jiang, Han, & Chen, 2002).The system uses the optimization algorithms mentioned in the following part in order to automatically generate the set of vehicle routes (which vehicles should deliver to which customers and in which order) minimizing simultaneously the vehicle costs and the total distance travelled by the vehicles This process involves activities that tend to be more strategic and less structured than operational procedures. The system helpsplanners and managers to view information in new way and examine issues such as:●the average cost per vehicle, and route,●the vehicle and capacity utilization,●the service level and cost,●the modification of the existing routing scenario by adding orsubtracting customers.In order to support the above activities, the interface of the proposed system provides a variety of analyzed geographic and tabulated data capabilities. Moreover, the system can graphically represent each vehicle route separately, cutting it o? from the final routing plan and offering the user the capability for perceiving the road network and the locations of depot and customers with all details.一个基于互联网的连锁企业的物流管理系统发展基于互联网的应用工具Web服务提供的商业景观的新机会，促进全球市场在业务快速推出创新的产品和客户提供更好的服务。
跨境电子商务中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)译文:本地化跨境电子商务的模型摘要通过对国际供应链的B2B电子商务交易量的快速增长和伊朗快速增加的跨境交易业务，跨境电商过程的有效管理对B2B电子商务系统十分重要。
本文对局部模型的结构是基于B2B电子商务的基础设施三大层，消息层、业务流程层和内容层。
由于伊朗的电子商务的要求，每一层的需要适当的标准和合适的方案的选择。
当电子文件需要移动顺利向伊朗，建议文件的标准为文件内容支持纸质和电子文件阅读。
验证提出的模型是通过案例研究方法呈现一到四阶段的情景。
本文试图通过交换商业文件在贸易过程中这一局部模型，实现在全球电子贸易供应链更接近区域单一窗口建设的关键目标。
关键词：电子商务;跨境贸易;电子文档管理;国际供应链1.简介电子商务是关于在互联网或其他网络电子系统购买和销售产品或服务。
术语B2B（企业对企业），描述了企业间的电子商务交易，如制造商和批发商，或批发商和零售商之间。
本文的研究目标是上两个不同国家贸易商之间的通信。
今天的世界贸易组织的主要目标之一是建立区域单一窗口，可以提高世界各地的贸易便利化。
建立区域单一窗口需要跨境海关，可以有效地交换贸易文件。
因此，首先，简化跨境贸易文件的关键在于朝着国家单一窗口移动。
然后，区域单一窗口可以授权国家之间的通信。
电子商务模型是基于三个主要逻辑层的研究。
这三个层消息传输层，业务处理层和内容层。
本文的局部模型是一种能够自动交换读取文件的过程。
通过与东亚和中东国家的建立区域单一窗口可以在将来得到改善的更多的互操作性，从而建立伊朗国家单一窗口在本文的第二部分讨论引进国际供应链中的跨境B2B模式所需的基本概念和标准。
第三部分介绍在大的模型中引入的组件功能和范围。
第四部分讨论了B2B交易层模型的定位，最后结束本文。
2.背景在本节中，除了了解B2B电子商务在伊朗的情况，还有参考模型的背景等概念以及讨论B2B电子商务跨境模式的本土化。
订单管理系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)MySQL and JSP Web applicationsJSP developers encounter unique problems when building web applications that require intense database connectivity. MySQL and JSP Web Applications addresses the challenges of building data-driven applications based on the JavaServer Pages development model. MySQL and JSP Web Applications begins with an overview of the core technologies required for JSP database development--JavaServer Pages, JDBC, and the database schema. The book then outlines and presents an Internet commerce application that demonstrates concepts such as receiving and processing user input, designing and implementing business rules, and balancing the user load on the server. Through the JDBC (Java DataBase Connector), the developer can communicate with most commercial databases, such as Oracle. The solutions presented in MySQL and JSP Web Applications center on the open source tools MySQL and Tomcat, allowing the reader an affordable way to test applications and experiment with the book'sexamples.So What Is JSP All About?If you meet the requirements mentioned, you should already have a pretty good idea what the answer to this question is. JSP is all about doing highly object-oriented Web sites that can leverage all the best practices of modern software engineering. These practices include things such as SQL databases and UML-based design. This isn't to say that JSP is a cure-all and that using it will automatically make your Web site a paragon of engineering art. It's just as possible to design bad Web sites in JSP as with any other technology. That's why, as you go through the text, you will see how to incorporate the best practices and how to avoid the pitfalls of convenience when projects get stressful. JSP itself is an evolutionary step along the path that started with the first static Web servers, moved through CGI-enabled servers, and finally the first generation of script-enabled servers. JSP is less a Web server with a Java component than it is a Java engine that understands the Web.JSP grew out of Java servlets. Servlets allow the developer to handle the incoming Web requests using a Java program that has access to all the normal information that a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program would. In addition, the servlet has access to session-persistent objects. These are Java objects that are associated with a specific user session and can be used to store state between requests. Servlet programming was a major step forward in allowing developers to write well-structured modular Web applications using an object-oriented language. It also solved the problem of state persistence, allowing more information to reside on the server during a transaction and less to have to pass back and forth between the user and the server. Servlets still suffered from one major problem. Because they eventually need to spit out HTML, the HTML coding had to be embedded in the servlet code. This led to code fragments like the one shown here:Out.println("<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<TITLE>Thank you forRegistering</TITLE></HEAD>\n");Out.println("<IMG SRC=\"thanks.jpg\" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 ALIGN=\"LEFT\”>");This kind of embedding gets very old very fast when you have to code a lot of pages. In addition, having to escape all of the quotation marks can lead to a lot of confusing andhard-to-find errors if you leave out a backslash. Eventually, a still-better idea emerged. Suppose that you could combine the best of static HTML pages and with the interactive capabilities of servlets. The result was JavaServer Pages (on the Microsoft side, the result was Active Server Pages). As Figure I.1 shows, JSP is a complicated beast. In the next chapter, you'll walk through this flow in detail, but for the moment, here are the major steps:1. A request comes in from a browser using the normal HTTP request format.2. The Web server hands off the request to JSP. JSP looks at the filename and finds the appropriate JSP file.3. The .jsp file is converted into a .java file, containing Java code that will create a class whose name is derived from the .jsp filename.4. JSP then compiles the .java file using javac to produce a .class file. Note that the two previous steps are skipped if a .class file already exists and is newer than the .jsp file.5. An instance of the newly created class is instantiated and sent the _jspService message.6. The new instance looks to see if there is already an instance of the er object called user existing in the session object space for the currently connected user. If not, one is instantiated.7. As part of servicing stuff.jsp, the user instance is called with the getUserName() method.8. If the JSP processing requires access to information in a database, it uses JDBC to make the connection and handle the SQL requests.As you can see, a tremendous amount of power is available in the JSP world. Developers are free to write Web pages that look mostly like HTML, except where callouts to Java are required. But, at the same time, they are free to develop fully fleshed-out object-oriented applications using all the features that Java can bring to bear. They also get all the benefits of servlets, including session persistence.Why Do We Need Databases?Well, one reason is so that Larry Ellison of Oracle can afford to keep himself on Prozac when he thinks about Bill Gates. A more serious answer is the same reason that drove man to first press a stick against a piece of wet mud: because it's good to write things down. Web servers are marvelous creatures, but they're a bit like idiot savants. Ask them to serve a Web page or run a piece of Java, and they perform like a champ. But start asking them to remember what they didfive minutes ago, and they develop amnesia faster than a character in a soap opera.The first and most important reason that you use databases is that there's a lot in an e-commerce transaction that you need to remember and track:•A user's name, address, credit card, and other information previously entered on a registration page•hat the user might have put into a shopping car t and left from a previous transaction•What items are in stock, along with their price, description, and so on•Orders that need to be fulfilled, orders that have been shipped, and items that have been backordered .Now, you could store all this information in a flat file on the server's hard disk, but there are other important properties that you want to have for this data:•You want to be able to back out a transaction if part of it fails.•You want to be able to locate the data somewhere more secure than the Web server, which could be in a DMZ or outside the firewall altogether.•You want to be able to access data such as user data or products quickly, even if there are thousands or millions of them.When you add these items to the shopping list, only a relational database will really do the job effectively.MySQLMany sites don't need the battleship strength (and price tag) of Oracle. MySQL is an open-source SQL database available for anyone to use, with many (although not all) of the features of its big brothers, such as Oracle.MySQL is available for just about any computer that has decent power—it is fairly lightweight on the processor and easy to install (10 minutes, as opposed to multiple hours for Oracle).So, perhaps you are wondering, what's the catch? What are you not getting in MySQL that makes people turn to Oracle? Well, MySQL is a neat little package, but it is missing some things that would be nice to have in a perfect world.A major feature that MySQL does not offer is database consistency checking. You can useforeign key tags in your schema, but MySQL cheerfully ignores them. A lot of DB As I know would consider this a very bad thing.A foreign key constraint prevents you from creating inconsistent data. For example, let's suppose that you had a scheme that looked like this:CREATE TABLE USER (USERID INTEGER,FIRST_NAME V ARCHAR(80),LAST_NAME V ARCHAR(80));CREATE TABLE PURCHASE (USERID FOREIGN KEY USER(USERID),ITEM INTEGER,QUANTITY INTEGER);In a database such as Oracle's, if you created an entry in the PURCHASE table with a user ID of 3, there would have to already be a user ID of 3 in the USER table or an error would occur. Similarly, you couldn't delete user 3 from USER if it was referenced in PURCHASE.The MySQL folks make a pretty impassioned argument in their documentation that depending on foreign keys for data integrity is a bad idea anyway, but convincing your DBA of this philosophy is likely to degrade into a religious debate.In addition, some other features are missing, such as subselects and select into. But probably the other major piece that you will miss is the rollback/commit functionality. MySQL does implement rollback and commit for certain types of tables, but not all of them. Again, the MySQL folks offer their own spin on why this is okay, but being able to roll back transactions is (in my opinion) important enough to make sure that you have it available.Rollback allows you to set a savepoint on the database before starting to do a series of transactions with it, and be able to either roll back to the original state or commit the changes at the end. For example, when recording a purchase, you need to record a debit against the user's account and enter a record into the shipping table so that you'll know later to ship the item. Let's say that the second part fails. You wouldn't want to charge the user but not ship the item. Thus, you'd want to roll back to the state before the transaction began.So, MySQL isn't a full-blown production database—at least, not yet. It's still good enoughfor probably 90% of the e-commerce sites in the world, however. And version 4.0, which is in alpha as of this writing, addresses a number of these concerns, including row-level locking and transaction control.Putting Tomcat and MySQL TogetherCombining Tomcat and MySQL provides a powerful, reliable, and free platform that you can use to learn, develop, and deploy JSP applications. And, best of all, the code that you develop using this platform will run nicely using iPlanet and Oracle or WebSphere and SQL Server.As a learning tool the two together are almost "reference implementations" of their respective protocols (JSP and SQL). As a result, you won't pick up any nasty vendor-proprietary bad habits while you're getting up to speed.In addition, you can enjoy the knowledge that you are supporting the open-source software movement. Open-source software is code that is made freely available under one of several public licenses, frequently the GNU General Public License (GPL).Why is it good to support this movement? There are two sides to this answer: one technical and one political. Technically, it's a good thing because open-source software tends to encourage the development of open standards such as JSP and JDBC, allowing youto choose your tools from among a larger group rather than being locked into one vendor's proprietary solution. It's a positive thing politically because it keeps the large companies honest. WebLogic and iPlanet have to stay competitive and responsive because they know that there's a free solution out there if they aren't. And when you use open-source software, you are sending a message that your overriding concerns are features and reliability, not having a large company to sue if something goes wrong.MySQL和JSP的Web应用程序JSP开发人员构建Web应用程序时遇到需要强大的数据库连接的特殊问题。
订单管理信息系统外文翻译
Order Management System 订单管理系统Abstract 摘要This document describes the background design and what results thatwere obtained when devloping the software called PHP Order Manager.PHP Order Manager is a software for helping a small company managetheir orders. This includes entering the orders when they arrive andhandle changes during the production. The system uses MySQL for thedatabase back end and PHP for interfacing the database. PHP OrderManager has great support for modules and has a nice user adminstrationtool.本文档描述了开发PHP 订单管理系统软件的背景，设计，以及该软件所会产生的结果。
PHP 订单管理系统是一个帮助小型企业管理订单的软件。
这包括，订单产生时订单的输入以及订单在生产过程中及时更新信息的输入。
该系统采用了MySQL 数据库以及采用PHP 技术访问MySQL。
PHP 订单管理系统支持模块化，是一款很好的用户管理工具。
1 Introduction 1 简介The project started with a request from DesginaDoors AB DD. DD is asmall company situated in rnskldsvik with fifteen to twenty employees.They manufacture custom made wooden doors to both private personsand companies. Today DD use a paper-based order management systemwhich is very inconvienient for the company because when for example achange is made new papers has to be printed out and be delivered outinto the factory. All the papers are made in Excel but they also have asmall Access database that they don’t use so much because they have to have Access on every computer. DD wanted a better solution for theirorder management system a database with a web based interface thatcould contain all the information that today is in Excel and Access. Themain feature of the wanted system is that you should be able to regísternew orders change existing ones and delete orders that have beencancelled. To be useful the system should also support some kind of userand group management so that the personnel only can access informationthat is relevant to their line of work. The system will also give thecompany benfits becasue it will allow for statistical analysis of the orderintake and the production time. With such a system you could forexample check the time every order spend in each section of the factoryand thereby find slow phases in the production.这个项目是根据DesginaDoors AB（简称DD）公司的需求开发的。
餐厅管理系统外文翻译文献
餐厅管理系统外文翻译文献(文档含中英文对照即英文原文和中文翻译)原文：JSP APPLICATION FRAMEWORKS1 WHAT ARE APPLICATION FRAMEWORKSA framework is a reusable, semi-complete application that can be specialized to produce custom applications [Johnson]. Like people, software applications are more alike than they are different. They run on the same computers, expect input from the same devices, output to the same displays, and save data to the same hard disks. Developers working on conventional desktop applications are accustomed to toolkits and development environments that leverage the sameness between applications. Application frameworks build on this common ground to provide developers with a reusable structure that can serve as the foundation for their own products.A framework provides developers with a set of backbone components that have the following characteristics:Frameworks are the classic build-versus-buy proposition. If you build it, you will understand it when you are done—but how long will it be before you can roll your own? Ifyou buy it, you will have to climb the learning curve—and how long is that going to take? There is no right answer here, but most observers would agree that frameworks such as Struts provide a significant return on investment compared to starting from scratch, especially for larger projects.2 OTHER TYPES OF FRAMEWORKSThe idea of a framework applies not only to applications but to application components as well. Throughout this article, we introduce other types of frameworks that you can use with Struts. These include the Lucene search engine, the Scaffold toolkit, the Struts validator, and the Tiles tag library. Like application frameworks, these tools provide semi-complete versions of a subsystem that can be specialized to provide a custom component.Some frameworks have been linked to a proprietary development environment. This is not the case with Struts or any of the other frameworks shown in this book. You can use any development environment with Struts: Visual Age for Java, JBuilder, Eclipse, Emacs, and Textpad are all popular choices among Struts developers. If you can use it with Java, you can use it with Struts.3 ENABLING TECHNOLPGIESApplications developed with Struts are based on a number of enabling technologies. These components are not specific to Struts and underlie every Java web application. A reason that developers use frameworks like Struts is to hide the nasty details behind acronyms like HTTP, CGI, and JSP. As a Struts developer, you don’t need to be an alphabet soup guru, but a working knowledge of these base technologies can help you devise creative solutions to tricky problems.4 HYPERTEXT TRANSFER PROTOCOL (HTTP)When mediating talks between nations, diplomats often follow a formal protocol.Diplomatic protocols are designed to avoid misunderstandings and to keep negotiations from breaking down. In a similar vein, when computers need to talk, they also follow a formal protocol. The protocol defines how data is transmitted and how to decode it once it arrives. Web applications use the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) to move data between the browser running on your computer and the application running on the server.Many server applications communicate using protocols other than HTTP. Some of thesemaintain an ongoing connection between the computers. The application server knows exactly who is connected at all times and can tell when a connection is dropped. Because they know the state of each connection and the identity of each person using it, these are known as stateful protocols.By contrast, HTTP is known as a stateless protocol. An HTTP server will accept any request from any client and will always provide some type of response, even if the response is just to say no. Without the overhead of negotiating and retaining a connection, stateless protocols can handle a large volume of requests. This is one reason why the Internet has been able to scale to millions of computers.Another reason HTTP has become the universal standard is its simplicity. An HTTP request looks like an ordinary text document. This has made it easy for applications to make HTTP requests. You can even send an HTTP request by hand using a standard utility such as Telnet. When the HTTP response comes back, it is also in plain text that developers can read.The first line in the HTTP request contains the method, followed by the location of the requested resource and the version of HTTP. Zero or more HTTP request headers follow the initial line. The HTTP headers provide additional information to the server. This can include the browser type and version, acceptable document types, and the browser’s cookies, just to name a few. Of the seven request methods, GET and POST are by far the most popular.Once the server has received and serviced the request, it will issue an HTTP response. The first line in the response is called the status line and carries the HTTP protocol version, a numeric status, and a brief description of the status. Following the status line, the server will return a set of HTTP response headers that work in a way similar to the request headers.As we mentioned, HTTP does not preserve state information between requests. The server logs the request, sends the response, and goes blissfully on to the next request. While simple and efficient, a stateless protocol is problematic for dynamic applications that need to keep track of their users.Cookies and URL rewriting are two common ways to keep track of users between requests. A cookie is a special packet of information on the user’s computer. URL rewriting stores a special reference in the page address that a Java server can use to track users. Both approaches are seamless, and using either means extra work when developing a web application. On its own, a standard HTTP web server does not traffic in dynamic content. It mainly uses the request to locate a file and then returns that file in the response. The file is typically formatted using Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) [W3C, HTML] that the web browser can format and display. The HTML page often includes hypertext links to other web pages and may display any number of other goodies, such as images and videos. The userclicks a link to make another request, and the process begins a new.Standard web servers handle static content and images quite well but need a helping hand to provide users with a customized, dynamic response.DEFINITION: Static content on the Web comes directly from text or data files, like HTML or JPEG files. These files might be changed from time to time, but they are not altered automatically when requested by a web browser. Dynamic content, on the other hand, is generated on the fly, typically in response to an individualized request from a browser.5 COMMON GATEWAY INTERFACE (CGI)The first widely used standard for producing dynamic content was the Common Gateway Interface (CGI). CGI uses standard operating system features, such as environment variables and standard input and output, to create a bridge, or gateway, between the web server and other applications on the host machine. The other applications can look at the request sent to them by the web server and create a customized response.When a web server receives a request that’s intended for a CGI program, it runs that program and provides the program with information from the incoming request. The CGI program runs and sends its output back to the server. The web server then relays the response to the browser.CGI defines a set of conventions regarding what information it will pass as environment variables and how it expects standard input and output to be used. Like HTTP, CGI is flexible and easy to implement, and a great number of CGI-aware programs have been written.The main drawback to CGI is that it must run a new copy of the CGI-aware program for each request. This is a relatively expensive process that can bog down high-volume sites where thousands of requests are serviced per minute. Another drawback is that CGI programs tend to be platform dependent. A CGI program written for one operating system may not run on another.6 JA V A SERVLETSSun’s Java Servlet platform directly addresses the two main drawbacks of CGI programs. First, servlets offer better performance and utilization of resources than conventional CGI programs. Second, the write-once, run-anywhere nature of Java means that servlets are portable between operating systems that have a Java Virtual Machine (JVM).A Servlet looks and feels like a miniature web server. It receives a request and renders aresponse. But, unlike conventional web servers, the Servlet application programming interface (API) is specifically designed to help Java developers create dynamic applications.The Servlet itself is simply a Java class that has been compiled into byte code, like any other Java object. The Servlet has access to a rich API of HTTP-specific services, but it is still just another Java object running in an application and can leverage all your other Java assets.To give conventional web servers access to servlets, the servlets are plugged into containers. The Servlet container is attached to the web server. Each Servlet can declare what URL patterns it would like to handle. When a request matching a registered pattern arrives, the web server passes the request to the container, and the container invokes the Servlet.But unlike CGI programs, a new Servlet is not created for each request. Once the container instantiates the Servlet, it will just create a new thread for each request. Java threads are much less expensive than the server processes used by CGI programs. Once the Servlet has been created, using it for additional requests incurs very little overhead. Servlet developers can use the init () method to hold references to expensive resources, such as database connections or EJB Home Interfaces, so that they can be shared between requests. Acquiring resources like these can take several seconds—which is longer than many surfers are willing to wait.The other edge of the sword is that, since servlets are multithreaded, Servlet developers must take special care to be sure their servlets are thread-safe.7 JA V ASERVER PAGESWhile Java servlets are a big step up from CGI programs, they are not a panacea. To generate the response, developers are still stuck with using println statements to render the HTML. Code that looks like:out.println("<P>One line of HTML.</P>");out.println("<P>Another line of HTML.</P>");It is all too common in servlets that generate the HTTP response. There are libraries that can help you generate HTML, but as applications grow more complex, Java developers end up being cast into the role of HTML page designers. Meanwhile, given the choice, most project managers prefer to divide development teams into specialized groups. They like HTML designers to be working on the presentation while Java engineers sweat the business logic. Using servlets alone encourages mixing markup with business logic, making it difficult for team members to specialize.To solve this problem, Sun turned to the idea of using server pages to combine scriptingand templating technologies into a single component. To build Java Server Pages, developers start by creating HTML pages in the same old way, using the same old HTML syntax. To bring dynamic content into the page, the developer can also place JSP scripting elements on the page. Scripting elements are tags that encapsulate logic that is recognized by the JSP. You can easily pick out scripting elements on JSP pages by looking for code that begins with <% and ends with %>.To be seen as a JSP page, the file just needs to be saved with an extension of jsp.When a client requests the JSP page, the container translates the page into a source code file for a Java Servlet and compiles the source into a Java class file—just as you would do if you were writing a Servlet from scratch. At runtime, the container can also check the last modified date of the JSP file against the class file. If the JSP file has changed since it was last compiled, the container will retranslate and rebuild the page all over again.Project managers can now assign the presentation layer to HTML developers, who then pass on their work to Java developers to complete the business-logic portion. The important thing to remember is that a JSP page is really just a Servlet. Anything you can do with a Servlet, you can do with a JSP.8 JA V ABEANSJavaBeans are Java classes which conform to a set of design patterns that make them easier to use with development tools and other components.DEFINITION: A JavaBean is a reusable software component written in Java. To qualify as a JavaBean, the class must be concrete and public, and have a non-argument constructor. JavaBeans expose internal fields as properties by providing public methods that follow a consistent design pattern. Knowing that the property names follow this pattern, other Java classes are able to use introspection to discover and manipulate JavaBean properties.The JavaBean design patterns provide access to the bean’s internal state through two flavors of methods: accessors are used to read a JavaBean’s state; mutators are used to cha nge a JavaBean’s state.Mutators are always prefixed with lowercase token set followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value is always void—mutators only change property values, they do not retrieve them. The mutator for a simple property takes only one parameter in its signature, which can be of any type. Mutators are often nicknamed setters after their prefix.The mutator method signature for a weight property of the type Double would be:public void setWeight(Double weight);A similar design pattern is used to create the accessor method signature. Accessor methods are always prefixed with the lowercase token get, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will match the method parameter in the corresponding mutator. Accessors for simple properties cannot accept parameters in their method signature. Not surprisingly, accessors are often called getters.The accessor method signature for our weight property is：public Double getWeight();If the accessor returns a logical value, there is a variant pattern. Instead of using the lowercase token get, a logical property can use the prefix is, followed by the property name. The first character in the property name must be uppercase. The return value will always be a logical value—either boolean or Boolean. Logical accessors cannot accept parameters in their method signature.The boolean accessor method signature for an on property would be:public boolean isOn();The canonical method signatures play an important role when working with Java- Beans. Other components are able to use the Java Reflection API to discover a JavaBean’s properties by looking for methods prefixed by set, is, or get. If a component finds such a signature on a JavaBean, it knows that the method can be used to access or change the bean’s properties.Sun introduced JavaBeans to work with GUI components, but they are now used with every aspect of Java development, including web applications. When Sun engineers developed the JSP tag extension classes, they designed them to work with JavaBeans. The dynamic data for a page can be passed as a JavaBean, and the JSP tag can then use the bean’s properties to customize the output.JSP应用框架1 什么是应用框架框架（framework）是可以被重用的一种半成品的应用程序，我们可以用它来制作专门的定制程序。
订单处理控制程序-中英文版本
Version: A0 Page : 1/5 Status:PROCEDURE 程序文件Order Processing Control Procedure 订单处理控制程序Objective 目的To establish a procedure for optimizing and dealing with customer’s orders. 建立程序，规范和优化对订单处理过程__________________________________________________________Scope 范围It’s ap plicable for the shippment dept., Product development dept. and procurement dept. of the company.本程序适用于公司的船务部及其与此过程相关的采购、开发部。
__________________________________________________________Responsibility 职责1. Shippment department 船务部Daily communication with customers 与客户沟通的日常沟通Version: A0 Page : 2/5 Status:PROCEDURE 程序文件Order Processing Control Procedure 订单处理控制程序New order confirmation 新订单确认Product specification and requirement confirmation 产品规格和要求的确认2. Product development department 产品开发部Communicate and discus with customer about product design and sample preparation. 就具体的产品设计、样板制作与顾客进行沟通和讨论。
英语综合教程第二单元订单英文范文
英语综合教程第二单元订单英文范文In the ever-evolving world of business, the ability to effectively communicate and manage orders is a crucial skill. The second unit of the English Integrated Course delves into the intricacies of order processing, providing a comprehensive understanding of the language and procedures involved. This essay will explore the key aspects of order English, highlighting the importance of clear and concise communication in the context of international trade.The foundation of any successful order process lies in the accurate and timely exchange of information between the buyer and the seller. The order form serves as the primary document, outlining the specifics of the transaction, including the product details, quantity, pricing, and delivery requirements. Mastering the language of order forms is essential for both parties to ensure a seamless transaction.One of the critical components of order English is the ability to describe the products or services being ordered. This involves the use of precise terminology and detailed product specifications. Buyers must be able to clearly articulate their requirements, whilesellers must provide accurate and comprehensive product information. The use of industry-specific vocabulary and technical jargon is often necessary to ensure a mutual understanding of the items being ordered.In addition to product descriptions, order English also encompasses the language of quantities and measurements. Accurately conveying the required amount of goods or services is crucial to avoid discrepancies and ensure the correct fulfillment of the order. Expressions such as "one dozen," "a case of 24," or "10 kilograms" must be used appropriately to avoid any confusion or miscommunication.The negotiation of pricing and payment terms is another crucial aspect of order English. Buyers must be able to inquire about pricing, discounts, and payment methods, while sellers must be able to provide clear and transparent information. Terminology such as "unit price," "total cost," "deposit," and "balance due" are essential for effective communication during the order process.Equally important is the language of delivery and shipping. Buyers must be able to specify the desired delivery date, shipping method, and any special instructions, while sellers must be able to provide accurate information about the shipping process, including estimated delivery times and any potential delays or complications.Throughout the order process, clear and concise communication is paramount. The use of active voice, simple sentence structures, and unambiguous language is crucial to avoid misunderstandings and ensure a successful transaction. Additionally, the proper use of polite and professional language, such as "please," "thank you," and "we appreciate your business," can go a long way in fostering positive business relationships.Beyond the specific language of orders, the English Integrated Course also emphasizes the importance of cultural awareness and sensitivity in international trade. Understanding cultural differences in communication styles, business practices, and etiquette can greatly enhance the effectiveness of the order process and improve the overall customer experience.For example, in some cultures, it is customary to engage in more indirect communication and extensive negotiations before finalizing an order, while in others, a more direct and efficient approach may be preferred. Recognizing and adapting to these cultural nuances can help build trust, strengthen relationships, and ultimately lead to more successful business outcomes.In conclusion, the second unit of the English Integrated Course provides a comprehensive overview of the language and proceduresinvolved in the order process. By mastering the key components of order English, including product descriptions, quantities, pricing, delivery, and professional communication, individuals and organizations can enhance their ability to effectively manage international trade transactions. Furthermore, the course's emphasis on cultural awareness underscores the importance of adapting communication styles to the global business environment. Ultimately, the skills and knowledge gained from this unit can contribute to the success and growth of businesses operating in the dynamic world of international commerce.。
- 1、下载文档前请自行甄别文档内容的完整性，平台不提供额外的编辑、内容补充、找答案等附加服务。
- 2、"仅部分预览"的文档,不可在线预览部分如存在完整性等问题,可反馈申请退款(可完整预览的文档不适用该条件!)。
- 3、如文档侵犯您的权益，请联系客服反馈,我们会尽快为您处理(人工客服工作时间：9:00-18:30)。
中英文对照外文翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)MySQL and JSP Web applicationsJSP developers encounter unique problems when building web applications that require intense database connectivity. MySQL and JSP Web Applications addresses the challenges of building data-driven applications based on the JavaServer Pages development model. MySQL and JSP Web Applications begins with an overview of the core technologies required for JSP database development--JavaServer Pages, JDBC, and the database schema. The book then outlines and presents an Internet commerce application that demonstrates concepts such as receiving and processing user input, designing and implementing business rules, and balancing the user load on the server. Through the JDBC (Java DataBase Connector), the developer can communicate with most commercial databases, such as Oracle. The solutions presented in MySQL and JSP Web Applications center on the open source tools MySQL and Tomcat, allowing the reader an affordable way to test applications and experiment with the book'sexamples.So What Is JSP All About?If you meet the requirements mentioned, you should already have a pretty good idea what the answer to this question is. JSP is all about doing highly object-oriented Web sites that can leverage all the best practices of modern software engineering. These practices include things such as SQL databases and UML-based design. This isn't to say that JSP is a cure-all and that using it will automatically make your Web site a paragon of engineering art. It's just as possible to design bad Web sites in JSP as with any other technology. That's why, as you go through the text, you will see how to incorporate the best practices and how to avoid the pitfalls of convenience when projects get stressful. JSP itself is an evolutionary step along the path that started with the first static Web servers, moved through CGI-enabled servers, and finally the first generation of script-enabled servers. JSP is less a Web server with a Java component than it is a Java engine that understands the Web.JSP grew out of Java servlets. Servlets allow the developer to handle the incoming Web requests using a Java program that has access to all the normal information that a Common Gateway Interface (CGI) program would. In addition, the servlet has access to session-persistent objects. These are Java objects that are associated with a specific user session and can be used to store state between requests. Servlet programming was a major step forward in allowing developers to write well-structured modular Web applications using an object-oriented language. It also solved the problem of state persistence, allowing more information to reside on the server during a transaction and less to have to pass back and forth between the user and the server. Servlets still suffered from one major problem. Because they eventually need to spit out HTML, the HTML coding had to be embedded in the servlet code. This led to code fragments like the one shown here:Out.println("<HTML>\n<HEAD>\n<TITLE>Thank you forRegistering</TITLE></HEAD>\n");Out.println("<IMG SRC=\"thanks.jpg\" WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=100 ALIGN=\"LEFT\”>");This kind of embedding gets very old very fast when you have to code a lot of pages. In addition, having to escape all of the quotation marks can lead to a lot of confusing andhard-to-find errors if you leave out a backslash. Eventually, a still-better idea emerged. Suppose that you could combine the best of static HTML pages and with the interactive capabilities of servlets. The result was JavaServer Pages (on the Microsoft side, the result was Active Server Pages). As Figure I.1 shows, JSP is a complicated beast. In the next chapter, you'll walk through this flow in detail, but for the moment, here are the major steps:1. A request comes in from a browser using the normal HTTP request format.2. The Web server hands off the request to JSP. JSP looks at the filename and finds the appropriate JSP file.3. The .jsp file is converted into a .java file, containing Java code that will create a class whose name is derived from the .jsp filename.4. JSP then compiles the .java file using javac to produce a .class file. Note that the two previous steps are skipped if a .class file already exists and is newer than the .jsp file.5. An instance of the newly created class is instantiated and sent the _jspService message.6. The new instance looks to see if there is already an instance of the er object called user existing in the session object space for the currently connected user. If not, one is instantiated.7. As part of servicing stuff.jsp, the user instance is called with the getUserName() method.8. If the JSP processing requires access to information in a database, it uses JDBC to make the connection and handle the SQL requests.As you can see, a tremendous amount of power is available in the JSP world. Developers are free to write Web pages that look mostly like HTML, except where callouts to Java are required. But, at the same time, they are free to develop fully fleshed-out object-oriented applications using all the features that Java can bring to bear. They also get all the benefits of servlets, including session persistence.Why Do We Need Databases?Well, one reason is so that Larry Ellison of Oracle can afford to keep himself on Prozac when he thinks about Bill Gates. A more serious answer is the same reason that drove man to first press a stick against a piece of wet mud: because it's good to write things down. Web servers are marvelous creatures, but they're a bit like idiot savants. Ask them to serve a Web page or run a piece of Java, and they perform like a champ. But start asking them to remember what they didfive minutes ago, and they develop amnesia faster than a character in a soap opera.The first and most important reason that you use databases is that there's a lot in an e-commerce transaction that you need to remember and track:•A user's name, address, credit card, and other information previously entered on a registration page•hat the user might have put into a shopping car t and left from a previous transaction•What items are in stock, along with their price, description, and so on•Orders that need to be fulfilled, orders that have been shipped, and items that have been backordered .Now, you could store all this information in a flat file on the server's hard disk, but there are other important properties that you want to have for this data:•You want to be able to back out a transaction if part of it fails.•You want to be able to locate the data somewhere more secure than the Web server, which could be in a DMZ or outside the firewall altogether.•You want to be able to access data such as user data or products quickly, even if there are thousands or millions of them.When you add these items to the shopping list, only a relational database will really do the job effectively.MySQLMany sites don't need the battleship strength (and price tag) of Oracle. MySQL is an open-source SQL database available for anyone to use, with many (although not all) of the features of its big brothers, such as Oracle.MySQL is available for just about any computer that has decent power—it is fairly lightweight on the processor and easy to install (10 minutes, as opposed to multiple hours for Oracle).So, perhaps you are wondering, what's the catch? What are you not getting in MySQL that makes people turn to Oracle? Well, MySQL is a neat little package, but it is missing some things that would be nice to have in a perfect world.A major feature that MySQL does not offer is database consistency checking. You can useforeign key tags in your schema, but MySQL cheerfully ignores them. A lot of DB As I know would consider this a very bad thing.A foreign key constraint prevents you from creating inconsistent data. For example, let's suppose that you had a scheme that looked like this:CREATE TABLE USER (USERID INTEGER,FIRST_NAME V ARCHAR(80),LAST_NAME V ARCHAR(80));CREATE TABLE PURCHASE (USERID FOREIGN KEY USER(USERID),ITEM INTEGER,QUANTITY INTEGER);In a database such as Oracle's, if you created an entry in the PURCHASE table with a user ID of 3, there would have to already be a user ID of 3 in the USER table or an error would occur. Similarly, you couldn't delete user 3 from USER if it was referenced in PURCHASE.The MySQL folks make a pretty impassioned argument in their documentation that depending on foreign keys for data integrity is a bad idea anyway, but convincing your DBA of this philosophy is likely to degrade into a religious debate.In addition, some other features are missing, such as subselects and select into. But probably the other major piece that you will miss is the rollback/commit functionality. MySQL does implement rollback and commit for certain types of tables, but not all of them. Again, the MySQL folks offer their own spin on why this is okay, but being able to roll back transactions is (in my opinion) important enough to make sure that you have it available.Rollback allows you to set a savepoint on the database before starting to do a series of transactions with it, and be able to either roll back to the original state or commit the changes at the end. For example, when recording a purchase, you need to record a debit against the user's account and enter a record into the shipping table so that you'll know later to ship the item. Let's say that the second part fails. You wouldn't want to charge the user but not ship the item. Thus, you'd want to roll back to the state before the transaction began.So, MySQL isn't a full-blown production database—at least, not yet. It's still good enoughfor probably 90% of the e-commerce sites in the world, however. And version 4.0, which is in alpha as of this writing, addresses a number of these concerns, including row-level locking and transaction control.Putting Tomcat and MySQL TogetherCombining Tomcat and MySQL provides a powerful, reliable, and free platform that you can use to learn, develop, and deploy JSP applications. And, best of all, the code that you develop using this platform will run nicely using iPlanet and Oracle or WebSphere and SQL Server.As a learning tool the two together are almost "reference implementations" of their respective protocols (JSP and SQL). As a result, you won't pick up any nasty vendor-proprietary bad habits while you're getting up to speed.In addition, you can enjoy the knowledge that you are supporting the open-source software movement. Open-source software is code that is made freely available under one of several public licenses, frequently the GNU General Public License (GPL).Why is it good to support this movement? There are two sides to this answer: one technical and one political. Technically, it's a good thing because open-source software tends to encourage the development of open standards such as JSP and JDBC, allowing youto choose your tools from among a larger group rather than being locked into one vendor's proprietary solution. It's a positive thing politically because it keeps the large companies honest. WebLogic and iPlanet have to stay competitive and responsive because they know that there's a free solution out there if they aren't. And when you use open-source software, you are sending a message that your overriding concerns are features and reliability, not having a large company to sue if something goes wrong.MySQL和JSP的Web应用程序JSP开发人员构建Web应用程序时遇到需要强大的数据库连接的特殊问题。