英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译

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英语国家社会与文化入门

加拿大法国人, 英国人, 第一民族 P268 the days of AngloSaxon dominance are gone
Canada
French Foundations Convert to English administration Loyalist English arrive after American Revolution p245
Ties to the mother country into the age of railroads. More peaceful in the 19th century
Page 241
And what does an English speaking wheat farmer in rural Saskatchewan have in common with a French-speaking corporate lawyer in the sophisticated city of Montreal
Seven Years War, p 245 七年战争
Acadia became English in 1710, Quebec in 1763 加拿大开始法语国家, 在七年战争变英语国家
France and England
法国和英国,
在欧洲和美洲
在美洲新法国是英国的
Seven Years War, p 248,240 七年战争
Lots of Hong Kong Chinese
British Columbia
British Columbia
Vancouver is a center of film production. van Coeverden became the name of a British sea Captain, Vancouver 30% Chinese—Taiwan, Hong Kong 52% have a first language other than English

英语国家社会与文化入门(上)翻译

兰格苏部外有�此因。洲澳或大拿加�国美�国英的外以兰格苏在富财的们他求寻人兰格苏多许�化变的业农原高的少减口人致导纪世 81�是的要重更�登洛卡的面下于对。式方游旅史历族家”的们他“或品念纪”呢子格“的们他售出过通手分钱的们他为因是要主这�在存天今�候时个这了毁摧地效有化文�团集族家�族部地高兰格苏。 �兰格苏部北在战一后最的上土领国英� 役战登洛卡的毁摧被在军义起。应反事军的队军国英的酷残了致导这年 5471 在。进迈队军国英与将后然�持支的兰格苏在集聚�国英�权治统的他建重图试位王国英�会议国英的黜废被年 8861 在�人承继赔索特亚图斯的中其�年 5471 和年 5171 在�后乱叛次两有。盟联了入加兰格苏�议协的会议兰格苏和兰格英由年 7071 在�而然。份身治政的立独其持保兰格苏年百一过再但。座宝个两结团�一第斯姆詹的兰格英为成也他此因�届六第斯姆詹的兰格苏是的位王来未合符及以�女子无亡死位首国英�王女白莎丽伊�是但�年 3061 在。立独全完年 003 致导�役战本克诺班在�国胜战是�导领的斯鲁布特伯罗在�人兰格苏�后年几仅仅但。事故的息平国英由是�年 8921 在义起的士莱华廉威诉告�心的敢勇 �影电坞莱好近最。庭家的间之室王至甚 �婚通族贵个两的泛广间之国两 �系联的切密有 �突冲管尽。突冲兰格苏英是果结�次 31 手易说据是愧不�后境边兰格苏国英今现的近附镇小兰格苏 ehT.doirep 克里贝个这的置设中”白克麦“剧戏的亚比士莎廉威。争战的繁频间之者两 �素因键关的间时于关 �的治政兰格苏在是在存的国王的大强口门方南 �大较个这。异奇家国兰格苏的立独个一的一统是也兰格英逊克撒鲁格盎�时同的约有仅成形�力压的一统以�王国兰格苏致导这�胁威的部外自来是它�击袭纪世九第在盗海验体始开兰格苏�兰格英欢喜。 ”语尔盖“为称被�语特尔塞老说人�国英除�区地原高在有至甚。处之同不的己自为认部南和部北兰格英为式方的样同�天今的沟鸿化文的裂分个一是然仍兰格苏地低和地高的间之。区原高开离但�泛广性产生非与们他�人特克皮为称�人特尔凯兰格苏原。家国化代现的称名其兰格苏了给们他是正但�人兰格苏为称被们它。区地南西侵入兰尔爱北从人的�纪世六元公约�期时一同这在�哥斯拉格在现了近靠领占被部南侵入逊克撒由所失离流人特尔凯国英。字名曼耳日的堡丁爱�此因�立成南东在是度角的国英然虽�人逊克撒鲁格盎服征最兰格苏是不也。着沿并到看以可然仍度长的它�了毁然虽�间时的设建其在帝皇马罗�后之”城长良德哈“为称被它。它卫保助帮并�缘边部北的域的们他念纪以�墙堵一了立建�国中像们他�海到海从�线条这着沿。界边代现的间之兰格苏和兰格英于当相致大线到退撤们他致导�难困有治统的们他持维 �而然。缘边的区原高部北于至间时段一了领占并 �试尝经曾们他但 �服征人马罗是不兰格苏。来以纪世 51 从学大名知上际国和的老古有拥都市城个两这。石岩的高的心中市在�堡城大的位地导主占其�美有的名著是这。哥斯拉格离距的里英 04 岸海东在�市堡丁爱府首兰格苏。面西域区个这在�哥斯拉格市城大最。区地地高的家国个两这越跨�舍宿活生口人的区地地低在�三。 �地高南�部南和 �地高兰格苏�区泊湖的部北和区山的少稀烟人是 �分部一的固坚最国英是兰格苏 �上体身在。了立独己自象想兰格苏跃飞的大个一是不它�此因。立独国英的家国一统为作件组国英的史历段一长当相了花前先它了语英非有只为因�一之份身的己自心信有最是也这。域区理地和口人在是论无�家国个四的大最个二说传是不�功成的瑟亚管不

英语国家社会与文化入门

Realationship between newspapers and social people
Classand educational differences are reflected in the newspapers people Britain has the one of highest lelvels of newspapers sales per head of population. Three are over 1400 different newspapers which cater for a wide range of political views,interests and levels of education. Most people will choose to read a newspaper accords with their own feelings.
In politics,left-wing are term applied to socially progressive and egalitarian(平等主义）positions.In contemporary political discource,the term Left usually means either liberal or social democracy and most forms of anarchism(无政府主义） In politics right-wing are terms applied to conservative ,and traditionalist positions,the term right is used to describle groups who stress tradition, fundamentalism and nationalism

英语国家社会与文化入门下册第七单元翻译

Going to School in America Today每年秋季近50万青少年通过美国约10万小学和中学新学年开始学校的门口走。

从幼儿园教室灌装到12年级，他们参加为5小时，平均每天班，每周5天，直到第二年夏天开始。

这些学生中的一部分的教育历史上最雄心勃勃的承诺之一：美国的教育工作，整个国家人口。

我们的目标是和自共和国的最初几十年中一直对实现普遍扫盲，并提供必要的知识和技能，以便促进他们自己的个人福利以及个人的广大市民。

尽管这个目标尚未完全实现，但它仍然是对美国的教育系统是针对理想。

在已取得的进展，显见其范围和已在对实现这一目标过程中形成的教育方法。

约85％的美国学生参加公立学校（学校由美国纳税人的支持）。

另外15％参加私人学校，他们的家庭选择要特别出勤费。

5的美国私立学校都是由4个教堂，犹太教堂或其他宗教团体。

在这样的学校，宗教教义的课程，其中还包括阅读，数学，历史，地理和科学传统的学术课程。

（宗教教育的一部分，是在公立学校不给。

）两种教育系统，合并后的公共和私人开支，超过一千九万点零万美元一年。

从这个角度看，美国的教育是一个功能强大的消费。

谁决定如何数百万美元的这些人中许多应该用于教师工资，新的计算机或额外的书籍，每年？私立学校符合国家标准的使用费，他们收集他们认为最好的。

但是，在涉及公共税收，支出遵循教育委员会学校（决策者在国家）和/或地区的水平。

同样的事情也是如此对学校课程，教师标准和认证的决定，以及全面衡量学生的进步。

Education—A Local Matter从夏威夷到特拉华州，从阿拉斯加到路易斯安那州，在美国50个州都有其自己的法律规范的教育。

从国家与国家，有些法律是相似，有些则没有。

例如：所有的州都要求青年人上学。

（不同的年龄限制：32个州要求参加到16岁，8至18岁;等）因此，在美国每一个儿童都享有高达13年的教育。

这是真的，不论孩子的种族，宗教，性别，学习问题，肢体伤残或不能讲英语。

英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译

英语国家社会与文化第四版上册课文Unit4翻译伦敦是一座充满反差的城市，历史和传统悠久，但始终处于当代时尚和思想的前沿。

景点不胜枚举，但包括威斯敏斯特大教堂、白金汉宫和伦敦塔等世界著名景点。

在特拉法加广场漫步，在牛津街购物，千万不要错过最新的热门之旅——伦敦眼——一个巨大的摩天轮，可以俯瞰壮丽的景色。

对于那些喜欢戏剧的人来说，伦敦西区有大量精选的戏剧和演出。

对于博物馆迷来说，大英博物馆和科学博物馆是世界上最好的博物馆之一。

泰特美术馆和国家美术馆收藏了一些世界上最伟大的艺术作品。

有关伦敦附近游客目的地的信息，请访问英国母国、东安格利亚和英格兰中部的WorldWeb旅行指南。

威斯敏斯特大教堂威斯敏斯特大教堂可追溯到1045年，当时由爱德华一世国王建造。

今天，它仍然是一个经常礼拜的地方，也是许多王室庆祝和抱怨的场所。

国王和其他庄严的人物埋葬在这里。

它占地32000平方英尺，是一个建筑奇迹。

教堂使用的钟可以追溯到13世纪和16世纪。

白金汉宫白金汉宫是英国女王在伦敦的官邸，也是世界上最知名的建筑之一。

它装饰和装饰着艺术作品，这些作品是皇家收藏的一部分，皇家收藏是世界上主要的艺术收藏之一。

宫殿的部分区域定期向游客开放。

游客可以参观女王接待和款待客人的一些国务室。

国务室里有一些皇家收藏中最好的物品和令人叹为观止的法国家具。

客人还可以探索宫殿内的一些公寓。

塔桥于1885年开始建造，9年后开放。

这是伦敦唯一一座可以升高的桥。

桥内有塔桥体验，这解释了这座桥100年的历史。

伦敦塔景点。

白塔始建于1078年，是后来成为伦敦塔的第一座建筑。

官方名称是“女王陛下的皇宫和要塞——伦敦塔”。

随着时间的推移，原始结构中添加了一些内容。

一些额外的塔楼包括皇冠珠宝，圣。

托马斯之塔、盐塔以及更多。

威斯敏斯特宫外的钟楼通常被称为大本钟。

关于大本钟，大多数人不知道的是，真正的大本钟实际上是塔内的钟，而不是塔楼本身。

威斯敏斯特宫包括议会大厦。

英语国家社会与文化入门

英语国家社会与文化入门（上）Unit 1 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IThe full name of the country of UK is the Untied Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland.UK includes 4 parts: the island of Great Britain is made up of England, Scotland and Wales, and Northern Ireland.Different people who belong to different class will tend to read different newspaper, watch different television programmes, speak with a different accent, do different things in their free-time, and have different expectations for their children.Before the 1st century AD Britain was made up of many tribal kingdoms of Celtic people.In 43 AD Britain was invaded by the Roman Empire and England and Wales became a part of the Roman Empire for nearly 400 years.After Roman time, Britain was under threat from outside, this time from Germanic peoples: the Angles, and the Saxon.In the 5th century AD it is said that a great leader appeared, united the British, and with his magical sword, Excalibur, drove the Saxons back. This is the story of King Arthur. According to legend Arthur gathered a company of knights to him and conflict between his knights led to Arthur creating the famous “round table” at which all would have equal precedence.Anglo-Saxon invaders were the forefathers of the English, the founders of “Angle-land” or “England” as it has become know.From the late 8th century on raiders from Scandinavia, the ferocious Vikings, threatened Britain’s shores.The next invaders were the Normans, from northern France, who were descendants of Vikings.Under William of Normandy they crossed the English Channel in 1066.William took the English throne, and became William the First of England.Robin Hood was a Saxon nobleman oppressed by the Normans, who became an outlaw, and with his band of “merry men” hid in the forest of Sherwood in the north midlands of England and they went out to rob from the rich to give to the poor.Charles the First’ attempt to overrule parliament in the 1640s led to a civil war in which parliamentary forces were victorious, and the king was executed. And then England was ruled by parliament’s leader, Oliver Cromwell.The largest city of Scotland is Glasgow and the capital city is Edinburgh.Scotland was not conquered either by the Romans or the Anglo-Saxons.Like England Scotland began to experience Viking raid in the 9th century.Under the leadership of Robert the Bruce, the Scots were victorious at the Battle of Bannockburn, leading to 300 years of full independence.In 1603, Queen Elizabeth the First of England died childless, and the next in line to the throne was James the Sixth of Scotland, so he also became James the First of England, uniting the two thrones.In 1707 by agreement of English and Scottish parliaments, Scotland joined the Union.The Scotland Act 1998 provided for the establishment of the Scottish Parliament and Executive.Scottish writes have given the world such well-known work as Walter Scott’s romances of highland Scotland and “Auld Lang Syne” (by Robert Burns)The capital city of Wales is Cardiff.Unit 2 A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom IIThe capital city of Northern Ireland is Belfast.The most famous landmark of Northern Ireland is the “Giant’s causeway”, a rocky promontory made up of black hexagonal columns.From the time of Queen Elizabeth I the new settlers, loyal to the British crown and Protestant in religious persuasion, were granted land, position, and privileges which had been systematically take away from the indigenous, Roman Catholic population.“Great hatred, little room” was the way the modern poet W. B. Yeats described the situation. Until 1921 the full name of the UK was “The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland”, not only “Northern Ireland”, because the whole island of Ireland was politically integrated with Great Britain.The Easter Rising of 1916 was the most spectacular event, in which the rebels took over Dublin’s Post Office, forcing the British to retake it by military means.In 1919 a group calling itself the IRA (Irish Republican Army) expanded the fighting.In the end the conflict became too great to ignore, and as the Sinn Fein party, who were supporters of the Irish terrorists, gained most of the Irish seats in the British parliament, Irish independence became inevitable.In 1921 the southern 26 counties formed an independent “free state”, while the 6 north-eastern counties remained a part the UK.In 1969, the first British soldiers were seen on Northern Irish streets.The official IRA thought enough progress had been made that they could concentrate on a political process, and run candidates for elections, but a strong faction felt that armed force was the only way to get the British out, and separated from the officials, calling themselves the “Provisional IRA”.In 1971 the Northern Irish government took the desperate step of imprisoning terrorist suspects from both sides without trial, a policy known as “internment”, which targeted primarily Catholic men in the North.In 1972 468 people were killed in Northern Ireland and that day has now been mythologiesed as “Bloody Sunday”, an important symbol of British oppression.In 1973, an agreement was reached between the main political parties in Northern Ireland, and importantly, the British and Irish governments, which led to a new form for the Northern Irish Parliament, with a Power-Sharing mechanism.The Sinn Fein party spoke of a twin campaign for union with Ireland, both political and military, which they called the policy of “The Bullet and the Ballot Box”.As a result of multi-party negotiations, aided this time by the intervention of the United States Senator George Mitchell, the Good Friday Agreement known also the Belfast Agreement, emerged on 10 April 1998.Unit 3 The Government of the United KingdomBritain is arguably the oldest representative democracy in the world, with roots that can be traced over a thousand years.The oldest institution of government is the Monarchy.The power of the monarchy was largely derived from the ancient doctrine of the “divine right of kings”The opposition was so powerful the king finally granted a gang of feudal barons and the Church a charter of liberty and political rights, still know by its medieval Latin name of Magna Carta, which is still regarded as Britain’s key expression of the rights of citizens against the Crown.The civil war which brought the Roundheads to power in the 17th century was rooted in a dispute over the power of the king vis-à-vis Parliament.In 1689 Parliament passed the Bill of Rights which ensured that the King would never be able to ignore Parliament.In 1832, when a system for choosing the House of Commons by popular election replaced the monarch’s job of appointing representatives, the modern political system was born.The party with the most supporters in the Commons forms the government, and by tradition, the leader of that party becomes Prime Minister.Britain is both a parliamentary democracy and a constitutional monarchy.British governance today is based upon the terms and conditions of the constitution.Israel and Britain are the only two countries without written constitutions of the sort which most countries have.The foundations of the British state are laid out in statute law, that is, laws passed by Parliament; the common laws, which are laws which have been established through common practice in the courts, not because Parliament has written them; and conventions, which are rules and practices which do not exist legally, but are nevertheless regarded as vital to the workings of government.Parliament is supreme in the British state because it alone has the power to change the terms of the Constitution.Strictly speaking, the Parliament today consists of the Queen, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.The role of the monarchy today is primarily to symbolize the tradition and unity of the British state.There are 724 Lords and 646 Members of Parliament in the House of Commons.Unit 4 Politics, Class and RaceIn 1928 it reached the current level of about 99% can vote (those excluded are Lords, certain categories of convicted criminals, the legally insane, and resident foreign citizens – except UK resident citizens of the Irish Republic)After a government has been in power for 5 years it has to resign and hold a “general election”, in which all British adults are given the chance to vote again for their constituency’s MP.Anyone who is eligible to vote can stand as an MP. It is necessary only to make a deposit of 500 pounds which is lost if the candidate does not receive at least 5% of the vote.There are three major national parties: The Conservative party and the Labour party are the two biggest, and any general election is really about which of those two is going to govern. But there is a third important party, the Liberal Democrats.The Labour party is the newest of these three, created by the growing trade union movementat the end of the nineteenth century.The Conservative party is the party that spend most time in power.The Liberal Democrats are the third biggest party, and to some extent may be seen as a party of the “middle”, occupying the ideological ground between the two main parties.Margaret Thatcher is the UK’s first woman Prime Minister.The car-worker probably reads a paper like The Sun: a newspaper with little heard news and more about TV soap operas, the Royal family, and sport. The university teacher might read The Guardian: a larger newspaper with longer stories, covering national and international news, “high” culture such as theatre and literature, and so on.Unit 5 The UK EconomyThe UK is now the world’s sixth largest economy.The UK is not only a member of the G7, G8, G20 major economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization.Firstly, the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada.Secondly, the ear of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in 1947.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain has still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed.Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy.National economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, which manufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce.Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Three of the biggest ten companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell, British Petroleum (BP), and British Gas.The World’s largest mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.The British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector.London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processes in “The City”—the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors.Unit 6 British LiteratureThe major literature competition is the annual Booker Prize.Much early British writing was concerned with Christianity: Anglo-Saxons produced beautifully illustrated versions of the Bible: the most famous of these is the Book of Kells. One of the oldest of these early “Old English” litrary works is long poem from Anglo-Saxon times called Beowulf.One work from Norman Conquest times often studied today by middle school and college students is The Canterbury Tales by Geoffrey Chaucer, who was the first court poet to write in English.There was a general flowering of cultural and intellectual life in Europe during the 15th and 16th century which is known as “The Renaissance”.Christopher Marlowe’s most famous play is The Tragical History of Doctor Faustus, the story of a man who sold his soul to the devil in return for power.William Shakespeare is probably the best-known literary figure in the world.The tragedies include Romeo and Juliet, Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth.Among the comedies are The Taming of the Shrew, A Midsummer Night’s Dream, Twelfth Night, and The Tempest.A permanent monument of English literature style commemorates James’s name. He ordered the translation of the Holy Scriptures known as the King James Bible(1611).The Essays of Frances Bacon made popular in English a literary form widely practiced afterward.The literary giant of the 17th century, John Milton was much bound up in Puritan Revolution. The most famous pamphlets is Areopagitica. During his retirement from public life he produced his masterpieces: Paradise Lost, its sequel, Paradise Regained, and the poetic tragedy Samson Agonistes.Johnthan Swift’s name is linked with the fanciful account of four voyages known to us as Guliver’s Travels.Scotland produced a much-loved poet, Robert Burns, who wrote in Scottish dialect.Daniel Defoe ‘s first and greatest novel appeared in 1719, which was Robinson Crusoe, the most famous tale of shipwreck and solitary survival in all literature.Two poets offered what had been called romantic poetry’s “Declaration of Independence.” This was a volume of poems called Lyrical Ballads, written by William Wordsworth and Samuel Taylor Coleridge.George Gordon, Lord Byron’s large body of work includes the partly autobiographical Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage. Don Juan owed its title.John Keats’s art is nowhere greater than in the two pomes “Ode on a Grecian Urn” and ”Ode to a Nightingale.”Percy Bysshe Shelley’s writing has a wide range. The lovely musical quality of his work appears in the fine verses of “Ode to the West Wind” and “To a Skylark”The spirit of Romanticism also occurred in the novel, notably in Mary Shelley’s (the poet Shelly’s wife) Frankenstein, the story of science gone wrong through the disastrous consequences of an arrogant scientist’s attempts to create life.Most of Sir Walter Scott’s themes came from medieval and Scottish history and he wrote a number of romantic novels.Jane Austen, who excelled at this form of writing, is indeed one of the greatest of all Englishnovelists. A delightful, almost flawless stylist, she has devoted admirers of her Sense and Sensibility, Pride and Prejudice, and Emma, among other works.Perhaps the most famous literary family in British history are the Bronte sisters, and they too were influenced by the Romantic movement. Charlotte Bronte’s Jane Eyre and Emily’s Wuthering Heights are the most successful.Charles Dickens produced Pickwick Papers, Oliver Twist, David Copperfield and Great Expectations.Later in the 19th century Robert Louis Stevenson also wrote Scottish historical romances, The Adventures in Treasure Island and Kidnapped thrill readers young and old. His most famous short novel was The strange Case of Doctor Jekyll and Mr. Hyde.Among Thomas Hardy’s better-known novels are The Return of the Native, Tess of the D’urbervilles, and Jude the Obscure.20th century literature can be broadly divided into two stylistic periods: Modernism, and Postmodernism.One of the most famous of English modernist writers is Joseph Conrad, whose most famous novel is The Heart of Darkness.Virginia Woolf is another writer associated with Modernism, and one of the most famous writers of the century. Mrs. Dalloway, To the Lighthouse, and Orlando are among her best-known books.D.H. Lawrence wrote Sons and Lovers.Unit 7 British Education SystemMany people think school is just about teaching children what are often called “the three Rs” – “reading, riting and rithmetic”. But the purpose of the British education system is also to socialize children.The school (or college) tie is a clear marker of social class.Education in the UK is compulsory. Children are legally obliged to attend school from the age of 5 (4 in Northern Ireland) to 16.State schools are funded by local and central government. The government also sometimes assists schools established by religious groups.In the private sector there are independent schools which are commonly, but confusingly, called public schools. Independent schools receive their funding through the private sector and through tuition rates, with some government assistance.Between the ages of 5 to 11, pupils mainly attend state sector primary schools.From the age of 11 up to around the age of 19, students attend secondary schools.General Certificate of Secondary Education are the main means of assessing pupils’ progress in their final 2 years of compulsory education.Other pupils who decide not to go to university may choose to take vocational training.So far, the UK has only one privately funded university, the University of Buckingham. Oxford and Cambridge date from the 12th and 13 centuries.The Open University offers a non-traditional route for people to take university level courses and receive a university degree.Unit 8 British Foreign RelationsBritain was active in setting up the United Nations and, in recognition of its continuingimportance to world politics it was awarded a seat on the UN Security Council.The contemporary foreign policy of the UK is greatly influenced by its imperial history and also by its geopolitical traits.The Prime Minister and Cabinet decide on the general direction of Britain’s foreign policy. The main government department involved is of course the Foreign and Commonwealth Office.The Ministry of Defence, although it is considered less important than the FCO, is an important play.The Department of Trade and Industry is concerned with formulating international trade policy and managing British commercial relations with other countries.A less obvious, but extremely influential play in Britain’s foreign poly is the Treasury. Britain is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations Security Council, along with Russia, China, the US and France.In 1973 the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community, now EU.Through its involvement in NATO, Britain was committed to European defence cooperation Britain is also a member of the Commonwealth, a voluntary association of states which is made up mostly of former British colonies.The keystone of British defence policy is its participation in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, more commonly known as NATO.Unit 9 The British MediaThe observer, which is still published every Sunday, first appeared in 1791, making it the world’s oldest Sunday newspaper, while The Times, which began publishing in 1785, is the United Kingdom’s oldest daily newspaper.This watchdog function, keeping an eye on the government, is one of the reasons why a free press is considered so important to the functioning of parliamentary democracy.The British media all must follow the Advertising Code which ensure that advertisements are legal, decent, honest and truthful; have a sense of responsibility for consumer and society; and respect the principles of fair competition.Until the 1980s, almost all the national newspapers had their headquarters on or around Fleet Street in London, and sometimes you will hear newspaper culture referred to still as “Fleet Street”, or even, sometimes, the Street of Shame, reflecting the birth of scandals which take place.While officially speaking the British press is “free” from government control and censorship and can print what it likes, there are limits to what will appear in the daily paper.The oldest and most popular soap, which began in the 1960s, is Coronation Street.The British Broadcasting Corporation – more familiarly known as the BBC or even “the Beeb” – us Britain’s main public service broadcaster.The BBC is funded by licence fees and viewers must buy a licence each year for their TV set. Unit 10 Sports, Holidays and Festivals in Britain“Football hooligans”, supporters of rival teams, sometimes clash before, during and after matches and occasionally run riot through the town, breaking windows and beating each other up.Wimbledon, actually a London suburb, is where the world’s best players gather to compete ongrass courts. It is one of the major events of the British sporting calendar and probably the most famous tennis event in the world.Cricket was one of the very first team sports in Britain to have organized rules and to be played according to the same rules nationally.The game of golf was invented by the Scottish.The true sport of British Kings and Queens is not skiing or golfing, but horse racing.There are two kinds of horse racing: flat racing, where horses and riders compete on a flat, oval track; and steeplechasing, which is racing either across the countryside, or around a course designed to represent the obstacles you might encounter in the countryside. Christmas, December 25th, is the biggest and best loved British holiday.There are three Christmas traditions which are particularly British: one is the Christmas Pantomime, a comical musical play.Another British Christmas tradition is to hear the Queen give her Christmas message to her realm over the television and radio.A third British tradition, which is also celebrated in countries with British heritages, is Boxing Day, which falls on the day after Christmas.For church goers it is Easter, not Christmas, which is the most important Christian festival. One of Britain’s most impressive and colourful festival happens on the second Saturday in June when the Queen’s Birthday is officially celebrated by “Trooping the Colour” around Buckingham Palace in London.The UK, unlike most countries, does not have a “national day”.One truly English holiday is Bonfire Night – sometimes called Guy Fawkes Night – celebrated in the early autumn.The Twelfth is the high point of what is known as the Marching Season, when Protestant “Orangemen” take to the streets wearing their traditional unifors of bowler hats, black suits and orange sashes, marching through the streets sing, banging durms and playing in marching bands.Northern Irish Catholics celebrate the birthday of the patron saint of Ireland, St Patrick, on March 17 each year.How Hogmanay is celebrated varies throughout Scotland, but one widely practiced is “first footing”.Each year Scottish people all over the world celebrate their most beloved national poet, Robert Burns, by holding a Burns Supper on the evening of his birthday.Halloween is a Scottish festival that comes from the great feast of the pagan Celts which marked the arrival of the winter half of the year.Wales has some of the oldest and richest literary, musical and poetic traditions in Europe. Unit 11 Land, People and HistorySeen from the air, the visitor’s first impression of Ireland is an intense green or rather mixture of greens, which changes little between summer and winter.Emigration did take place before the Great Famine, mostly from the northern part of Ireland, known as the province of Ulster.The event that triggered the Great Famine was a blight on the potato crop.The stereotype of the Irish in the British popular press of this period is of a people who were, at best, lazy, impractical, and dreamy; at worse, dirty, untrustworthy, and close to animals.Thus the Great Famine became a watershed in Irish history.And yet Ireland’s history has been one of invasions of vastly different peoples – Celts, Christians, Vikings, Normans, English – each of which has made a distinctive contribution to its present population.But for all the legacies of the Celts, it is their language that has proved the most lasting.With the language, the Celts brought an instrument of social and cultural unity to the island, which transcended political and social divisions.Along with their language, the Celts also brought a legal system.From around 800 onwards Viking marauders attacked Ireland, as well as England.During the course of the 13th century, the Normans were the first to attempt to impose on Ireland a centralized administration which mimicked the parliament and legal system and administrative practices of their native England.Following its slogans of “Liberty, Equality, Fraternity,” the Society of the United Irishmen was founded in 1791 to press for radical reform.After the defeat of the 1798 rebellion, the London government took drastic action to curtain any notions of Irish independence.The Irish Republican Brotherhood (IRB; later known as the Irish Republican Army of IRA) was founded in 1858 to promote, by violence if necessary, Irish independence from Great Britain.To counter just such bloody and futile rebellions, a constitutional movement seeking Home Rule was instituted up by Issac Butt.The Home Rule bill was finally passed in 1914, but its implementation was shelved upon the outbreak of World War I.In 1916 the Irish Volunteers and the Irish Citizen Army staged another, and final, rebellion against British rule, which is called The Easter Rising.In December, 1921 the Anglo-Irish Treaty was signed, with the result that 26 counties gained independence as the new Irish Free State.Unit 12 Politics and EconomyIn structure, like most former colonies of Great Britain, the Irish Republic has a Prime Minister or Taoiseach and a Deputy Prime Minister or Tanaiste.Once elected, it is the Taoiseach who appoints a cabinet to execute the daily business of government.The Parliament or Dail frames and enacts all legislation for the country.Finally, the laws are enforced by an unarmed police force, called the Garda Siochana.Being a republic, rather than a monarchy, the government is headed by a President, who is elected directly by the people.Every citizen of 35 years of age or over usually is eligible to run for President.The President’s term of office is seven years. A President can be reelected once only.The executive powers of the State are exercised by, or on the authority of, the Government. The Government consists of the Taoiseach and the ministers that he or she appoints to the cabinet.The Parliament of Ireland is comprised of two houses: the Dail and the Seanad or the Senate. The elected system used in Ireland is called “proportional representation”.The civil service is divided into sixteen Government Departments, each headed by a Ministerappointed by the Taoiseach.The legal courts in Ireland are arranged in a hierarchy, while the District Court is at the bottom of the ladder, and then Circuit Court, the High Court and the Supreme Court is the court of final appeal.Ireland’s entrance into the EU in 1973 has transformed labour practice and given Ireland access to the Single Market.Mimicking the boom in Asia, the media called Ireland’s sudden wealth “The Celtic Tiger” economy.Unit 13 Irish Culture: How the Irish Live NowOn the one hand, the English political domination of Ireland has left the Republic with a secure and workable administrative, educational, and judicial system.On the other hand, the Irish are proud they do not have a monarchy: they think of themselves as citizens, not as subjects.In Ireland, the Catholic Church also exercised a firm hold over educational structure, over hospitals, over the media, and over the way people thought about themselves and their lives. What has changed dramatically in the last forty years has been the structure of Irish family life.The primary agent in effecting change in traditional family life has been the movement for women’s liberation.The communal facility in both city and countryside that is most widely patronized is the public house or “pub”.One of the reasons why these informal work practices are congenial is that there is little division in an Irish person’s life between his work and his social life.In Ireland, trade unions are an important part of job security.Traditionally, Irish education was undertaken by various religious orders, mostly Roman Catholic, with the result that forty years ago, almost three quarters of existing schools were “denominational” — that is, associated with one religious denomination or another.In 1996-1997 the Irish government extended free education to cover all public universities, as is common in most of European countries.In Ireland, education is compulsory for children aged six to fifteen years.The vast majority of children receive their primary education in “national schools”; i.e., state-aided schools.Most secondary schools are privately owned, many by Catholic religious communities — and are hence sectarian or denominational.Like the Chinese gao kao, the Leaving Certificate exams set by the Department of Education which are uniform for all Irish students.There are five public universities in the State.The University of Dublin comprises one college, Trinity College. This is the oldest university in the State, founded in 1592 by Queen Elizabeth I for the education of Protestants.Unit 14 Irish Culture: Language, Literature and ArtsThe language that is spoken universally in the Republic of Ireland is a version of standard。

英语国家社会与文化入门（上册）汉语译文之英国UKeconomy

Absolute Decline and RelativeDecline到19世纪80年代英国经济在世界上占主导地位产生一个世界上，一半的煤，铁，半制成品的棉花三分之一。

英国航运数额更大的世界其他地区加起来比。

但即使到1900年这不再是这样，英国有超过都被美国和德国，当然也从1945年到现在，对英国经济的故事通常是作为一个思想的下降。

这是可以理解的，而是误导，因为它实际上一直是经济稳定增长时期，迅速提高生活水平。

英国仍然是七工业经济大集团之一。

但也有描述为这一时期下降的原因之一。

中英双方作为第二次世界大战的成功盟友之一战后世界，同其主要竞争对手的一些国家，如德国和日本，经济遭到破坏。

同时英国是一个更加庞大帝国的中心。

数字显示，英国是仅次于美国在国际经济中。

因此，英国当时显然是在强大的经济地位，它的地位显然不再占据，这表明一些下降排序。

但基本的正面描述的经济规模表面上的事实，世界贸易是英国比例很高，因此在1945年，没有透露有关英国的立场，重要的负面事实即使这样。

首先该国了负债累累，以资助战争，累计出售其海外资产多，借用美国和加拿大的大量资金。

这些债务意味着英国进入一个重大的经济问题，战后时代。

其次，帝国时代已经结束。

印度，俗称为“在大英帝国的皇冠”珠宝称，1947年取得独立，只有2年后战争结束。

这是在帝国的最大元素，提供原材料，并为英国商品的大市场。

这与印度的关系已不再可用，帝国的其它国家也纷纷仿效印度独立，剩下的只是一个中等规模的欧洲国家，英国的人口只有五分之一的美国的大小，第三，尽管相对快速和顺利的非殖民化自由的过程中，英国仍然不得不维持一个庞大而昂贵的地方，许多海外的军事存在，直到该进程完成（主要是由60年代末）。

此外，政府立场的其中一个职位的塑造者，战后世界需要大量的军事贡献，作为北约的主要伙伴之一两者，作为安理会常任理事国。

所有这一切的结果是英国用于军事比其大多数竞争对手其国民财富（尤其是其研究和开发预算）的比例较高。

英语国家社会与文化__翻译_第三单元

Text英国可以说是世界上最古老的代表的民主国家，可以在1000年追查根源。

其他国家也有长期的政治历史，但这些历史是由突发期显着，而经常是暴力，改变。

虽然英国也拥有了政治不稳定的时期相比，说，法国，美国，还是中国的国家建设进程一直是一个进化，而不是革命。

这种长期，不间断的历史仍然十分明显，在英国目前的政治体制和政治文化。

The Monarchy政府机构，是最古老的君主（由国王规则）。

这可以追溯到撒克逊人谁的，直到1066年诺曼征服公元5世纪的统治。

本女王伊丽莎白二世，是国王的直系后裔埃格伯特，谁团结在他的829统治英格兰。

君主的权力，主要是来自国王的“神权古代学说”。

有人认为，主权来自他从上帝的权威，不能从他的臣民。

由于这种神圣的权利，尽管有不同的家庭之间，有时谁坚持战斗，他们以合法的王位继承人，君主制的实际存在，很少受到质疑。

对于1000年英国有世袭的国王或女王作为国家元首，但有一个短暂的例外。

在17世纪有一个在英格兰与共和党的“圆颅内战”（即所谓的，因为男人不顾流行时尚和头顶的头发很短）由奥利弗克伦威尔，谁想要废除君主制，并要求领导保皇党谁它继续。

在罢黜国王查理一世在1642年，成功地圆颅党和公正十八年前的君主统治恢复。

虽然在理论上国王对他的球队的上帝在实践中，即使在中世纪，人们认为他不应该行使绝对的权力。

相反，主权应该愿意接受著名男性的意见。

国王是否愿意做领导之间的国王和教会一样强大，拥有土地的封建贵族，其他强大的集团的许多战役。

这是一个封建贵族和教会的反对约翰王（1199年至1216年的一些帮派）的政策。

这种反对如此强烈，国王最终给予了他们的自由和政治权利宪章，但其中世纪的大宪章拉丁名称命名。

大宪章放在国王的能力，他的皇室权力滥用的一些限制。

这仍然被视为英国的官方对公民权利的重要体现。

The Parliament这个词的“议会”的动词“来到往下谈”，即，讨论或交谈。

这个词是第一次使用在1236年正式描述封建贵族和县和偶尔的国王召见城镇代表聚会，如果他想筹集资金。

英语国家社会文化入门 Unit 2(人工翻译)

Unit 2:一份对于英国的简介（2）北爱尔兰爱尔兰的北部（在一个古老的爱尔兰王国作为其一部分之后，也通常被叫做北爱尔兰）是四个区域中，无论是人口还是国土面积都是最小的。

只有1759000人（2008年12月），这比中国的许多城市都要少。

贝尔法斯特是北爱尔兰的首都，相对于其它首都而言，这只是一个仅仅只有48300人的小镇，但是这的确是北爱尔兰最大的都市。

尽管北爱尔兰很小，但是由于它自身的政治问题而变的意义非凡。

地理位置上，北爱尔兰更多的像是乡村一样，分布着低地，美丽的湖泊在它的西南部，并且还有着一条坐落极为有名的“巨人之堤”的坚固海岸线，这是一个由千年以来火山岩冷却而形成的黑色六角型圆柱所组成的岩石海角。

在神话传说中，芬恩·马库尔建造了“巨人之堤”，借此横跨海洋抵达苏格兰。

这条海岸线到迄今为止，仍是联系北爱尔兰与大不列颠历史的重要因素。

这个单元将会主要关注于北爱尔兰的政治问题，因为尽管这些问题非常复杂，但不幸的是这些却是北爱尔兰最为出名的地方。

然而，你应该记住北爱尔兰仍然过着原来的生活，那些所说的问题并不是日常生活中主要的事情。

除去这些问题，（北爱尔兰的）犯罪率也非常的低，甚至包括政治暴力和谋杀率都比许多的美国城市要低得多。

而且这些问题只是在几个主要的地方（那些问题是无法被长时间忽视，并且每个人都是受害者的地方），但是除去那些地方，人们可能会一直忘记（他们国家存在的问题）至少直到晚间报纸发放，或是装甲车（从他们身边）路过才能感受得到。

北爱尔兰在许多剧院，餐厅，酒吧和博物馆都有着一种丰富多彩的文化生活：其中最为有名的诗人，夏默·亨尼，在1995年获得了“诺贝尔文学奖”。

尼尔·乔丹凭借他自己的《哭泣游戏》获得了“奥斯卡最佳原创剧本奖”，范·莫里森是一位国际有名的流行音乐家。

布赖恩·弗里尔作为剧作家，他的舞台表演不仅仅在伦敦和都柏林得到众人的喝彩，在其它地方也是如此。

(完整word版)英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译

文化，这与他们并肩坐在一起，与生活更加传统的英国方式方方面，例如，许多穆斯林，而
大多数（名英国人至少）是基督教徒。并明确在我的苏格兰妇女的例子涉及的是事实，男人
和女人没有生活在英国同样的经历。此外，英国经济分为：它是一个阶级结构的社会。很可
能夸大了这个阶级的重要性，因为结构的过程中，大多数国家有一些一流的一种制度，但它
地之间的差异和低地苏格兰有着悠久的历史意义，例如：北部和南部英格兰队也被认为是文
化不同，但它们之间的边界上没有标记任何地图，只存在一个比较笼统的精神风貌。然而，
有一些是在经济方面的区别的基础，南部平均较富裕的北方。
部分之间的北部和南部的另一个区别，这标志着英国社会，一个可以看到在许多社会中，
但有可能尤其明显，在英国，也就是资本之间的区别和不同的经济差别的原因找到了省份。
英语国家社会与文化入门全文翻译
A Brief Introduction to the United Kingdom
该国，我们正在研究的全称是大不列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国。这是一个什么在许多方面
是一个复杂的国家复杂的名字。大多数人都知道做些什么，因为它的庞大的海外帝国给它一
个重要的国际作用，只是来到一个在未来数年年底，之后第二次世界大战。然而，一些市民
对英国知道（他们可能会呼吁干脆英国或错误，英格兰）可能不大如何最真实的英国人今天
过自己的生活。
一方面，帝国的日子已经足够长的时间以前，只有老人记得他们的任何东西是生活中的
重要性。英国不再是一个帝国的国家，尽管其帝国的影响可能常常在遇到的各种方式，而不
是在与50或更多曾是这个帝国的一部分，和国家之间的密切关系，至少它通过一个松散的
统一了英国人，他的神奇的剑，神剑，推动了撒克逊人回来。这是亚瑟王的故事，并已通过

英语国家社会与文化入门(高清上册))

UNIT 6 1. In what way do you think that religious freedom was a historical necessity in the United States? 1. By the middle of the 18th century, many different kinds of Protestants lived in America. 2. The Great Awakening of the 1740s, a "revival" movement that sought to breathe new feeling and strength into religion, cut across the lines of Protestant religious groups, or denominations. 3. A few Americans were so influenced by the new science and new ideas of the Enlightenment in Europe that they became deists, believing that reason teaches that God exists but leaves man free to settle his own affairs. 4. The First Amendment to the Constitution of the United States forbade the new federal government to give special favors to any religion or to hinder the free practice, or exercise, of religion. 3 What promotes the diversity in American religion? 1. The United States has always been a fertile ground for the growth of new religious movements. Frontier America provided plenty of room to set up a new church or found a new community. 2. Many religious communities and secular utopias, or experiments in new forms of social living, were founded in 18th and 19th century America. 3. Americans with different religions live together under the same law. 4. The religious beliefs of Americans continue to be strong with social progress. 5. In the United States every church is a completely independent organization, and concerned with its own finance and its own building. 6. Continuous immigration.

《英语国家社会与文化入门》上册第五单元

The UK EconomyTextThe United Kingdom of Great Britain is a major developed capitalist country. It is now the world’s sixth largest economy and has a gross domestic product（GDP）of US$2645 billion (2010) and is forecast to have the strongest business environment of all major European economies, but also a member of the World Trade Organization. It is a leading global nation, as the second largest exporter and third largest importer of commercial services, and the tenth largest exporter and sixth largest importer of merchandise (2007).Absolute Decline and Relative DeclineBy the 1880s the British economy was dominant in the world, producing one third of the world’s manufactured goods, half its coal and iron, half its cotton. The amount of British shipping was greater than that in the rest of the word put together. But even by 1990 this was no longer the case, the UK having been overtaken by both the United States and Germany; and certainly from1945 until the present, the story of the UK economy is usually thought of as one of decline. This is understandable but rather misleading, as it has in fact been a period of steady economic growth and rapidly increasing living standards. Britain remains one of the Group of Seven large industrial economies. But there are reasons for describing this period as one of decline. Britain entered the post-war world as one of the successful allies of the Second World War, with some of its chief competitor nations such as Germany and Japan, economically destroyed. Also Britain was the centre of a still vast empire. According to the figures, The UK was second only to the United States in the international economy. Thus Britain was then in an apparently strong economic position, a position it clearly no longer occupies, which indicates some sort of decline.But the basic positive-seeming facts describing the size of the economy, the high proportion of the world trade that was British, and so on, in 1945, did not reveal important negative facts about the UK’s position even t hen. Firstly the country had gone heavily into debt in order to finance the war, selling many of its accumulated overseas assets, and borrowing large amounts from the United States and Canada. These debts meant that the UK entered the post-war era with a major economic problem.Secondly, the era of empire was over. India, popularly known as “The Jewel in the Crown” of the British Empire, gained its independence in1947, only 2 years after the end of the war. This was the largest element in the empire, providing raw materials and a big market for British goods. This relationship with India was no longer available, and the rest of the empire quickly followed India to independence, leaving Britain as just a medium-size European country, with a population only one fifth the size of the U.S.Thirdly, despite the relatively rapid and trouble-free process of decolonization, Britain was still forced to maintain a substantial and expensive military presence in many overseas locations until the process was completed (mostly by the end of the 1960s). Also its position as one of the shapers of the post-war world required substantial military contributions-both as one of NATO’s major partners, and as a member of the UN Security Council. All this had the result that Britain spent a higher proportion of its national wealth (and especially of its research and development budget) on the military than most of its competitors. Military expenditure tends not to generate an economic return in quite the same way as other industrial investment. Fourthly, although Britain was quite badly damaged by German bombing during the war, its industry survived comparatively unaffected. This contrasted greatly with some of its competitors — especially the main losers in the conflict, Germany and Japan, who almost had to start again from nothing. This apparent disadvantage for them may have worked in their favour in that as they had to invest, they could invest in the most modern equipment and new products. British industry however could continue with its older factories and pre-war products, and given its other economic problems, did so —a problem in the long-term. It also meant that output was initially very low potentially large economies: so while Britain looked securely wealthier than them in 1945, a catching-up with the UK was inevitable as they recovered.This failure to invest sufficiently in industry also reflects a long-standing and continuing problem in the UK economy. Even without the particular circumstances of the post-war world, relatively low rates of investment (the amount of money business put aside from profits to reinvest in the business in new products and production methods) were characteristic of the British economy in relation to other developed economies. Economists have pointed to the lack of a close relationship between industry and banks in the UK — again a contrast, particularly with the two most successful post-war economies, Japan and Germany, where banks and industrial firms have very close links. Economic historians have suggested that this may be due to the fact that the UK was the first economy to industrialize, and industrial firms, without foreign competition, grew used to financing their own development, without need to borrow from banks. Banks therefore, not able to find good investment opportunities in the UK, looked overseas for investment opportunities. A low rate of domestic industrial investment coupled with a very high rate of overseas investment is still a characteristic of the UK economy. So, amongst European nations, Britain is the largest investor in China, but sells fewer of its own manufactured goods here than do Germany or France.The point to note is that the comparatively strong economic position Britain found itself in 1945 was in many ways deceptive. So the decline from Britain’s apparently good fortunes at that point until now is thus not as extraordinary as it might seem, being the result of already existing basic problems. And it should also be remembered that this was not an absolute decline: Britain is not poorer, or producing less than it was in 1945, in fact (like most countries) it is a lot wealthier and more productive than it was then. The problem is that though is has improved, other countries haveimproved more rapidly, hence the slide form being the 2nd largest economy (after the United States) to being the sixth, as it is at present. And even many smaller economies have overtaken the UK in terms of output per head of population. So the UK has experienced economic decline, but this decline is relative to some other economies rather than absolute. Nevertheless, this relative failure is a serious cause of concern to the UK governments.Recent HistoryThe British economy went through a particularly bad period in the 1970s. The oil price rises at that time led to very high rates of inflation (up to 25%). This caused many workers to strike for more pay. The fall in the value of the UK currency (The Pound) even forced the Labour (socialist) government to borrow from the International Monetary Fund. British industry, notably the car industry, appeared to be doing badly, with increasing imports relative to export. All these negative economic facts led to a change of government at the next general election, in 1979, when the British people voted in the Conservative party under Margaret Thatcher, with the promise of a radical programme of reform. Bureaucracy was reduced (foreign exchange controls were lifted, rules governing banks loosened, (for example). And throughout the 1980s an extensive programme of privatization was carried out, with many state-owned businesses (such as steel, telecom, gas, aerospace) joining the private sector. It seemed in some ways to be successful in that inflation came under control, and businesses, especially the newly privatized businesses, made profits. The negative aspect was a rapid increase in unemployment, rising to almost 12% at its worst. So while companies were more efficient, producing the same amount with less workers, and therefore being able to pay higher wages and make higher profits, the cost was paid by the unemployed who had to live on low incomes from state support. The national economy as a whole continued to grow at lower rates than its competitors. In the recession 1990-1992, the economy even shrunk by2.3%.Since then however, the picture has been brighter, with four years of steady growth, at rates higher than that in the rest of the EU. Unemployment has now fallen to 7.7%, which is among the lowest in the EU. Inflation has remained under control at very low levels. Investment has increased, encouraged by low interest rates. Britain’s membership of the EU has also made it an attractive location for inward investment by companies from outside the EU (especially the US and Japan), of which it has received a larger share than any other EU country. Overall it is second only to the US as a destination for international direct investment. It is also itself a major source of international investment — in fact it is the second biggest international investor in the world (1995).The Current UK EconomyNational economies can be broken down into three main areas: “primary” industries, such as agriculture, fishing, and mining; “secondary” industries, whichmanufacture complex goods from those primary products; and tertiary industries, often described as services, such as banking, insurance, tourism, and the selling of goods.Britain’s agricultural sector is small (producing1.4% of the national wealth) but efficient, producing 58% of the UK’s food needs with only 2% of its workforce. There quarters of Britain’s land is used for agriculture, with about a quarter of that under crops- wheat and barley are two commonest. The rest is grazing for animals, including cattle (both dairy, and beef), though sheep are the most numerous livestock. The beef industry has been hit badly by BSE disease in cattle leading to a 1996 ban on beef exports. The best agricultural land is in the south-east of England.The fishing industry provides 55% of the UK demand for fish. Scottish ports land the majority of the fish caught.Energy production is an important part of the UK economy, accounting for 5% of the national wealth. Since the 1970s, when oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea, Britain has become a major oil and gas producer, in addition to its older coal mining industry, which now only accounts for about 1/4 of energy supplies, the rest being divided between oil, gas, and nuclear energy. This abundance of energy resources means that the UK has become an overall exporter of energy. The technology required to extract oil from the difficult offshore conditions has givenUK companies a strong position in the offshore oil industry around the world. Threeof the biggest the companies in Britain are to be found in the energy sector: Shell (half Dutch), British Petroleum (BP), and B ritish Gas. The world’s larg est mining company, RTZ, is a UK company which operates mines all over the world.Britain has large deposits of coal, mined for more than 300 years. Today, coal can be produced more cheaply in other countries and so many British factories and mines have closed. During the 1960s, oil and gas were discovered under the North Sea. With the extraction of North Sea oil and gas that started in the 1970s, until the 2000s the UK was self sufficient in energy, and the UK was a net exporter of oil and gas in recent decades.Due to the decline in North Sea production, and the costs of mining and using coal cleanly, it is expected that the UK will become a major importer of oil and gas by 2015. To avoid this, drastic actions must be taken to reduce energy demand. After becoming a net exporter of gas in 1997, the UK became a net importer again in 2004. From the mid 1990s new renewable energy sources began to play an increasingly important role in the electricity generated. In 1997, there were 550 wind turbines and over 30 wind farms in the UK. The government has made a promise that 10%of the energy of the UK will come from renewable sources by 2010.In the secondary sector of the economy, manufacturing industry remains important, producing 22% of national wealth. British companies are active in all major fields of manufacturing industry, but are particularly strong in pharmaceuticals (the British company Glaxo-Wellcome is the biggest drug company in the world), chemicals (ICI is the second largest paint manufacturer in the world), aerospace (overall the UK industry is third in size in the world) and food and drink (Scotch whisky being a majorexport). Britain has a big electronics industry (the fourth largest in the world) but like the car industry (which includes Ford, GM, Peugeot, Nissan, Toyota) this is in many cases foreign-owned. Britain’s last major independent car company, Rover, was recently bought by the German company BMW. A high-technology engineering industry has developed around the motor-racing business, with many of the world’s racing cars, both for Formula One, and the American Indycar series, being designed and built in Britain. McClaren and Williams are two of the most successful of these companies. The recently privatized British Steel is the world’s sixth largest steel company.Although the UK is the world’s sixth largest manufacturer by output, some sectors within British manufacturing have, for some tine now, been characterized by declining employment and productivity. A major challenge comes from emerging economies which are able to produce goods more cheaply than the UK. The global economic slowdown and rising energy and materials costs have also affected manufacturers.However, it is believed that modern British manufacturing can thrive by playing to its strengths of design, technology, creativity, innovation and service. To do this successfully, British manufacturing needs a constant stream of well-qualified and multi-skilled graduates. Globalization also offers new opportunities with the discovery of new markets.Over the past decade, Britain manufacturing has become increasingly hi-tech, resulting in more standardized working hours and better conditions of service for employees.Like most developed economies Britain has seen a relative shrinking of the importance of secondary industry and a spectacular growth in tertiary or service industries, which now produce 65% of national wealth. A lot of this is domestic activity such as retailing, tourism and so on, but Britain is also a major international provider of services, accounting for about 10% of the wo rld’s exports of such services.70% of the UK’s workforce are employed in the service sector. The financial sector is an important part of this service industry, as London is one of the top three financial centres in the world. It has the greatest concentration of foreign banks in the world, accounts for 20% of all international bank-loans, and is the world’s largest foreign exchange market. As well as banking, dealing in commodities and insurance are important processed in “The City”— the name given to the historic area at the centre of London where all this business is concentrated, at the heart of which is the London Stock Exchange, one of the business share-dealing centres in the world. Advertising is another major business service in which UK companies are highly successful.The UK went into a recession in the second quarter of 2008. It is the first time that the UK GDP has contracted for six consecutive quarters. In December 2009, the Office of National Statistics revised figures for the third quarter of 2009 showed that the economy shrank by 0.2%, compared to a 0.6% fall the previous quarter.The current recession in the UK is the longest since modern records began in the 1950s. Germany, France, Japan have all come out of recession technically and the UKhasn’t. It has been suggested that the UK is lagging behind its European neighbors because the UK went into the 2008 recession later.Case Study: The Aerospace IndustryAfter those of the US, the UK’s aerospace industry is the next largest, capable of producing the full range of aerospace products from civil and military aircraft (including helicopters) to missiles, satellites, and jet engines. It produces 2% of UK national output, accounting for 8% of manufactured export goods.Aerospace is one of the UK’s highest value adding manufacturing sectors. The UK has Europe’s largest aerospace industry and the second largest after t he USA, in the word in terms of employment.The first powered flight in the world was made by the Wright Brothers in the US in 1903. It was 1908 when the first such flight was made in the UK. But only a few years later came the First World War which forced the rapid development of the aviation industry, and by 1918 the British industry was the biggest and most sophisticated in the word, producing 1250 aircraft each month.After the war the new aircraft types provided the base for the development of the civil aviation industry. A concerted First World War bomber crossed the Atlantic Ocean in 1919, and a civil airline, Imperial Airways, was started in 1924. International air races provided an incentive for technological development, and a British plane, the Supermarine S6B, powered by a Rolls Royce engine, broke many speed records. Rolls Royce became the most successful aero-engine manufacturer at this time. The aircraft-building industry was reduced to a few major companies by a series of mergers.One of the most significant developments of the inter-war period was the development of radar by the UK’s Marconi company in 1922. And when English man Frank Whittle developed the word’s first practical jet engine in 1937, the foundations had been laid for the three major branches of the aviation industry: aircraft, engines and aviation electronics, with British companies prominent in each field.Sadly, in 1939 war came again to provide another spurt of technological change, with many successful British aircraft designs in action, such as the Spitfire fighter and Lancaster bomber, and culminating in the jet-powered Meteor. The Rolls Royce Merlin engine became the best-selling aero-engine of all time with 166 000 produced. The wartime government, seeing the importance that the aircraft industry had gained (it employed 1.8 million workers by the end of the war), planned a range of civil aviation types to take over from wartime production. These included the world’s first jet-powered civil airliner: The Comet.However, the years following the Second World War were problematic for the UK industry. It continued to produce the full-range of products, even selling some of its aircraft to the United States. But in most markets British companies were in head on competition with American companies such as Boeing and McDonnel-Douglas, which were larger, having the advantage of being preferential customers for the enormous US market, both civil and military. The British industry merged into two main aircraft groups: the British Aircraft Corporation, and Hawker-Siddeley Aviation, withRolls-Royce as the main engine builder, and Westland in helicopters,. Nevertheless British civil airliners of the 1960s such as the Trident and the VC10 sold much less well than their American equivalents. Nor did British military aircraft sell very well overseas, with the exception of the unique Vertical Take-off and Landing Harrier, bought by the US Marines amongst others.The answer to the problem lay in collaborative projects with other European aircraft manufacturers which faced the same problems. The first of these was between Britain and France to produce the world’s first supersonic civil airliner, Concorde. The aircraft was a technical success but a commercial failure, only 16 being built for British Airways and Air France. However the successful collaboration led to more such programmes between Britain and France, including the Jaguar combat aircraft, and three types of helicopter, including the Lynx, which holds the world speed record for helicopters.Many other collaborative programmes between Britain and other European countries developed, including the Tornado combat aircraft – a project between Britain, Germany, and Italy. The current European Fighter Aircraft is another such venture. Westland have developed their latest helicopter in association with an Italian company.But the most successful programme has been in civil airliners where the Airbus series of aircraft has effectively competed with American companies. This is an ongoing programme between France, Germany, Britain and Spain. British companies build the wings. British Aerospace build their own range of regional jets, including the successful 146 (popular with Chinese airlines) famous for being the quietest jet airliner. It is likely that these smaller aircraft will go into a European joint-venture too. The industry has been through some major changes of ownership in the last twenty-five years. Rolls-Royce, in attempting to build a revolutionary new engine for the American company, Lockheed, went bankrupt, and had to be rescued by the government in 1971. BAC and Hawker Siddeley were also nationalized – as one company, British Aerospace, in 1977 by the Labour government. But bothRolls-Royce and British Aerospace were privatized in the 1980s by the Conservatives and have since been very successful both in individual projects and in international joint-ventures. The third main arm of the current industry is GEC Avionics, producing a wide range of electronic systems including the technologically advanced cockpit of the latest Boeing 777 airliner. Smaller companies produce a wide range of equipment from ejection seats to landing gears.The Aerospace industry is profitable, with over 300 companies employing 170 000 people. Its overseas sales accounted for around 12% of total world aerospace exports. It has been through difficult times, particularly in the 1970s, moving in and out of public ownership. But it has found success in links with Europe – a pattern it shares with the rest of the UK economy.。

英语国家社会和文化入门课文翻译

第3单元英国的政府英国可以说是世界上最古老的代议民主制国家主，其代议民主制度起源于1000多年以前。

其它一些国家也有如此悠久的政治历史，但这些历史往往经受突然的暴力性剧变。

尽管英国历史上也曾有过政治不稳定时期，但相对于法国、美国或中国而言，英国的建国历史是一个逐渐演变而不是革命性剧变的过程。

这样长久持续的历史在英国现今的政治体制和政治文化中仍然有所体现。

（政治文化是一个国家有关政权、政府制度及政策制定的理论和价值观等。

）君主政体最古老的政府制度是君主政体（由国王统治）。

这可以追溯到从公元5世纪开始统治英国直到1066年被诺曼人征服的撒克逊人。

埃格伯特国王于公元829年将英格兰统一在自己的统治之下，而现在的女王伊丽莎白二世是他的直系后代。

君王的权利主要来自古老的信条“君权神授”。

它认为君主的权威性是来自上帝的，而不是来自他的臣民们。

虽然有时不同的家庭之间有王位之争，都坚持说自己是王位的合法继承人，但由于有这种神圣的权利，很少有人质疑过君主制是否应该存在。

1000多年来，英国一直是由世袭国王和女王统治。

但有一次短暂的例外。

在17世纪，英格兰共和派“圆颅党人”（之所以称“圆颅党人”是因为这些人公然藐视流行时尚，而把头发剪得非常短）和保皇派之间有一次内战。

圆颅党人由奥列佛·克伦威尔，他想废除君主制，而保皇派卢继续维持它。

1642年，圆颅党人成功地罢黜了国王查理一世，统治了整整11年之后，王朝复辟了。

虽然在理论上，君主有上帝撑腰，但实际上，甚至是在中古时代，人们就认为君主不能无限先例权力，而是应该乐于接受杰出人物的建议。

一群封建地主和都会反对约翰国王（1199－1216）的一些政策。

这种反对势力如此强大以致于国王最终同意给予他们一个自由宪章和一些政治权利，这个自由宪章现在仍然用的是中古时代的拉丁文名称“Magna Carta”(“大宪章”)。

大宪章对于国王进行一些限制，使他不能滥用皇家的权利，这仍然被看作是英国市民有权反对王室的一次典型表现。

英语国家社会与文化入门

Australia’s postwar immigration program
This is a program initiated by the Australian
government after the Second World War, in response to the labour shortage in the Australian postwar economy and the changes in world politics. As a result of this program, the Australian population has more than doubled since W.W.II. Immigrants were first drawn in from Englishspeaking and European countries. Later, migrants from non-English-speaking countries were taken in as well.
The flag of Australia
The flag of Australia consists of three parts:
the Union Jack in the upper corner of the hoist is the symbol of Australia’s traditional link with Britain; the large seven-pointed star beneath it represents the six states and the territories; the Southern Cross, formed by the five stars on the right, is the dominant feature of the night sky in southern hemisphere.

(完整版)英语国家社会与文化入门下册

UNIT 34 In what way did Puritanism influence American culture?New England also established another American tradition—a strain of often intolerant moralism. The Puritans believed that governments should enforce God's morality. They strictly punished drunks, adulterers, violators of the Sabbath and other religious believers different from themselves. Roger Williams, one of the Puritans who protested that the state should not interfere with religion, was driven out of Massachusetts. In 1635, he set up Rhode Island colony, which guaranteed religious freedom and the separation of church and state. The Puritans also have left rich cultural heritage to future Americans. The American values such as individualism, hard work, respect of education owe very much to the Puritan beliefs.5.what were some causes of the American Revolution1)Long-term social, economic, and political changes in the colonies before 1750provided the basis for an independent nation with representatives political institutions.2)More immediately, the French and Indian War (1754-1763) changed therelationship between the colonies and their mother country.3)Finally, a decade of conflicts between the British government and the colonist,beginning with the Stamp Act crisis in 1765, led to the outbreak of war in 1775 and the Declaration of Independence inUNIT 43. What are some of the major powers of each of the three branches of the U.S. government? How are the three branches supposed to check and balance each other?If Congress proposes a law that the president thinks is unwise, the president can veto it. That means the proposal does not become law. Congress can enact the law despite the president's views only if two-thirds of the members of both houses vote in favor of it.If Congress passes a law which is then challenged in the courts as unconstitutional, the Supreme Court has the power to declare the law unconstitutional and therefore no longer in effect.The president has the power to make treaties with other nations and to make all appointments to federal positions, including the position of Supreme Court justice. The Senate, however, must approve all treaties and confirm all appointments before they become official. In this way the Congress can prevent the president from making unwise appointmentsUNIT 7 American literature2. what theories does Ralph Emerson explain in his essays?In the essay Emerson clearly expresses the main principles of his Transcendentalist pursuit and his love for nature. Emerson develops his concept of "Over-Soul" Or "Universal Mind". Last but not the leas, it affirms the divinity of the human beings5 What are some of the major themes in novels written by the "Lost Generation"?The "Lost Generation" is a term used to describe the generation of young men and women who came to maturity in the 20s. Some of them fought in World War I. They became disgusted with war and disillusioned with the post-war society. They shared the same sense of dislocation, rootlessness and disillusionment.UNIT 8 Education1. What is the goal of education in the United States? Discuss the similarities and differences in Great Britain, the United States and China concerning the goals of education.The goal is—and has been since the early decades of the republic—to achieve universal literacy and to provide individuals with the knowledge and skills necessary to promote both their own individual welfare as well as that of the general public. Though this goal has not yet been fully achieved, it remains an ideal toward which the American educational system is directed. The progress which has been made is notable both for its scope and for the educational methods which have been developed in the process of achieving it.2 Discuss the social and cultural values embodied in the Dreaming.讨论社会和文化价值在做梦中的体现Membership in a particular language group was of great social and cultural significance. Traditionally, languages belong to tracts of country which, in the belief system of the Dreaming, have been put in their places by Dreamtime creator figures.。

英语国家社会与文化第四版上册翻译第七章翻译

英语国家社会与文化第四版上册翻译第七章翻译The United Kingdom is a constitutional monarchy,the head of state is a king or a queen.The United Kingdom is governed,in the name of the Sovereign by His or Her Majesty’s Government.The System of parliamentary government is not based on a written constitution,the British constitution is not set out in any single document.It is made up of statute law,common law and conventions.The Judiciary determines common law and interprets statutes.联合王国是君主立宪制国家,国家的首脑是国王或女王。

联合王国以君的名义,由国王或女王陛下政府治理。

英国的议会制度并不是基于成文宪法,英国宪法不由单一文件构成,而由成文法,习惯法和惯例组成。

司法部门裁定习惯法或解释成文法。

Elizabeth II,her title in the United Kingdom is“Elizabeth the Second,by the Grace of God of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and Her Other Realms and Territories,Queen,Head of the Commonwealth,Defender of the Faith.伊莉莎白二世，她的全称是“上帝神佑，大布列颠及北爱尔兰联合王国以及她的其他领土和领地的女王，英联邦元首，国教保护者伊莉莎白二世。

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英语国家社会与文化第四版上册翻译第七章翻译

英语国家社会与文化入门下册第七单元翻译