红外线鼓膜温度测量中英文对照外文翻译文献
红外传感器论文中英文资料对照外文翻译
中英文资料对照外文翻译外文资料Moving Object Counting with an Infrared Sensor NetworkBy KI, Chi KeungAbstractWireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.Keywords:Infrared radiation，Wireless Sensor Node1.1 Introduction to InfraredInfrared radiation is a part of the electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength lying between visible light and radio waves. Infrared have be widely used nowadays including data communications, night vision, object tracking and so on. People commonly use infrared in data communication, since it is easily generated and only suffers little from electromagnetic interference. Take the TV remote control as an example, which can be found in everyone's home. The infrared remote control systems use infrared light-emitting diodes (LEDs) to send out an IR (infrared) signal when the button is pushed. A different pattern of pulses indicates the corresponding button being pushed. To allow the control of multiple appliances such as a TV, VCR, and cable box, without interference, systems generally have a preamble and an address to synchronize the receiver and identify the source and location of the infrared signal. To encode the data, systems generally vary the width of the pulses (pulse-width modulation) or the width of the spaces between the pulses (pulse space modulation). Another popular system, bi-phase encoding, uses signal transitions to convey information. Each pulse is actually a burst of IR at the carrier frequency. A 'high' means a burst of IR energy at the carrier frequency and a 'low' represents an absence of IR energy. There is no encoding standard. However, while a great many home entertainment devices use their own proprietary encoding schemes, somequasi-standards do exist. These include RC-5, RC-6, and REC-80. In addition, many manufacturers, such as NEC, have also established their own standards.Wireless Sensor Network (WSN) has become a hot research topic recently. Great benefit can be gained through the deployment of the WSN over a wide range of applications, covering the domains of commercial, military as well as residential. In this project, we design a counting system which tracks people who pass through a detecting zone as well as the corresponding moving directions. Such a system can be deployed in traffic control, resource management, and human flow control. Our design is based on our self-made cost-effective Infrared Sensing Module board which co-operates with a WSN. The design of our system includes Infrared Sensing Module design, sensor clustering, node communication, system architecture and deployment. We conduct a series of experiments to evaluate the system performance which demonstrates the efficiency of our Moving Object Counting system.1.2 Wireless sensor networkWireless sensor network (WSN) is a wireless network which consists of a vast number of autonomous sensor nodes using sensors to monitor physical or environmental conditions, such as temperature, acoustics, vibration, pressure, motion or pollutants, at different locations. Each node in a sensor network is typically equipped with a wireless communications device, a small microcontroller, one or more sensors, and an energy source, usually a battery. The size of a single sensor node can be as large as a shoebox and can be as small as the size of a grain of dust, depending on different applications. The cost of sensor nodes is similarly variable, ranging from hundreds of dollars to a few cents, depending on the size of the sensor network and the complexity requirement of the individual sensor nodes. The size and cost are constrained by sensor nodes, therefore, have result in corresponding limitations on available inputs such as energy, memory, computational speed and bandwidth. The development of wireless sensor networks (WSN) was originally motivated by military applications such as battlefield surveillance. Due to the advancement in micro-electronic mechanical system technology (MEMS), embedded microprocessors, and wireless networking, the WSN can be benefited in many civilian application areas, including habitat monitoring, healthcare applications, and home automation.1.3 Types of Wireless Sensor NetworksWireless sensor network nodes are typically less complex than general-purpose operating systems both because of the special requirements of sensor network applications and the resource constraints in sensor network hardware platforms. The operating system does not need to include support for user interfaces. Furthermore, the resource constraints in terms of memory and memory mapping hardware support make mechanisms such as virtual memory either unnecessary or impossible to implement. TinyOS [TinyOS] is possibly the first operating system specifically designed for wireless sensor networks. Unlike most other operating systems, TinyOS is based on an event-driven programming model instead of multithreading. TinyOS programs are composed into event handlers and tasks with run to completion-semantics. When an external event occurs, such as an incomingdata packet or a sensor reading, TinyOS calls the appropriate event handler to handle the event. The TinyOS system and programs are both written in a special programming language called nesC [nesC] which is an extension to the C programming language. NesC is designed to detect race conditions between tasks and event handlers. There are also operating systems that allow programming in C. Examples of such operating systems include Contiki [Contiki], and MANTIS. Contiki is designed to support loading modules over the network and supports run-time loading of standard ELF files. The Contiki kernel is event-driven, like TinyOS, but the system supports multithreading on a per-application basis. Unlike the event-driven Contiki kernel, the MANTIS kernel is based on preemptive multithreading. With preemptive multithreading, applications do not need to explicitly yield the microprocessor to other processes.1.4 Introduction to Wireless Sensor NodeA sensor node, also known as a mote, is a node in a wireless sensor network that is capable of performing processing, gathering sensory information and communicating with other connected nodes in the network. Sensor node should be in small size, consuming extremely low energy, autonomous and operate unattended, and adaptive to the environment. As wireless sensor nodes are micro-electronic sensor device, they can only be equipped with a limited power source. The main components of a sensor node include sensors, microcontroller, transceiver, and power source. Sensors are hardware devices that can produce measurable response to a change in a physical condition such as light density and sound density. The continuous analog signal collected by the sensors is digitized by Analog-to-Digital converter. The digitized signal is then passed to controllers for further processing. Most of the theoretical work on WSNs considers Passive and Omni directional sensors. Passive and Omni directional sensors sense the data without actually manipulating the environmen t with active probing, while no notion of “direction” involved in these measurements. Commonly people deploy sensor for detecting heat (e.g. thermal sensor), light (e.g. infrared sensor), ultra sound (e.g. ultrasonic sensor), or electromagnetism (e.g. magnetic sensor). In practice, a sensor node can equip with more than one sensor. Microcontroller performs tasks, processes data and controls the operations of other components in the sensor node. The sensor node is responsible for the signal processing upon the detection of the physical events as needed or on demand. It handles the interruption from the transceiver. In addition, it deals with the internal behavior, such as application-specific computation.The function of both transmitter and receiver are combined into a single device know as transceivers that are used in sensor nodes. Transceivers allow a sensor node to exchange information between the neighboring sensors and the sink node (a central receiver). The operational states of a transceiver are Transmit, Receive, Idle and Sleep. Power is stored either in the batteries or the capacitors. Batteries are the main source of power supply for the sensor nodes. Two types of batteries used are chargeable and non-rechargeable. They are also classified according to electrochemical material used for electrode such as NiCd(nickel-cadmium), NiZn(nickel-zinc), Nimh(nickel metal hydride), and Lithium-Ion. Current sensors are developed which are able to renewtheir energy from solar to vibration energy. Two major power saving policies used are Dynamic Power Management (DPM) and Dynamic V oltage Scaling (DVS). DPM takes care of shutting down parts of sensor node which are not currently used or active. DVS scheme varies the power levels depending on the non-deterministic workload. By varying the voltage along with the frequency, it is possible to obtain quadratic reduction in power consumption.1.5 ChallengesThe major challenges in the design and implementation of the wireless sensor network are mainly the energy limitation, hardware limitation and the area of coverage. Energy is the scarcest resource of WSN nodes, and it determines the lifetime of WSNs. WSNs are meant to be deployed in large numbers in various environments, including remote and hostile regions, with ad-hoc communications as key. For this reason, algorithms and protocols need to be lifetime maximization, robustness and fault tolerance and self-configuration. The challenge in hardware is to produce low cost and tiny sensor nodes. With respect to these objectives, current sensor nodes usually have limited computational capability and memory space. Consequently, the application software and algorithms in WSN should be well-optimized and condensed. In order to maximize the coverage area with a high stability and robustness of each signal node, multi-hop communication with low power consumption is preferred. Furthermore, to deal with the large network size, the designed protocol for a large scale WSN must be distributed.1.6 Research IssuesResearchers are interested in various areas of wireless sensor network, which include the design, implementation, and operation. These include hardware, software and middleware, which means primitives between the software and the hardware. As the WSNs are generally deployed in the resources-constrained environments with battery operated node, the researchers are mainly focus on the issues of energy optimization, coverage areas improvement, errors reduction, sensor network application, data security, sensor node mobility, and data packet routing algorithm among the sensors. In literature, a large group of researchers devoted a great amount of effort in the WSN. They focused in various areas, including physical property, sensor training, security through intelligent node cooperation, medium access, sensor coverage with random and deterministic placement, object locating and tracking, sensor location determination, addressing, energy efficient broadcasting and active scheduling, energy conserved routing, connectivity, data dissemination and gathering, sensor centric quality of routing, topology control and maintenance, etc.中文译文移动目标点数与红外传感器网络作者KI, Chi Keung摘要无线传感器网络(WSN)已成为最近的一个研究热点。
DS18B20中英文资料外文翻译文献
外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）1中英文资料中英文资料The introduction to The DS18B20 1. DESCRIPTIONThe DS18B20 digital thermometer provides 9-bit to 12-bit Celsius temperature measurements and has an alarm function with nonvolatile user programmable upperand lower trigger points. The DS18B20 communicates over a 1-Wire bus that bydefinition requires only one data line for communication with a centralmicroprocessor. It has an operating temperature range of -55°-55°C C to +125°+125°C C and is accurate to ±0.5°0.5°C over the range of C over the range of -10°-10°C to +85°C to +85°C to +85°C. In addition, the DS18B20 C. In addition, the DS18B20can derive power directly from the data line (―parasite powerǁ), eliminating the needfor an external power supply.Each DS18B20 has a unique 64-bit serial code, which allows multiple DS18B20s to function on the same 1-Wire bus. Thus, it is simple to use onemicroprocessor to control many DS18B20s distributed over a large area. Applicationsthat can benefit from this feature include HV that can benefit from this feature include HVAC environmental controls, temperature AC environmental controls, temperaturemonitoring systems inside buildings, equipment, or machinery, and processmonitoring and control systems.2.FEA TURESl Unique 1-Wire® Interface Requires Only One Port Pin for Communicationl Each Device has a Unique 64-Bit Serial Code Stored in an On-Board ROMl Multi-drop Capability Simplifies Distributed Temperature-Sensing Applicationsl Requires No External Components外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）2 l Can Be Powered from Data Line; Power Supply Range is 3.0V to 5.5Vl Measures Temperatures from -55°C to +125°C to +125°C (-67°C (-67°C (-67°F to +257°F to +257°F to +257°F) F) l ±0.5°0.5°C Accuracy from -10°C Accuracy from -10°C Accuracy from -10°C to +85°C to +85°C to +85°C C l Thermometer Resolution is User Selectable from 9 to 12 Bitsl Converts Temperature to 12-Bit Digital Word in 750ms (Max)l User-Definable Nonvolatile (NV) Alarm Settingsl Alarm Search Command Identifies and Addresses Devices Whose Temperature isOutside Programmed Limitsl Software Compatible with the DS1822l Applications Include Thermostatic Controls, Industrial Systems, ConsumerProducts, Thermometers, or Any Thermally Sensitive System3.OVERVIEWFigure 1 shows a block diagram of the DS18B20, and pin descriptions are givenin the Pin Description table. The 64-in the Pin Description table. The 64-bit ROM stores the device’s unique serial code. bit ROM stores the device’s unique serial code.The scratchpad memory contains the 2-byte temperature register that stores the digitaloutput from the temperature sensor. In addition, the scratchpad provides access to the1-byte upper and lower alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and the 1-byteconfiguration register. The configuration register allows the user to set the resolutionof the temperature to-digital conversion to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits. The TH, TL, andconfiguration registers are nonvolatile (EEPROM), so they will retain data when thedevice is powered down.The DS18B20 uses Maxim’s exclusive 1-Wire bus protocol that implements buscommunication using one control signal. The control line requires a weak pull upresistor since all devices are linked to the bus via a 3-state or open-drain port (the DQpin in the case of the DS18B20). In this bus system, the microprocessor (the masterdevice) identifies and addresses devices on the bus using each device’s unique 64-bitcode. Because each device has a unique code, the number of devices that can beaddressed on one DS18B20 bus is virtually unlimited. The 1-Wire bus protocol,外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）3 including detailed explanations of the commands and “time slots,ǁ is covered in the1-Wire Bus System section.Another feature of the DS18B20 is the ability to operate without an external power supply. Power is instead supplied through the 1-Wire pull up resistor via theDQ pin when the bus is high. The high bus signal also charges an internal capacitor(CPP), which then supplies power to the device when the bus is low. This method ofderiving power from the 1-1-Wire Wire bus is referred to as ―parasite p ower.ǁ power.ǁ As an alternative, the DS18B20 may also be powered by an external supply on VDD.64-BIT ROM AND 1-WIRE PORTMEMORY CONTROL LOGICSCRATCHPAD TEMPERATURE SENSOR ALARM HIGH TRIGGER (TH) ALARM LOW TRIGGER (TL)CONFIGURATION REGISTER 8-BIT CRC GENERATORPOWER-SUPPLYSENSE INTERNAL Vdd PARASITE POWER CIRCUIT Cpp Vpu4.7K DQGNDVddFigure 1.DS18B20 Block Diagram 4.OPERA TION —MEASURING TEMPERATURThe core functionality of the DS18B20 is its direct-to-digital temperature sensor.The resolution of the temperature sensor is user-configurable to 9, 10, 11, or 12 bits,corresponding to increments of 0.5°corresponding to increments of 0.5°C, 0.25°C, 0.25°C, 0.25°C, 0.125°C, 0.125°C, 0.125°C, and 0.0625°C, and 0.0625°C, and 0.0625°C, respectively. C, respectively.The default resolution at power-up is 12-bit. The DS18B20 powers up in a low-poweridle state. To initiate a temperature measurement and A-to-D conversion, the mastermust issue a Convert T [44h] command. Following the conversion, the resultingthermal data is stored in the 2-byte temperature register in the scratchpad memory andthe DS18B20 returns to its idle state. If the DS18B20 is powered by an externalsupply, the master can issue ―read time slotsǁ (see the 1-Wire Bus System section)after the Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting 0 while外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）4 the temperature conversion is in progress and 1 when the conversion is done. If theDS18B20 is powered with parasite power, this notification technique cannot be usedsince the bus must be pulled high by a strong pull up during the entire temperature conversion.The DS18B20 output temperature data is calibrated in degrees Celsius; forFahrenheit applications, a lookup table or conversion routine must be used. Thetemperature data is stored as a 16-bit sign-temperature data is stored as a 16-bit sign-extended two’s complement number in the extended two’s complement number in the temperature register (see Figure 2). The sign bits (S) indicate if the temperature ispositive or negative: for positive numbers S = 0 and for negative numbers S = 1. Ifthe DS18B20 is configured for 12-bit resolution, all bits in the temperature registerwill contain valid data. For 11-bit resolution, bit 0 is undefined. For 10-bit resolution, bits 1 and 0 are undefined, and for 9-bit resolution bits 2, 1, and 0 are undefined.Table 1 gives examples of digital output data and the corresponding temperaturereading for 12-bit resolution conversions.bit7 bit6 bit5 bit4 bit3 bit2 bit1bit0 LS Byte 2322 21 20 2-1 2-2 2-3 2-4 bit15 bit14 bit13 bit12 bit11 bit10 bit9 bit8 MS ByteS S S S S 26 25 24 Figure 2.Temperature Register FormatTEMPERATURE DIGITAL OUTPUT (BINARY) DIGITAL OUTPUT(HEX)+125℃ 0000 0111 1101 0000 07D0H+25.0625+25.0625℃℃0000 0001 1001 0001 0191H 0℃0000 0000 0000 0000 0000H -25.0625-25.0625℃℃1111 1110 0110 1111 FE6FH -55-55℃℃ 1111 1100 1001 0000 FC90HTable 1.Temperature/Data Relationship5.64-BIT LASERED ROM CODE外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）5 Each DS18B20 contains a unique 6464––bit code (see Figure 3) stored in ROM.The least significant 8 bits of the ROM code contain the DS18B20’s 1-Wire familycode: 28h. The next 48 bits contain a unique serial number. The most significant 8 bits contain a cyclic redundancy check (CRC) byte that is calculated from the first56 bits of the ROM code. The 64-bit ROM code and associated ROM functioncontrol logic allow the DS18B20 to operate as a 1-Wire device using the protocoldetailed in the 1-Wire Bus System section.8-BIT CRC 48-BIT SERIAL NUMBER 8-BIT FAMILY CODEMSB LSB MSB LSB MSBFigure 3.64-Bit Lasered ROM Code6.MEMORYThe DS18B20’s memory is organized as shown in Figure 4. The memoryconsists of an SRAM scratchpad with nonvolatile EEPROM storage for the high andlow alarm trigger registers (TH and TL) and configuration register. Note that if theDS18B20 alarm function is not used, the TH and TL registers can serve asgeneral-purpose memory.Byte 0 and byte 1 of the scratchpad contain the LSB and the MSB of thetemperature register, respectively. These bytes are read-only. Bytes 2 and 3 provide access to TH and TL registers. Byte 4 contains the configuration register data. Bytes 5,6, and 7 are reserved for internal use by the device and cannot be overwritten. Byte 8of the scratchpad is read-only and contains the CRC code for bytes 0 through 7 of thescratchpad. The DS18B20 generates this CRC using the method described in the CRC Generation section.Data is written to bytes 2, 3, and 4 of the scratchpad using the Write Scratchpad[4Eh] command; the data must be transmitted to the DS18B20 starting with the leastsignificant bit of byte 2. To verify data integrity, the scratchpad can be read (using theRead Scratchpad [BEh] command) after the data is written. When reading thescratchpad, data is transferred over the 1-Wire bus starting with the least significant外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）6bit of byte 0. To transfer the TH, TL and configuration data from the scratchpad to EEPROM, the master must issue the Copy Scratchpad [48h] command.Byte0Temperature LSB Byte1Byte1Temperature MSB Byte2Byte2TH Register for high temperature Byte3Byte3TL Register for low temperature Byte4Byte4Configuration Register Byte5Byte5Reserved （FFH ） Byte6Byte6Reserved （OCH ） Byte7Byte7 Reserved （IOH ）Byte8Byte8Cyclic Redundancy Checks （CRC ）Figure 4.DS18B20 Memory Map7.CONFIGURATION REGISTERByte 4 of the scratchpad memory contains the configuration register, which is organized as illustrated in Figure 5. The user can set the conversion resolution of the DS18B20 using the R0 and R1 bits in this register as shown in Table 2. The power-up default of these bits is R0 = 1 and R1 = 1 (12-bit resolution). Note that there is a direct tradeoff between resolution and conversion time. Bit 7 and bits 0 to 4 in the configuration register are reserved for internal use by the device and cannot be overwritten.BIT7 BIT6 BIT5 BIT4 BIT3 BIT2 BIT1BIT0 TM R1 R0 1 1 1 1 1Figure 5.Configuration RegisterR0 R1 RESOLUTION(BIT S) MAX CONVERSIONTIME外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）7Table 2.Thermometer Resolution Configuration8.1-WIRE BUS SYSTEMThe 1-Wire bus system uses a single bus master to control one or more slave devices. The DS18B20 is always a slave. When there is only one slave on the bus, the system is referred to as a ―single -dropǁ system; the system is ―multi -dropǁ if there are multiple slaves on the bus. All data and commands are transmitted least significant bit first over the 1-Wire bus. The following discussion of the 1-Wire bus system is broken down into three topics: hardware configuration, transaction sequence, and 1-Wire signaling (signal types and timing).9.TRANSACTION SEQUENCEThe transaction sequence for accessing the DS18B20 is as follows:Step 1. Initialization Step 2. ROM Command (followed by any required data exchange)Step 3. DS18B20 Function Command (followed by any required dataexchange)It is very important to follow this sequence every time the DS18B20 is accessed, as the DS18B20 will not respond if any steps in the sequence are missing or out of order. Exceptions to this rule are the Search ROM [F0h] and Alarm Search [ECh] commands. After issuing either of these ROM commands, the master must return to Step 1 in the sequence.（1）INITIALIZATIONAll transactions on the 1-Wire bus begin with an initialization sequence. Theinitialization sequence consists of a reset pulse transmitted by the bus master followed 011 0 1 0 1 9 10 11 12 93.75ms 187.5ms 375ms 750ms外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）8 by presence pulse(s) transmitted by the slave(s). The presence pulse lets the busmaster know that slave devices (such as the DS18B20) are on the bus and are ready to operate. （2）ROM COMMANDSAfter the bus master has detected a presence pulse, it can issue a ROM command. These commands operate on the unique 64-bit ROM codes of each slave device and allow the master to single out a specific device if many are present on the 1-Wire bus. These commands also allow the master to determine how many and what types of devices are present on the bus or if any device has experienced an alarm condition. There are five ROM commands, and each command is 8 bits long. The master device must issue an appropriate ROM command before issuing a DS18B20 function command.1.SEARCH ROM [F0h]When a system is initially powered up, the master must identify the ROM codes of all slave devices on the bus, which allows the master to determine the number of slaves and their device types. The master learns the ROM codes through a process of elimination that requires the master to perform a Search ROM cycle (i.e., Search ROM command followed by data exchange) as many times as necessary to identify all of the slave devices. If there is only one slave on the bus, the simpler Read ROM command can be used in place of the Search ROM process.2.READ ROM [33h]This command can only be used when there is one slave on the bus. It allows the bus master to read the slave’s 64-bit ROM code without using the Search ROM procedure. If this command is used when there is more than one slave present on the bus, a data collision will occur when all the slaves attempt to respond at the same time.3.MATCH ROM [55h]The match ROM command followed by a 64-bit ROM code sequence allows外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）9 the bus master to address a specific slave device on a multi-drop or single-drop bus. Only the slave that exactly matches the 64-bit ROM code sequence will respond to the function command issued by the master; all other slaves on the bus will wait for a reset pulse.4.SKIP ROM [CCh]The master can use this command to address all devices on the bus simultaneously without sending out any ROM code information. For example, the master can make all DS18B20s on the bus perform simultaneous temperature conversions by issuing a Skip ROM command followed by a Convert T [44h] command. Note that the Read Scratchpad [BEh] command can follow the Skip ROM command only if there is a single slave device on the bus. In this case, time is saved by allowing the master to read from the slave without sending the device’s 6464-bit -bit ROM code. A Skip ROM command followed by a Read Scratchpad command will cause a data collision on the bus if there is more than one slave since multiple devices will attempt to transmit data simultaneously.5.ALARM SEARCH [ECh]The operation of this command is identical to the operation of the Search ROM command except that only slaves with a set alarm flag will respond. This command allows the master device to determine if any DS18B20s experienced an alarm condition during the most recent temperature conversion. After every Alarm Search cycle (i.e., Alarm Search command followed by data exchange), the bus master must return to Step 1 (Initialization) in the transaction sequence.（3）DS18B20 FUNCTION COMMANDSAfter the bus master has used a ROM command to address the DS18B20 with which it wishes to communicate, the master can issue one of the DS18B20 function commands. These commands allow the master to write to and read from the DS18B20’s scratchpad memory, initiate temperature conversions and determine the power supply mode.外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）10 1.CONVERT T [44h]This command initiates a single temperature conversion. Following the conversion, the resulting thermal data is stored in the 2-byte temperature register in the scratchpad memory and the DS18B20 returns to its low-power idle state. If the device is being used in parasite power mode, within 10µdevice is being used in parasite power mode, within 10µs (max) after this command is s (max) after this command is issued the master must enable a strong pull up on the 1-Wire bus. If the DS18B20 is powered by an external supply, the master can issue read time slots after the Convert T command and the DS18B20 will respond by transmitting a 0 while the temperature conversion is in progress and a 1 when the conversion is done. In parasite power mode this notification technique cannot be used since the bus is pulled high by the strong pull up during the conversion.2.READ SCRATCHPAD [BEh]This command allows the master to read the contents of the scratchpad. The data transfer starts with the least significant bit of byte 0 and continues through the scratchpad until the 9th byte (byte 8 – CRC) is read. The master may issue a reset to terminate reading at any time if only part of the scratchpad data is needed.3.WRITE SCRATCHPAD [4Eh]This command allows the master to write 3 bytes of data to the DS18B20’s scratchpad. The first data byte is written into the TH register (byte 2 of the scratchpad), the second byte is written into the TL register (byte 3), and the third byte is written into the configuration register (byte 4). Data must be transmitted least significant bit first. All three bytes MUST be written before the master issues a reset, or the data may be corrupted.4.COPY SCRA TCHPAD [48h]This command copies the contents of the scratchpad TH, TL and configuration registers (bytes 2, 3 and 4) to EEPROM. If the device is being used in parasite power mode, within 10µ10µs s (max) after this command is issued the master must enable a外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）11 strong pull-up on the 1-Wire bus.5.RECALL E 2 [B8h]This command recalls the alarm trigger values (TH and TL) and configuration data from EEPROM and places the data in bytes 2, 3, and 4, respectively, in the scratchpad memory. The master device can issue read time slots following the Recall E 2command and the DS18B20 will indicate the status of the recall by transmitting 0 while the recall is in progress and 1 when the recall is done. The recall operation happens automatically at power-up, so valid data is available in the scratchpad as soon as power is applied to the device.6．READ POWER SUPPL READ POWER SUPPLY [B4h] Y [B4h]The master device issues this command followed by a read time slot to determine if any DS18B20s on the bus are using parasite power. During the read time slot, parasite powered DS18B20s will pull the bus low, and externally powered DS18B20s will let the bus remain high.10.WIRE SIGNALINGThe DS18B20 uses a strict 1-Wire communication protocol to ensure data integrity. Several signal types are defined by this protocol: reset pulse, presence pulse, write 0, write 1, read 0, and read 1. The bus master initiates all these signals, with the exception of the presence pulse.（1）INITIALIZATION PROCEDURE —RESET AND PRESENCE PULSES All communication with the DS18B20 begins with an initialization sequence that consists of a reset pulse from the master followed by a presence pulse from the DS18B20. This is illustrated in Figure 6. When the DS18B20 sends the presence pulse in response to the reset, it is indicating to the master that it is on the bus and ready to operate.During the initialization sequence the bus master transmits (TX) the reset pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 480µs. The bus master then releases外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）12 the bus and goes into receive mode (RX). When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull -up resistor pulls the 1-Wire bus high. When the DS18B20 detects this rising edge, it waits 15µwaits 15µs to 60µs to 60µs to 60µs and then transmits a presence pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low s and then transmits a presence pulse by pulling the 1-Wire bus low for 60µfor 60µs to 240µs to 240µs to 240µs. s.Master Tx Reset Pulse480µ480µs minimum s minimum DS18B20 waits15~60µ15~60µs s DS18B20 presence pulse 60~240µ60~240µs sMaster Rx480µ480µs minimum s minimumDS18B20 InitializationTimingVpuGND 1-Wire BusBus master pulling lowDS18B20 pulling lowResistor pullupFigure 6.Initialization Timing （2）READ/WRITE TIME SLOTSThe bus master writes data to the DS18B20 during write time slots and reads data from the DS18B20 during read time slots. One bit of data is transmitted over the 1-Wire bus per time slot.1.WRITE TIME SLOTSThere are two types of write time slots: ―Write 1ǁ time slots and ―Write 0ǁ time slots. The bus master uses a Write 1 time slot to write a logic 1 to the DS18B20 and a Write 0 time slot to write a logic 0 to the DS18B20. All write time slots must be a minimum of 60µ60µs s in duration with a minimum of a 1µ1µs s recovery time between individual write slots. Both types of write time slots are initiated by the master pulling the 1-Wire bus low (see Figure 7).To generate a Write 1 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire bus low, the bus master must release the 1-must release the 1-Wirebus within 15µs. When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull Wirebus within 15µs. When the bus is released, the 5kΩ pull -up resistor will pull the bus high. To generate a Write 0 time slot, after pulling the 1-Wire外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）13 bus low, the bus master must continue to hold the bus low for the duration of the time slot (at least 60µslot (at least 60µs). s).The DS18B20 samples the 1-Wire bus during a window that lasts from 15µs to 60µ60µs s after the master initiates the write time slot. If the bus is high during the sampling window, a 1 is written to the DS18B20. If the line is low, a 0 is written to the DS18B20.MASTER WRITE ―0ǁ SLOT 60us<Tx<120us >1us >1us15us DS18B20 Samples 15us 30us DS18B20 Samples 15us 15us 30usDS18B20Write Time SlotSTART OF SLOTVccGND1-wire BusMASTER WRITE ―1ǁ SLOT MIN TYP MAXMIN TYP MAXBus master pulling low Resistor pullup START OF SLOTFigure 7.DS18B20 Write Time Slot2.READ TIME SLOTSThe DS18B20 can only transmit data to the master when the master issues read time slots. Therefore, the master must generate read time slots immediately after issuing a Read Scratchpad [BEh] or Read Power Supply [B4h] command, so that the DS18B20 can provide the requested data. In addition, the master can generate read time slots after issuing Convert T [44h] or Recall E 2 [B8h] commands to find out the status of the operation.All read time slots must be a minimum of 60µAll read time slots must be a minimum of 60µs in duration with a minimum of a s in duration with a minimum of a 1µ1µs s recovery time between slots. A read time slot is initiated by the master device pulling the 1-Wire bus low for a minimum of 1µ1µs s and then releasing the bus (see Figure 8). After the master initiates the read time slot, the DS18B20 will begin transmitting a 1 or 0 on bus. The DS18B20 transmits a 1 by leaving the bus high and外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）14 transmits a 0 by pulling the bus low. When transmitting a 0, the DS18B20 will release the bus by the end of the time slot, and the bus will be pulled back to its high idle state by the pull up resister. Output data from the DS18B20 is valid for 15µs after the falling edge that initiated the read time slot. Therefore, the master must release the bus and then sample the bus state within 15µbus and then sample the bus state within 15µs from the start of the slot. s from the start of the slot.MASTER READ ―0ǁSLOT 15us 15us 30us 15usDS18B20 read time slotVccGND1-wire busMASTER READ ―1ǁ SLOT Bus master pulling lowDS18B20 pulling low Resistor pullup Master samplesMaster samples>1us >1us >1usFigure 8.DS18B20 Read Time Slot外文翻译（原文）外文翻译（原文）15外文翻译（译文）外文翻译（译文）16 DS18B20介绍1.说明说明DS18B20数字式温度传感器提供9位到12位的摄氏温度测量，并且有用户可编程的、非易失性温度上下限告警出发点。
化学实验方法外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
实验方法辐射黑色体理论（Chao et al., 1961）和切削表面理论（Friedman and Lenz, 1970）。
随着敏感的红外感光胶片的发展，在一个可被记录切削侧面温度场的工具（Boothroyd, 1961）和电视型红外线敏感的视频设备已被哈里斯等人使用（1980年），以热传感和半导体量子吸收的原则为基础的红外线传感器的不断发展，使得这些传感器的第二敏感性大于第一次，其时间常数很小太- 在微秒到毫秒的范围之内。
图5.21显示了最新使用的第二类的例子。
有两个传感器以及开始投入使用，一个是在1毫米至5毫米的波长范围的敏感型锑化铟，另外一个是从6毫米至13毫米的敏感型碲镉汞类型，通过与两个不同的探测器信号比较可以使用温度测量更敏感的方法。
大部分金属切削温度已进行了调查和了解使得更好地了解这个过程。
原则上，温度测量可能用于条件监测，例如，警告说如果是天气太热导致切割刀具后刀面磨损，然而，尤其是辐射能尺寸，在生产条件，校准问题以及确保辐射能量途径从伤口区到探测器不被打断的困难，使得以温度测量为目的方法不够可靠切削的另一种方式是监测声发射，这虽然是一个间接的方法，但研究过程的状态是一个值得考虑未来。
5.4 声发射材料的活跃形变—例如裂缝的增长，变形夹杂物，快速塑性剪切，甚至晶界，位错运动都是伴随着弹性应力波的排放而产生。
这就是声发射（AE）。
排放的发生在一个很宽的频率范围内，但通常是从10万赫到1兆赫。
虽然波幅度很小，但是他们可以被检测到，通过强烈的压电材料如钛酸钡或压电陶瓷传感器制造从，（Pb（Zr x Ti1–x）O3; x = 0.5 to 0.6）。
图5.22显示了传感器的结构。
声波传送到压力传感器造成直接的压力E（△L/L），其中E是传感器的杨氏模量，L 是它的长度，△L是它的长度变化。
应力产生电场T = g33E(△L/L)（5.7a）g33是传感器材料的压电应力系数。
传感器两端的电压是TL，然后V= g33E△L（5.7b）g33和E的典型值分别是24.4 × 10-3Vm/ N和58.5GPa，以检测电压高达0.01毫伏，这是可能的。
攀高 PG-IRT1612 红外体温计 英文使用说明书
p a n ga o Infrared Forehead Thermometer Thanks for buying and using this product, please read this manual carefully before use.巨Authorised representative: Lotus NL B.V. Address: Koningin」ulianaplein10, le Verd, 2595AA, TheHague, Netherlands. +31645171879 (English ), +31626669008 (Dutch )Tel: rer u t c fa �』Tel:86-755-33825988 Fax: 86-755-33825989 Main Site: No.25 1st Industry Zone, Fenghuang Road, Xikeng Village, Henggang Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong China Additional sitel: 2-4 Floor ,No.5 Shanzhuang Rd., Xikeng Village, Henggang Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen City,Guangdong Province, ChinaDate: 2019-01-09 Rev : A/2Revised: 2021-07-01 c E 0191A p a n 930 User manual Shenzhen Pango Medical Electronics Co., LtdThe screen display marks description Objects measurement Foreheadtemperature measurement Sound symbols Power markMeasurement result displayMemory storage Temperature unit (F or °C) Batteryi nstallation explanationBattery i nstallation flow: 1.Press battery cover, the battery cover will bounceautomatically.2. Prepare two pieces of battery with the module of 1.5V AAA (number seven battery) batteries (It is recommended to use alkaline batteries), please install it into base of battery according to correct positive and negative poles.......................................................................................................................................................................... 言言言言三言言ffi ��,;勹)一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一、, Warm prompts, • If you do not use this product for a long time, please : take out battery to assure its longevity. The liquid , leakage of battery will harm the product; as well as : pollute our environment. 皂呈三三言言三百三三三＄呈07 Basic parameter instructions 1.Sound function: tum on/off 1) In the power七n state, press "mem" key to set the sound on or off.2) Press "mem" button, LCD screen will show''tl>1 " it means the sound works, meanwhile we will hear a short beep sound.3) Press "mem " button again, "日）1 " will disappear, it means the sound is off.2.The switch of 'For °C In off status , long press "mem" button for six seconds, it can switch between Fahrenheit degree ('F)and Celsius degree (°C). Wait fo r 8 seconds to tum off the product automatically or press "Measurement''button to tum off the product directly.3.Memory s torage function In off status, press "mem" button, the product can read and save 32 sets of measurement values in order (as below picture shows). It will tum off automatically without operating for 15 seconds or press "Measurement" button to turn off this product with your hands. 0-4.Back l ight status instructions When measured temperature is< 34°C, it shows LO with red backlight. When measured temperature value is 34°C-37 .1°C, it shows green backlight. When measured t emperature v alue is 37 .2°c-38.1°C, it shows orange backlight. When measured temperature value is 38.2°C-43.0°C, it shows red backlight. When measured temperature value is> 43.0°C, it shows red backlight and shows HI. Warm prompts: This function is for reference only. 5. Model calibration Turn on the machine to automatically measure the first temperature.and then press"也'to enter the calibration measurement mode.o � Forehead t emperature measurement 户一。
TSEA01-Meng红外温度传感器(英文)
MODEL NO. : DRAWING NO. : REV : May 8, 2002SPECIFICATIONofTHERMOPILE INFRARED SENSORUNITTSEA 01-MMODEL NO. :DRAWING NO. :REV :May 8, 20021. SCOPEThis specification describes a Thermopile Infrared Sensor Unit for non-contact temperature measurement2. TYPE of UNIT2.1. TYPE NAMEThermopile Infrared Sensor Unit2.2. MODEL NO.TSEA 01-M3. DIMENSIONSSee Fig. 1.Production Lot No. is put on a Unit.4. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICSTable 1PARAMETER STANDARD4.1. Thermopile Sensor TS 105-54.2. Optics Cr-plated Mirror4.3. OutputsThermopile Signal Output (for Incident Infrared Energy Detection) Thermistor Signal Output (for Ambient Temp. Detection) * Both analog outputs are supplied individually. 4.4. Time ConstantTyp. 50 msec. (+/-) 50 % 4.5. Circuit Configuration See Fig. 2 4.6. Detection Area See Fig. 3 4.7. DirectivitySee Fig. 44.8. Detecting Temperature Range 0 ~ 100 deg Celsius4.9. AccuracyWithin (+/-) 2 deg Celsius 4.10. Operating Temperature 0 ~ 60 deg Celsius 4.11. Storage Temperature-20 ~ 80 deg Celsius5. ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICSTable 2PARAMETER CONDITION STANDARD5.1. Thermopile Signal OutputObject Temp. : 50 deg Celsius(Emissivity = 1.0)Ambient Temp. : 20 degrees Celsius Distance : 300 mm2.070 V (+/-) 3 %5.2. Temperature Characteristics ofThermopile Signal Output Object Temp. : 0 ~ 100 deg Celsius (Ambient Temp. : 0 ~ 40 deg Celsius) See Data 1 5.3. Thermistor Signal OutputAmbient Temp. : 20 deg Celsius 0.484 V (+/-) 3 % 5.4. Temperature Characteristics ofThermistor Signal Output Ambient Temp. : 0 ~ 40 deg Celsius See Data 2 5.5. Reference Voltage25 degrees Celsius1.225 V (+/-) 1 %MODEL NO. : DRAWING NO. : REV : May 8, 20025.6. Supply VoltageSingle Power Supply5 ~ 16 V(Maximum Rating : 18 V )5.7. Current Consumption +Vs = 5 V SupplyMax. 5 mA 5.8. Output Current Short Circuit to GroundMax. 60 mA6. MEASUREMENT METHOD 6.1. Thermopile Signal OutputSee Fig. 5.7. NOTES7.1. Design restrictions/precautionsFor outdoor applications, be sure to apply suitable supplementary optical filter, drip-proof and anti-dew construction. This Unit is designed for indoor use.In cases where secondary accidents due to operation failure or malfunctions can be anticipated, add a fail safe function to the design.7.2. Usage restrictions/precautionsTo prevent Unit malfunctions, operational failure or any deterioration of its characteristics, do not use this Unit in the following, or similar, conditions. 7.2.1 In rapid environmental temperature changes. 7.2.2 In strong shock or vibration.7.2.3 In a place where there are obstructing materials (Glass, Fog, etc.) through which infrared rays cannot pass within detection area.7.2.4 In fluid, corrosive gases and sea breeze. 7.2.5 Continual use in high humidity atmosphere.7.2.6 In field of static electricity or strong electromagnetic waves. 7.2.7 Exposed to direct wind from a heater or air conditioner.7.3. Handling and storage restrictions/precautionsTo prevent Unit malfunctions, operational failure, appearance damage or any deterioration of its characteristics, do not expose this Unit to the following or similar, handling and storage conditions.7.3.1. Vibration for a long time. 7.3.2. Strong shock.7.3.3. Static electricity or strong electromagnetic waves. 7.3.4. High or Low temperature and humidity for a long time. 7.3.5. Corrosive gases or sea breeze.7.3.6. Dirty and dusty environments that may contaminate the optical window.Unit troubles resulting from misuse, inappropriate handling or storage are not the manufacturer’s responsibility.MODEL NO. : DRAWING NO. : REV : May 8, 2002Ape rt u r e S i z e o f M i rr o r5 F Vr e ( R e f e r e n c e V o l t a g e O ut p ut )P i n A r r a n g e m e n tT o l e r a n c e F ± 0.2Connec t o rMa x .3.0T h e r m o p i leE l e m en tO p ti csM i rr o rS I D E V I E WF R O N T V I E WT O P V I E W1 F Vn t c ( T h e r m i s t o r S i g n a lOut p ut )4 F V t p i T h e r m o p i l e S i g n a l Out p ut j 2 F +V s 3 F G r o u n d 1.6 1.713.378 .56.09.28 . 03.81 1 . 6 8 . 015 .5 φ2.01 7 .0 33.015.013 .7 1 5 . 9 13.112345Fig. 1 : Dimensions, units in mmMODEL NO. : DRAWING NO. : REV : May 8, 2002F V r e (R e f e r en c e V o l t a g e O u t pu t ) F Vn t c (The r m i s t o r S i g n a l O u tpu t ) F V t p (The r m o p i l e S i g n a l O u t pu t )(Ty p.1. 2 2 5 V ) F +VsF G r ound(*1) Thermopile Signal Output of Unit is calibrated by VR1 atoutgoing inspection, Do not touch VR1.Fig. 2 : Circuit Configuration300m mC over Bo x (Te m p.C o n tr o le d i ns i de Box )S u p p ly Po werHeat So urce (F lat B lack Bo dyj S h ut terRecor derT her m o p i le U n itDistance : 300 mmSupply Voltage : 5 VReference Voltage : Typ. 1.225 V* Thermopile Signal Output …. Shutter On/OffShutter On(Open) : Infrared Incidence Shutter Off(Close) : Infrared Cut-offFig. 5 : Test Set-up Block Diagram。
热释电红外传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献
热释电红外传感器中英文对照外文翻译文献中英文对照翻译热释电红外传感器前言热释电红外传感器是一种非常有应用潜力的传感器。
它能检测人或某些动物发射的红外线并转换成电信号输出。
早在1938年，有人就提出利用热释电效应探测红外辐射，但并未受到重视。
直到六十年代，随着激光、红外技术的迅速发展，才又推动了对热释电效应的研究和对热释电晶体的应用开发。
近年来，伴随着集成电路技术的飞速发展，以及对该传感器的特性的深入研究，相关的专用集成电路处理技术也迅速增长。
本文先介绍热释电传感器的原理，然后再描述相关的专用集成电路处理技术。
热释电效应在自然界，任何高于绝对温度（-273K）的物体都将产生红外光谱，不同温度的物体释放的红外能量的波长是不一样的，因此红外波长与温度的高低是相关的，而且辐射能量的大小与物体表面温度有关。
可见光的波长通常在1μm以下，而1μm以上的光人眼是看不到的，但是可以通过适当的仪器对辐射的能量进行检测。
当一些晶体受热时，在晶体两端将会产生数量相等而符号相反的电荷，这种由于热变化产生的电极化现象，被称为热释电效应。
通常，晶体自发极化所产生的束缚电荷被来自空气中附着在晶体表面的自由电子所中和，其自发极化电矩不能表现出来。
当温度变化时，晶体结构中的正负电荷重心相对移位，自发极化发生变化，晶体表面就会产生电荷耗尽，电荷耗尽的状况正比于极化程度，图1表示了热释电效应形成的原理。
能产生热释电效应的晶体称之为热释电体或热释电组件，其常用的材料有单晶(LiTaO3 等)、压电陶瓷（PZT等）及高分子薄膜（PVFZ等）[2]当以LiTaO3为代表的热释电材料处于自极化状态时，吸收红外线入射波后，结晶的表面温度改变，自极化也发生改变，结晶表面的电荷变得不平衡，把这种不平衡电荷的电压变化取出来，便可测出红外线。
热释电材料只有在温度变化时才产生电压，如果红外线一直照射，则没有不平衡电压，一旦无红外线照射时，结晶表面电荷就处于不平衡状态，从而输出电压。
红外遥控系统中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文对照翻译(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)Infrared Remote And Chips Are IntroducedPeople's eyes can see the visible wavelength from long to short according to the arrangement, in order to red, orange, yellow, green, green, blue, violet. One of the red wavelengths for 0.62 ~ 0.76 muon m, Purple is 0.38 wavelength range ~ muon m. Purple is shorter than the wavelength of light called ultraviolet ray, red wavelengths of light is longer than that of infrared light. Infrared remote control is to use wavelength for 0.76 ~ 1.5 muon m between the near infrared to transfer control signal.Commonly used infrared remote control system of general points transmit and receive two parts. The main component part for the launch of infrared light emitting diode. It is actually a special light emitting diode, due to its internal material differs from ordinary light emitting diode, resulting in its ends on certain voltage, it is a rather infrared light. Use of infrared light emitting diode the infrared wavelengths, for 940nm appearance and ordinary, just the same light emitting diode five different colors. Infrared light emitting diode generally have black and blue, transparent three colors. Judgement of infrared light emitting diode and judgment method, using a multimeter to ordinary diode electric block measure of infrared light emitting diode, reverse resistance. The infrared light emitting diode luminescence efficiency to use special instrument to measure precise, and use only spare conditions to pull away from roughly judgement. Receiving part of infrared receiving tube is a photosensitive diode.In actual application of ir receiving diode to reverse bias, it can work normally, i.e., the infrared receiving circuit application in diode is used to reverse, higher sensitivity. Infrared receiving diode usually have two round and rectangular. Due tothe power of infrared light emitting diode (or less commonly 100mW), so ir receiving diode received signals is weak, so will increase high-gain ones.the amplifier circuit.In common CX20106A, etc PC1373H muon infrared receiving special amplifier circuit. In recent years both amateur or formal products, mostly using infrared receiving head finished. The head of infrared receiving product packages generally has two kinds: one kind USES sheet shielding, A kind of plastic packaging. There are three pin, namely the power is (VDD), power negative (GND) and data output (VO or OUT). Infrared receiving head foot arrangement for types varied, manufacturer's instructions. Finished the advantages of infrared receiving head is not in need of sophisticated debugging and shell screen, use rise as a transistor, very convenient. But when used in the infrared receiving attention finished first carrier frequency.Infrared remote common carrier frequency for 38kHz, this is transmitted by using 455kHz TaoZhen to decide. At the launch of crystals were integer frequency, frequency coefficients, so commonly 12, so 455kHz ÷12 hundredth kHz 38kHz hundredth 379,000. Some remote control system adopts 36kHz, 56kHz, etc, general 40kHz launched by the crystals of oscillation frequency to decide.Infrared remote characteristic is not influence the surrounding environment and does not interfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot penetrate walls, so the room can use common household appliance of remote control without mutual interference, Circuit testing is simple, as long as given circuit connection, generally does not need any commissioning can work, Decoding easily, can undertake multiple remote control. Because each manufacturer produces a great deal of infrared remote application-specific integrated circuit, when need press diagram suo ji. Therefore, the infrared remote now in household appliances, indoor close (less than 10 meters) in the remote control is widely used.Multiple infrared remote control system of infrared emission control buttons, there are many parts general representative of different control function. When pressed a button, correspondingly in the receiver with different output.Receiving the output state can be roughly divided into pulse, level, self-locking and interlock, data five forms. "The pulse output is according to launch" when the button, the receiver output terminals output corresponding "effective", a pulse width 100ms in general. "Level" refers to the output launch press button, the receiver output corresponding output level ", "effective transmit to loosen the receiver" level "disappears. This "effective pulse" and "effective", may be of high level is low, andmay also depend on the output corresponding static state, such as feet for low, static "high" for effective, As for the static, "low" high effective. In most cases, "high" for effective. "Since the lock" refers to launch the output of each time you press the button, a receiver output corresponding change, namely originally a state for high level into a low level, originally for low level into high level. The output power switch and mute as control etc. Sometimes also called the output form for "invert". "The interlock" refers to multiple outputs each output, at the same time only one output. The TV sets of this case is selected, the other is like the light and sound input speed, etc."Data" refers to launch the output some key, use a few output form a binary number, to represent different keystroke.Normally, the receiver except a few data output, but also a "valid" output data, so the timely to collect data. This output form with single-chip microcomputer or are commonly used interface. In addition to the above output form outside, still have a "latch" and "temporary" two forms. The so-called "latch" refers to launch the output signal of each hair, the receiver output corresponding ", "new store until you receive signals. "Temporary" output and the introduction of "level" output is similar.Remote distance (Remote Control effect of RF Remote Control distance) are the major factors as follows:1, launched in power transmission power: while distance, but great power consumption, easy to generate interference,2 and receiving the receiver sensitivity, receiving, remote distance increased sensitivity to improve, but easy to cause disturbance maloperation or abuse, 3, antenna, using linear antenna, and parallel, remote distance, but occupies a large space, in use the antenna spin, pull can increase the remote distance,4 and the higher height: antenna, remote farther, but by objective conditions,5 and stop: current use of wireless remote use of UHF band stipulated by the state, the propagation characteristics of approximate linear transmission, light, small, transmitters and receivers diffraction between such as walls are blocking will greatly discounted remote distance, if is reinforced concrete walls, due to the absorption effect conductor, radio waves.Considering the design of hardware volume small to be embedded in the remote control, so we chose 20 foot single-chip chip AT89C2051. Below is the introduction of the function.1) AT89C2051 internal structure and performanceAT89C2051 is a byte flash 2K with programmable read-only memory can be erased EEPROM (low voltage, high performance of eight CMOS microcomputer. It adopts ATMEL of high-density non-volatile storage technology manufacturing and industrial standard MCS - 51 instruction set and lead. Through the combination of single chip in general CPL1 and flash memory, is a strong ATMEL AT89C2051 microcomputer, its application in many embedded control provides a highly flexible and low cost solutions. The compatible with 8051 AT89C2051 is CHMOS micro controller, the Flash memory capacity for 2KB. And CHMOS 80C51 process, have two kinds of leisure and power saving operation mode. The performance is as follows:8 CUP, 2KB Flash memory,Working voltage range 2.7-6V, 128KB data storage,The static working way: 0-24MHz, 15 root input/output line,A programmable serial, 2 a 16-bit timing/counters,There is a slice of inside precision simulation comparator, 5 the interrupt sources, 2 priority.Programmable serial UART channel, Directly LED driver output,The internal structure of AT89C2051 is shown in figure 1.Figure 1 AT89C2051 interior structure2) AT89C2051 chip pin and functionIn order to adapt to the requirement of intelligent instrument, embedded in the chip foot AT89C2051 simplified configuration, as shown in figure b. The major changes to: (1) the lead foot from 20 to 40 wires, (2) increased a simulated comparator.AT89C2051 pin function:1 the Vcc: voltage.2 to GND.3 P1 mouth: P1 mouth is an 8-bit two-way I/O port. P1.2 ~ P1.7 mouth pin the internal resistance provides. P1.0 and P1.1 requirements on the external pull-up resistors. P1.0 and P1.1 also separately as piece inside precision simulationDiagram b AT89C2051 foot figurecomparator with input (AIN0) and reversed-phase input (AIN1). Output buffer can absorb the P1 mouth 20mA current and can directly LED display driver. When P1 mouth pin into a "1", can make its input. When the pin P1.2 ~ P1.7 as input and external down, they will be for the internal resistance and flow current (IIL). In flash P1 mouth during the procedure and program code data receiving calibration.4 P3: the P3.0 ~ P3.5 P3, P3.7 is the internal resistance with seven two-way I / 0 lead. P3.6 for fixed inputs piece inside the comparator output signal and it as a general I/O foot and inaccessible. P3 mouth buffer can absorb 20mA current. When P3 mouth pin into "1", they are the internal resistance can push and input. As input, and the low external P3 mouth pin pull-up resistors and will use current (IIL) outflow. P3 mouth still used to implement the various functions, such as AT89C2051 shown in table 1. P3 mouth still receive some for flash memory programming and calibration ofRST/VPP (RXD)P3.0 (TXD)P3.1 XTAL2 XTAL1 (INT0)P3.2 (INT1)P3.3 (T0)P3.4 (T1)P3.5GND VCC P1.7 P1.6 P1.5 P1.4 P1.3 P1.2 P1.1(AIN1) P1.0(AIN0) P3.7program control signals.P3 mouth function as is shown in table 1.5 RST: reset input. RST once, all into high level I/O foot will reset to "1". When the oscillator is running, continuous gives RST pin two machine cycle of high level can finish reset. Each machine cycle to 12 oscillator or clock cycle.6 XTAL1: as the oscillator amplifier input and inverse internal clock generator input.7. XTAL2: as the oscillator reversed-phase the amplifier's output.3) the software and hardware constraints. AT89C2051Due to the foot of the chip AT89C2051, no set limits of external storage interface, so, for external memory read/write instructions as MOVX etc.Due to 2KB ROM, so, the space to jump instruction should pay attention to the destination address range (transfer 000H - 7FFH), beyond the range of addresses, will not meet wrong results. The scope of data storage is 00H (7FH -- when stack manipulation), also should be noticed.The input signal is simulated by the original P3.6 foot into the microcontroller, so the original P3.6 footUnable to external use. Simulation comparator can compare two simulation, if the size of the voltage external A D/A converter and its output as A comparator analog input, and by simulating the comparator another input voltage to be measured, through the introduction of the software method can realize the A/D conversion.4 the Flash memory AT89C2051)Provide a 2KB of single-chip AT89C2051 in Flash memory chips, which allows the online program to modify or use special programming programming.A）. Flash memory encryptionAT89C2051 SCM has 2 encryption, can programming (P) or programming (U) to obtain different encryption functionality. Encryption functionality table as shown in table 1-1.Encrypt a content erased only through chips to erase operation.B）. Flash memory programming and procedures(1) the piece inside chip AT89C2051 Flash memory programming model as shown in table 1-2.Table 1-2 AT89C2051 microcontroller programming model. Note: (1) the counters RESET at an EPROM inside the rising edge, and 000H RESET to XTAL1 by foot is executed, pulse count,(2) pieces of 10ms to erase PROG pulse,(3 )during the programming P3.1 pulled low RDY/BSY instructions.C).A T89C2051 SCM in Flash memory chips programming steps are as follows:1. in the sequence is the VCC GND pin, add working voltage, XTAL1 pin RESET, receiving GND pin, other than the above time, waiting for 10ms,2. In P3.2 pin RESET, heightening level,3. In P3.3, P3.4, P3.5, P3.7 pin; add model multilevel4. P1.0 P1.7 -- for the 000H unit add data bytes,5. RESET to increase the 12V activation programming,6. P3.2 jump to a one byte programming or encryption,7. calibration has been programming, data from 12V to RESET logic level "H" and setP3.3 P3.7 -- for the correct level, and can output data in P1 mouth,Figure c programming circuit Figure d calibration circuit8.For the next addresses) in the unit XTAL1 byte programming, a pulse, make address counter add 1, in mouth add programming data P1.Repeat step 1-8 complete the whole -- 2KB programming.Electricity is XTAL1 Settings: in order to "L" RESET, and float empty other I/O foot, close the VCC power.(3) programming and calibration circuit figure c, d.Explanation:(1) P3.1 during programming instructions to be low RDY/BSY,(2) single erasing the PROG 10ms need,(3) internal EEPROM address counter on the rising edge RESET, and 000H RESET to XTAL1 by foot pulses are executed.Along with the rapid development of science and technology, human society has undergone earth-shaking changes. Make our life more colorful. In these changes, the remote control technology has been widely permeates TV, aerospace, military, sports and other production, all aspects of life. From the broad sense, all equipped with electric locomotive facility or electrical switches, if feel some necessary, can consider to improve existing with remote control device, the operation fixed switch to realize the remote operation of the original equipment, stop, the variable, etc. Function. switch, for example, can be used to control the electric control switch the light switch, We design the infrared remote control system to realize the opponent switch quantity control. Infrared remote characteristic is not influence the surrounding environment and does not interfere with other electric equipment. Due to its cannot penetrate walls, so the room can use common household appliance of remote controlwithout mutual interference, Circuit testing is simple, as long as given circuit connection, generally does not need any commissioning can work, Decoding easily, can undertake multiple remote control.红外遥控及芯片介绍红外遥控及芯片介绍人的眼睛能看到的可见光按波长从长到短排列，依次为红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫。
双耳同时冷热试验词汇中英对照
双耳同时冷热试验词汇中英对照一：空气按摩 pneumatic massage耳道成形术 meatoplasty耳廓成形术 pinnaplasty耳成形术 otoplasty鼓膜按摩 drum massage鼓膜穿刺术 tympanocentesis鼓膜造孔术 tympanostomy鼓膜切开术 myringotomy鼓膜成形术 myringoplasty鼓室探查术 tympanotomy鼓室成形术 tympanoplasty上鼓室切开术 epitympanotomy上鼓室乳突窦切开术 atticoantrotomy半规管开窗术 fenestration of semicircular canal 听骨链成形术 ossiculoplasty咽鼓管吹张术 eustachian tube insufflation咽鼓管成形术 eustachian tuboplasty咽鼓管导管吹张术 eustachian catheterization波利策法 Politzer method瓦尔萨尔法 Valsalva method单纯乳突切开术 simple mastoidotomy乳突根治术 radical mastoidectomy乳突成形术 mastoidoplasty改良乳突根治术 modified radical mastoidectomy镫骨松动术 stapediolysis镫骨足板造孔术 stapedotomy镫骨足板切除术 stapedectomy镫骨足板部分切除术 partial stapedectomy迷路切除术 labyrinthectomy迷路切开术 labyrinthotomy前庭神经切除术 vestibular neurectomy岩锥切除术 petrosectomy岩尖切除术 apicectomy内淋巴囊减压术 endolymphatic sac depression内淋巴分流术 endolymphatic shunt内淋巴蛛网膜下腔分流术 endolymphatic subarachnoid shunt耳蜗植入术 cochlear implantation耳蜗外植入术 e_tracochlear implantation球囊切开术 sacculotomy面神经减压术 facial nerve depression面神经吻合术 facial nerve anastomosis测角计 goniometer自描听力计 automatic recording audiometer配景听力计 peep-show audiometer咽鼓管阻力计 tuboresistometer交联助听器 contralateral routing of signals aid，CROS aid双交联助听器 bilateral contralateral routing of signals aid， BICROS aid耳内助听器 in-the-ear hearing aid， ITE耳道内助听器 in-the-canal hearing aid， ITC体佩助听器 body-worn hearing aid耳后助听器 behind-the-ear hearing aid， BTE耳级助听器 ear level hearing aid集体助听器 group hearing aid护耳器 ear protector耳塞 ear plug耳模 ear mold人工耳 artificial ear人工乳突 artificial mastoidjiaojiao 20xx-12-15 17:44耳鸣掩蔽器 tinnitus masker 鼓室通气管 grommet鼓环桥 annulus bridge蜗内电位 endocochlear potential， EP相对骨导 relative bone conduction， RBC绝对骨导 absolute bone conduction， ABC骨导 bone conduction骨鼓传导 osteotympanic conduction气鼓传导 aerotympanic conduction音域 vocal range前庭毒性 vestibuloto_icity耳蜗毒性 cochleoto_icity耳毒性 ototo_icity全听骨链赝复物 total ossicular replacement prosthesis， TORP部分听骨链赝复物 partial ossicular replacement prosthesis， PORP耵聍 cerumen鼻科学 rhinology嗅觉学 osmology， osphresiology嗅觉障碍学 osmonosology鼻变态反应 nasal allergy二：鼻炎 rhinitis花粉症 pollinosis， hay fever， seasonal allergic rhinitis曾用名枯草热，季节性变应性鼻炎.变应性鼻炎 allergic rhinitis干酪性鼻炎 caseous rhinitis药物性鼻炎 medicamentous rhinitis神经性鼻炎 nervous rhinitis非变应性鼻炎伴嗜酸粒细胞增多综合征 nonallergic rhinitis with eosinophilia syndrome， NARES，eosinophilic nonallergic rhinitis， ENR化脓性鼻炎 purulent rhinitis， suppurative rhinitis 血管运动性鼻炎 vasomotor rhinitis干酪性鼻窦炎 caseous sinusitis肿胀性鼻炎 turgescent rhinitis结构性鼻炎 structural rhinitis单纯性鼻炎 simple rhinitis干燥性鼻炎 rhinitis sicca常年性鼻炎 perennial rhinitis常年性变应性鼻炎 perennial allergic rhinitis息肉样鼻炎 polypoid rhinitis肥厚性鼻炎 hypertrophic rhinitis坏疽性鼻炎 gangrenous rhinitis内分泌失调性鼻炎 dyscrinic rhinitis 萎缩性鼻炎 atrophic rhinitis纤维蛋白性鼻炎 fibrinous rhinitis 鼻鼻窦炎 nasosinusitis鼻窦炎 sinusitis多鼻窦炎 polysinusitis全鼻窦炎 pansinusitis筛窦炎 ethmoiditis蝶窦炎 sphenoiditis上颌窦炎 ma_illary sinusitis。
温湿度测量仪外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文翻译英文原文：Temperature and humidity measuring instrumentIntroductionTemperature and humidity measurement is a modern newly developed measurement field, especially the humidity measurement is to continue moving forward. Experienced a length method, dry and wet until today the course of the measurement, humidity measurement technology is maturing. Today, we are no longer satisfied with the measurement of the temperature and humidity, especially in some places to monitor directly the requirements of real-time measure and record the temperature and humidity changes in the whole process, and based on these changes identified during storage and transportation security, led to a new temperature and humidity measuring instrument was born. Temperature and humidity measuring instrument is the temperature and humidity parameters were measured according to a predetermined time interval stored in the internal memory, in the completion of the recording function will be coupled to a PC, use the adapter software data stored in accordance with values time analysis instrument. The instrument can determine the storage and transportation process, experiment process without any compromise product safety incident.MSP430F437 IntroducedThe MSP430 MCU main features are as follows:1)Ultra-low power consumption. MSP430 MCU supply voltage 1.8 to 3.6V low voltage RAM data retention mode power consumption of only 0.1uA active mode power 250uA/MIPS, IO input port leakage current of only 50nA.2)Powerful processing capability. The MSP430 MCU 16-bit microcontroller, reduced instruction set architecture with the most popular one clock cycle to execute an instruction, the MSP430 instruction speeds of up to 8MHz oscillator is 8MIPS.3)High-performance analog technology and a wealth of on-chip peripheral modules. The MSP430 monolithic organic combination of TI's high-performance analog technology, each member of the rich on-chip peripherals are integrated. Depending on the model of the different possible combinations of the following modules: watchdog,analog comparator A timer A, timer B, serial 0,1, hardware multiplier, LCD driver, 10/12/14-bit ADC, 12 DAC IIC bus, direct data access, port 1 to 6, the basic timer. 4)The system is stable. Power-on reset, first initiated by the DC0 CPU, to ensure that the program starts executing from the correct position to ensure crystal oscillator start-up and stabilization time. The software can then set the appropriate control bits of the register to determine the final system clock frequency. If the crystal oscillator is used as the CPU clock MCLK failure, the DCO will start automatically, in order to ensure the normal operation of the system. This structure and operational mechanism in the current series microcontroller is unique.5)Convenient and efficient development environment. MSP430 series OTP type, three types of FLASH-ROM, the domestic large-scale use FLASH. The development of these devices means, after the successful development of the OTP and ROM-type device using a dedicated emulator programmer or chip cover touch. FLASH type is very convenient development and debugging environment, because the device on-chip JTAG debug interface, as well as the electric flash FLASH memory using the first through the JTAG interface to download the program to the FLASH, run by the JTAG interface control program read the on-chip CPU status, and memory contents and other information for designers debug the entire development can be carried out in the same software integrated environment. Which only requires a PC and a JTAG debugger, without the need for a dedicated emulator and programmer. Temperature And Humidity SensorThe SHT7x temperature and humidity sensor characteristics are as follows:1)The temperature and humidity sensor signal is amplified conditioning, A / D converter, all integrated on one IIC bus interface;2)Given calibration relative humidity and temperature output;3)IIC bus with industry-standard digital output interface;4)With dewpoint calculation output function;5)With excellent long-term stability;6)Humidity value output resolution of 14 The temperature output resolution of 12 bits, and programmable;7)Small size (7.65 x 5.08 x 23.5mm) Surface Mount;8)Having reliable the CRC data transmission checking function;9)The chip load calibration coefficients can guarantee 100% interchangeability;AT25256 IntroductionTemperature and humidity data storage chip SPI interface uses ATMEL Corporation's low-voltage serial EEPROM AT25256. AT25256 is mainly applied to low-power occasion the internal accordance with 32K x 8-bit organization, can work at 3.3V, the maximum serial clock frequency as to 2.1MHz. Support for 64-byte page write mode and byte write mode. AT25256 by setting the write-protect pin / WP level to set the chip read-only or writable state. Serial Peripheral Interface (SPI) bus technology is a synchronous serial interface, the hardware features a strong, SPI software is quite simple, so that the CPU has more time to deal with other matters. SPI bus can be connected to multiple host MCU, equipped with SPI interface output devices, output devices, such as LCD drivers, A / D conversion and other peripherals can also be a simple connection to a single TTL shift register chip. The bus allows you to connect multiple devices, but only one device at any moment as the host.SPI bus clock line is controlled by the host, in addition to data lines: host input / output line from the machine and the host output / slave input line. Host and which slave communication through the slave strobe line selection.Application SPI system can be simple, complex and can take many forms: (1) a host MCU and the slave MCU; (2) multiple MCU are connected to each other into a multi-host system; (3) a host MCU and slave peripherals.Segment LCD Display PrincipleLCD display principle is to use the physical characteristics of the liquid crystal born, when power is turned on, arranged order so light by; arranged confusion is not energized, to prevent the light to pass through. Light to pass through and not through a combination of an image is displayed on the screen. In layman's terms, the liquid crystal display is the middle of the two glass clip a layer of liquid crystal material, the liquid crystal material to change their light transmission in the signal under the control of the state, so you can see the image in front of the glass panel. LCD ambient light to display information, the LCD itself is not self-luminous, LCD power consumption is very low, more suitable for single-chip low-power applications. In addition, the LCD can only use low-frequency AC voltage drive, the DC voltage will damage the LCD. There are many types of LCD segment liquid crystal character LCD, graphical LCD. Segment LCD inexpensive, simple to use, is widely used in a variety of microcomputer application system.MSP430 LCD driver module has four driving method, respectively, for static drive, 2MUX drive, 3MUX, Drivers, 4MUX drive. Static driving method, in additionto the public badly in need of a pin, each section of the drive each one pin. If the design involves a lot of number of segments, you need to take up the many pin. In order to reduce the pin number, you can select multiple drive needed: 2MUX drive, drive, 3MUX 4MUX driving method. Increase the number of public-pole, can greatly reduce the number of pins. Need to drive more segments, the more obvious effects. ConclusionThe design requirements to simultaneously detect the temperature and humidity. From the temperature and humidity sensor signal IIC bus to enter MSP430F437 MSP430F437, temperature and humidity data on the one hand to send the LCD display; the other hand, the temperature and humidity data is stored in AT25256 stored temperature and humidity data can be transmitted via RS232 bus to the PC, In the PC application, you can curve shows the temperature and humidity data, and can print the report.This design uses the MSP430 MCU measurement of temperature and humidity, display, storage, transmission, printing and other functions. But also through the button on the temperature and humidity measurement time interval, whether storage, starting time and other parameters set. In addition, the entire system can be connected to external 9V DC power supply, you can use a 9V lithium battery-powered, low-power design ultra-low power MSP430 MCU, and program design, making the whole system very power, particularly suitable for hand-held meter.中文翻译：温湿度测量仪1 引言温湿度测量是现代测量新发展出来的一个领域，尤其湿度的测量更是不断前进。
红外线的研究报告范文
红外线的研究报告范文英文回答：Infrared Radiation.Infrared radiation (IR) is a type of electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength longer than that of visible light but shorter than that of microwaves. It is emitted by all objects with a temperature above absolute zero, and it can be detected by specialized sensors or by the human eye.IR radiation is divided into three bands:Near-infrared (NIR): Wavelengths from 0.7 to 1.0 micrometers (µm)。
Mid-infrared (MIR): Wavelengths from 1.0 to 5.0 µm.Far-infrared (FIR): Wavelengths from 5.0 to 1000 µm.Each band of IR radiation has its own unique properties and applications. NIR is used in remote sensing, night vision, and medical imaging. MIR is used in thermal imaging, spectroscopy, and astronomy. FIR is used in radiometry, medical imaging, and spectroscopy.IR radiation has a number of advantages over othertypes of electromagnetic radiation. It is relatively inexpensive to generate and detect, it can penetratethrough fog and smoke, and it can be used to detect objects that are not visible to the human eye. However, IRradiation is also sensitive to temperature, so it can be difficult to use in environments with large temperature variations.Applications of Infrared Radiation.IR radiation has a wide range of applications invarious fields, including:Remote sensing: IR cameras can be used to detectobjects from a distance, even at night or in low-visibilityconditions. This technology is used in military applications, security systems, and wildlife monitoring.Night vision: IR goggles allow people to see in the dark by converting IR radiation into visible light. This technology is used by the military, law enforcement, and security personnel.Medical imaging: IR cameras can be used to detect and diagnose medical conditions by measuring the temperature of the body. This technology is used in medical imaging, temperature screening, and wound healing.Thermal imaging: IR cameras can be used to create images of the temperature distribution of an object. This technology is used in industrial settings to detect heat loss, in building inspections to detect insulation deficiencies, and in medical imaging to detect tumors and other abnormalities.Spectroscopy: IR spectroscopy is a technique used to identify and quantify the chemical composition of amaterial by measuring its absorption or emission of IR radiation. This technology is used in chemistry, biology, and materials science.Radiometry: IR radiometry is a technique used to measure the temperature of an object by detecting the amount of IR radiation it emits. This technology is used in meteorology, astronomy, and medical imaging.中文回答：红外辐射。
多通道温度测量仪的外文和翻译
Measuring Temperature of NICU Patients - A Comparison ofThree DevicesHelen Marie Rosenthal, Andrew LeslieAbstractBackground:The provision of a thermoneutral environment is a corner-tone of neonatal care. An accurate method of temperature measurement is required in order that neonatal nurses can provide this care. Glass mercury thermometers, now rarely used in the developed world were once the gold standard. They have mainly been replaced by many different types of modern thermometers.Methods:This study aims to compare the accuracy and user-acceptability of one electronic and one infrared thermometer (Lightouch Neonate, Exergen Corp,USA; Suretemp 678, Welch Allyn, Beaverton, USA) with traditional glass mercury thermometry for intermittent temperature measurement on the NICU, using the axilla as the measuring site.Results: The results demonstrate a generally positive performance of the two de-vices tested. The mean (SD) difference between the readings from the Suretemp thermometer and the glass mercury thermometer was 0.1 (±0.25)℃.The mean difference between the readings from the Lightouch thermometer and the glass mercury thermometer is 0.07 ℃.IntroductionMaintaining the thermoneutral environment for sick and premature newborn infants is a key part of the nurse's role on the NICU, as abnormal temperature is strongly associated with adverse outcome (Bailey and Rose, 2000; CESDI, 2003;Silverman et al., 1958; WHO, 1997). Obtaining accurate measurement of temperature is an obligatory step in providing thermoneutrality. Temperature of NICU patients may be measured in a variety of sites, including rectum and axilla,and using a number of different tools, including glass mercury thermometers and electronic devices, which may in turn checktemperature continuously, or as one-off readings.Mercury thermometry is now used rarely in the developed world, except as a comparison for evaluating new devices, as in this study. This is largely due to concerns about the hazards associated with mercury. Mercury emits a toxic vapour that can be inhaled or absorbed directly through the skin. This vapour may persist for months or years (Blumenthal,1992). Very premature neonates with their increased skin permeability are a high-risk group for absorbing mercury vapour, especially as the warm environment required for their care facilitates mercury vapourisation (DoH, 1985). While mercury thermometers have been regarded as the gold standard for measurement of body temperature (Blumenthal, 1992; Pontious et al., 1994;Sheeran, 1996), numerous studies identify their inaccuracies (Abbey et al., 1978; Blumenthal,1992; Leick-Rude and Bloom, 1998). Johnston and Shorten (1991) tested 48 mercury thermometers against a calibrated water bath, finding only five recording the same temperature. The remaining thermometers varied by as much as 0.8℃.In place of mercury thermometry, a profusion of devices for spot-check measurement have become available. These utilise electronic, infrared or chemical technology, for use in the tympanic membrane, axilla or rectum. In addition to providing spot-check measurements, some thermometers may be used in either monitoring or predictive modes. Monitoring mode gives a continuous readout, while predictive mode uses an algorithm to predict temperature based on rate of rise after probe introduction.A number of these devices have been studied previously (Davis, 1993; Greenall et al., 1997; Johnson et al., 1991; Leick-Rude and Bloom, 1998;Ogren, 1990; Pontious et al., 1994; Rogers et al.,1991). Weiss and Richards (1994) studied 142 preterm and term infants. Using a single instrument (IV AC 2080) they measured temperature using different modes and in different sites in the same baby. They found statistically significant differences between measurements obtained in the axilla in predictive and monitoring modes, but concluded that the differences seen (0.1-0.2℃）were not clinically significant. Seguin and Terry (1999) compared axillary temperatures obtained in 28 term and preterm infants using the Lightouch device (Exergen Corp, USA) inpredictive mode with rectal temperature. They found preterm infants in incubators had the least difference between the two readings, mean (SD) 0.09 (0.16)℃. They concluded this was clinically acceptable.The rectum is now rarely used as a temperature measuring site. The utility of the axilla as the measuring site, compared to the rectum, was assessed by Jirapaet and Jirapaet (2000). They measured the temperature of 109 preterm and term infants simultaneously using four different methods. When they compared rectal and axillary temperature measured using mercury thermometry they found a mean (95% CI) difference of 0.06(0.03-0.09)℃and concluded that axillary temperature can be as accurate as rectal.This study compares the accuracy and user-acceptability of one electronic and one infrared thermometer (Lightouch Neonate, Exergen Corp,USA; Suretemp 678, Welch Allyn, Beaverton, USA)with traditional glass mercury thermometry for intermittent temperature measurement on the NICU, using the axilla as the measuring site.The Lightouch thermometer uses an optical device with a cup shaped probe,which detects infrared emissions from the surface of the skin. As there is no temperature device to heat up, it takes less than 1 s to produce a reading. The Suretemp 678 is an electronic thermistor thermometer, which takes 10 s to display a final reading in predictive mode. The trial aim was to determine whether the Lightouch Neonate infrared thermometer or the Suretemp electronic thermometer set to predictive mode, would be accurate alternatives when compared to glass mercury thermometers.MethodsA convenience sample consisting of the population resident on a large regional NICU, during a three-week trial period, was used to obtain the two separate data sets. These included babies requiring intensive care, high dependency care and low dependency care. The patient population consisted of term and preterm infants with a variety of medical and surgical conditions.Readings were obtained at the same time, using glass mercury thermometry and one of the two trial devices. Temperature readings were taken as clinically indicated and allinfants present on any area of the NICU were eligible for inclusion.Guidelines were developed so that the same method of temperature measurement would be undertaken by individual nurses, ensuring comparable sets of data would be produced, which differed only by which trial thermometer was used.The mercury thermometer was held in place for five minutes, as recommended by Bliss-Holtz (1995). The Suretemp thermometer was set to the predictive mode. Either the Suretemp or the Lightouch was placed on the infant until a reading was obtained. The two readings were then recorded on a trial data sheet.Statistical analyses were produced using the SPSS statistical program. The Bland and Altman (1986) approach for comparing two measurement devices was utilised for individual comparison of each of the trial thermometers with the glass mercury thermometer. This method of statistical analysis allows comparison of new measurement techniques with established ones to see whether they agree sufficiently for the new to replace the old.Comparison of the readings from each trial thermometer with their respective paired glass mercury axillary readings was accomplished by calculating limits of agreement, within which 95%±2 standard deviations (SD) of individual differences would fall.Scatter plots were used to display differences in readings for each thermometer. Glass mercury readings minus trial thermometer reading were plotted on the y-axis and the average of the two readings on the x-axis. A line indicating the level of the mean difference between the readings assists visualisation of the differences between individual readings around the mean. Additional lines indicate±2 SD above and below the mean (see Figs. 1 and 2).If the differences are normally distributed, 95% of the differences should lie between ±2 SD of the mean difference (Bland and Altman, 1986;Leick-Rude and Bloom, 1998).Leick-Rude and Bloom (1998)identify that 95% limits of agreement can represent a large range of differences for some instruments. Clinically,this could have marked implications, as temperature is often a criterion for deciding whether an infant's thermal environment needs adjusting, or whether they require a septic screen. Thus the percentage of readings for each instrument that was within ±0.2℃,±0.5℃and ±1℃of the glass mercury reading was also calculated, as in the study by Leick-Rude and Bloom (1998).The Pearson product moment correlation co-efficient was also calculated. This measures the strength of a relation between 2 variables. A value of 1 shows perfect positive correlation (Bland and Altman, 1986).Figure 1Suretemp thermometer vs. glass mercury thermometer. Bland-Altman plot. A line indicating the level of the mean difference between the readings allows visualisation of scatter around the mean. Additional lines indicate 2 SD above and below the mean.Figure 2Lightouch thermometer vs. glass mercury thermometer. Bland-Altman plot.A line indicating the level of the mean difference between the readings allows visualisation of scatter around the mean. Additional lines indicate ±2 SD above and below the mean.ResultsThirty-four infants provided 102 paired readings between the infant’s own glass mercury thermometer and the Suretemp electronic thermometer.Ninety-seven sets of data were used during the statistical analysis. Five sets of data could not be used either because they were incomplete or because the correct length of time had not been usedfor temperature measurement with the glass mercury thermometer.Thirty-nine infants provided 101 paired readings between the Lightouch infrared thermometer and glass mercury thermometer. Ninety-two sets of data were used during the statistical analysis. Nine sets of data could not be used either because they were poorly recorded or because the correct length of time had not been used for the glass mercury thermometer reading.Characteristics of the two groups of infants are given in Table 1.Suretemp electronic thermometerNinety-seven paired readings for the Suretemp and glass mercury thermometers were analysed. The readings with the glass mercury thermometer were mean (range) 36.9 (35.5-38.2)℃and the readings with the Suretemp were mean (range) 37 (35.3-38.5)℃. Thus the mean (SD) difference between the readings from the Suretemp thermometerand the glass mercury thermometer is 0.1(±0.25)℃(on average theSuretemp read0.1℃higher than the glass mercury thermometer). The limits of agreement between the Sure-temp electronic thermometer and the glass mercury thermometer show that 95% of the Sure-temp readings were 0.56℃above or 0.35℃below the glass mercury reading). These data are shown in Fig. 1. The Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient was R =0.88. The percentage of SureTemp measurements within ±0.1℃,±0.2℃,±0.5℃and ±1.0℃of the glass mercury reading are presented in Table 2.Lightouch infrared thermometerNinety-two paired readings for the Lightouch and glass mercury thermometers were analysed.The readings with the glass mercury thermometer were mean (range) 36.9 (36-37.6)℃and the readings with Lightouch were mean (range) 36.8(35.8-37.7)℃. Thus the mean difference between the readings from the Lightouch thermometer and the glass mercury thermometer is 0.07℃(i.e. on average the Lightouch read 0.07℃lower than the mercury thermometer).The limits of agreement between the Lightouch and glass mercury thermometer readings show that 95% of Lightouch readings were 0.38℃above or 0.52℃below the glass mercury thermometer reading. These data are shown in Fig. 2. The Pear-son product-moment co-efficient was R=0.83. The percentage of Lightouch measurements within ±0.1℃, ±0.2℃, ±0.5℃and ±1.0℃of the glass mercury reading are presented in Table 2.DiscussionStudying temperature poses some particular problems. A gold-standard method for obtaining a temperature reading, against which new devices could be compared, has not been established. While thermometry with a glass mercury device is often used as the control measurement, there are important limitations of this technique. Readings may vary with dwell time, positioning and device, and there are no universally agreed standards for these issues (Bliss-Holtz, 1995; Johnson et al.1991; Sheeran, 1996).This study also has some important limitations.It was a small study, with some infants having more than one data set included. While guidelines on obtaining measurements were given to the nursing staff, it was not possible to further standardise the conditionsunder which readings were obtained from any of the devices. This does also mean however that the results pragmatically reflect the readings obtained under standard NICU working conditions, rather than in a laboratory. A more definitive study could be undertaken on a larger scale and have a specific number of well prepared nurses to take temperature measurements, allowing inter-rater reliability to be assessed.This study addresses the question of the validity of the readings obtained from one infrared and one electronic measuring device when compared to glass mercury thermometry. Ninety-three percent of readings obtained by the Suretemp thermometer, and almost 96% of readings obtained using the Lightouch were within 0.5℃of the paired glass mercury reading. The results demonstrate good positive correlations, but slightly wider than idea limits of agreement.A questionnaire on the thermometers was completed by staff as an adjunct to the study. This highlighted a substantial variability in the time allowed for a temperature reading to register on glass mercury thermometers during normal daily practice on the unit, with possible impact on their accuracy. This variability was controlled for in the study, with staff using 5 min for each glass mercury thermometer reading. Both electronic devices had positive responses from staff, and when given the choice of using any of the thermometers, no-one opted for the glass mercury thermometer.Infection control is a further practical issue to be considered in device selection. There is concern that shared equipment like electronic thermometers may act as vectors for infection,despite the use of disposable probe covers(Rogers, 1992). If shared equipment is introduced there must also be agreed protocols for between-patient decontamination. As reliable and valid measurement of temperature is crucial for the delivery of neonatal nursing care it is perhaps surprising that the best method and site for obtaining temperature readings in newborn infants has not been definitively researched and agreed. The ideal measuring instrument would be accurate, non-invasive, deliver a rapid result and be simple to use and clean.Further work is required to deliver these important and achievable objectives.三种测量重症病房的新生儿温度的温度测量仪的比较海伦·玛丽·罗森塔尔，安德鲁·莱斯利摘要背景：提供的适宜的温度环境是新生儿护理的基础。
英文翻译
英文翻译：infrared transducer利用红外线的物理性质来进行测量的传感器。
红外线又称红外光，它具有反射、折射、散射、干涉、吸收等性质。
任何物质，只要它本身具有一定的温度（高于绝对零度），都能辐射红外线。
红外线传感器测量时不与被测物体直接接触，因而不存在摩擦，并且有灵敏度高，反应快等优点。
[1]红外线传感器包括光学系统、检测元件和转换电路。
光学系统按结构不同可分为透射式和反射式两类。
检测元件按工作原理可分为热敏检测元件和光电检测元件。
热敏元件应用最多的是热敏电阻。
热敏电阻受到红外线辐射时温度升高，电阻发生变化，通过转换电路变成电信号输出。
光电检测元件常用的是光敏元件，通常由硫化铅、硒化铅、砷化铟、砷化锑、碲镉汞三元合金、锗及硅掺杂等材料制成。
红外线传感器常用于无接触温度测量，气体成分分析和无损探伤，在医学、军事、空间技术和环境工程等领域得到广泛应用。
例如采用红外线传感器远距离测量人体表面温度的热像图，可以发现温度异常的部位，及时对疾病进行诊断治疗（见热像仪）；利用人造卫星上的红外线传感器对地球云层进行监视，可实现大范围的天气预报；采用红外线传感器可检测飞机上正在运行的发动机的过热情况等。
具有红外传感器的望远镜可用于军事行动，林地战探测密林中的敌人，城市战中探测墙后面的敌人，以上均利用了红外线传感器测量人体表面温度从而得知敌人所在地。
[1]2类型红外线传感器依动作可分为：(1) 将红外线一部份变换为热，藉热取出电阻值变化及电动势等输出信号之热型。
(2) 利用半导体迁徙现象吸收能量差之光电效果及利用因PN 接合之光电动势效果的量子型。
热型的现象俗称为焦热效应，其中最具代表性者有测辐射热器 (Thermal Bolometer)，热电堆(Thermopile)及热电(Pyroelectric)元件。
热型的优点有：可常温动作下操作，波长依存性(波长不同感度有很大之变化者)并不存在，造价便宜；缺点：感度低、响应慢(mS之谱)。
红外温度计(中英)
红外温度计简介Introduction to Infrared Thermometer红外温度计的工作原理是什么？红外温度计最核心的部分是一个透镜，红外线 (IR) 能量由透镜汇聚到检测器上，再由检测器转换为电信号，经环境温度偏差补偿后最终以温度单位显示出来。
这种配置便于实现一定距离的温度测量，而无需接触受测对象。
因此，在热电偶或其它探头型传感器因各种原因而无法使用或者无法产生精确数据时，可使用红外温度计来测量温度。
红外温度计的典型应用场合包括：受测对象处于移动状态；对象处于电磁场中（例如感应加热期间）；对象处于真空或其它受控环境中；或者需要快速响应的应用。
The most basic design consists of a lens to focus the infrared (IR) energy on to a detector , whichconverts the energy to an electrical signal that can be displayed in units of temperature afterbeing compensated for ambient temperature variation. This configuration facilitatestemperature measurement from a distance without contact with the object to be measured. Assuch, the infrared thermometer is useful for measuring temperature under circumstances wherethermocouples or other probe type sensors cannot be used or do not produce accurate data fora variety of reasons. Some typical circumstances are where the object to be measured ismoving; where the object is surrounded by an EM field, as in induction heating; where theobject is contained in a vacuum or other controlled atmosphere; or in applications where a fastresponse is required.在选择非接触式温度测量仪器时，不仅应考虑测量对象及其发射率，还应考虑周围环境和居间大气。
攀高 PG-IRT1602 红外体温计 英文使用说明书
PG -IRT1602User manualManufacturer:Shenzhen Pango Medical Electronics Co., Ltd Tel:86-755-33825988 Fax: 86-755-33825989Main Site: No.25 1st Industry Zone, Fenghuang Road, Xikeng Village, Henggang Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen, Guangdong ChinaAdditional site1: 2-4 Floor ,No.5 Shanzhuang Rd., Xikeng Village, Henggang Town, Longgang District, Shenzhen City, Guangdong Province, ChinaDate: 2019-01-09Revised: 2021-07-01Rev : A/2Authorised representative: Lotus NL B.V.Address: Koningin Julianaplein 10, 1e Verd, 2595AA, TheHague, Netherlands.Tel: +31645171879 (English), +31626669008 (Dutch)manual carefully before use.02CatalogueSafety caution items ..........................................................2Product introduction...........................................................3Use caution items...............................................................4Common sense about body temperature...........................5 Product layout....................................................................6 The screen display marks description................................7Battery installation explanation..........................................7Basic parameter instructions .............................................8Introduction of Measurement methods...............................8Product cleaning methods instructions.............................10Frequently Asked Questions and Solutions......................10Troubleshooting................................................................11Specifications of the product (12)Caution: please refer to attached file.If you use or store this product beyond the range of specified temperature and humidity, maybe it can not reach original performance specification.Use environment: temperature: from +10°C~+40°C, humidity: from 15%RH~93%RHStorage environment: temperature: from -25°C~+55°C, humidity: from 0%RH~93%RHProduct introductionIntended use: Infrared Forehead Thermometer intended to measure human body temperature by measuring forehead.Scope of application: It is suitable for displaying the body temperature of the measured object by measuring the heat radiation in the ear forehead.0403Use caution itemsFeatures :1. Non-touching type infrared measurement of Infrared Forehead Thermometer.2. Multiple colors and backlight display: White, Green, Orange and Red.3. 9 sets of memory values.4. The switch of degree Fahrenheit ℉and degree Celsius°C.(original setting is degree Celsius °C )5. Instant measurement within 1 second.6. The design is convenient and economical without earmuff, which can save subsequent use costs.7. It has the function of sound on/off.8. The machine idle time of 30 seconds, turn off power automatically.1. It is very dangerous for patients to judge and treat on their own only by measurement results, so please be sure to follow the doctor's instructions.◆Self-judgment may lead to a worsening condition of patient.2. Please do not touch with your hands or blow infrared sensor with your mouth.◆When the infrared sensor is damaged or dirty, it may cause abnormal measurement results.3. If there is a temperature difference between the storage site and the measurement site, please place it at room temperature (measurement site ）for about 30 minutes before next measurement.◆May result in incorrect measurement results.4. Please keep this product out of the reach of children. ◆When the child sticks to measure by himself, his ears may get hurt. If he swallows the battery or the transparent cover accidentally, please contact your doctor immediately.5. When measuring body temperature, please do not get close to air conditioning.◆Avoid affecting the measurement accuracy.6.Before you use every time, if you see stains, fog or water on the infrared sensor glass by check, please use a cotton swab dipped 75% alcohol for wiping the infrared sensor glass gently.7. The product suffers mechanical damage.◆There is a possibility that the measurement is not right.◆If you wipe it with toilet paper or facial tissue, it will scratch the infrared sensor resulting in incorrect measurement result.◆ Avoid affecting the accuracy of the measurement.8. The product touches water or immerses water accidentally, please fully dry before use,especially the water on thesurface of the sensor should be clean by using cotton swab.Our aim is to avoid causing safety accidents and affecting measurement accuracy.◆Caution:1. Please do not use this product for these people who suffer from otitis external, tympanitis and other ear diseases.◆It is possible to worsen the affected area.Suggestions1. When you tell the doctor measured body temperaturevalue, please explain that you measured it with a forehead thermometer.2. Please don't force to impact, fall, trample and shake this product.3. Please do not disassemble, repair and modify this product.4. Please do not allow liquid(such as alcohol, water- drop, hot water and so on) to enter the product body because of this product without water resistance.5. The product must be kept clean in a dry place.6. If you find any problems, please contact the sales , you can not repair the product by yourself.7. Please do not use it under the environment of electromagnetic interference.8. Please deal with the waste and residue of this product at the end of the service life according to local laws and regulations.Common sense about body temperatureThe comparison of different measurement methods.The measured values are different if we use differentmeasurement methods. The WHO provides normal human body temperature reference values, please see below table about the specific temperature difference.The changes in human body temperatureHuman belongs to constant temperature animals, thebody temperature is basically constant, but it is not totallychangeless, the human body temperature is constantlychanging in a day, the details as follows:At nightLowest Body temperature is lowest because of sleep anddecreasing activity.(below 37°C )In the morningHigher From warm bed to the lower temperature room in themorning, the whole body's muscles get contractionsand produce heat.At noonHighest After lunch, human body reaches the highesttemperature and the body will adjust naturally.Three or four o’clock in the afternoonLower Due to physical exertion, blood sugar decreased.In the eveningLowest Due to the sun down, room temperature goes down.06 053. When measuring the body temperature, the product must bealigned at the center of the forehead at 3-5cm to measure.◆In order to avoid inaccurate measurement.2. Please do not use this product after swimming or bath orwet ears.◆ It is possible to have low measured temperature value.Introduction of Measurement methodsForehead0807Battery installation explanationRemove the battery Battery installation flow:1. Press battery cover, the battery cover will bounce automatically.2. Prepare two pieces of battery with the module of 1.5V AAA ( number seven battery) batteries (It is recommended to use alkaline batteries), please install it into base of battery according to correct positive and negative poles.Basic parameter instructions1.Sound function: turn on/off1) In the power-on state, press “mem” key to set the sound or off.2) Press “mem” button, LCD screen will show“ ” it means the 3) Press “mem” button again, “ ”will change into, “ ”it means the sound will be off.on 2.The switch of ℉or °C In off status , long press “mem” button for six seconds, it can switch between Fahrenheit degree (℉)and Celsius degree (°C). Wait for 8 seconds to turn on the product automatically or press “ ”to turn off the product directly.shows). It will turn off automatically without operating for 30 seconds or press“ ”button to turn off this product withyour hands.3.Memory storage functionIn off status, press “mem” button, the product can read and save 9 sets of measurement values in order (as below pictureForehead 4.Back light status instructionsWarm prompts: This function is for reference only.When measured temperature is < 34, it shows LO with red backlight.°C When measured temperature value is 34°C~ 37.1, it green backlight.°C shows When measured temperature value is 37.2~ 38.1, it orange backlight.°C °C shows When measured temperature value is 38.2~43.0, it red backlight.°C °C shows When measured temperature value is > 43.0, it shows red backlight and shows HI.°C1.Forehead temperature measurement09Note: If you did not hear the beep sound, which represents the temperature measurement has not yet been completed. Please do not move the thermometer away from forehead until you hear the beep sound. (If you have closed the sound indication, it will have no sound indication.)2.Object pattern measurementNote: If you did not hear the beep sound, which represents the temperature measurement has not yet been completed. Please do not remove thermometer probe from target object at this time. (If you have closed the sound indication, it will not have sound indication.)Product cleaning way instructionsFrequently Asked Questions and SolutionsIn order to ensure the precise measurements, it recommended to clean the device after each use.Please use cotton swab to dip 75% alcohol to wipe the thermometer probe and remove the residue and dirt. We12Specifications of the productProduct name: Model number: PG-IRT1602Product appearance dimensions: 34×160×50mm Product weight: about 68g (except battery)Measuring range: 34.0°C-43.0°C.(93.2℉-109.4°F)Object temperature: 0°C- 93.2°C (32℉-199.7°F)Resolution ratio: 0.1°C /°FMeasurement Location: laboratoryAccuracy: (35.0°C ~42.0°C )±0.2°C ，(95.0°F ~107.9°F )±0.4°F ，other temperature ±0.3°C .Operation temperature: 10.0°C ~40.0°C (50.0°F ~104.0°F )，relative maximum humidity: 15%RH ~93%RH Atmospheric pressure: 70kPa~106kPaTransportation/storage temperature: -25°C ~55°C (-13°F ~131°F ),Relative maximum humidity: 0%RH ~93%RH Atmospheric pressure: 50kPa~106kPaDisplay screen: LCD display screen, 4 bit numbers and special icons.Infrared Forehead Thermometer 11Sound: when you turn on the product and ready to measure, a short beep will be heard.The measurement is finished with a long beep.System error or fault: short beeps for three times.Fever alert: short beeps for ten times come with urgency.Memory: in memory mode, it can record nine temperature numbers.Automatically shut down: if no operation for 30 seconds, it will shutdown automatically.Period of use: five yearsBattery: two pieces of 1.5V AAA batteries(alkaline batteries are recommended to use).Packing parts list 1. Main body 2. Product manualThe measurementtemperature is low.The measurement position is not correct.There are dirt stuffin the sensor or ear canal.Please clear the dirt before the measurement.Measure thetemperature correctly according to the instructions.Big temperature fluctuations with continuous measurement.The measurement interval is too small.The interval for each measurement should be above 10 seconds.TroubleshootingPhenomenons ReasonsSolutionsWhen the power is turned on, the screen can not be displayed.The battery is exhausted .Replace the new battery .The battery polarity is wrong.The battery polarity is the same as the battery case.1602 Forehead mode ：Clinical bias, Dcb: 0.078Limits of Agreement, LA ：0.243Clinical Repeatability, σr ：0.069The reference body site: forehead Measuring site: foreheadAppendix 1 Guidance and Manufacturer Declaration Tables1314NOTE 1 At 80 MHz and 800 MHz, the higher frequency range applies. NOTE 2 These guidelines may not apply in all situations. Electromagnetic propagation is affected by absorption and reflection from structures, objects and people.D051516。
红外遥控器中英文外文翻译文献
中英文外文翻译文献红外遥控及芯片介绍1 引言人的眼睛能看到的可见光按波长从长到短排列，依次为红、橙、黄、绿、青、蓝、紫。
其中红光的波长范围为0.62～0.76μm；紫光的波长范围为0.38～0.46μm。
比紫光波长还短的光叫紫外线，比红光波长还长的光叫红外线。
红外线遥控就是利用波长为0.76～1.5μm之间的近红外线来传送控制信号的。
常用的红外遥控系统一般分发射和接收两个部分。
发射部分的主要元件为红外发光二极管。
它实际上是一只特殊的发光二极管，由于其内部材料不同于普通发光二极管，因而在其两端施加一定电压时，它便发出的是红外线而不是可见光。
目前大量使用的红外发光二极管发出的红外线波长为940nm左右，外形与普通5发光二极管相同，只是颜色不同。
红外发光二极管一般有黑色、深蓝、透明三种颜色。
判断红外发光二极管好坏的办法与判断普通二极管一样：用万用表电阻挡量一下红外发光二极管的正、反向电阻即可。
红外发光二极管的发光效率要用专门的仪器才能精确测定，而业余条件下只能用拉距法来粗略判定。
接收部分的红外接收管是一种光敏二极管。
在实际应用中要给红外接收二极管加反向偏压，它才能正常工作，亦即红外接收二极管在电路中应用时是反向运用，这样才能获得较高的灵敏度。
红外接收二极管一般有圆形和方形两种。
由于红外发光二极管的发射功率一般都较小（100mW左右），所以红外接收二极管接收到的信号比较微弱，因此就要增加高增益放大电路。
前些年常用μPC1373H、CX20106A等红外接收专用放大电路。
最近几年不论是业余制作还是正式产品，大多都采用成品红外接收头。
成品红外接收头的封装大致有两种：一种采用铁皮屏蔽；一种是塑料封装。
均有三只引脚，即电源正（VDD）、电源负（GND）和数据输出（VO或OUT）。
红外接收头的引脚排列因型号不同而不尽相同，可参考厂家的使用说明。
成品红外接收头的优点是不需要复杂的调试和外壳屏蔽，使用起来如同一只三极管，非常方便。
红外温度测试仪中英文翻译
附录一：英文技术资料翻译英文原文：Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 August; 14(8): 1255–1258.doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390Cutaneous Infrared Thermometry for Detecting Febrile PatientsPierre Hausfater, Yan Zhao, Stéphanie Defrenne, Pascale Bonnet, and Bruno Riou* Author information Copyright and License informationThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractWe assessed the accuracy of cutaneous infrared thermometry, which measures temperature on the forehead, for detecting patients with fever in patients admitted to an emergency department. Although negative predictive value was excellent (0.99), positive predictive value was low (0.10). Therefore, we question mass detection of febrile patients by using this method.Keywords: Fever, mass detection, cutaneous infrared thermometry, infectious diseases, emergency, dispatchRecent efforts to control spread of epidemic infectious diseases have prompted health officials to develop rapid screening processes to detect febrile patients. Such screening may take place at hospital entry, mainly in the emergency department, or at airports to detect travelers with increased body temperatures (1–3). Infrared thermal imaging devices have been proposed as a noncontact and noninvasive method for detecting fever (4–6). However, few studies have assessed their capacity for accurate detection of febrile patients in clinical settings. Therefore, we undertook a prospective study in an emergency department to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermal imaging.The StudyThe study was performed in an emergency department of a large academic hospital (1,800 beds) and was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board (Comitéde Protection des Personnes se Prêtant àla Recherche Biomédicale Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France). Patients admitted to the emergency department were assessed by a trained triage nurse, and several variables were routinely measured, including tympanic temperature by using an infrared tympanic thermometer (Pro4000; Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA), systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and heart rate.Tympanic temperature was measured twice (once in the left ear and once in the right ear). This temperature was used as a reference because it is routinely used in our emergency department and is an appropriate estimate of central core temperature (7–9). Cutaneous temperature was measured on the forehead by using an infrared thermometer (Raynger MX; Raytek, Berlin, Germany) (Figure 1). Rationale for an infrared thermometer device instead of a larger thermal scanner was that we wanted to test a method (i.e., measurement of forehead cutaneous temperature by using a simple infrared thermometer) and not a specific device. The forehead region was chosen because it is more reliable than the region behind the eyes (5,10). The latter region may not be appropriate for mass screening because one cannot accurately measure temperature through eyeglasses, which are worn by many persons. Outdoor and indoor temperatures were also recorded.Figure 1Measurement of cutaneous temperature with an infrared thermometer. A) The device is placed 20 cm from the forehead. B) As soon as the examiner pulls the trigger, the temperature measured is shown on the display. Used with permission.The main objective of our study was to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometry for detecting patients with fever, defined as a tympanic temperature >38.0°C. The second objective was to compare measurements of cutaneous temperature and tympanic temperature, with the latter being used as a reference point. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentages and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comparison of 2 means was performed by using the Student t test, and comparison of 2 proportions was performed by using the Fisher exact method. Bias, precision (in absolute values and percentages), and number of outliers (defined as a difference >1°C) were also recorded. Correlation between 2 variables was assessed by using the least square method. The Bland and Altman method was used to compare 2 sets of measurements, and the limit of agreement was defined as ±2 SDs of the differences (11). We determined the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the area under the ROC curve and its 95% CI. The ROC curve was used to determine the best threshold for the definition of hyperthermia for cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature >38°C. We performed multivariate regression analysis to assess variables associated with thedifference between tympanic and infrared measurements. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and a p value <0.05 was required to reject the null hypothesis. Statistical analysis was performed by using Number Cruncher Statistical Systems 2001 software (Statistical Solutions Ltd., Cork, Ireland).A total of 2,026 patients were enrolled in the study: 1,146 (57%) men and 880 (43%) women 46 ± 19 years of age (range 6–103 years); 219 (11%) were >75 years of age, and 62 (3%) had a tympanic temperature >38°C. Mean tympanic temperature was 36.7°C ± 0.6°C (range 33.7°C–40.2°C), and mean cutaneous temperature was 36.7°C ± 1.7°C (range 32.0°C–42.6°C). Mean systolic arterial blood pressure was 130 ± 19 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 79 ± 13 mm Hg, and mean heart rate was 86 ± 17 beats/min. Mean indoor temperature was 24.8°C ± 1.1°C (range 20°C–28°C), and mean outdoor temperature was 10.8°C ± 6.8°C (range 0°C–32°C). Reproducibility of infrared measurements was assessed in 256 patients. Bias was 0.04°C ± 0.35°C, precision was 0.22°C ± 0.27°C (i.e., 0.6 ± 0.7%), and percentage of outliers >1°C was 2.3%.Diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature measurement is shown in Table 1. For the threshold of the definition of tympanic hyperthermia definition used (37.5°C, 38°C, or 38.5°C), sensitivity of cutaneous temperature was lower than that expected and positive predictive value was low. We attempted to determine the best threshold (definition of hyperthermia) by using cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature >38°C (Figure 2, panel A). Area under the ROC curve was 0.873 (95% CI 0.807–0.917, p<0.001). The best threshold for cutaneous hyperthermia definition was 38.0°C, a condition already assessed in Table 1. Figure 2, panels B and C shows the correlation between cutaneous and tympanic temperature measurements (Bland and Altman diagrams). Correlation between cutaneous and tympanic measurements was poor, and the infrared thermometer underestimated body temperature at low values and overestimated it at high values. Multiple regression analysis showed that 3 variables (tympanic temperature, outdoor temperature, and age) were significantly (p<0.001) and independently correlated with the magnitude of the difference between cutaneous and tympanic measurements (Table 2).Table 1Assessment of diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature inpredicting increased tympanic temperature*Figure 2A) Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showing relationship between sensitivity (true positive) and 1 – specificity (true negative) in determining value of cutaneous temperature for predicting various thresholds of hyperthermia ...Table 2Variables correlated with magnitude of the difference between cutaneous and tympanic temperature measurements*ConclusionsInfrared thermometry does not reliably detect febrile patients because its sensitivity was lower than that expected and the positive predictive value was low, which indicated a high proportion of false-positive results. Ng et al. (5) studied 502 patients, concluded that an infrared thermal imager can appropriately identify febrile patients, and reported a high area under the ROC curve value (0.972), which is similar to the area we found in the present study (0.925). However, such global assessment is of limited value because of low incidence of fever in the population. Rather than looking at positive predictive value or accuracy, one should determine negative predictive value. This determination might be of greater consequence if one considers an air traveler population or a population entering a hospital.Ng et al. (5) identified outdoor temperature as a confounding variable in cutaneous temperature measurement. Our study identified age as a variable that interferes with cutaneous measurement, but the role of gender is less obvious. Older persons showed impaired defense (stability) of core temperatures during cold and heat stresses, and their cutaneous vascular reactivity was reduced (12,13).Use of a simple infrared thermometry, rather than sophisticated imaging, should not be considered a limitation because this method concerns the relationship between cutaneous and central core temperatures. We can extrapolate our results to any devices that estimate cutaneous temperature and the software used to average it. Our study attempted to detect febrile patients, not infected patients. For mass detection of infection, focusing on fever means that nonfebrile patients are not detected. This last point is useful because fever is not a constant phenomenon during an infectious disease, antipyretic drugs may have been taken by patients, and a hypothermic ratherthan hyperthermic reaction may occur during an infectious process.In conclusion, we observed that cutaneous temperature measurement by using infrared thermometry does not provide a reliable basis for screening outpatients who are febrile because the gradient between cutaneous and core temperatures is markedly influenced by patient’s age and environmental characteristics. Mass detection of febrile patients by using this technique cannot be envisaged without accepting a high rate of false-positive results.AcknowledgmentWe thank David Baker for reviewing the manuscript.This study was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé, Ministère de la Santé et de la Solidarité, Paris, France.Biography• Dr Hausfater is an internal medicine specialist in the emergency department of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris. His primary research interests are biomarkers of infection and inflammatory and infectious diseases. References1. Kaydos-Daniels SC, Olowokure B, Chang HJ, Barwick RS, Deng JF, Kuo SH, et al. ; SARS International Field Team. Body temperature monitoring and SARS fever hotline. Emerg Infect Dis2004;10:373–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed]2. Chng SY, Chia F, Leong KK, Kwang YPK, Ma S, Lee BW, et al. Mandatory temperature monitoring in schools during SARS. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:738–9. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.047084. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Cross Ref]3. St John RK, King A, de Jong D, Brodie-Collins M, Squires SG, Tam TW Border screening for SARS.Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:6–10. [PMC free article] [PubMed]4. Hughes WT, Patterson GG, Thronton D, Williams BJ, Lott L, Dodge R Detection of fever with infrared thermometry: a feasibility study. J Infect Dis 1985;152:301–6. [PubMed]5. Ng EY, Kaw GJ, Chang WM Analysis of IR thermal imager for mass blind fever screening. Microvasc Res 2004;68:104–9. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2004.05.003. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]6. Erickson RS, Meyer LT Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and other temperature methods in adults. Am J Crit Care 1994;3:40–54. [PubMed]中文译文：新发传染性疾病.2008八月；14（8）：1255–1258.DOI：10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390 红外测温仪检测发热患者的皮肤彼埃尔侯司法特，赵岩，史蒂芬妮德弗雷纳，帕斯卡尔，和布鲁诺里乌摘要我们评估皮肤红外测温的准确性，通过病人的额头检测温度，发热病人进入急科室进行检测。
红外温度测试仪中英文翻译讲课讲稿
附录一：英文技术资料翻译英文原文：Emerg Infect Dis. 2008 August; 14(8): 1255–1258.doi: 10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390Cutaneous Infrared Thermometry for Detecting Febrile PatientsPierre Hausfater, Yan Zhao, Stéphanie Defrenne, Pascale Bonnet, and Bruno Riou* Author information Copyright and License informationThis article has been cited by other articles in PMC.AbstractWe assessed the accuracy of cutaneous infrared thermometry, which measures temperature on the forehead, for detecting patients with fever in patients admitted to an emergency department. Although negative predictive value was excellent (0.99), positive predictive value was low (0.10). Therefore, we question mass detection of febrile patients by using this method.Keywords: Fever, mass detection, cutaneous infrared thermometry, infectious diseases, emergency, dispatchRecent efforts to control spread of epidemic infectious diseases have prompted health officials to develop rapid screening processes to detect febrile patients. Such screening may take place at hospital entry, mainly in the emergency department, or at airports to detect travelers with increased body temperatures (1–3). Infrared thermal imaging devices have been proposed as a noncontact and noninvasive method for detecting fever (4–6). However, few studies have assessed their capacity for accurate detection of febrile patients in clinical settings. Therefore, we undertook a prospective study in an emergency department to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermal imaging.The StudyThe study was performed in an emergency department of a large academic hospital (1,800 beds) and was reviewed and approved by our institutional review board (Comitéde Protection des Personnes se Prêtant àla Recherche Biomédicale Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France). Patients admitted to the emergency department were assessed by a trained triage nurse, and several variables were routinely measured, including tympanic temperature by using an infrared tympanic thermometer (Pro4000; Welch Allyn, Skaneateles Falls, NY, USA), systolic and diastolic arterial blood pressure, and heart rate.Tympanic temperature was measured twice (once in the left ear and once in the right ear). This temperature was used as a reference because it is routinely used in our emergency department and is an appropriate estimate of central core temperature (7–9). Cutaneous temperature was measured on the forehead by using an infrared thermometer (Raynger MX; Raytek, Berlin, Germany) (Figure 1). Rationale for an infrared thermometer device instead of a larger thermal scanner was that we wanted to test a method (i.e., measurement of forehead cutaneous temperature by using a simple infrared thermometer) and not a specific device. The forehead region was chosen because it is more reliable than the region behind the eyes (5,10). The latter region may not be appropriate for mass screening because one cannot accurately measure temperature through eyeglasses, which are worn by many persons. Outdoor and indoor temperatures were also recorded.Figure 1Measurement of cutaneous temperature with an infrared thermometer. A) The device is placed 20 cm from the forehead. B) As soon as the examiner pulls the trigger, the temperature measured is shown on the display. Used with permission.The main objective of our study was to assess diagnostic accuracy of infrared thermometry for detecting patients with fever, defined as a tympanic temperature >38.0°C. The second objective was to compare measurements of cutaneous temperature and tympanic temperature, with the latter being used as a reference point. Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation (SD) or percentages and their 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Comparison of 2 means was performed by using the Student t test, and comparison of 2 proportions was performed by using the Fisher exact method. Bias, precision (in absolute values and percentages), and number of outliers (defined as a difference >1°C) were also recorded. Correlation between 2 variables was assessed by using the least square method. The Bland and Altman method was used to compare 2 sets of measurements, and the limit of agreement was defined as ±2 SDs of the differences (11). We determined the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves and calculated the area under the ROC curve and its 95% CI. The ROC curve was used to determine the best threshold for the definition of hyperthermia for cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature >38°C. We performed multivariate regression analysis to assess variables associated with thedifference between tympanic and infrared measurements. All statistical tests were 2-sided, and a p value <0.05 was required to reject the null hypothesis. Statistical analysis was performed by using Number Cruncher Statistical Systems 2001 software (Statistical Solutions Ltd., Cork, Ireland).A total of 2,026 patients were enrolled in the study: 1,146 (57%) men and 880 (43%) women 46 ± 19 years of age (range 6–103 years); 219 (11%) were >75 years of age, and 62 (3%) had a tympanic temperature >38°C. Mean tympanic temperature was 36.7°C ± 0.6°C (range 33.7°C–40.2°C), and mean cutaneous temperature was 36.7°C ± 1.7°C (range 32.0°C–42.6°C). Mean systolic arterial blood pressure was 130 ± 19 mm Hg, mean diastolic blood pressure was 79 ± 13 mm Hg, and mean heart rate was 86 ± 17 beats/min. Mean indoor temperature was 24.8°C ± 1.1°C (range 20°C–28°C), and mean outdoor temperature was 10.8°C ± 6.8°C (range 0°C–32°C). Reproducibility of infrared measurements was assessed in 256 patients. Bias was 0.04°C ± 0.35°C, precision was 0.22°C ± 0.27°C (i.e., 0.6 ± 0.7%), and percentage of outliers >1°C was 2.3%.Diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature measurement is shown in Table 1. For the threshold of the definition of tympanic hyperthermia definition used (37.5°C, 38°C, or 38.5°C), sensitivity of cutaneous temperature was lower than that expected and positive predictive value was low. We attempted to determine the best threshold (definition of hyperthermia) by using cutaneous temperature to predict a tympanic temperature >38°C (Figure 2, panel A). Area under the ROC curve was 0.873 (95% CI 0.807–0.917, p<0.001). The best threshold for cutaneous hyperthermia definition was 38.0°C, a condition already assessed in Table 1. Figure 2, panels B and C shows the correlation between cutaneous and tympanic temperature measurements (Bland and Altman diagrams). Correlation between cutaneous and tympanic measurements was poor, and the infrared thermometer underestimated body temperature at low values and overestimated it at high values. Multiple regression analysis showed that 3 variables (tympanic temperature, outdoor temperature, and age) were significantly (p<0.001) and independently correlated with the magnitude of the difference between cutaneous and tympanic measurements (Table 2).Table 1Assessment of diagnostic performance of cutaneous temperature inpredicting increased tympanic temperature*Figure 2A) Comparison of receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves showing relationship between sensitivity (true positive) and 1 – specificity (true negative) in determining value of cutaneous temperature for predicting various thresholds of hyperthermia ...Table 2Variables correlated with magnitude of the difference between cutaneous and tympanic temperature measurements*ConclusionsInfrared thermometry does not reliably detect febrile patients because its sensitivity was lower than that expected and the positive predictive value was low, which indicated a high proportion of false-positive results. Ng et al. (5) studied 502 patients, concluded that an infrared thermal imager can appropriately identify febrile patients, and reported a high area under the ROC curve value (0.972), which is similar to the area we found in the present study (0.925). However, such global assessment is of limited value because of low incidence of fever in the population. Rather than looking at positive predictive value or accuracy, one should determine negative predictive value. This determination might be of greater consequence if one considers an air traveler population or a population entering a hospital.Ng et al. (5) identified outdoor temperature as a confounding variable in cutaneous temperature measurement. Our study identified age as a variable that interferes with cutaneous measurement, but the role of gender is less obvious. Older persons showed impaired defense (stability) of core temperatures during cold and heat stresses, and their cutaneous vascular reactivity was reduced (12,13).Use of a simple infrared thermometry, rather than sophisticated imaging, should not be considered a limitation because this method concerns the relationship between cutaneous and central core temperatures. We can extrapolate our results to any devices that estimate cutaneous temperature and the software used to average it. Our study attempted to detect febrile patients, not infected patients. For mass detection of infection, focusing on fever means that nonfebrile patients are not detected. This last point is useful because fever is not a constant phenomenon during an infectious disease, antipyretic drugs may have been taken by patients, and a hypothermic ratherthan hyperthermic reaction may occur during an infectious process.In conclusion, we observed that cutaneous temperature measurement by using infrared thermometry does not provide a reliable basis for screening outpatients who are febrile because the gradient between cutaneous and core temperatures is markedly influenced by patient’s age and environmental characteristics. Mass detection of febrile patients by using this technique cannot be envisaged without accepting a high rate of false-positive results.AcknowledgmentWe thank David Baker for reviewing the manuscript.This study was supported by the Direction Générale de la Santé, Ministère de la Santé et de la Solidarité, Paris, France. Biography• Dr Hausfater is an internal medicine specialist in the emergency department of Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Pitié-Salpêtrière in Paris. His primary research interests are biomarkers of infection and inflammatory and infectious diseases. References1. Kaydos-Daniels SC, Olowokure B, Chang HJ, Barwick RS, Deng JF, Kuo SH, et al. ; SARS International Field Team. Body temperature monitoring and SARS fever hotline. Emerg Infect Dis2004;10:373–6. [PMC free article] [PubMed]2. Chng SY, Chia F, Leong KK, Kwang YPK, Ma S, Lee BW, et al. Mandatory temperature monitoring in schools during SARS. Arch Dis Child 2004;89:738–9. doi: 10.1136/adc.2003.047084. [PMC free article][PubMed] [Cross Ref]3. St John RK, King A, de Jong D, Brodie-Collins M, Squires SG, Tam TW Border screening for SARS.Emerg Infect Dis 2005;11:6–10. [PMC free article] [PubMed]4. Hughes WT, Patterson GG, Thronton D, Williams BJ, Lott L, Dodge R Detection of fever with infrared thermometry: a feasibility study. J Infect Dis 1985;152:301–6. [PubMed]5. Ng EY, Kaw GJ, Chang WM Analysis of IR thermal imager for mass blind fever screening. Microvasc Res 2004;68:104–9. doi: 10.1016/j.mvr.2004.05.003. [PubMed] [Cross Ref]6. Erickson RS, Meyer LT Accuracy of infrared ear thermometry and other temperature methods in adults. Am J Crit Care 1994;3:40–54. [PubMed]中文译文：新发传染性疾病.2008八月；14（8）：1255–1258.DOI：10.3201/eid1408.080059PMCID: PMC2600390 红外测温仪检测发热患者的皮肤彼埃尔侯司法特，赵岩，史蒂芬妮德弗雷纳，帕斯卡尔，和布鲁诺里乌摘要我们评估皮肤红外测温的准确性，通过病人的额头检测温度，发热病人进入急科室进行检测。
传感器温湿度测量中英文资料外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献SHT11/71传感器的温湿度测量Assist.Prof.Grish Spasov,PhD,BSc Nikolay KakanakovDepartment of Computer Systems,Technical University-branch Plovdiv,25,”Tzanko Djustabanov”Str.,4000Plovdiv,Bulgaria,+35932659576, E-mail:gvs@tu-plovdiv.bg,kakanak@tu-plovdiv.bg 关键词：温湿度测量，智能传感器，分布式自动测控这篇论文阐述了智能传感器的优点，介绍了SHT11/71温湿度传感器（产自盛世瑞公司）。
该传感器是一种理想的对嵌入式系统提供环境测量参数的传感器。
常规的应用时将SHT11/71放于实际的工作环境当中。
应用于分布式的温湿度监测系统。
使用单片机与集成网络服务器来实现对传感器的信息交流与关系。
这个应用是可实现与测试的。
1.介绍温湿度的测量控制对于电器在工业、科学、医疗保健、农业和工艺控制过程都有着显著地意义。
温湿度这两种环境参数互相影响，因为这至关重要的一点，在一些应用中他们是必须并联测量的。
SHT11/71是利用现代技术把温度、湿度测量元件、放大器、A/D转换器、数字接口、校验CRC计算逻辑记忆模块和核心芯片集成到一个非常小的尺寸上[1][3]。
采用这种智能传感器可以缩短产品开发时间和成本。
整合入传感器模数转换和放大器的芯片使开发人员能够优化传感器精度和长期问的的元素。
并不是全结合形式的数字逻辑接口连通性管理的传感器。
这些优点可以减少整体上市时间，甚至价格[1][3]。
本文以SHT11/71（产自盛世瑞公司）智能传感器为例，介绍他的优势和测量程序给出一个实用实例来说明该工作的实现条件。
这个应用时可行可测试的。
2.智能传感器——SHT11/71SHT11/71是一个继承了温度和湿度组建，以及一个多元化校准数字器的芯片。
红外线温度测量系统的英文翻译
自动校准红外测温仪低温测量摘要——本文介绍了自校准技术消除热梯度引起的测量误差在热电堆红测温，特别是当测量低温。
这种自我校准中的应用方法包括在食品工业中低温测量远程温度监测的红外测温仪在寒冷的气候。
报告中的自校准技术本文所示，以减少测量误差内±，1◦C范围内极端热冲击5秒，比不收回，直到无偿温度计热梯度被删除。
根均方的温度热冲击试验期间的噪音小于0.2◦C。
这种技术是专利申请的主体和可以适用于任何利用热电堆红外测温仪，无论热电堆的大小和几何形状。
指数校准，红外探测器，红外辐射的影响，温度测量，热电装置。
一导言事实上，红外（IR）温度测量所有温度高于绝对零度的问题（-273.15三）辐射能量的基础上。
发射的能量分布在给定温度的电磁频谱马克斯普朗克在1901年描述[1]。
他的黑体辐射在每一个非接触式红外测温仪中心法（1）L(λ,，T)，=2hc2λ5e，hcλkT，−，1 (1)其中大括号是（λ，T），光谱辐射亮度（W·M-3·SR-1）;T是对象温度（开尔文）;λ是波长（米）的;普朗克常数h=，6.6261×10-34J·S;C的光速=2.9979×108M·S-1;k玻尔兹曼常数=1.3807×10-23J·K-1。
测量使用低温红外测温是困难的红外能量的少量最后，2010年9月6日修订，2010年10月29日;接受2010年12月1日。
2011年3月3日出版日期;当前版本的日期2011年5月11日。
这项工作是支持的，一部分由工业奖学金从1851年的展览和部分皇家委员会的ERA基金会。
副主编，乔治肖博士。
T.巴里和G。
富勒Calex电子有限公司，LU7 4TZ贝德福德英国。
K.HayatlehJ.Lidgey与技术学院，牛津布鲁克斯大学，英国牛津 OX33 1HX。
数字对象标识符10.1109/TIM.2011.2113123目标8-14微米波段，否则被称为长波长的红外（长波），由于通常选择峰值发射温度范围为-50◦C至+50◦彗星发生在这个波段。
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中英文对照外文翻译使用红外线鼓膜温度计测量鼓膜温度的准确性摘要背景：在调查和诊断病人时，准确的测量温度是非常重要的。
鼓膜温度测量的优点是速度快、安全性和易用性。
本研究的目的是比较红外鼓膜温度计与水银温度计测量体温的准确性。
方法: 2012年10月在苏丹的恩图曼医院，使用汞玻璃温度计和红外线鼓膜的温度计对病人的腋和鼓膜温度连续同步的测量。
结果:总的来说，在174例患者的温度测量中，95人(54.6%)是男性。
病人平均(SD)年龄和体重是33.18(25.07)年和52.13(69.85)公斤。
在水银和红外线鼓膜温度计(SD)温度测量中，没有明显的不同，水银温度计测出是37.29°C(0.91)，P = 0.373，鼓膜的腋窝体温测量出是与37.38°C(0.95)，有显著的正相关关系。
两个读数的平均差异是- 0.093(−0.20)0.02°C。
结论:在这项研究中，相对于水银玻璃温度计，鼓膜温度测量是可靠和准确的。
因此，鼓膜的温度测量可以用于临床实践，特别是在紧急情况，在易用性和速度获得温度读数是重要的。
关键词：鼓膜，腋温，苏丹，红外，温度测量背景测量体温是最古老的已知的诊断方法，在日常生活中的医疗护理[1]，它是一个健康与疾病的指标。
苏丹流行着许多传染性疾病，如疟疾，这需要快速、安全、准确的温度测量来筛查发烧的病人。
人体温度有所不同，实际上是不超过一个近似的温度值，估计集成在中枢神经系统内众多的热输入，包括脊髓、神经鞘。
在中脑网状结构，和迷走神经，最后抵达哺乳动物的体温调节的控制器下丘脑。
自主体温调节的控制有五个主要的贡献者，皮肤表面，深腹部和胸部组织，脊髓、下丘脑和其他部分大脑。
尽管温度测量肺动脉导管，代表核心体温，这个方法是有侵入性的，不适合大多数病人。
腋窝的温度测量是一种非侵入性的技术体现了身体温度和与直肠温度。
使用水银温度计，尤其是玻璃水银温度计并非没有危险。
图1是比较腋和鼓膜的身体温度测量：图1 腋和鼓膜的身体温度测量(°C)红外线鼓膜温度计是理想的，因为鼓膜是分享同一个始发于颈动脉下丘脑供应的动脉血液。
因此，鼓膜的膜被认为直接反映核心温度[10]。
红外线鼓膜温度计容易使用是潜移默化的，在传统的技术中是保证精度的温度计(11、12)。
一些数据可以反应鼓膜温度计的准确性。
因此，目前的目的是研究比较鼓膜温度计的温度，以便用来与汞玻璃温度计之前获得的温度进行比较。
方法病人选择：本研究旨在调查恩图曼教学医院，在2012年10月的苏丹，用包括两个成人和1岁以上的儿童的病人，观察有或没有发烧，在此期间将其列入研究进行了评估。
患者被便利抽样(基于双向假说测试使用Epiinfo与80%的动力和信心间隔的95%)，直到同时腋窝和鼓膜温度测量得到。
那些外耳炎、软组织感染，严重的疾病的情况下，那些戴着助听器和那些不愿参加这项研究被排除在外。
这项研究是由伦理委员会批准恩图曼医院，得到书面同意从所有的病人或从儿童监护人中实验。
仪器：一个布劳恩(红外热成像4520，布劳恩GmbH是一家现代化的、Kronberg、德国)，设备被用来验证之前的研究[13]，其被用于红外测量鼓膜温度。
一个非自身调整水银式温度计是用来测量腋温度。
所有的水银温度计是校准设定在38°C。
只有那些温度计与偏差小于0.1°C才能用于这项研究。
所有患者检查到的耳部感染，排除阻塞耳蜡清除。
使用同样的程序来测量右耳鼓膜温度。
图2 红外线鼓膜的体温和水银玻璃温度计的散点图的相关性过程一个医疗官和三个护士接受培训，然后正确使用所有温度测量装置。
患者完成了研究他们的腋下和鼓膜的标准膜的温度，同时测量在08.00 h。
探测器的红外辐射温度计插入到外耳道通过将耳廓向后，并指挥探头向前。
探测器是处于同一种姿势直到听到响声。
水银式温度计动摇了在每个温度读数低于35°C的记录，然后放置在患者的腋下，最低的保持5分钟。
然后相同的医疗工作者将读取和记录。
从鼓膜和水银式温度计中数字阅读比较。
然后，另一个研究团队的成员将阅读水银温度计的文档，失真的结果交予原来的医疗工作者。
数据分析分析实验结果用Windows(SPSS公司，芝加哥，美国)SPSS 20.0版。
线性correla——对其进行对比腋和鼓膜的特点。
数据集之间的差异被绘制为的奥特曼图表[14]。
基于以前预定义的临床可接受的限度，二层鼓膜和腋窝的测量方法是意味着标准差是在±0.2°C。
结果一般特性：温度测量了174例(67。
38.5%是孩子< 18年)，在医学情况相同情况下，有95(54.60%)男性，他们的平均年龄(SD)是30.1(24.1)年(范围2 - 80年)和平均重量(SD)是54.4(69.8)公斤。
同样的女性，平均年龄(SD)为32.4年(范围2 - 80)和平均重量(SD)是56.1(62.7)公斤。
这些174患者，61例(35.1%)患者发热(温度> 37.5°C)根据两腋和鼓膜的读数如图3：图3 不同的红外测温法和水银玻璃鼓膜的温度测量腋的体温与鼓膜的身体温度平均(SD)体温测量分别是37.29(0.91;腋)和37.38(0.95;鼓膜的)，P = 0.373°C。
有一个正相的关系，身体温度使用腋和鼓膜的方法(r = 0.697，P < 0.001)两个人之间的读数差是−0.093(−0.20)0.02°C。
讨论当前主要目的是研究腋和鼓膜的测量体温方法。
本研究，问题是在标准腋下温度的测量方法下，如何做鼓膜的膜温度测量，或可以新设备代替旧的吗?红外线鼓膜温度计拿什么来衡量鼓膜的膜的红外热辐射。
然而，已经表达了对鼓膜温度测量的准确性的怀疑(16、17)和差异。
已经观察到当测量由两个耳朵，耳朵感染的鼓膜时，如中耳炎可以影响真实的温度鼓膜[18]。
进一步研究比较直肠温度测量与红外线鼓膜的温度计测量没有发现相同点。
最后的结果，目前的研究得到的与Chueetal相比。
2011年泰缅边境,来自口头上的水银温度计的恐慌，发现意味着在这两种设备的缺席下，所有观察设备0.09°C(95%置信区间:0.07—-0.12)[10]，不止一个被Chueetal阅读使用。
同样，拉巴尼在2010得出同样的结论，尤其是在年轻的病人，两鼓膜和口腔温度记录，以及把口腔温度作为标准。
然而与2011年相比，红外线鼓膜温度计在口头方式与卷曲玻璃温度计读数测量温度在不到5岁的发热和无热的孩子，发现平均温度相差0.41±0.37°C(P < 0.001)和0.47±0.39发热组°C(P < 0.001)。
尽管鼓膜的膜的温度有相当好的灵敏度和特异性，该研究得出结论说，当测量孩子们的体温时，他们可能不是可靠的估计。
从目前的研究结果中看，因为他们安全，易于使用和快速获取温度读数，所以支持使用红外鼓膜温度计。
此外，汞的危害毒性使得红外温度计更加可取带老式汞玻璃温度计，基于他们的低成本，相比鼓膜温度计，有些则可能更喜欢后者。
有一个限制是使用目前的研究腋窝温度作为测量的核心温度而不是肛。
其是易于使用，通常用于我们的设置和可能接受的传统和习俗此设置。
但衡量这要求的核心温度最好与肺动脉温度相关。
这种侵入性的程序，是不适合使用在紧急护理实践中的。
此外，本研究不包括患者体温过低，所以它的发现不能外推到新生儿或与低体温的病人。
进一步的研究必须包括这些，组织应支持实施更广泛的使用鼓膜温度计。
结论在这项研究中，鼓膜温度的测量一样可靠的准确的。
因此，鼓膜温度测量可以在临床实践中使用，因为它很容易使用和获得的快读的温度读数。
作者细节1.大学医学院，卡西姆大学，卡西姆，沙特阿拉伯。
2. buraidah中心医院，Buraidah、沙特阿拉伯。
3.教师大学医学院喀土穆，邮政信箱102，喀土穆，苏丹。
收到:2013年3月14日:2013年5月9日接受发表:2013年5月10日英文文献来源：Gasim I Gasim, Imad R Musa, Mohamed T Abdien, Ishag Adam in BMC Research Notes (2013)Accuracy of tympanic temperature measurementusing an infrared tympanic membrane thermometerAbstractBackground: During investigation and diagnosis of patients, accurate temperature measurement is of great importance. The advantages of tympanic membrane thermometry are speed (temperature reading available within seconds), safety, and ease of use. The aim of this study was to compare the accuracy of infrared tympanic thermometers in comparison to mercury thermometers in measurement of body temperature. Methods: Axillary and tympanic temperature was measured simultaneously in consecutive patients using mercury glass and infrared tympanic thermometers at Omdurman Hospital, Sudan during October 2012.Results: In total, temperature was measured in 174 patients, 95 of whom (54.6%) were male. The mean (SD) patient age and weight was 33.18 (25.07) years and 52.13 (69.85) kg. There was no significant difference in mean (SD) temperature measurement between mercury and infrared tympanic membrane thermometers, 37.29°C (0.91) versus 37.38°C (0.95), P = 0.373, respectively. There was a significant positive correlation between axillary and tympanic body temperature measurements (r = 0.697, P < 0.001). The mean difference between the two readings (with limits of agreements) was - 0.093 (−0.20; 0.02) °C.Conclusion: In this study, tympanic membrane thermometry is as reliable and accurate as axillary mercury glass thermometry. Thus, tympanic thermometry can be used in clinical practice, especially in the emergency setting, where ease of use and speed of obtaining the temperature reading are important.Keywords: Tympanic membrane, Axillary temperature, Sudan, Infrared, Thermometry Background:Measurement of body temperature is one of the oldest known diagnostic methods and still remains an import-ant indicator of health and disease, both in everyday life and in medical care [1]. Sudan has endemic levels of many communicable diseases, such as malaria [2,3],which necessitate speedy, safe and accurate temperature measurement for screening for fever.Body temperature depends on the type of thermometer and the area of the body used fortaking the measurement [4]. Human body temperature varies depending on the site from which the reading was taken - these differences are actually no more than an approximation of the true value that is being estimated [4,5]. Integration.Table 1 Comparison of axillary and tympanic bodyInfrared tympanic membrane thermometers are considered ideal because the tympanic membrane and the hypothalamus share an arterial blood supply originating from the carotid artery; therefore, the tympanic membrane is considered to directly reflect core temperature[10]. An infrared tympanic membrane thermometer is easy to use and is favored over a conventional mercury thermometer provided its accuracy is guaranteed [11,12]. Few published data are available on the accuracy of tympanic membrane thermometers. Thus, the aim of the current study was to compare the temperature obtained by tympanic membrane thermometers with that obtained with mercury glass thermometers before recommending tympanic thermometers for use in general practice in Sudan.Methods:Patient selectionThis study was conducted at Omdurman Teaching Hospital, Sudan during October 2012. Patients including both adults and children above one year of age, presenting with or without fever to the emergency room during this period were evaluated for inclusion in the study. Patients were recruited by convenience sampling (based on a 2-sided hypothesis tests using Epiinfo with 80% power and confidence interval of 95%) until 174 sets of simultaneous axilla and tympanic membrane temperature measurements were obtained. Those with otitis externa/media, soft tissue infection, severe illness, trauma patients, those who had had a cold or hot drink or who had smoked in the 20 minutes prior to examination, those wearing a hearing aid and those who were unwilling to be enrolled in the study were excluded. The study was approved by the ethical committee at Omdurman Hospital, and written consent was obtained from all patients or from a guardian for children.InstrumentsA Braun ThermoScan (IRT 4520, Braun GmbH, Kronberg, Germany), a device validated in a previous study [13], was used for the infrared measurement of tympanic membrane temperature. A non-self-adjusted mercury bulb thermometer was used to measure axillary temperature. All the mercury bulb thermometers were calibrated in a single water bath set at 38°C. Only those thermometers with a deviation of less than 0.1°C were used for the study. All patients were examined otoscopically to exclude ear infection and occluding ear wax was cleared. The same procedure using the right ear right was used to measure the tympanic membrane temperature for each patient.ProcedureA medical officer and three nurses received training on the proper use of all temperature measuring devices.Their visual acuity in both eyes tested 6/6. Patients who fulfilled the study criteria had their axilla and tympanic membrane temperatures simultaneously measured at 08.00 h. The probe of the infrared thermometer was inserted into the external auditory meatus by pulling the pinna backward, and directing the probe towards the eye. The probe was held in the same position until the beep was heard. The mercury bulb thermometer was shaken beforeeach recording to decrease its temperature reading to below 35°C and then placed, for a minimum of 5 minutes, in the patient’s axilla. The same healthcare worker would read and document the digital reading from the tympanic membrane thermometer and the mercury bulb thermometer. Immediately, another member of the team would then read and document the mercury thermometer, blinded from the results of the original healthcare worker.Statistical analysesThe results were analyzed using SPSS, version 20.0 for Windows (SPSS Inc, Chicago, IL, USA). Linear correlations were made between tympanic and axillary temperatures. Differences between sets of data were plotted as described by Bland-Altman [14]. Based on previously pre-defined clinically acceptable limits, agreement between tympanic and axillary measurement methods was accepted when the mean ±2 standard deviations was within ±0.2°C [15].ResultGeneral characteristicsTemperature was measured for 174 patients (67; 38.5% were children < 18 years), all of whom were medical cases. There were 95 (54.60%) males, their mean age (SD) was 30.1 (24.1) years (range 2–80 years) and mean weight (SD) was 54.4 (69.8) kg. likewise for the females, the mean age (SD) was 32.4 years (range 2–80) and the mean weight (SD) was 56.1(62.7) kg. Out of these 174 patients, 61 (35.1%) patients were febrile (temperature>37.5°C) according to both axillary and tympanic readings. Axillary body temperature versus tympanic body temperature The mean (SD) body temperature measurements were 37.29 (0.91; axillary) and 37.38 (0.95; tympanic),P = 0.373°C (Table 1). There was a positive correlation between body temperature using axillary and tympanic methods (r = 0.697, P < 0.001; Figure 1). The mean difference, with limits of agreements, between the two readings was −0.093 (−0.20; 0.02) °C (Table 2 and Figure 2).DiscussionThe main finding of the current study was a positive correlation between axillary and tympanic methods of measuring body temperature. This study positively answered the question ‘How well does tympanic membrane temperature measurement agree with standard axillary measuring technique?’, or can the new device substitute for the old? Infrared tympanic membrane thermometers take seconds to measure the natural emission of infrared thermal radiation from the tympanic membrane. However, doubts have been expressed about theaccuracy of tympanic membrane thermometry [16,17] and differences have been observed when measurements are made in both ears. Ear infections egotitis media can influence the true temperature of the tympanum [18]. A further study comparing rectal temperature measurement with infrared tympanic thermometer measurement did not find excellent agreement of results [19]. Similar results to the present study were obtained by Chueetal., 2012 who compared tympanic and oral mercury thermometers in 201 patients on the Thai-Myanmar border, and found the mean difference in the two devices for all observers/devices to be 0.09°C (95% CI: 0.07–0.12) [10]. More than one reading was used by Chueetal., and only one reading was used in the current study. Likewise, Rabbanietal., 2010 reached the same conclusion, especially in young patients, where both tympanic membrane and oral cavity temperatures were recorded, as well as oral temperature as standard [20]. However, Edeluetal., 2011 compared infrared tympanic thermometer in oral mode with mercury glass thermometer readings for measuring the temperature in febrile and afebrile children less than 5 years old, and found a mean difference of 0.41 ± 0.37°C(P < 0.001) in the febrile group and 0.47 ± 0.39°C(P < 0.001) in the afebrile group. Although tympanic membrane thermometers have a fairly good sensitivity and specificity, the study concluded that they may not be reliable in estimating ‘core’ body temperature in children [21].Findings from the present study support the use of infrared tympanic membrane thermometers, because of their safety, ease of use and the fast speed for obtaining temperature readings. Moreover, the hazards of mercury toxicity makes infrared thermometers preferable to the old mercury glass thermometers, although some might prefer the latter based on their low cost compared with tympanic membrane thermometers.One of the limitations of the present study was the use of axillary temperature as a measurement of core temperature rather than the rectal one. Axillary temperature is easy to use, commonly used in our setting and might be acceptable by the traditions and customs in this setting. Pulmonary artery temperature correlates best with core temperature, but to measure this requires an invasive procedure which is unsuitable for use in rou- tine emergency care practice. Furthermore, this study did not include patients with hypothermia, and so its findings cannot be extrapolated to newborns or to patients with hypothermia. Further studies including these groups should be carried out to support the wider use of tympanic membrane thermometers.ConclusionIn this study, tympanic membrane thermometry was asreliable and as accurate as axillary mercury glass thermometry. Thus, tympanic membrane thermometry can be used in the clinical practice, because it is easy to use and the speed of obtaining the temperature reading. Author detailsCollege of Medicine, Qassim University, Qassim, Saudi Arabia. 2Buraidah Central Hospital, Buraidah, Saudi Arabia. 3Faculty of Medicine, University of Khartoum, P.O. Box 102, Khartoum, Sudan.Received: 14 March 2013 Accepted: 9 May 2013Published: 10 May 2013References1. Sund-Levander M, Grodzinsky E: Time for a change to assess and evaluatebody temperature in clinical practice. Int J Nurs Pract 2009, 15:241–249.2. Himeidan YE, Elbashir MI, El-Rayah el-A, Adam I: Epidemiology of malariaIn New Halfa, an irrigated area in eastern Sudan. East Mediterr Health J 2005,11:499–504.3. 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