(完整word版)大学写作考试重点
写作考试重点
写作课重点1、社会客体:是指社会存在、社会意识以及社会实践活动,具体来说包括人的实践行为、认识活动以及由此产生出来的结果、创造出来的社会环境。
2、写作客体的特性:客观性、真实性、时间性、针对性3、灵感思维:是人对某一问题进行高度集中、紧张的思考时,由于受到某种有关事物的刺激和启发,突然产生富有创造性的构思,问题突然得到解决问题的一种思维状态。
在成功的写作过程中,无论是运用抽象思维还是形象思维,都会时不时地出现一种灵光乍现、豁然开朗的思维状态,使作者欣喜若狂、下笔如有神。
这就是灵感思维。
(简)4、想象:是人对自己头脑中已有的记忆表象进行加工、改造而创造出新形象的思维方式。
(名)5、幻想:从个人或社会的理想和愿望出发,对超现实的事物所作的想象,就称为幻想。
(名)6、主题——灵魂材料——血肉结构——骨骼语言——外貌7、材料的选择(简)a、选择能表现主题的材料凡是能有力说明、烘托主题的材料就重点选用,与主题关系一般的材料就少用,与主题无关不能说明、烘托和表现主题的材料,就要坚决舍弃。
b、选择真实的材料艺术真实:来源于生活真实,是对生活真实的集中、概括和提炼,但是比生活真实更高,更普遍,更典型。
艺术真实不拘泥于生活中实有的事,对人物、事件、场景可以加工,改造甚至虚构,尽管其中的描写并非某一客观事物的如实记录,但必须符合生活的常理。
c、选择典型的材料典型材料:是指能够深刻反映事物本质,具有广泛代表性和强大说服力的材料。
d、选择新颖的材料以前没有被别人使用过的或很少使用过的材料;对旧材料的活用,即突破固有的思维,去揭示材料新的意义;充满着时代的气息,体现着时代的精神,反映着时代的特色。
8、场面描写:是对特定的时间、空间内以人物活动为中心的总体生活画面的描写。
(名)9、细描:又叫“工笔”,用细致逼真的手法对描写对象进行精雕细刻。
(名)10、白描:用质朴、简单的语言对描写对象进行勾勒。
(名)11、散文的特点(简)a、题材广泛,内容丰富b、形式自由,形散神聚c、语言优美,抒情见长d、短小精悍,以小见大12、散文的文采:色彩美、音乐美、韵律美(填)13、意境:是指抒情性作品中呈现的那种情景交融、虚实相生、韵味无穷的诗意空间。
大学基础写作考试复习内容
大学基础写作考试复习内容一、写作的本质1.1写作的定义:广义写作是一般文章的基本写作。
侠义写作通常指作家的写作,即文学创作。
一、特性:1.人文性(1.写作本质上是人的精神文化行为。
2.无论何种写作类型都是人文性创作。
3.写作的目的既是“为己”,也是“为人”。
)2.综合性3.个体性4.创造性5.实践性规律:从社会生活的角度来看,它可以分为三个阶段,即“前期写作”、“显性写作”和“后期写作”。
功能:1.从个体生命文化的角度来看,写作可以超越个体生命的局限,实现生命的延续和精神的传播。
2.从个体学习和发展的角度来看,锻炼可以有效增强记忆,深化思维,促进成年人的精神成长。
1.2写作的源泉:1.缘情而作。
从某种意义上说,情和欲是人类一切活动的动因,也是写作活动发生的首要原因,人们使用各种各样的方式抒发聚积于内心的激情和愿望。
2.因事而作。
3.受命而作。
与本质1.3写作主体:从行为过程的角度来看,写作主体只存在于写作活动中,具有现实意义。
“作者”与“写作主体”之间有着密不可分的关系,但不是一个等价的概念。
与受体写作成品的阅读者,即具有对文章进行破译、解读或再创造能力的人。
二、写作的主体素养2.1写作学科的素质与培养(1)加强思想修养;(2)积累生活经验;(3)扩大知识面;(4)学习语言;(5)磨练你的写作技巧。
有了这些基本的成就,提高你的写作能力是非常有益的。
写作包括:写作活动由主体(写作者)、客体(写作对象)、受体(诉诸对象)、载体(写作活动的物化形式)四个部分组成。
2.2写作主体能力:在写作活动的整个过程中,无论在哪个环节,写作主体始终占据主导地位,发挥主导作用。
虽然在一些写作行为中,写作主体的主动性似乎并不明显,但实际上,它仍然取决于写作主体将外在意志转化为内在意志,也就是说,人们经常说“消化”为“自己”的东西,最终更好地完成写作任务。
写作客体的含义:广义:写作主体所面对的世界(或对象)可以统称为写作客体。
大一基础写作考试知识点
大一基础写作考试知识点在大学一年级的基础写作考试中,有一些核心知识点是必须掌握的。
这些知识点包括:写作结构、段落发展、逻辑推理、语法运用和文章修辞等。
以下将分别对这些知识点进行详细介绍,希望对你的考试有所帮助。
一、写作结构写作结构是一篇文章的骨架,它决定了文章的组织和逻辑关系。
一般来说,一篇文章应包含引言、正文和结论三个部分。
引言部分是文章的开端,应该包括背景信息、问题陈述和写作目的,以吸引读者的注意力并引导读者进入文章主题。
正文部分是文章的重点,应该根据文章要点进行论述和分析。
可以采用时间、空间、因果关系等不同的结构来组织内容,但要确保逻辑严密、连贯流畅。
结论部分是文章的总结,可以对观点进行再次强调或提出建议。
同时也可以给读者留下深刻的印象,给予思考和启示。
二、段落发展段落是组成文章的基本单位,每个段落应该有明确的主题句,并围绕主题句进行叙述和论证。
段落发展可以采用描述、举例、比较、对比等写作方式来展开。
同时要注意段落之间的过渡,使文章整体结构紧凑而不松散。
三、逻辑推理逻辑推理是写作的重要组成部分,它要求在文章中运用合理的推理和论证方法,确保观点的逻辑性和合理性。
逻辑推理主要包括演绎推理和归纳推理两种方法。
演绎推理是从一般性的原理或规则推导出具体情况下的结论;归纳推理是从具体事实或例子得出一般性的结论。
四、语法运用语法是规范语言使用的重要工具,合理运用语法规则可以使文章更加规范、通顺。
语法运用主要包括主谓一致、时态一致、语态转换、句子结构等方面的注意。
要尽量避免语法错误和句子不通顺的情况出现。
五、文章修辞修辞是指通过一些修辞手法使文章更加生动、形象、有感染力。
修辞手法包括比喻、夸张、排比、反问等,可以使文章更具吸引力和说服力。
但要注意不要过分使用修辞手法,以免影响文章的真实性和客观性。
综上所述,大一基础写作考试的知识点包括写作结构、段落发展、逻辑推理、语法运用和文章修辞等。
只有掌握了这些知识点,才能够在写作中表达清晰、思路连贯,提高写作水平。
大学实用写作期末知识要点总结(1)
大学实用写作期末知识要点总结(1)在大学实用写作课程的学习中,期末考试是一项重要的考核。
为了帮助同学们更好地备考,以下是大学实用写作期末考试的知识要点总结:一、写作基本技巧1. 文章的标题应简明扼要,醒目吸引读者。
2. 段落要合理划分,章节要有序连接,文章结构合理。
3. 语言要简练明了,避免用复杂的词汇和过多的修辞。
4. 文章要有目的和主题,尽量精炼表达。
5. 语法和标点符号应准确使用。
6. 文章的结尾应引起读者思考和共鸣,更加深刻地理解文章内容。
二、写作内容1. 说明文:应包括产品、程序、现象等的介绍、特点、利弊、操作方法等。
2. 议论文:应包括现象描述、问题分析、对比、观点表达、论证等。
3. 描写文:应包括物品、景色、人物、心情等的细致描写,通过表现细节来表达感受。
4. 叙事文:应包括故事背景、人物性格、事件经过、结局等。
5. 书信、邮件、便条:应包括称呼、问候、主题、内容要点、结束语等。
三、写作技巧1. 应先进行头脑风暴和思维导图等预备工作,明确文章的主题和目的。
2. 应熟练使用各种连接词,如and、or、but、however等。
3. 应灵活运用修辞手法,如比喻、拟人、夸张等,增强文章的表现力和说服力。
4. 应注意提高语言的精准度和准确度,如动词的时态、语气的准确使用等。
5. 应勤于修改和完善文章,遵循“说你想说的话,说清楚你想说的话,不说你不想说的话”的原则。
以上是大学实用写作期末考试的知识要点总结,通过对这些知识点的掌握,同学们将能够在考试中更加自信地应对各种写作题目。
当然,以上知识点并非十全十美,还需同学们进一步探索和总结,不断提高自己的写作水平。
大学写作考试重点
第一章写作的主题第一节主题的含义及其生成一、写作与主题二、主题的定义主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时,通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点或核心思想。
三、主题的生成从写作主体与写作客体的关系中追溯第二节主题的要求一、主题在文章中的地位及作用主题的地位:有了主题,才能确定文章的体裁和表达方式,才能选择和剪裁文章的材料,才有可能形成趋向完整的写作思路,才有可能将意化的思维转化为物化的作品。
主题的作用:决定着作品的确立与深化,决定着作品的精神品格的层次。
二、主题的基本要求:正确、深刻、集中1、立意要正确2、提炼主题要深刻3、反映主题要集中第三节主题的确立一、限制主题:大处着眼、小处着手、以小见大二、深化主题:挖掘其思想和理论深度第二章写作的材料第一节材料的含义和作用一、材料的概念广义:指大量的直接来源于生活中的事实和现象,以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识狭义:指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。
二、材料与素材和题材的关系广义的写作材料分为素材与题材。
题材来源于素材,与素材有着紧密的内在联系;题材又不同于素材,与素材有着质的区别。
素材:未加工整理题材:对素材进行加工改造三、文学作品的材料和实用性文章的材料的不同特点1、要求的真实性不同2、所处的地位不同3、选材的范围不同4、情感性与实录性的不同四、材料的作用1、材料是形成主题的基础2、材料是表现主题的手段3、材料可充实文章的内容第二节材料的搜集与整理一、搜集材料的方法1、观察和感受2、调查和采访3、阅读和查找4、上网检索二、怎样整理材料1、鉴别真伪、分辨优劣2、分门别类、科学管理第三节材料的选择和使用一、材料的选择(原则)1、真实2、典型3、新颖二、材料的使用(方法和步骤)1、材料的剪裁2、材料的聚合第三章文章的结构第一节文章结构的概念和特点一、结构的双重含义宏观结构:指文章的总体构思和框架,包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序。
(完整word版)大学英语期末考试写作必背范文
Is It Better to Buy or Rent?The price of housing has kept increasing in recent years, which causes a big headache for people living in cities.A lot of people cannot afford to own a real estate property, so they choose to rent instead of buying an apartment. This group of people does not want to bear burden of mortgage so that they opt for a practical solution. Renting an apartment makes them have a place to stay and thus they can focus on work as well as personal life.Some other people, however, believe that an apartment owned by themselves makes them feel safe and relieved, so they are willing to sacrifice some other aspects of life to borrow money from the bank to buy an apartment. As far as I am concerned, to buy or to rent is all aboutit will be better to rent first and wait for the good timing when the price is going down to buy.Topic 2: On Job HoppingIt seems that nowadays, very few young people are willing to stay in a job position for long, let alone for the whole life. They change jobs constantly. This results from several factors. Firstly, young people like fresh things, and it is easy for them to be fed up with old routine work. So when they stay in a position for a while,the excitement will fade out.They are quite realistic and not willing to waste time in a job they are not interested in. Thirdly, some young people are not satisfied with current salary, believing they deserve better pay. In my opinion, constant job hopping will not benefit young people in their career development. Every job has its own merits and young people can certainly learn something from it as long as they are patient and wise enough. Every job experience is valuable down the career path and young people shall be able to make the most of it.Topic 3: Online Social NetworkModern people will be no stranger to online social network. Facebook, Renren and Kaixin001 are probably the most populous networks among Chinese netizen. In these networks, people interact with each other, be it a stranger or a friend, and have a lot of fun in the virtual world. This phenomenon could be a result of the fast development of the Internet and people's great interest of the virtual world. I think it is a very good new platform for people to keep in touch. But it should not be overused. Firstly, some people are addicted to it, which makes them want to get online 24 hours a day. When people spend too much time on one thing,they will naturally have not enough time for study and for work. Secondly, online social network change people's behavior of interacting with others. In virtual world, you just click the mouse and type in words instead of having a face-to-face talk. This will not benefit people's long term friendship, and even harm their interpersonal relationships in real world.Topic 4: The Most Important Skills for Modern PeopleWith the development of science and technology, the skills that modern people master are also changing with it. Some old skills including cooking, sewing and gardening are no longer be deemed as necessary skills. Then what are the most important skills for modern people? Some hold that foreign language skills and computer skills are on top of the list, whereas some others believe that communication skills are the must.As far as I am concerned, communication skills are of the greatest importance for modern people. Firstly, in a globalized world, everyone is interconnected with each other. Communication is the key in personal interaction, and good communication skills can bring people sound interpersonal relationship. Secondly, most of the work done todayrequires teamwork. One person alone can not finish everything. Cooperation asks for communication, and effective communication will promote cooperation. That's the reason why lots of big companies emphasize communication skills first when they are recruiting new employees.Topic 5: What Is More Important: Character or Academic Achievement?What is the criterion to judge the performance of a student? Some believe that the exam marks should be the first standard concerned. A student's first priority is to study well, and academic achievement can show the result of a student's efforts and capability. But some disagree by holding that good character should be considered first when talking about the performance of a student, as character shows that whether a student has correct basic moral value and proper behavior. As far as I am concerned, sound character is more important in judging a student's performance. Firstly, good exam marks can not be everything as that won't follow a student's whole life. But sound character will be the only thing that lasts for long. Secondly, if a student has very poor character, good marks will be meaningless. When the student has grown up, his academic achievement will probably be used for wrong purpose. I, therefore, believe that we should reform the education system and care more for students' character cultivation.Topic 6: On the Importance of Being GratefulHave you ever said "thank you" when your classmates helped you?Have you ever thought about repaying a business partner who once lent you a hand? If the answer is yes, you must be a person who feels grateful. Your gratefulness makes your family more harmonious and helps you build a reliable cooperative relationship with other people, which can help you a lot in your lifetime.However, there are less and less people who feel grateful in the modern society. For one thing, people focus so much on what they can get that they never think of what to give. That is to say, they are too greedy to feel grateful. For another, some people take others' love and care for granted and know nothing about gratefulness.In my view, gratitude is important to our society and cultivating gratitude should begin from children with something small. We should teach our children how important gratitude is and ask them to do small things for others to show their gratefulness. Our society can become more harmonious and beautiful because of gratitude.Topic 7: Living with Parents after GraduationWhich will you choose to deal with your accommodation problem after graduation, living with parents or renting a room on your own? Quite a number of people prefer to rent a room on their own; however, more and more people choose to live with parents.There are several reasons for that. First, because of high housing prices, most people can't afford to buy a house after graduation. What's more, with their limited incomes, the graduates feel stressed with the high housing rent and living costs. Living with parents can save them lots of money which they may spend on housing and daily expenses. Finally, many people have been accustomed to depending on their parents and they can't take care of themselves. Personally speaking, I'd rather rent a room to live my own life, though living with my parents may help save much money. I also suggest that those who are so dependent on parents should learn to be independent as early as possible.Topic 8: More Disasters than Before?Much attention has been paid to reports about natural disasters recently. Earthquakes, droughts and floods in theWest and Southwest this year resulted in many casualties and great losses, which greatly shocked us and forced us to be on alert. We can't help raising the question: are there more disasters than before?Many people probably will say "yes" to this question. There are more and more reports about disasters on TV and on the front pages of newspapers and websites. Media often cover details of disasters for days, which easily gives viewers a false image that disasters happen every day. As far as I am concerned, the great coverage of natural disasters by the media reflects the environmental awareness of human beings. We are more concerned about environmental protection now, and this is the first step to a better future of our planet.Topic 9: How to Deal with Peer Pressures?People often feel peer pressures. For example, your roommates smoke but you don't. Your classmates wear expensive clothes but you don't. In these cases, you may feel excluded if you don't do the same things as they do. Sometimes peer pressures drive people crazy, but you can only rely on yourself to deal with it.There are two ways to deal with peer pressures. First, pay attention to your own feelings and decide what you should do. Try saying "no" to peer pressures. Don't give in to pressures and do things against your will.Second, find friends who stand on your side. It's tough to deal with peer pressures alone,but it's much easier if at least one peer supports you. Make friends with those who have similar opinions or habits to yours, so that you won't feel excluded.To conclude, peer pressures can be eased if you have the courage to say "no" to it, and combat with it together with your true friends.Topic 10: Lectures and DiscussionsLectures and discussions are two main styles of teaching in universities, and each has its own advantages and disadvantages. Some students are in favor of lectures, but others enjoy discussions very much.Lecturing is the most traditional teaching method in China, because it is considered highly efficient. Students can get used to lectures easily, for most of them have been taught in this way since primary school. Teachers play a very important role in lectures, while students seldom have chances to speak. On the contrary, discussions allow students to have chances to interact with each other. What's more, students have more freedom and initiative in class where they can express their ideas freely and ask any questions about the topic. However, the class can easily go out of control if there is no restriction.As for me, I prefer discussions to lectures because of the open atmosphere. However, teachers should take charge of the discussions to help students learn more.Topic 11: On the Importance of Mutual UnderstandingNowadays many people are so focused on their own interests that they barely consider the feelings of others. As a result, misunderstandings, or even conflicts, arise.It is important for people to understand each other during a conversation, or in the interpersonal communication. For one thing, mutual understanding makes it easy for both parties to reach an agreement on the topic they are discussing. This may help solve the most difficult issues among different cultures, countries or communities. Furthermore, for people who are friendly to each other, this mutual understanding can definitely strengthen the love and friendship between them.Both the speaker and the listener can do much to help gain mutual understanding. On the one hand, the speaker should try his best to express himself clearly, correctly, vividly and forcefully. On the other hand, the listener should also make every effort to be very attentive. Most importantly, both parties should take a friendly attitude towards the other side.Topic 12: Book Smart or Street Smart?There is a heated debate nowadays about which is better or more useful, to be book smart or street smart. People's opinions differ greatly over this topic. Some people believe to be book smart is way better. Many important fields like science and education need a great number of book-smart people. They can apply what they learn from books to their career. Others argue that true cleverness is not about how much you have learnt, but about how you deal with what you have learnt. Street-smart people can learn much from different experiences and can solve practical problems easily. They are much useful than book-smart people to some extent. As for me, there's no clear victor in the battle between street-smart people and book-smart ones. They both have their advantages, and our society require both. As a result, it's much better if we are both book smart and street smart.Topic 13: Due Attention Should Be Given to Spoken EnglishAs we all know, spoken English plays an important part in learning English. However, more and more students pay less attention to spoken English nowadays. There are two main reasons for this phenomenon. First, students would rather pay more attention to written English than spoken English because of pressure of exams. In order to enter a better school, students take efforts to improve their grades in examinations. As for English, exams mainly focus on the written part. Therefore, written English becomes students' priority. Furthermore, many students lack courage to speak English. Being afraid of making mistakes and thus losing face, many students dare not speak English in public. In order to change this situation, the educational system should be reformed to keep a balance between written English and spoken English, and schools should pay more attention to the latter. And most importantly, students should be encouraged to make mistakes when speaking English. If they are self-confident, their spoken English is sure to improve.Topic 14: Volunteering ActivitiesWith the progress of society, the volunteer spirit has spread all over the country. More and more people are willing to be volunteers and take part in volunteering activities. Getting involved in volunteer work means a lot to our society. Firstly, you show loving care to others when you are doing volunteer work. You pass love and civilization on to others with your volunteer work, and make others feel that there are always people caring about them. This makes our society more harmonious. Secondly, people whom you help may be influenced by your good deed and follow your lead. As a result, all people may help and care about each other, which makes the world a better place to live in.Since volunteer work is so meaningful, we should call on more people to take part in volunteer activities. All young people are supposed to have the volunteer spirit and be active to do volunteer work.Topic 15: Keep Connected with ParentsMany parents feel confused that, once upon a time, their kids shared everything with them, but now they don't even look at them. With the development of modern society, it seems that more and more children aren't willing to communicate with their parents. There are several reasons for this phenomenon. For one thing, many kids think that they have nothing in common with their parents. What parents chatter about is study, which makes them bored. Thus, they prefer to communicate with friends. For another, they feel that their parents don't understand them at all. What they love to do is often against their parents' will and they can't get any support. As a result, the generation gap between parents and children become wider and wider. In order to change thissituation, both parents and children should work together. Parents should learn to be a good listener and respect their children's ideas, whereas children should keep connected with their parents actively.Topic 16: My View on Knowledge EconomyKnowledge economy, which emphasizes knowledge and people of talent, is gradually replacing the industrial economy and becoming the dominant economic form. It is playing a more and more important role in our economic life in recent years. Knowledge economy has fundamentally transformed our ways of work, business and education. To start with, with the development of knowledge economy, more and more people are transformed from traditional manufacturing industries to new fields such as the Internet and the computer science area. Secondly, knowledge economy has given rise to the boom of electronic commerce and online trade, so you can do business anytime and anywhere. Besides, people have to keep learning something new to adapt to this explosive knowledge society. In my opinion, we should insist on developing knowledge economy and make efforts to educate the young generation, to contribute to the progress of knowledge economy.Topic 17: The Impact of the Internet on EducationAs Internet application is becoming wider and wider, the Internet has already permeated traditional education and has tremendous impact on education. As a result, more and more people tend to choose online education. There are some reasons for this phenomenon. First, online learning breaks the limits of time and space traditional education encounters and provides flexible learning opportunities for all people. Second, with the online learning, one can learn lessons from the best teachers of top schools which one can't have access to traditionally. Third, online learning gives freedom to students, so they can schedule their study according to their own pace of learning. Finally online learning enables them to discuss with others and ask questions freely without seeing each other, which is perfect for shy people. In order to develop online learning, there should be more schools providing all kinds of online lessons for people who have different needs, and more people should seize these learning opportunities to enrich their knowledge.Topic 18: On DialectsThere is a controversial issue about whether dialects should be prohibited in public. Opinions vary greatly on this issue.Some deem that dialects should be forbidden in public. There are so many people with various dialects in public that if everybody just speaks their own dialects, it can easily lead to chaos. In order to avoid this situation, we have to choose mandarin as the official language, for it can be understood by most Chinese. However, others argue that everybody has the right to speak dialects. Local dialects have been used for thousands of years, and they are valued as part of the traditional culture. Therefore they shouldn't be abandoned randomly. In addition, dialects still enjoy popularity in the daily communication among people from the same place. From my perspective, local dialects should be maintained and they can be used in public as long as they do not cause misunderstanding among the audience. Moreover, we should take responsibility to preserve endangered dialects.Topic 19: The Benefits of Job InterviewsNowadays, if you apply for a job, you usually have togo through the job interview process. A job interview isan undoubtedly vital process in the course of applying for a job. Job interviews benefit both the interviewer and the candidate. On the one hand, the interviewer is able to get more information about the candidate beyond his resume, and to know what qualifications he has by judging from the performance in the interview. After examining the ability and personality, they can decide whether he is the right person for the position. On the other hand, the candidate can decide whether he takes this job after he gets general information about it, such as the income, working conditions, etc. Moreover, he can gain precious experience by taking part in interviews, which is good for the following interviews.Therefore, the interviewer should make efforts to improve the job interview process to select the best candidate, whereas the candidate should also get well prepared for a better job.Topic 20. My View on White LiesThe question about whether we should tell white lies in daily life has aroused an intense debate over these years. Different people have different opinions.Many believe that we need white lies. There are moments in our life when we have to tell lies. In order to avoid hurting others' feelings or to make others feel better, we often tell white lies instead of conveying the truth. White lies have magic power to give people much hope and warmth. For instance, when you tell lies to a patient who gets incurable disease, he can probably enjoy the rest of his days more peacefully. Others argued that no one should tell lies, no matter what kind of lies. A white lie is essentially a lie. Some people feel betrayed and even get more hurt once they find out the truth, which can wreck a relationship easily. As for me, whether we should tell white lies really depends. You'd better take into consideration what the occasion isand what the result may be.Topic 21: Should a Formal Distance Be Kept Between Students and Teachers?A good interpersonal relationship between teachers and students is vital for successful education.And what is a perfect teacher-student relationship like? Should there be a formal distance between them?The question has aroused much interest.For some, teachers and students should be friends, and there should be little distance between them. The teacher enjoys being treated as a friend by the student, and the student likes confiding in the teacher. Such a relationship is treasured especially by teenagers who are eager to grow up.However, others hold that there should always be a formal distance between the teacher and the student. They argue that only when the teacher keeps a distance from the student can he make fair judgments about all the students and avoid prejudice. In my opinion, the distance between the teacher and the student can best be adjusted according to the specific situation.There is no need to regulate a set distance between the two.Topic 22: Need We "Never Give Up"?When Wallace watched the spider fail six times in spinning a web and succeed at the seventh time, he realized that he should lead his Scottish people to fight against the English invaders for another time, and he, too, succeeded. Whenever we face some difficulties or suffer setbacks in our projects, we can always gain strength from the popular saying: "Never give up!"But need we never give up?Apparently there are always goals we cannever achieve. However hard we tried, we could not win the top prize in every contest; whatever treatment used, we may fail to lengthen the life of someone beloved. There are always frustrations, and some are just beyond us. It is thus wise to accept the reality, i.e. to give up sometimes.As college students, we need the saying "Never give up" to keep us going. But we also need to learn to come to terms with reality. When occasionally I heard news about some college students committing suicide, I said to myself, "If only they had learned to give up!" Topic 23: Work in the CountrysideMany university graduates now volunteer to work in the countryside. It is reported that once hundreds of university graduates competed with one another to work as a village leader in Beijing. Many factors have contributed to this phenomenon. First, with more and more university students graduating each year, the job market competition becomes increasingly fierce, and many graduates cannot find jobs in the cities. Working in the countryside is better than being jobless. Second, the villages that are trying to employ university graduates are generally in the rich areas of the country, which makes working there an attractive choice. Third, some university graduates, being from the countryside, are eager to go back home to contribute to the construction of their hometown. With their knowledge and enthusiasm, they will play an important role in building the new countryside.Personally, I think university graduates should go to work where they are needed most and where they can make full use of their talents. Working in the countryside can be truly an advisable choice.Topic 24: Should Old People Stay at Home or Be Placed in Nursing Homes?Should old people stay with their children or go to the nursing homes?Some hold that old people should stay at home. For one thing, the young are obliged to repay the care and love they once received from the old. For another, the old may help with some housework and gain a sense of achievement, which is important for their mental and physical health. By contrast, some argue that old people should be placed in nursing homes, where they can not only have opportunities to communicate and have fun with their peers,but also be treated by professional doctors and nurses. Furthermore, with the old staying in nursing homes, the young may have more time and energy to devote to their own careers.In my view,the decision should be made with all factors fully considered. Above all, the opinion of the old should be respected. They themselves should be the ones who make the decision, not the young.。
大一写作考试知识点
大一写作考试知识点在大一写作考试中,学生需要掌握一些基础的写作知识和技巧,以便能够有效地表达自己的想法和观点。
本文将介绍一些大一写作考试的知识要点,帮助学生在考试中取得好成绩。
一、写作基础知识1. 主题句和段落结构:每段都应该有一个明确的主题句,并围绕这个主题句展开写作。
此外,段落之间的过渡应该流畅自然,使整篇文章具有逻辑性。
2. 文章结构:文章应当有明确的开头、中间和结尾。
开头部分用于引入主题并吸引读者的注意,中间部分用于展开观点论证,结尾部分用于总结全文和提出结论。
3. 语法和拼写:学生应该注意语法和拼写的准确性,避免语法错误和拼写错误对文章整体质量的影响。
二、写作技巧1. 遵循写作流程:在写作之前先进行思路的整理和构思,制定清晰的写作计划,然后逐步展开写作。
写作过程中要注意适时进行修改和润色。
2. 使用恰当的词汇和句式:学生应该积累一定的词汇量,并学会运用不同的句式来表达自己的观点和论证。
同时,学生还需要学会使用恰当的连接词来提高文章的连贯性。
3. 注重论证和举例:在写作过程中,学生应该注重论证和举例,充分展示自己的逻辑思维和分析能力。
通过举例子或引用合适的数据来支持自己的观点,使文章更有说服力。
4. 借鉴优秀范文:多阅读和学习优秀的范文,借鉴其中的写作技巧和表达方式。
通过模仿和学习,提高自己的写作水平和能力。
三、写作注意事项1. 确保写作用语准确:学生在写作中要使用准确的词汇和语言表达,避免使用不确定或模糊的用语。
2. 保持段落清晰:每个段落的主题应该明确,并用一个段落来讨论一个主要观点或论点,不要在一个段落中涉及多个主题。
3. 控制篇幅和字数:在考试中,学生要注意控制文章的篇幅和字数,确保在规定的时间内完成写作任务。
总结:大一写作考试要求学生掌握一定的写作基础知识和技巧,能够清晰、连贯地表达自己的观点和论证。
通过学习和练习,提高自己的写作水平,能够在考试中取得好成绩。
希望本文介绍的知识点能对大家有所帮助。
大学写作复习提纲整理完整版
文章是通过对语言(材料、句段)的选择、组织和表达、交流信息的秩序体。
2、写作定义写作是作者为实现写作功能而运用思维操作技术和书面语言符号,对表达内容进行语境化展开的修辞性精神创造行为;是人类运用语言文字创造生命存在自由秩序的建筑行为、活动。
3、主题定义主题是作者运用各种材料和表现形式所传达出来的基本思路或基本观点;同时,主题又是读者对文章中心内涵的一种自我了理解,这种理解的深度和广度,常常和读者本人的文化背景、人生经历、知识结构、审美意识、情操境界等因素有关。
4、材料定义材料是作者为了写作的需要,从生活中提取、搜集到的一系列事实现象和理论依据。
简单来说,凡是用来表现主题的事物与观念都可称为材料。
5、结构定义文章的结构是文章部分与部分、部分与整体之间的内在联系和外部联系的统一。
6、过渡定义过渡是指体现段落与段落、层次和层次等各种衔接关系的形式或手段。
照应是指文章内容的前呼后应。
8、线索定义线索是把文章各个部分、各种内容有机地整合起来的一条线,是贯穿全文使结构井然有序的一种结构手法。
9、叙述定义叙述是把人物的经历和事物的发展变化的过程表现出来的一种写作方法。
10、描写定义描写就是对人物、事件和环境进行具体细致的描绘和刻画。
描写是文学中最基本、最生动的东西,是文学作品最感染人的地方。
11、抒情定义抒情是指用来表现和抒发作者和作品中人物的主观情感的表达方法。
12、议论定义议论即评议论说、讲道理。
作者通过事实材料和逻辑推理来阐明自己的观点,表明赞成什么或反对什么。
13、说明定义说明是用言简易明的文字,把事物的形状、性质、特征、成因、关系、功用等,解释清楚;或者把人物的经历、特征等表述明白的方法。
14、文学定义文学是艺术的基本形式之一,它是显示在话语蕴藉中的审美意识形态,以语言文字为媒介和手段塑造艺术形象,反映现实生活,表现人们的精神世界,通过审美的方式发挥其多方面的社会作用。
15小说定义小说是一种运用文学语言,以叙述为要表达方式,通过完整的故事情节的安排、典型形象的塑造和典型环境的描写,多方面地反映和再现现实生活的一种文学体裁。
大学《写作》重点知识整合
大学《写作》重点知识整合1.文章修改的含义、意义②修改是一个认识不断深化,表达不断完善的准确过程。
③修改是对社会负责的表现。
④修改是提高写作能力的重要途径。
2.文章的修改范围和方式范围:①修改主题,达到正确、集中、深刻②增删材料,达到观点与材料的统一,使材料一以当十③调整结构,达到思路明晰,组织严密④润饰语言⑤检查文面,改定标点符号方式:一般可归结为四个字:增、删、调、改。
3.新闻的定义、要素定义:新闻是最近发生的事实的报道。
广义的新闻包括消息、通讯、调查报告、报告文学、新闻特写等文体。
狭义的新闻就指消息。
要素:新闻学的五要素:新闻学中的五个W区别开来,Who(谁),What(什么),When(时间),Where(地点),Why(原因)。
六要素,即在五要素基础上加一个过程要素。
4、消息定义、种类定义:既是报纸,电台、电视台、通迅社最常用的一种新闻文体,也是扩在影响的重要方式。
种类:动态消息、经验消息、综合消息、述评消息。
5、动态消息的特征①最强调时效性,更带紧迫感。
②严格用事实说话。
重在报道发生了什么,而少解释、不解释“为什么”及“如何”。
③大多一事一报。
6、消息的特点①真实性②时效性③新鲜性④精简性7、如何掌握消息的时效性①必须迅速及时②掌握报道时机8、消息的真实性体现在哪①新闻六要素必须真实。
如华罗庚被骋为香港大学名誉教授的报道。
②新闻事实发生的环境、条件、过程、细节、人物语言,动作等都必须真实。
③引用数据、典故、引语、背景材料必须真实。
9、消息新鲜性的“新”体现在哪①角度新②事情新③以旧带新10、消息内部组成包括哪几个部分①精心制作标题——诱人的招牌②消息头③新闻导语④新闻躯干⑤新闻结尾⑥新闻背景材料11、消息标题拟制的情况①拟多重标题,含量丰富(完全式)②拟两重标题③单重标题12、多重标题的引题、正题和副题的意义、作用①引题(肩题,眉题)放在主标之上。
作用:时常介绍背景,介绍气势,与正题补充,从而引出正题,起渲染作用;②正题-----新闻事实最基本概括,是标题中的主体,担负着消息中最主要的事实和思想内容的概括与说明的任务,要求明确突出;③副题(辅题,子题)作用:补充正题,从而突出正题新闻事实的重大意义。
大学写作知识梳理 已打印版
大学写作知识梳理第一章1、写作的主要目的是传播。
2、主题源于德国的theme,原为音乐术语。
3、主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时,通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点和核心思想。
(上课笔记为:文章、作品所要表达的最基本的观点、思想、情感、形象或要强调的主要内容)4、主题的基本要求:正确、深刻、集中5、限制主题:大处着眼,小处着手,以小见大。
深化主题:挖掘其思想和理论深度6、立意方法:通过因果思维立意(原因分析、背景分析、功能分析)通过相似思维立意(他相似、自相似)第二章1、广义的材料指大量的直接源于生活中的事实和现象,以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识。
(书中重点讨论这个)狭义的指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。
2、素材是指作者以各种方式搜集来的各种原始形态的生活现象,是散乱而未经加工整理的原始材料。
题材是对原生态的生活素材进行了加工和改造,并用之于文章的材料。
3、广义的题材是指文学作品所反映和描绘的社会生活的一个领域或一个方面。
狭义的是指一篇文章或一部作品所具体描绘的社会生活现象和阐述的事理。
(书中重点讨论这个)4、材料的作用:材料是形成主题的基础;材料是表现主题的手段;材料可充实文章的内容。
5、材料的搜集方法:观察和感受,调查和采访,阅读和查找,上网检索6、整理材料:鉴别真伪,分辨优劣;分门别类,科学管理7、材料选择的原则:真实,典型,新颖第三章1、结构,源于建筑学的一个术语2、宏观的结构是指文章的总体构思和框架,包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序;微观的结构是指文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应等具体安排和布置3、文章结构的内容:A、层次,也叫逻辑段,意义段,部分;B、段落,自然段,组成文章的最基本的单位,段落分为规范段(单义段)和不规范段【兼义段(过渡段)和不完整段】C、开头,是文章的重要框架层次,是全文的有机组成部分(开门见山,曲径通幽)D、结尾E、过渡(承上启下,意义转折,设置悬念)F、照应(首尾照应,文题照应,文中照应)4、结构安排的原则:正确反映事物的客观规律;服从表现主题的需要;适应不同体裁的特点;灵活多变5、思路是指文章中若隐若现、前后贯通的脉络6、锻炼思路的主要方法:A、拓展法:顺向思维,逆向思维,纵向思维(按照时间顺序或事物发展的顺序),横向思维(将不同事物加以对比),发散思维(由一个中心点向四周辐射的开放性思维方式,即对一个问题展开多角度多方位的思考)B、挖掘法C、控制法,收束思维线索,使之集中、突出主题D、梳理法,以拟写提纲的形式将思路理清和定型第四章1、表达方式的特质:声韵和谐,形式优美,简洁凝炼2、语言的锤炼:A、练字、选词B、句型、句式、句法陈述句,判断句,祈使句,疑问句四种基本句型。
大学生实用写作复习重点题汇总
根据用人单位的需求和求职者的需求,求职书可分为:
(1)应聘书
(2)自荐书
*求职书的写作技巧——硬本领名优特软实力(求职书写作注意事项+求职书正文的写作要点)
写作技巧:(1)以“情”感人:指书信表达出的感情; 以“诚”动人:指求职诚意,自我介绍记实; 以“美”迷人:指信写得漂亮,使人“一见钟情”{针对性、自荐性、竞争性}
1、标题:由事由和文种构成;2、正文:招聘启事的正文较为具体,需要交代 、招聘方的情况 、招聘对象的具体要求 、招聘人员受聘后的待遇 、应聘人员是否交验证件和相关手续办理以及应聘的具体时间、地点、联系人、电话号码等其他情况。
条据的种类p56
种类:条据包括便条,单据两大类。具体种类非常繁多,例如请假条,留言条等。常用于工作中的条据有收条,借条,领条,欠条四种
法规通告是向一定范围内有关单位或人员公布应当遵守的事项,具有一定的法规效应,有关单位或人员必须严格遵守。多有领导机关发布。
通告的特点:广泛性、针对性、一定的法规性、一定的专业性
*公告与通告的区别:同属公布性文种,对公众有一定的法定效力。
、内容属性不同:公告宣布的是重要事项或者法定事项;通告宣布的是应当遵守或者周知的事项。2、告知范围不同:公告面向国内外;通告局限于职权内。3、发布权限不同。4、发布形式不同,公告是大众传媒;通告可公开张贴宣布也可内部行文。
通报的特点:1、典型性:代表性、重要性、新颖性;2、引导性:弘扬正气、树立新风、明辨是非、总结经验、吸取教训;3、严肃性:事例真实、逻辑严谨、语言慎重;4、及时性:把握最佳时机,延误影效力。
表扬(信)、通报、通知的区别(?)
*表彰性、批评性通报的格式和正文写作内容(文字模板)p158
大学写作整合版复习要点
《大学写作》复习大纲整合版第一章主题1.掌握“主题”的含义及作用含义:主题指文章、作品所要传达的最基本的观点、思想、情感、形象、或要强调的主要内容作用:主题是文章的精华;主题是文章的灵魂;主题是文章的统帅2.熟练掌握主题的要求,并能运用于写作实践之中主题的要求是:主题要正确、深刻、集中3.熟悉在写作实践中提炼、限制、深化主题的方法并能应用于写作实践中(简单应用题)例如:阅读下列材料,从三个不同的角度立意,并简要地概括出三个主题句。
国外有两家鞋厂,各派一个推销员到太平洋上某个岛屿去推销本厂的产品。
上岛以后,两人各自发回一份电报。
一位的电文是:“此岛上的人都不穿鞋子,明天我就回去。
”另一位的电文是:“太好了!这个岛上的人都还没有穿上鞋子,我打算长住此岛。
”论点举例:A.推销之前应先做好市场调查,不要盲目行动B.要有知难而上,从零开始的创业精神C.对同一现象,不同的思维方式会得出不同的结论D.看问题要全面,既要看到有利的一面也要看到不利的一面E.要勇于向新事物挑战F.要善于换一个角度,换一种思维看问题G.不要一棵树上吊死,此路不通走彼路H.不要违背客观规律与事实,一味蛮干I.不要把自己的观念、习俗、文化等强加于人,既然岛上的居民没有穿鞋的习惯就不要强迫他们改变自己的传统与习俗。
4.了解“主题先行”与“意在笔先”的区别主题先行:先有主题,再根据主题需要寻找支持材料,再动笔写作。
意在笔先:先通过接触现实、材料,在此基础上产生主题,再动笔写作。
5.了解应用写作主题生成的两大特点第一个特点:产生过程的特殊性——从时间看:常有“主题先行”的;从动机看,常常是被动的、奉命的;从意图看,常带有明确的实用性、针对性第二个特点:提炼过程的特殊性——写作者个人并不一定能完全左右主题的最后确定;主题的形成、提炼过程要受到很多人为因素的影响(如上级意志);主题的确定往往是集体智慧的结晶(多人共同确定)1、写作的主要目的是传播。
大学写作重点总汇
《大学写作》重点总汇应用写作,是机关,企事业单位、社会团体、个人在日常工作、学习和生活中因处理公私事务需要而进行的一种具有实用性质的特定写作活动。
从使用范围来分,应用文可分为公务应用文和私务应用文。
(公务:公文、工作总结、调查报告、简报、规章制度等;私务:书信、请柬、聘书、诉状等。
)《尚书》是我国第一部以应用文为主体的散文总集,其内容是记载虞、夏、商、周四代的一些政府文告、誓词等公务文书,体制则有典、谟、训、告、誓、命等。
(清代刘熙载最早提出应用文——《艺概》)【P141】应用文体的语言特点——一、准确:语言准确,概念、判断、推理准确无误,逻辑清晰。
二、简明:文约事丰,言简意明。
三、质朴:内容真实可靠,语言平直朴实。
四、规范得体:语言具有标准性和统一性。
【P144】叙述的作用:介绍事件的基本情况,或介绍事件发生、发展与变化的过程;介绍人物的经历和事迹;介绍问题的来龙去脉。
说明的方法:定义、解释、分类、比较、引用、数字、图表、举例、比喻说明等。
议论的基本形式:立论和驳论。
【P146】公文,即公务文书的简称,是指国家党政机关、社会团体及企事业单位在处理公务过程中所形成的体式完整、内容系统并有严格处理程序的书面材料。
公文的特点:(一)作者和读者的法定性;(二)内容的权威性和效力的法定性;(三)体式的规范性。
公文的作用:(一)领导与指导作用;(二)规范和准绳作用;(三)宣传和教育作用;(四)联系和沟通作用;(五)依据和凭证作用。
公文的分类和种类——分类:1.根据行文关系,(即发文单位与收文单位间的组织关系与职权范围)分为上行文、平行文、下行文。
(上行文:下级向上级机关报送的公文;平行文:同级或不相隶属的机关间往来联系的公文;下行文:上级向下级机关下达的公文。
)2.根据公文的性质和作用,分为指令性公文、报请性公文、知照性公文、记录性公文。
3.根据公文收发关系的不同,分为收来公文、外发公文、内部公文。
(收来公文(收文)是指本机关收进外部机关制发的公文;外发公文(发文)是指本机关攥制向外部机关发送的公文;内部公文指本机关制发并在本机关内部使用的公文。
完整word版现代写作教程复习重点
写作主体的能力一、观察能力A.含义:写作主体凭借自己的眼睛、耳朵和其他身体感官对客观事物进行有计划的、目的性很强的自觉认知过程,它是一种有意识的行为,因而又被称为“思维的知觉”。
B.作用:1.它是搜索写作材料的重要途径;2.它能提高写作主体的写作素养;3.它能激发写作动机和灵感;C.构成要素:1.注意力2.鉴别力3.联想力D.方法:1.定位观察2.移位观察3.比较观察二、感受能力A.含义:写作主体对客观事物的刺激产生相应的感觉、知觉所呈现的富有情感和个性的心里活动,即通过感觉知道外界事物的个别属性,再进一步了解、综合,形成事物的整体形象。
B.阶段:感觉、知觉、表象。
C.培养:1.培养敏锐的感知能力2.拓展丰富的情感趣味3.追求独特的体悟能力D.种类:1.从感受器官来看:视觉感受、听觉感受、嗅觉感受、味觉感受、触觉感受。
2.从感受方式来分:直接感受、间接感受。
三、思维能力A.含义:人的大脑对客观事物的一种间接的、概括的、能动的反应。
它以感觉、知觉、表象为基础,以语言为工具,通过由此及彼、由表及里的分析、综合、概括等形式,揭示事物的本质和规律。
B.基本类型:抽象思维、形象思维、灵感思维。
C.方法:归纳与演绎、分析与综合。
D.培养创造性思维:辐射扩散、辐辏聚合。
四、想象能力A.含义:人对自己头脑中的已有的记忆表象进行加工改造从而创造出新形象的心里过程。
B.作用:推动构思的进行,突破时空的限制,塑造典型形象等。
C.种类:再造想象、创造想象、幻想D.培养:1.以丰富的生活为基础2.以高度的理性为指导3.以强烈的激情为动力写作表达方式一、叙述A.含义:将人物、事件本身及其原委陈述给读者或听众的一种表述方法。
B.要素:人物、事件、时间、地点、原因、结果。
C.视角:1.第三人称使用范围广-“古老”-最自由灵活-多角度、多方位-并非都是“全知视角”2.第一人称单向视角-真实亲切-长于说故事、拙于性格形象塑造-长于主观陈述(或内心独白)、拙于客观展示3.第二人称新颖-多维的叙事功能-最为叙事范围窄-“对向视角”-紧抓读者-“透视性”-多用于抒情性强的作品、少见于长篇叙事作品D.方法:1.顺序条理清楚、自然顺畅2.倒叙造成悬念、形成波澜、引人入胜3.插叙叙述曲折、形成断续变化、使行文错落有致4.补叙含义-在叙述过程中队前文涉及的某些事物和情况作必要的补充、交代。
(完整word版)大学英语写作教程重点
1.段落解释:is a unit of thought composed of sentences,smaller units of thought,that relate to a single topic.Paragraph divisions serve two very useful functions 2.A good paragraph is composed 组成 in such a way that it has :eachidea with nothing in the paragraph not covered by the topicit explores the main idea explicitly andconcretely,with plenty of details,examples,and explanations3.has sound internal structure.The qualities that indicate sound internal structure are unity,coherence,and completeness.4.怎样做到内容一致An excellent way of achieving unityis by means of the topic sentence.Properly used,the topic sentence forces the writer to adhere to and to sustain the point he is trying to establish5.标题句 the topic sentence properly used can achieve unity in the paragraph,which indicate the importance of the topic sentence;②the topic sentence6.第二个写作常识In short,a good topic sentence has a limited subject and a sharp focus,namely,a good topic sentence is not too general nor too narrow.A topic sentence that is too general requires much more than a paragraph to develop it.A coherence is connection and consistency.A coherent paragraph is one in which all the sentence are related logically and grammatically to make a whole that allows the reader to follow the writer’s train of thought step by step8.第三个写作常识 Just as topic sentenceshelp readers follow our ideas,other signals also help them understand what we have to say.When we write and when we revise,look for the areas that seem choppy or unconnected —that lack coherence.We can establish better coherence by using the following devices:pronoun reference,repetition ,and in a paragraph means that the topic is adequately developed by details,explanations,definitions,evidences,and the like,so that the reader is not left with only a fuzzy idea of what the writer means1第四个写作常识:Development of the main idea, then, is like enlarging a photograph to make the details clearer. So, development in the paragraph is as important as unity and coherence between skillful development helps us to stick to our subject and focus and to keep up the sense of oneness.2Inductive Pattern (归纳法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the inductive pattern of reasoning the writer presents particular instances of a like kind and leads them into valid generalization which serves as his topic sentence.3Deductive Pattern (演绎法概念):In developing a paragraph by means of the deductive pattern the writer begins with a generalization(the topic sentence) and proceeds with specific elaboration or application of the general idea.4Inductive-deductive Pattern(归纳演绎法):As the name indicates, in developing a paragraph by means of inductive-deductive pattern the writer first presents particular instances and a resulting generalization, then applies the generalization to a new instance. 5第五个写作常识:Sequences of development are not independent of types of development. The most important sequences of development are general to particular, particular to general, climactic, chronological, and spatial.6Climactic Sequence (层递顺序):In a climactic sequence, the most intense or highest point of interest is saved for the final sentence, which may be, but is not necessarily, the topic sentence.7.Chronological Sequence (时间顺序):A chronological sequence is one in which earlier things precede later things; items are listed in the order in which they occur in time. The most obvious use of a chronological sequence is in telling a story. 8Spatial Sequence (空间顺序):A spatial sequence is used in descriptions of various types. It starts the reader at a particular point and then moves logically in some direction, from one place to another.9第六个写作常识:The type of development is the way in which the main idea is supported-by details, definitions, statements of cause and effect, and so on.10段落展开方式:Among the most important types of paragraph development are development by detail, comparison and contrast, process, classification and partition, cause and effect, definition, and mixed development.11Development by Comparison and Contrast (比较和对比):①a comparison shows how two or more things are alike; ②a contrast shows how they are different.12Development by Division and Classification (分类法和归类法):Dividing and classifying information is central to the writing process. When we divide, we begin with a whole, a complete body of information or one idea, and break it into its parts. When we classify, we begin with many small observations and sort them into categories on the basisof their similarities.13第七个写作常识:Causal analysis involves the ability to see cause and effect relationships between two elements. In order to arrive at a cause, we need to distinguish among three kinds: necessary, sufficient and contributory.14第八个写作常识:Definitions are particularly important for limiting the intended meaning of abstract or technical terms. There are two types of definition: formal definition and extended definition. Formal definition includes the term itself, the class it belongs to, and the details that distinguish it from other items in its class.15第九个写作常识:As we have seen, a single paragraph often contains more than one type of development. Almost any kind of paragraph may include examples or illustrations. The important thing is to avoid switching abruptly and apparently without reason from one kind of development to another in the middle of a paragraph.16第十个写作常识:The introduction is probably the most important part of an essay. The introduction should agree in tone and style with the rest of the essay. It should be a natural part of it, not a different construction grafted on the top.。
大一写作考试重点知识点
大一写作考试重点知识点一、写作的基础知识在大一写作考试中,有一些基础知识是必备的。
首先是语法和标点符号的正确运用。
无论是句子的结构还是使用正确的词性和时态,都是写作的基本要求。
此外,适当运用标点符号可以使文章更加流畅,表达更加清晰。
二、段落的结构与组织写作考试中,段落的结构和组织是非常重要的。
一个好的段落应该有一个主题句,主题句要能够概括这个段落要讲述的内容。
之后,需要用支持细节来进一步说明主题句。
最后,通过合适的过渡句或者段落间的链接词来与下一个段落产生连贯性。
三、引用与引证在写作考试中,引用和引证他人的观点和研究结果是很常见的。
在引用他人观点时,需要注明出处并使用正确的引用格式。
同时,也需要注意引用的内容是否与自己的论点相符,并指出引用的用意和重要性。
四、逻辑与论证写作考试中,逻辑性和论证能力是被重点考察的能力之一。
逻辑性指的是文章结构的合理和思维的连贯性。
论证能力则是通过提供证据和理由,来证明自己的观点。
逻辑性和论证能力的发展需要多加练习和思考,以使写作更具有说服力。
五、应用词汇与表达在写作考试中,运用丰富的词汇和恰当的表达方式可以提高文章的质量。
通过使用具体的词汇和形象的描述,可以使文章更具有吸引力和可读性。
此外,注意使用恰当的语气和风格也是很重要的,因为它能更好地表达自己的态度和观点。
六、修辞与修辞手法修辞是指通过一些特定的表达方法和手段,使文章的表达更加生动、形象和有说服力。
比如,使用比喻、夸张、拟人等修辞手法可以使文章更加地生动有趣。
但是在使用修辞手法时要注意不要过度,以免影响文章的真实性和可信度。
七、文体和写作风格大一写作考试中,需要注意选择适当的文体和写作风格。
无论是记叙文、议论文还是说明文,都需要根据文体的特点合理运用语言和结构。
同时,要注意写作风格的一致性,使文章在整体上更加有自己的特色和风格。
总结起来,大一写作考试的重点知识点包括写作的基础知识、段落的结构与组织、引用与引证、逻辑与论证、应用词汇与表达、修辞与修辞手法,以及文体和写作风格的运用。
大学写作科考试重点
写作科考试重点一、名词解释。
①写作的含义:写作,是人类的一种创造性的社会实践活动,历史悠久,源远流长。
就过程而言,可以简单理解为通过记写活动来制作文字产品。
从形式上看,写作是人们运用语言文字记写思维成果的行为活动。
从本质上说,写作不仅是个人情感的宣泄和抒发,也是为交流思想、传播信息进行精神生产的创造性劳动过程。
②写作运思的含义:就是指运思成熟后,才能顺畅地执笔行文。
运思即思维的运行,指在主体心灵中将感知摄取的素材转化为形象、形式的实践过程。
它是一种创造性的思维活动,是升华认识、疏通思路、理清材料、设计文章蓝图的必由之路。
③感受的含义:感受是指写作主体对客观事物的刺激产生相应的感觉、知觉所呈现的富有情感和个性的心理活动,即通过感觉知道外界事物的个别属性,再进一步了解、综合,形成事物的整体形象。
④主题的含义:是指作者在文章中所表达的主要内容和中心思想。
⑤文体的含义:指的事文章为适应多种需要而形成的体裁和样式。
二、简答题①写作主体的素质:1、写作主体的生活素质2、写作主体的学识修养3、写作主体的人格品位4、写作主体的审美理想②写作客体的构成1、对象化的自然景观2、群体化的社会生活3、个体化的人生状态4、外在化的精神产品③写作受体解读的特征1、求知性2、交际性3、创造性④写作行为过程1、写作感知2、写作运思3、写作行文⑤写作感知的三种趋向1、由模糊趋向清晰2、由无序趋向有序3、由残缺趋向完形三、简答题1、写作的主要特征主要表现在哪些方面?(个体的创造性、实践性的操作性、动态的综合性)________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________2、书面语表达准确性方面需要哪些说明?(辨析词义、区分词语褒贬色彩、掌握词语搭配方面展开论述)________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________________________________________________________________________________。
大一写作学重点知识点
大一写作学重点知识点一、写作的基本要素写作是通过文字表达思想、传递信息的活动,具备以下基本要素:1. 主题:写作的中心思想或内容。
2. 内容:写作所要表达的具体信息或观点。
3. 结构:组织文章的框架和逻辑关系。
4. 语言:运用合适的词汇和语法进行表达,使文章通顺准确。
5. 风格:反映作者个性和情感态度的表现方式。
二、写作的基本流程1. 确定写作目的和对象。
2. 主题选择:选择合适的主题,明确写作的中心思想。
3. 创作大纲:构思文章的逻辑结构和框架。
4. 收集资料:查阅相关资料,获得支持观点和证据。
5. 编写草稿:按照大纲编写初步的文章内容。
6. 修改润色:对文章进行修改、润饰和提升。
7. 最终编辑:对文章进行审查、润色和校对。
8. 发布、分享或提交。
三、论述方法1. 举例论述:通过具体事例来支持观点或说明问题。
2. 对比论述:通过对比两种不同事物或观点的异同,进行有力的论证。
3. 类比论述:将一个问题与另一个类似的问题进行比较,以说明观点。
4. 递进论述:按照时间、空间或其他因素展开逐步深入的论述。
5. 分类论述:通过将事物分类并一一分析,展示全面的观点。
6. 说理论述:根据逻辑关系进行推理和分析,得出合理的结论。
四、段落写作段落是文章的基本单位,具备以下要素:1. 主题句:段落的中心思想或主旨。
2. 内容句:支持主题句的具体论述或举例。
3. 连接句:使段落内句子之间衔接流畅,确保逻辑关系明确。
五、语言表达1. 用词准确:运用恰当的词汇,确保意思明确、表达准确。
2. 句式多样:运用简单、复合、并列等不同句式,丰富语言表达。
3. 修辞手法:如比喻、拟人等修辞手法,使文章丰富有趣。
4. 遣词造句:选择恰当的词语和灵活的句子结构,增强表达力。
5. 注意语法:使用正确的语法结构,避免句法错误。
六、常见写作类型1. 议论文:阐述观点,分析问题,论证理由。
2. 说明文:解释、描述或分析某一事物、现象、原理或观点。
大学写作复习资料
《写作》复习要点第一章消息1.消息:答:消息是指以记叙为主要表现手段、用简洁明快的语言,对国内外新近发生或发现的、具有传播价值的事实进行迅速及时报道的文体。
2.动态消息:答:是指对国内外最新事实的报道(a.新近发生的单独事件b.复杂变动中具有一定规律性事件)特点:用一个事件表现一个主题、反映一个局部的情况,篇幅短小、表达简洁、时效性强3.综合消息:答:是指把发生在不同地区或部门的、具有类似性质的事件综合为一体的报道。
特点:多个事件表现一个主题,反应全局情况,报道面宽、概括性强、篇幅较长4.经验消息:答:是对具有普遍意义的、某单位部门或个人的典型经验的报道。
特点:内容由交待情况、介绍做法、反应变化、总结经验等及部分组成,由事实引出经验。
5.消息的四大组成部分:a.导语:答:消息的第一自然段,或开头的一两句话,一般成为导语。
重要性:1.用最简练的文字表达最重要的事实.2.吸引读者看完全篇b.主体:答:承接导语,扣住中心,对导语所概括事实作比较具体的叙述,是导语内容的具体化。
c.结尾:答:或小结,或指出事情发展方向等d.背景材料:答:说明原因、条件、环境等6.消息的两种结构:答:a.倒金字塔架构:按照事实重要性递减的顺序安排材料的消息结构。
b.金字塔结构:将事实结果、最重要的材料留到最后一段才显示出来的消息的结构。
(时间顺序—没有导语;现引出问题,层层叙述,最后展示结论—有导语)第二章通讯1.通讯的含义:答:是以叙述、描写为主要表达方式,兼有议论和抒情,详细、生动、深入地报道新闻事件或人物的新闻文体。
2.通讯与消息的异同:答:同:a.现实性(报道内容是新近发生的有意义的事实,真实不掺假)b.时效性(时间上力求及时迅速,避免迟缓拖拉)异:a.题材上:消息报道范围广;通讯选材严b.内容上:消息是高度的概括,不细写;通讯有细致的描写c.表达上:消息多用叙述,表达简洁;通讯在其基础上使用多种表达方式,结构形式多样d.消息比通讯的时效性更强通讯与文学作品:答:1.同:(1)题材来源于生活(2)通过叙述、描写、议论、抒情等方法反映人与事2.异:(1)通讯反映的是新闻的事实(2)文学作品反映的是艺术的真实3.风貌通讯的含义:(散文体的通讯)答:是报道某个地方、单位、行业的新面貌或者地方物产、风俗习惯、重要建筑等等的通讯。
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第一章写作的主题第一节主题的含义及其生成一、写作与主题二、主题的定义主题是写作者在说明问题、阐述道理、表现生活以及对生活的认识、感受时,通过全部文章内容所表现出来的基本观点或核心思想。
三、主题的生成从写作主体与写作客体的关系中追溯第二节主题的要求一、主题在文章中的地位及作用主题的地位:有了主题,才能确定文章的体裁和表达方式,才能选择和剪裁文章的材料,才有可能形成趋向完整的写作思路,才有可能将意化的思维转化为物化的作品。
主题的作用:决定着作品的确立与深化,决定着作品的精神品格的层次。
二、主题的基本要求:正确、深刻、集中1、立意要正确2、提炼主题要深刻3、反映主题要集中第三节主题的确立一、限制主题:大处着眼、小处着手、以小见大二、深化主题:挖掘其思想和理论深度第二章写作的材料第一节材料的含义和作用一、材料的概念广义:指大量的直接来源于生活中的事实和现象,以及来源于书本的一些理论和知识狭义:指经作者选择而写进文章中的那部分现象和事理。
二、材料与素材和题材的关系广义的写作材料分为素材与题材。
题材来源于素材,与素材有着紧密的内在联系;题材又不同于素材,与素材有着质的区别。
素材:未加工整理题材:对素材进行加工改造三、文学作品的材料和实用性文章的材料的不同特点1、要求的真实性不同2、所处的地位不同3、选材的范围不同4、情感性与实录性的不同四、材料的作用1、材料是形成主题的基础2、材料是表现主题的手段3、材料可充实文章的内容第二节材料的搜集与整理一、搜集材料的方法1、观察和感受2、调查和采访3、阅读和查找4、上网检索二、怎样整理材料1、鉴别真伪、分辨优劣2、分门别类、科学管理第三节材料的选择和使用一、材料的选择(原则)1、真实2、典型3、新颖二、材料的使用(方法和步骤)1、材料的剪裁2、材料的聚合第三章文章的结构第一节文章结构的概念和特点一、结构的双重含义宏观结构:指文章的总体构思和框架,包括各个部分、段落之间的关系以及文章总的顺序。
微观结构:指文章的层次、段落、开头、结尾、过渡、照应等具体安排和布置。
二、文学作品与应用性的文章结构的不同特点文学作品的结构灵活多样,最忌千篇一律、千人一腔。
(以人物的思想感情或中心事件结构全篇)应用性的文章的结构特点是程式化、定型化。
三、文章结构的内容1、层次2、段落3、开头4、结尾5、过渡a、内容开合处b、意义转折处c、表达方式的转折处6、照应a、首尾照应b、文题照应c、文中照应第二节结构安排的原则一、要正确反映事物的客观规律二、要服从表现主题的需要三、要适应不同体裁的特点四、要灵活多变第三节锻炼思路一、思路的含义思路:指文章中若隐若现、前后贯通的脉络。
二、锻炼思路的基本要求1、注意思路的条理性和逻辑性2、注意思路的灵活性和独创性三、锻炼思路的主要方法1、拓展法2、挖掘法3、控制法4、梳理法第四章写作的语言第一节语言的特点与作用第二节汉语写作的资源及整合我们以现代汉语为基础,适当吸收文言、民间语言中富于生命力与艺术表现力的东西,整合构造出一种更符合中国人审美表达习惯的,既具必要的准确性与逻辑性,又具一定的审美艺术性的汉语表达方式。
这种表达方式应具有这些特质:1、声韵和谐2、形式优美3、简洁凝练。
第三节语言的积累与锤炼倒装的方式:1、主谓倒装2、宾语前置3、定语后置4、状语后置5、偏正倒装第四节语言的艺术与风格一、语言使用的一般性要求1、准确得体2、清晰流畅3、生动形象二、多种多样的语言风格1、简练与繁富2、朴实与绚丽3、正统与新奇第五章表达的方式第一节叙述一、叙述的人称1、第一人称叙述2、第三人称叙述二、叙述的方法1、略叙与详叙2、顺叙与倒叙3、连叙与插叙4、仰续与俯叙5、高调叙述与低调叙述第二节描写方法一、细描和白描二、静态描写与动态描写三、正面描写与侧面描写第三节说明一、定义说明(不宜采用比喻方式和否定方式)二、图表说明三、举例说明四、分类说明五、数字说明六、比喻说明七、比较说明八、诠释说明九、引用说明第四节抒情一、直接抒情二、间接抒情1、借叙事抒情2、借描写抒情3、借议论抒情第五节议论一、论证的主要方式1、归纳论证2、演绎论证3、比较论证a、类比论证b、对比论证4、归谬法二、议论的表达1、直言议论2、婉言议论3、讽刺议论4、抒情议论第六章论文的写作第一节论文写作的种类与特点一、学术论文的文体归属论文属于实用类文章学术论文实际上是对科学研究成果的一种描述与反映,它是对社会科学和自然科学领域中的某些现象和问题进行比较系统的研究,以探究其本质特征及其发展规律的理论性文章。
二、学术论文的种类1、投稿论文2、命题论文3、学业论文(学年论文、毕业论文)4、学位论文(学士论文、硕士论文、博士论文)三、学术论文的特点1、有创造性的见解2、有理论性的阐述3、有专题性的表述第二节学术论文的选题和选材一、学术论文的选题选题,是指选择研究的课题,即选择文章所要论述的对象和范围。
二、学术论文的选材1、选择材料(粗选、精选)2、研究材料(去伪存真、去粗取精)第三节学术论文的基本构成一、标题二、目录三、摘要四、关键词或主题词五、序言六、正文七、结尾八、参考文献*参考文献的类型:M——专著C——论文集N——报纸文章J——期刊文章D——学位论文R——报告对于不属于上述的文献类型,采用字母“Z”标识。
第七章短评的写作第一节短评的写作特征一、短评的含义与类型短评:是叙议结合、评事论理、直接阐述作者观点、主张的议论性文体。
类型:按议论方式,分为论说型、评论型、随感型按评论内容,分为政治短评、思想短评、经济短评、哲学短评、科技短评、文学短评、文化短评、教育短评、新闻短评二、短评的写作特点1、标题灵活a、陈述式b、反语式c、断语式d、疑问式e、有感式2、内容单一3、题旨明显第二节短评的写作方法一、敏捷地捕捉评论题材,切题时尚二、巧妙地选择评论角度,以小见大三、灵活地运用评论方法,形式活泼第八章实用性文书的写作(一)第一节计划概述一、计划的作用二、计划的种类与特点1、种类:按时间,长期计划、年度计划、季度计划、月度计划、一周计划按订计划范围,国家计划、地区计划、部门计划、单位计划、班组计划、个人计划按计划性质,综合计划、专题计划按计划内容,工作计划、生产(科研)计划、学习计划2、特点:a、全局性b、决策性c、可行性d、指导性第二节计划的写作一、标题的基本结构和写法1、标题(计划的执行者、计划的时间界限、计划的内容、表示计划这一文体的特定词)2、正文:a、正文内容:计划依据,计划目标,具体措施B、常见的结构形式:段落式、条文式、表格式、综合式3、署名和署时二、计划的写作要求1、要符合党的方针、政策2、要与市场吻合3、要群策群力4、要从实际出发第三节总结概述一、总结的作用三、总结的种类:按内容,工作总结、生产总结、学习总结、思想总结按作者,部门总结、单位总结、个人总结按时间,年度总结、月度总结、阶段总结按性质,综合总结(全面总结)、专题总结四、总结的特点:a、实践性b、经验性c、理论性d、叙事性第四节总结的写作一、总结的构成1、标题2、正文:a、基本状况b、主要做法c、经验(成绩)与教训d、存在问题及今后努力方向3、署名和署时二、总结构成的方法1、纵式2、横式3、纵横式三、总结的写作要求及审定1、总结的写作要求:a、注意积累,占有材料b、探索规律,提炼观点C、突出特点,抓好重点d、注意表达,力求生动2、总结的审定a、看是否符合党和国家的大政方针b、看材料的运用是否恰当c、看文章的结构是否合理d、看书写格式、标点符号第五节调查报告概述一、调查报告的写作目的1、制定政策需要调查报告2、交流工作需要调查报告3、揭露矛盾、解决问题需要调查报告二、调查报告的特点和分类1、特点:真实性、针对性、典型性2、分类:按内容性质,反映新生事物调查报告、介绍典型经验调查报告揭露问题调查报告、反映事物调查报告按内容范围,综合调查报告、专题调查报告三、调查态度与方法1、调查的态度:有正确的立场、观点;态度要端正;目的要明确2、调查的方法:全面调查、纵深调查、补充调查四、调查问卷拟制1、何谓调查问卷2、调查问卷的拟制:a、标题b、前言c、问题的设置和供选择答案的拟制d、排序和编号第六节调查报告的写作一、调查报告的构成方式1、标题与署名2、前言3、主体二、调查报告的写作要求1、实事求是占有材料2、分析本质提示规律3、突出主旨生动形象第九章实用性文书的写作(二)第一节商品说明书一、商品说明书概述1、商品说明书的概念和作用概念:以说明为目的,概括介绍商品特征、结构、性能、用途和保管方法等知识的文章作用:帮助顾客了解商品,使顾客懂的使用方法,宣传商品、扩大销售2、商品说明书总类:a、梗概型b、描述型c、标示型d、析疑型二、商品说明书写作的基本要求1、要具有商品说明的特点:a、中介性b、知识性c、真实性2、要把握被介绍商品的全貌3、要写出被介绍商品的个性三、商品说明书写作的基本方法1、表达方式和方法:a、概说b、陈述c、解说2、结构条理的组织A、根据人们知识的先后顺序安排条理B、根据事物特征的内在联系安排条理C、根据事物本身的科学性安排条理D、散述式结构条理的组织方法四、商品说明书写作应注意的问题第二节商品广告(以极其简洁的书面语言,向人们提供产品的有关信息,促进商品推销的一种宣传手段)一、商品广告的分类按内容,介绍产品、提供服务按发布媒介,报纸广告、杂志广告、电影广告等按体式,说明体、陈述体、诗歌体、新闻体、小品体、证书体二、商品广告的特点和作用1、特点:灵活性、信息性、诱导性2、作用三、商品广告的写作:1、标题(直接式和间接式)2、正文3、落款四、商品广告写作应注意的事项1、避免内容离题2、讲究表现方法3、适应媒介形式4、讲究实事求是第三节经济合同(是法人之间为实现一定经济目的,明确相互权利义务关系的协议)一、经济合同的特征1、合同的主体双方(或一方)应具备法人资格2、合同的主体双方地位平等,权利和义务对等3、经济合同具有保护当事人合法权益的作用二、经济合同的种类1、购销合同2、建设工程承包合同3、加工承揽合同4、货物运输合同5、供用电合同6、仓储保管合同7、财产租赁合同8、借款合同9、财产保险合同10、科技协作合同三、经济合同的写作形式:条款式、表格式、条款与表格结合式1、标题2、约首3、正文a、前言(签合同的目的与依据)b、主体(标的)c、数量和质量d、价款和酬金e、履行的期限、地点和方式f、违约责任i、约尾(署名,盖章,日期)四、经济合同的写作要求1、必须符合国家的法律法规和现行政策2、内容条款必须具体、清晰、明确,便于一目了然3、表达规范、标点正确第十章实用性文书的写作(三)第一节聘书与邀请书一、聘书的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、结尾5、署名和署时二、邀请书的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文邀请书的写作要求:1、要有礼貌2、要有热情3、要事项周详4、要提前发送第二节倡议书与申请书一、倡议书的写作1、标题2、称呼3、正文4、结语5、署名和署时二、申请书的写作1、标题2、正文3、署名与署时第三节介绍信与证明信一、介绍信的写作1、开头2、正文3、结尾4、署名与署时二、证明信的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、署名与署时第四节求职信和感谢信一、求职信的写作1、称呼2、开头3、正文4、结尾5、附件6、落款二、感谢信的写作1、标题2、称谓3、正文4、结束语5、署名与署时。