山东中医药大学生理学2017年考博真题考博试卷
山东中医药大学中医基础理论2014年考博真题试卷
山东中医药大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东中医药大学
2014年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：中医基础理论 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、问答题（100） 1.阴阳学说基本内容和意义
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2.经脉和络脉的区别和联系 3.何为合病？何为并病？两者区别和联系 4.五行相克规律的治则和治法？举例说明 5.何为体质学说？对中医学指导意义 6.辨证和辨病的区别和联系 7.肾阴虚导致闭经和崩漏的机理 8.何为气机和气化？联系 9.谈谈你对“三焦”的认识 10.心和肾的生理联系
历年中医药大学博士考题资料
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
医学博士生考试真题
医学博士生考试真题选择题下列哪种细胞是构成人体免疫系统的主要细胞？A. 神经细胞B. 红细胞C. 淋巴细胞D. 肌细胞答案：C在医学研究中，下列哪种方法常用于评估药物的治疗效果？A. 问卷调查B. 随机对照试验C. 观察法D. 文献回顾答案：B下列哪种疾病是由病毒引起的？A. 糖尿病B. 冠心病C. 流行性感冒D. 骨质疏松症答案：C在解剖学上，心脏的主要功能是什么？A. 分泌激素B. 储存血液C. 泵送血液D. 消化食物答案：C下列哪种激素由甲状腺分泌，对机体代谢和生长发育有重要作用？A. 胰岛素B. 生长激素C. 甲状腺素D. 肾上腺素答案：C名词解释肝肾综合征（HRS）：又称功能性肾衰，以自发性少尿或无尿、氮质血症、稀释性低钠血症和低尿钠为特征，而肾脏无明显病理改变。
肠易激综合征（IBS）：是一种腹痛或腹部不适伴排便习惯改变为特征的功能性肠病，经检查排除可引起这些症状的器质性疾病。
卓-艾综合征（胃泌素瘤）：由胰腺非β细胞瘤分泌大量胃泌素所致，肿瘤一般很小（<1cm），生长缓慢，半数为恶性。
简答题自发性气胸的治疗原则：根据气胸类型、病因、发生频次、肺萎缩程度、病情状态及有无并发症等，酌情选择保守治疗或手术治疗。
一般首次发生的症状较轻的闭合性气胸，可先行保守治疗。
保守治疗无效或复发、引流后持续漏气、血气胸、长期气胸、张力性气胸引流失败者可考虑手术治疗。
支气管哮喘典型的临床表现：反复发作性伴有哮鸣音的呼气性呼吸困难。
症状可在数分钟内发生，并持续数小时至数天，可经平喘药物治疗后缓解或自行缓解。
夜间及凌晨发作和加重常是哮喘的特征之一。
肿瘤外科治疗的原则：无瘤原则：指在切除肿瘤时及整个手术过程中，防止肿瘤细胞的扩散和种植，这是肿瘤外科治疗的基本原则。
整块切除原则：强调在手术中应整块切除肿瘤及其周围正常组织，以防止肿瘤细胞的扩散。
根治性原则：在切除肿瘤时，应同时切除肿瘤周围可能受累的淋巴结和软组织，以达到根治的目的。
全国医学博士统一考试真题
选择题
下列哪种细胞是构成人体免疫系统的主要细胞？
A. 神经细胞
B. 红细胞
C. 淋巴细胞（正确答案）
D. 肌细胞
在医学研究中，下列哪种方法常用于评估药物的治疗效果？
A. 问卷调查
B. 随机对照试验（正确答案）
C. 观察法
D. 文献回顾
下列哪种疾病是由病毒引起的？
A. 糖尿病
B. 冠心病
C. 流行性感冒（正确答案）
D. 骨质疏松症
在解剖学上，心脏的主要功能是什么？
A. 分泌激素
B. 储存血液
C. 泵送血液（正确答案）
D. 消化食物
下列哪种维生素对维持正常视觉功能至关重要？
A. 维生素A（正确答案）
B. 维生素B
C. 维生素C
D. 维生素D
在临床实践中，下列哪种检查常用于诊断骨折？
A. 血液检查
B. 尿液检查
C. X光检查（正确答案）
D. 心电图检查
下列哪种激素由甲状腺分泌，对机体代谢和生长发育有重要作用？
A. 胰岛素
B. 生长激素
C. 甲状腺素（正确答案）
D. 肾上腺素
在医学遗传学研究中，下列哪种技术常用于基因诊断？
A. PCR技术（正确答案）
B. 血液透析
C. 超声波检查
D. 内窥镜检查
下列哪种疾病属于自身免疫性疾病？
A. 肺炎
B. 肝炎
C. 类风湿关节炎（正确答案）
D. 细菌性肠炎。
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一(精选).doc
2017年医学博士外语真题试卷一（精选）(总分：126.00，做题时间：90分钟)1.Section A（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________ 2.Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.（分数：2.00）A.affiliateB.alleviateC.aggravateD.accelerate3.An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneousB.negativeC.adverseD.prompt4.Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.prevalent5.Generally, vaccine makers______the virus in fertilized chicken eggs in a process that can take four to six months.（分数：2.00）A.penetrateB.designateC.generateD.exaggerate6.Drinking more water is good for the rest of your body, helping to lubricate jointsand______toxins and impurities.（分数：2.00）A.screen outB.knock outC.flush outD.rule out7.Despite their good service provided, most inns are less expensive than hotels of______standards.（分数：2.00）A.equivalentB.likelyC.alikeD.uniform8.Chronic high-dose intake of vitamin A has been shown to have______effects on bones.（分数：2.00）A.adverseB.prevalentC.instantD.purposeful9.According to the Geneva______no prisoners of war shall be subject to abuse.（分数：2.00）A.CustomsB.CongressesC.ConventionsD.Routines10.Environmental officials insist that something be done to______acid rain.（分数：2.00）A.curbB.sueC.detoxifyD.condemn11.It is impossible to say how it will take place, because it will happen______, and it will not be a long process.（分数：2.00）A.spontaneouslyB.simultaneouslyC.principallyD.approximately12.Section B（分数：2.00）__________________________________________________________________________________________13.The patient's condition has worsened since last night.（分数：2.00）A.improvedB.returnedC.deterioratedD.changed14.Beijing Television-Station Transmitting Tower really looks magnificent at night when it's lit up .（分数：2.00）A.decoratedB.illustratedC.illuminatedD.entertained15.Because of adverse weather conditions, the travelers stopped to camp.（分数：2.00）A.localB.unfamiliarC.goodD.unfavorablerm the manager if you are on medication that makes you drowsy .（分数：2.00）A.uneasyB.sleepyC.guiltyD.fiery17.The period from 3, 000 to 1, 000 B. C. E. , when the use of bronze became common , is normally referred to as the Bronze Age.（分数：2.00）A.obviousB.significantC.necessaryD.widespread18.Diabetes is one of the most prevalent and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.（分数：2.00）A.crucialB.virulentC.colossalD.widespread19.Likewise , soot and smoke from fire contain a multitude of carcinogens.（分数：2.00）A.a matter ofB.a body ofC.plenty ofD.sort of20.Many questions about estrogen's effects remain to be elucidated , and investigations are seeking answers through ongoing laboratory and clinical studies.（分数：2.00）A.implicatedB.impliedC.illuminatedD.initiated21.The defect occurs in the first eight weeks of pregnancy, though no one understands why.（分数：2.00）A.faultB.deviationC.discretionD.discrepancy22.The applications of genetic engineering are abundant and choosing one appropriate for this case can be rather difficult.（分数：2.00）A.sufficientB.plentifulC.adequateD.countable三、PartⅢ Cloze(总题数：1，分数：20.00)It was the kind of research that gave insight into how flu strains could mutate so quickly. (One theory behind the 1918 version's sudden demise after wreaking so much devastation was that it mutated to a nonlethal form. ) The same branch of research concluded in 2005 that the 1918 flu started in birds before passing to humans. Parsing this animal-human【C1】______could provide clues to【C2】______the next potential superflu, which already has a name: H5N1, also known as avian flu or bird flu. This potential killer also has a number: 59 percent. According to the World Health Organization, nearly three-fifths of the people who【C3】______H5N1 since 2003 died from the virus, which was first reported【C4】______humans in Hong Kong in 1997 before a more serious 【C5】______occurred in Southeast Asia between 2003 and 2004. (It has since spread to Africa and Europe. ) Some researchers argue that those mortality numbers are exaggerated because WHO only 【C6】______cases in which victims are sick enough to go to the hospital for treatment【C7】______compare that to the worldwide mortality rate of the 1918 pandemic; it may have killed roughly50 million people, but that was only 10 percent of the number of people infected, according toa 2006 estimate. H5N1's saving grace — and the only reason we're not running around masked up in public right now — is that the strain doesn't jump from birds to humans, or from humans to humans, easily. There have been just over 600 cases (and 359 deaths) since 2003. But【C8】______its lethality, and the chance it could turn into something far more transmissible, one might expect H5N1 research to be exploding, with labs【C9】______the virus's molecular components to understand how it spreads between animals and【C10】______to humans, and hoping to discover a vaccine that could head off a pandemic.（分数：20.00）(1).【C1】（分数：2.00）A.interactB.interfaceC.connectionD.contamination(2).【C2】（分数：2.00）A.stoppingB.stoppedC.have stoppedD.stop(3).【C3】（分数：2.00）A.contactedB.contractedC.concentratedD.infected(4).【C4】（分数：2.00）A.onB.inC.ofD.with(5).【C5】（分数：2.00）A.breakoutB.take placeC.happenD.outbreak(6).【C6】（分数：2.00）A.accountsB.numbersC.countsD.takes(7).【C7】（分数：2.00）A.MoreoverB.StillC.FurthermoreD.Thereafter(8).【C8】（分数：2.00）A.givenB.givingC.to giveD.speaking of(9).【C9】（分数：2.00）A.parsingB.parsedC.to parseD.having parsed(10).【C10】（分数：2.00）A.presentlyB.potentiallyC.potentlyD.importantly四、PartⅣ Reading Compre(总题数：6，分数：60.00)If you are reading this article, antibiotics have probably saved your life—and not once but several times. A rotten tooth, a knee operation, a brush with pneumonia; any number of minor infections that never turned nasty. You may not remember taking the pills, so unremarkable havethese one-time wonder drugs become. Modern medicine relies on antibiotics — not just to cure diseases, but to augment the success of surgery, childbirth and cancer treatments. Yet now health authorities are warning, in uncharacteristically apocalyptic terms, that the era of antibiotics is about to end. In some ways, bacteria are continually evolving to resist the drugs. But in the past we've always developed new ones that killed them again. Not this time. Infections that once succumbed to everyday antibiotics now require last-resort drugs with unpleasant side effects. Others have become so difficult to treat that they kill some 25, 000 Europeans yearly. And some bacteria now resist every known antibiotic. Regular readers will know why: New Scientist has reported warnings about this for years. We have misused antibiotics appallingly, handing them out to humans like medicinal candy and feeding them to livestock by the tonne, mostly not for health reasons but to make meat cheaper. Now antibiotic-resistant bacteria can be found all over the world — not just in medical facilities, but everywhere from muddy puddles in India to the snows of Antarctica (南极洲) . How did we reach this point without viable successors to today's increasingly ineffectual drugs? The answer lies not in evolution but economics. Over the past 20 years, nearly every major pharmaceutical company has abandoned antibiotics. Companies must make money, and there isn't much in short-term drugs that should be used sparingly. So researchers have discovered promising candidates, but can't reach into the deep pockets needed to develop them. This can be fixed. As we report this week, regulatory agencies, worried medical bodies and Big Pharma are finally hatching ways to remedy this market failure. Delinking profits from the volume of drug sold (by adjusting patent rights, say, or offering prizes for innovation) has worked for other drugs, and should work for antibiotics — although there may be a worryingly long wait before they reach the market. One day, though, these will fall to resistance too. Ultimately, we need, evolution-proof cures for bacterial infection: treatments that stop bacteria from causing disease, but don't otherwise inconvenience the little blighters. When resisting drugs confers no selective advantage, drugs will stop breeding resistance. Researchers have a couple of candidates for such treatment. But they fear regulators will drag their feet over such radical approaches. That, too, can be fixed. We must not neglect development of the sustainable medicine we need, the way we have neglected simple antibiotic R&D. If we do, one day another top doctor will be telling us that the drugs no longer work—and there really will be no help on the way.（分数：10.00）(1).In the first paragraph, the author is trying to______.（分数：2.00）A.warn us against the rampant abuse of antibiotics everywhereB.suggest a course of action to reduce antibiotic resistanceC.tell us a time race between humans and bacteriaD.remind us of the universal benefit of antibiotics(2).The warning from health authorities implies that______.（分数：2.00）A.the pre-antibiotic era will returnB.the antibiotic crisis is about to repeatC.the wonder drugs are a double-edged swordD.the development of new antibiotics is too slow(3).The appalling misuse of antibiotics, according to the passage, ______.（分数：2.00）A.has developed resistant bacteria worldwideB.has been mainly practiced for health reasonsC.has been seldom reported as a warning in the worldD.has been particularly worsened in the developing countries(4).The market failure refers to______.（分数：2.00）A.the inability to develop more powerful antibioticsB.the existing increasingly ineffectual drugs in the marketC.the poor management of the major pharmaceutical companiesD.the deprived investment in developing new classes of antibiotics(5).During the presentation of the two solutions, the author carries a tone of______.（分数：2.00）A.doubtB.urgencyC.indifferenceD.helplessnessWhere one stage of child development has been left out, or not sufficiently experienced, the child may have to go back and capture the experience of it. A good home makes this possible, for example by providing the opportunity for the child to play with a clockwork car or toy railway train up to any age if he still needs to do so. This principle, in fact, underlies all psychological treatment of children in difficulties with their development, and is the basis of work in child clinics. The beginnings of discipline are in the nursery. Even the youngest baby is taught by gradual stages to wait for food, to sleep and wake at regular intervals and so on. If the child feels the world around him is a warm and friendly one, he slowly accepts its rhythm and accustoms himself to conforming to its demands. Learning to wait for things, particularly for food, is a very important element in upbringing, and is achieved successfully only if too great demands are not made before the child can understand them. Every parent watches eagerly the child's acquisition of each new skill—the first spoken words, the first independent steps, or the beginning of reading and writing. It is often tempting to hurry the child beyond his natural learning rate, but this can set up dangerous feeling of failure and states of anxiety in the child. This might happen at any stage. A baby might be forced to use a toilet too early, a young child might be encouraged to learn to read before he knows the meaning of the words he reads. On the other hand, though, if a child is left alone too much, or without any learning opportunities, he loses his natural zest for life and his desire to find out new things for himself. Learning together is a fruit source of relationship between children and parents. By playing together, parents learn more about their children and children learn more from their parents. Toys and games which both parents and children can share are an important means of achieving this co-operation. Building-block toys, jigsaw puzzles and crossword are good examples. Parents vary greatly in their degree of strictness or indulgence towards their children. Some may be especially strict in money matters, others are severe over times of coming home at night, punctuality for meals or personal cleanliness. In general, the controls imposed represent the needs of the parents and the values of the community as much as the child's own happiness and well-being.（分数：10.00）(1).The principle underlying all treatment of developmental difficulties in children______.（分数：2.00）A.is to send them to clinicsB.offers recapture of earlier experiencesC.is in the provision of clockwork toys and trainsD.is to capture them before they are sufficiently experienced(2).The child in the nursery______.（分数：2.00）A.quickly learns to wait for foodB.doesn't initially sleep and wake at regular intervalsC.always accepts the rhythm of the world around themD.always feels the world around him is warm and friendly(3).The encouragement of children to achieve new skills______.（分数：2.00）A.can never be taken too farB.should be left to school teachersC.will always assist their developmentD.should be balanced between two extremes(4).Jigsaw puzzles are______.（分数：2.00）A.too difficult for childrenB.a kind of building-block toyC.not very entertaining for adultsD.suitable exercises for parent-child cooperation(5).Parental controls and discipline______.（分数：2.00）A.serve a dual purposeB.should be avoided as much as possibleC.reflect the values of the communityD.are designed to promote the child's happinessFor 150 years scientists have tried to determine the solar constant, the amount of solar energy that reaches the Earth. Yet, even in the most cloud-free regions of the planet, the solar constant cannot be measured precisely. Gas molecules and dust particles in the atmosphere absorb and scatter sunlight and prevent some wavelengths of the light from ever reaching the ground. With the advent of satellites, however, scientists have finally been able to measure the Sun's output without being impeded by the Earth's atmosphere. Solar Max, a satellite from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA), has been measuring the Sun's output since February 1980. Although a malfunction in the satellite's control system limited its observation for a few years, the satellite was repaired in orbit by astronauts from the space shuffle in 1984. Max's observations indicate that the solar constant is not really constant after all. The satellite's instruments have detected frequent, small variations in the Sun's energy output, generally amounting to no more than 0. 05 percent of the Sun's mean energy output and lasting from a few days to a few weeks. Scientists believe these fluctuations coincide with the appearance and disappearance of large groups of sunspots on the Sun's disk. Sunspots are relatively dark regions on the Sun's surface that have strong magnetic fields and a temperature about 2, 000 degrees Fahrenheit cooler than the rest of the Sun's surface. Particularly large fluctuations in the solar constant have coincided with sightings of large sunspot groups. In 1980, for example, Solar Max's instruments registered a 0. 3 percent drop in the solar energy reaching the Earth. At that time a sunspot group covered about 0. 6 percent of the solar disk, an area 20 times larger than the Earth's surface. Long-term variations in the solar constant are more difficult to determine. Although Solar Max's data have indicated a slow and steady decline in the Sun's output. Some scientists have thought that the satellite's aging detectors might have become less sensitive over the years, thus falsely indicating a drop in the solar constant. This possibility was dismissed, however, by comparing solar Max's observations with data from a similar instrument operating on NASA's Nimbus 7 weather satellite since 1978.（分数：10.00）(1).According to the passage, scientists believe variations in the solar constant are related to______.（分数：2.00）A.sunspot activityB.unusual weather patternsC.increased levels of dustD.fluctuations in the Earth's temperature(2).Why is it not possible to measure the solar constant accurately without a satellite?（分数：2.00）A.The Earth is too far from the Sun.B.Some areas on Earth receive more solar energy than others.C.There is not enough sunlight during the day.D.The Earth's atmosphere interferes with the sunlight.(3).Why did scientists think that Solar Max might be giving unreliable information?（分数：2.00）A.Solar Max did not work for the first few years.B.Solar Max's instruments were getting old.C.The space shuttle could not fix Solar Max's instruments.D.Nimbus 7 interfered with Solar Max's detectors.(4).The attempt to describe the solar constant can best be described as______.（分数：2.00）A.an ongoing research effortB.a question that can never be answeredC.an issue that has been resolvedD.historically interesting, but irrelevant to contemporary concerns(5).What does this passage mainly discuss?（分数：2.00）A.The components of the Earth's atmosphere,B.The launching of a weather satellite.C.The measurement of variations in the solar constant.D.The interaction of sunlight and air pollution.Optical illusions are like magic, thrilling us because of their capacity to reveal the fallibility of our senses. But there's more to them than that, according to Dr. Beau Lotto, who is wowing the scientific world with work that crosses the boundaries of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy. What they reveal, he says, is that the whole world is the creation of our brain. What we see, what we hear, feel and what we think we know is not a photographic reflection of the world, but an instantaneous unthinking calculation as to what is the most useful way of seeing the world. It's a best guess based on the past experience of the individual, a long evolutionary past that has shaped the structure of our brains. The world is literally shaped by our pasts. Dr. Lotto, 40, an American who is a reader in neuroscience at University College London, has set out to prove it in stunning visual illusions, sculptures and installations, which have been included in art-science exhibitions. He explains his complex ideas from the starting point of visual illusions, which far from revealing how fragile our senses are show how remarkably robust they are at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us. For centuries, artists and scientists have noted that a grey dot looks lighter against a dark background than being against a light background. The conventional belief was that it was because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired. But Dr. Lotto believes it's a learnt response; in other words, we see the world not as it is but as it is useful to us. "Context is everything, because our brains have evolved to constantly re-define normality, " says Dr. Lotto. "What we see is defined by our own experiences of the past, but also by what the human race has experienced through its history, " This is illustrated by the fact that different cultures and communities have different viewpoints of the world, conditioned over generations. For example, Japanese people have a famous inability to distinguish between the "R" and the "L" sound. This arises because in Japanese the sounds are totally interchangeable. "Differentiating between them has never been useful, so the brain has never learnt to do it. It's not just that Japanese people find it hard to tell the difference. They literally cannot hear the difference. " Dr. Lotto's experiments are grounding more and more hypotheses in hard science. "Yes, my work is idea-driven, " he says. "But lots of research, such as MRI brain scanning, is technique-driven. I don't believe you can understand the brain by taking it out of its natural environment and looking at it in a laboratory. You have to look at what it evolved to do, and look at it in relationship to its ecology. "（分数：10.00）(1).What does the word "them" in the first paragraph refer to?（分数：2.00）A.Human senses.B.The fallibility of senses.C.Revealing capacity.D.Optical illusions.(2).According to the passage, what is known about Dr. Beau Lotto?（分数：2.00）A.Though he is a neuroscientist, he has shocked the scientific world with his extensive research in art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.B.Dr. Lotto is a professor at University College London who is specialized in a number of disciplines such as art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.C.Dr. Lotto has been attempting to exhibit his creative productions in art-science exhibitions in the hope of proving his idea on optical illusions.D.Dr. Lotto has set out to create visual illusions, sculptures and installations which well combined the knowledge of art, neurology, natural history and philosophy.(3).Which of the following statements can be inferred from Dr. Lotto's study?（分数：2.00）A.People should believe their brains rather than their eyes as the world, to a great measure, is created and shaped by human brain.B.People should never believe their senses for what they see, hear, feel, and the truth may be contrary to the photographic image of the world.C.People should never believe their eyes for what they see are only accidental and temporary forms of the world, which varies in accordance with contexts.D.People should be aware that their eyes can play tricks on them as what they see is actually created by their brains which are shaped by their past experiences.(4).According to Dr. Lotto, what is the reason for the fact that a grey dot looks lighter againsta dark background than being against a light background?（分数：2.00）A.It is a fact that the dot emerged to be lighter against a dark background than being against a light one.B.Human senses are remarkably robust at providing a picture of the world that serves a purpose to us through what they have learnt from past experiences.C.It is because of some way the brain and eye is intrinsically wired.D.Because the context in which the little dot placed has changed to be lighter.(5).Which of the following statements is true about the research in neuroscience?（分数：2.00）A.Investigation on the brain involves scrutinizing a network in which both environment and the brain itself function together.B.Both idea-driven and technique-driven are popular research methods in research study in neuroscience.C.People cannot carry out research study on brain in laboratory where it is isolated from human body.D.Brain can be investigated in isolation with other faculties and organs as long as the research is carried out in proper natural context.The biggest thing in operating rooms these days is a million-dollar, multi-armed robot named da Vinci, used in nearly 400, 000 surgeries nationwide last year—triple the number just four years earlier. But now the high-tech helper is under scrutiny over reports of problems, including several deaths that may be linked with it and the high cost of using the robotic system. There also have been a few disturbing, freak incidents: a robotic hand that wouldn't let go of tissue grasped during surgery and a robotic arm hitting a patient in the face as she lay on the operating table. Is it time to curb the robot enthusiasm? Some doctors say yes, concerned that the "wow" factor and heavy marketing have boosted use. They argue that there is not enough robust research showing that robotic surgery is at least as good or better than conventional surgeries. Many U. S. hospitals promote robotic surgery in patient brochures, online and even on highway billboards. Their aim is partly to attract business that helps pay for the costly robot. The da Vinci is used for operations that include removing prostates, gallbladders and wombs, repairing heart valves, shrinking stomachs and transplanting organs. Its use has increased worldwide, but the system is most popular in the United States. For surgeons, who control the robot while sitting at a computer screen rather than standing over the patient, these operations can be less tiring. Plus robothands don't shake. Advocates say patients sometimes have less bleeding and often are sent home sooner than with conventional laparoscopic surgeries and operations involving large incisions. But the Food and Drug Administration is looking into a spike in reported problems during robotic surgeries. Earlier this year, the FDA began a survey of surgeons using the robotic system. The agency conducts such surveys of devices routinely, but FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers said the reason for it now "is the increase in number of reports received" about da Vinci. Reports filed since early last year include at least five deaths. Whether there truly are more problems recently is uncertain. Rivers said she couldn't quantify the increase and that it may simply reflect more awareness among doctors and hospitals about the need to report problems. Doctors aren't required to report such things; device makers and hospitals are. Company spokesman Geoff Curtis said Intuitive Surgical has physician-educators and other trainers who teach surgeons how to use the robot. But they don't train them how to do specific procedures robotically, he said, and that it's up to hospitals and surgeons to decide "if and when a surgeon is ready to perform robotic cases. " A 2010 New England Journal of Medicine essay by a doctor and a health policy analyst said surgeons must do at least 150 procedures to become adept at using the robotic system. But there is no expert consensus on how much training is needed. New Jersey banker Alexis Grattan did a lot of online research before her gallbladder was removed last month at Hackensack University Medical Center. She said the surgeon's many years of experience with robotic operations was an important factor. She also had heard that the surgeon was among the first to do the robotic operation with just one small incision in the belly button, instead of four cuts in conventional keyhole surgery.（分数：10.00）(1).Why did FDA begin to scrutinize da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The number used in operation has been tripled.B.It is too expensive.C.It is reported to have frequent mechanical breakdown.wsuits increase with death case reports.(2).According to some doctors, which of the following is NOT the reason to curb the enthusiasm for da Vinci?（分数：2.00）A.The high cost causes unreasonable marketing.B.It is not as good as traditional surgeries.C.It needs more statistics to prove its value.D.It is necessary for doctors to consider some problems.(3).What does FDA spokeswoman Synim Rivers mean?（分数：2.00）A.Doctors and hospitals should be responsible for those problems.B.It is doctors that think da Vinci robots are problematic.C.There are so many problems reports that FDA has to do an enquiry.D.FDA hasn't finished the previous enquiry about the surgeons who used robots.(4).What is correct about training according to the Geoff Curtis?（分数：2.00）A.A lack of sufficient training on the part of surgeons.B.A lack of sufficient training on the part of company.C.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on specific procedures.D.Doctors and hospitals are not sufficiently trained on how to used robots.(5).What is the best title for this passage?（分数：2.00）A.Four Hands Better than Two?B.Too Good to Be TrueC.Smart RobotsD.Who Is the Killer?Despite Denmark's manifest virtues, Danes never talk about how proud they are to be Danes. This would sound weird in Danish. When Danes talk to foreigners about Denmark, they always begin by。
生物医学考博试题及答案
生物医学考博试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 细胞膜的主要组成成分是（）。
A. 蛋白质B. 脂质C. 糖类D. 核酸答案：B2. 以下哪种激素是由垂体分泌的？（）A. 胰岛素B. 甲状腺激素C. 促性腺激素D. 肾上腺素答案：C3. 人体最大的淋巴器官是（）。
A. 扁桃体B. 胸腺C. 脾脏D. 淋巴结答案：C4. 以下哪种细胞器是双层膜结构？（）A. 核糖体B. 高尔基体C. 线粒体D. 内质网答案：C5. 以下哪种氨基酸是人体必需氨基酸？（）A. 丙氨酸B. 谷氨酸C. 赖氨酸D. 丝氨酸答案：C6. 人体中负责合成血红蛋白的器官是（）。
A. 肝脏B. 脾脏C. 骨髓D. 肾脏答案：C7. 以下哪种维生素是水溶性的？（）A. 维生素AB. 维生素DC. 维生素ED. 维生素B12答案：D8. 人体中负责合成抗体的细胞是（）。
A. 红细胞B. 淋巴细胞C. 巨噬细胞D. 成纤维细胞答案：B9. 以下哪种物质是细胞内信号传导的关键分子？（）A. 细胞膜受体B. G蛋白C. 酶D. 核酸答案：B10. 人体中负责合成和分泌胰岛素的细胞是（）。
A. 胰岛A细胞B. 胰岛B细胞C. 胰岛D细胞D. 胰岛F细胞答案：B二、多项选择题（每题3分，共15分）11. 以下哪些是细胞周期的阶段？（）A. G1期B. S期C. G2期D. M期答案：ABCD12. 以下哪些是人体必需的微量元素？（）A. 铁B. 锌C. 铜D. 钙答案：ABC13. 以下哪些是人体免疫系统的组成部分？（）A. 皮肤和粘膜B. 脾脏和淋巴结C. 巨噬细胞和淋巴细胞D. 抗体和补体答案：ABCD14. 以下哪些是人体内分泌系统的组成部分？（）A. 垂体B. 甲状腺C. 肾上腺D. 胰腺答案：ABCD15. 以下哪些是人体神经系统的组成部分？（）A. 中枢神经系统B. 周围神经系统C. 自主神经系统D. 感觉神经系统答案：ABCD三、填空题（每空1分，共20分）16. 细胞周期包括____、____、____和____四个阶段。
完整word版山东中医药大学博士历年真题整理中医基础理论
中医基础理论2005年1请结合阴阳学说的观点，谈一下你对唐王冰注解《素问.至真要大论》时所提出的“壮水之主，以制阳光；益火之源，以消阴翳”的认识。
2请简述气的主要来源。
3《素问逆调论》“肾者水脏，主津液”，请谈谈你的认识。
4请用简单的表格，说明十二经脉的名称、分类、简要循行部位。
5请简述疠气形成和疫病流行的原因。
6何谓五行的相生和相克？五行的生克制化对事物有何作用？7试述肝脾在生理病理上的相互关系及其临床指导意义？8何谓“辨证求因”？辨证求因在临床上有何重要指导意义？9试述整体观念在医学模式转变中的作用？10中医体质学说在临床辨证治疗方面有哪些应用？2006年1《黄帝内经》和《伤寒杂病论》对中医基础理论的形成有何贡献？2何谓七情？简述七情致病的特点是什么？3试述十二经脉的走向交接规律和在四肢的分布规律。
4试分析脑在中医脏腑学说中的地位及其意义。
5试述内生“五邪”学说的主要内容。
6《素问六元正纪大论》指出：“用寒远寒，用凉远凉，用温远温，用热远热，食宜同法”。
请据此简述你对三因制宜基本治则的认识。
7《素问生气通天论》：“阴者，藏精而起亟也；阳者，卫外而为固也”。
请阐释其含义，并说明其临床指导意义。
8《难经七十七难》曰“见肝之病，则知肝传脾，故先实其脾气。
”请结合五行学说，谈谈你的认识。
9请简述气的生成与脏腑的关系。
10请谈谈你对肾藏精的认识。
2007年1试述阴阳自和的含义及其意义。
2“肺与秋气相通应”有何临床意义。
3请阐述痰饮致病的特点。
试从整体观念的角度论述中医学的形神统一观。
4．5如何应用中医体质学说指导临床辨证治疗。
6在中医脏腑学说中，“脑”的地位及其意义是什么？7试述标本的内涵及治标和治本的缓急取舍？举例说明。
8张介宾说：“以精气分阴阳则阴阳不可离，以寒热分阴阳则阴阳不可混。
”能用精气分阴阳来解释实寒、实热、虚寒、虚热等寒热性病证吗？解释这些寒热性病证的“阴阳”所指各是什么？简述之。
9试述肾精、肾气、肾阴、肾阳的概念及其之间的逻辑关系。
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题及详解
2017年医学博士考试《外语》真题(总分100, 考试时间90分钟)Section A1. Rheumatologist advises that those with ongoing aches and pains first seek medical help to______ the problem.A affiliateB alleviateC aggravateD accelerate答案:B解析：风湿病学家建议，那些持续疼痛和痛苦的人首先应该借助医疗来缓解问题。
affiliate"接纳，为……工作"，alleviate"减少，减缓"，aggravate"增加"，accelerate"加速"。
根据题意，正确答案为B。
2. An allergy results when the body have a(n)______reaction to certain substances introduced to it.A spontaneousB negativeC adverseD prompt答案:C解析：当身体对某种外来物质产生不良反应时，就会出现过敏现象。
spontaneous"同时的"，negative"负面的"，adverse"不利的"，prompt"立刻的"。
在有关过敏的语境里，一般"不良反应"用an adverse reaction，而不用negative，正确答案为C。
3. Diabetes is one of the most______and potentially dangerous diseases in the world.A crucialB virulentC colossalD prevalent答案:D解析：糖尿病是世界上最普遍的潜在危险疾病之一。
山东中医药大学3004中医文献学2017年考博真题试卷
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东中医药大学
2017ቤተ መጻሕፍቲ ባይዱ攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：3004中医文献学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上、写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（10*10分=100分） 1.《四库全书总目提要》的特点。
第1页 共1页
2.陈垣的理校法。 3.避讳的概念，形式，及意义？ 4.辨伪八法由谁提出，内容？ 5.宋代方剂文献整理特点及代表作。 6.寒凉学派和滋阴学派的代表人物，著作，及特点。由此可见当代评价学派的 核心要素有哪些？ 7.何谓輯佚？中医文献輯佚工作的目的和意义？ 8.版本鉴别。 9.注释需要注意的一般规律？ 10.胡适提出的辨伪五个方法。
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(完整版)历年中医药大学博士考题
山东中医药大学历年中内及西内考博真题（2000-2010）2000年中医内科1.请阐述水肿、淋证、癃闭、关格的临床特点及联系。
（10分）2.请论述内伤头痛与肝、脾、肾三脏的关系。
（10 分）3.胸痹的发病基础和病理因素是什么？其病理特点如何？怎样辨别阴寒证、痰浊证、气滞证、血瘀证的不同？各证型治疗要点是什么？（10分）4.如何理解“治痿独取阳明”的意义？（10分）5.试述“真中”“类中”的源流考略？（10分）6.痰饮发病的内在病理基础是什么？为什么?其治则如何？为什么？（10分）7.消渴病（糖尿病）临床常见哪些急慢性并发症？请写出消渴病（糖尿病）周围神经病变辨证分型（只写分型）、治法、方剂。
（10分）8.如何理解《血证论》提出的治血四法？（10分）9.调补脾肾为何是治疗虚劳的关键？请论述之。
（10分）10.通窍活血汤方义如何？你在临床应用如何体会？（10分）西内内科一、名词解释：Ⅰ型、Ⅱ型呼吸衰竭，卓－艾综合症，脾功能亢进，肾病综合症，Graves病，高血压危象。
二、试述肺气肿的治疗原则及具体措施。
三、试述PSVT的ECG 表现及临床表现。
四、试述再生障碍性贫血的诊断标准。
五、试述急性肾功能衰竭的分类及原因。
六、试述DM的诊断标准。
七、肝硬化腹水形成的主要原因有哪些?2001年中医内科1.你对中西医结合治疗风湿病的看法。
2.中风病（中脏腑、中经络）的临床表现。
3.“开鬼门、洁净府”结合心血管（心衰）的应用。
4.胃痞、胃胀、痞满的鉴别诊断。
5.试述扶正治疗肿瘤（祛邪需要扶正，邪去正自安）6.肝癌、积症的治疗方法，在何时用何法？7.石棉在《内经》的论述及其治法（3个）8.试述“病痰饮者当以温药和之”9.试述糖尿病的非药物治疗。
10.血府逐瘀汤的组成，能治疗心系的那些疾病？西医内科1.慢性腹泻的发病机理。
2.感染性心内膜炎的诊断标准。
3.白血病前期多发MDX 的分类标准。
4.再障的鉴别诊断。
5.癫痫及其处理。
山东中医药大学生理学2017年考博真题试卷
6、影响肾小球滤过率的因素。
7、论述离子电流的细胞膜电学基础。
8、人体体温的调节。
9、女性妊娠期间激素水平的变化。
10、在正常情况下、循环系统中的血液为什么处于流动状态。
应该是肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素对心血管的影响吧。
还有原尿生成。
山东中医药大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东中医药大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学
注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上、写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。
一、简答题（100分）
1、脑干对肌紧张的调节机制。
2、什么是去神经敏感、举例说明其意义。
3、甲状腺激素与去甲肾上腺素对心血管的影响。
山东中医药大学中医文献学2017,2019年考博真题+资料
格昂贵，非一般人所能用，故一方面简策与帛书同时流行，另一方面，三国魏晋 以后，渐渐减少而最终被纸所代替。
5纸 魏晋三国以后，纸日渐通行。纸的出现，是人类历史上具有划时代意义的大 事，对传播知识，保存文献提供了方便。 6 印本 隋唐时期是写本书的极盛时期，学术的传播，主要领先辗转传抄。印刷术发 明以后，书籍的流传即以雕版印刷为主了。雕版印刷的书籍称“印本”，宋代是 其黄金时期。明清时期，印书事业也十分兴盛，印本书籍已成为人们文化生活中 的重要内容。自 19 世纪中叶，石印、铜版印刷及铅字排印等新技术兴起后，逐 渐取代了古老的雕版印刷术，从而结束了我国古代雕印古籍的历史。 1 简述我国医药文献的兴起与发展过程 我国医药文献起源十分入远，早在远古时期，为了生存和解除疾苦，经过 长期与疾病作斗争，人们逐渐总结出一系列的如砭古、药物、外治、按摩等治疗 方法，故早在新石器时代，就已有用砭古和火治病以及所谓“神农尝百草”的传 说。所有这些，均可从现存的早期文献中看到。 殷商时期 由于生产工具的重大更新，社会物质财富不断增长，为适应人们生产与生 活的需要，天文、历法、医药等学术应运而生，并且渐渐出现了从事这些事业的 专业人员，从而促使医、巫分离而互相独立。殷商时期，不仅有药物，而且有汤 液。近代出土的殷商甲骨文中，据不完全统计，载有疾病的有三百二十三片，四 百一十五辞，包括疾首、疾目、疾耳、疾齿及疾子等二十余种疾病，如上这些文 字记录，虽比较简略，但却表明当时人们对疾病已有了一定的认识。甲骨文的出 现，可算是我国较早的医药文献。 西周时期 人们通过不断的观察与实践，对疾病与药物的认识日益提高，而且在许多 方面上升为理论，还初步认识到自然界的气候变化对人体的影响。这些内容，虽 无医药专著，但却散见于《诗经》、《尚书》、《周易》、《山海经》等许多古典著作 中。
山东大学内科学(内分泌与代谢病)2017年考博真题试卷
山东大学
医学考博真题试卷
攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试卷
山东大学
2017年攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：内科学（内分泌与代谢病） 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、名词解释（5*4分=20分） 1、神经内分泌
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2、代谢综合征 3、LADA 4、异位激素分泌综合征 5、糖异生 二、简答题（5*2分=60分） 1、高血糖高渗状态诊断治疗。 2、甲减病因。 3、尿崩症诊断鉴别诊断。 4、男性性腺功能减退病因。 5、原发OP鉴别诊断。 三、论述题（20分） 1、肥胖与胰岛素抵抗在2型糖尿病发病中的地位。
病理生理学考博试题及答案
病理生理学考博试题及答案病理生理学是研究生物体在疾病状态下的生理变化及其机制的科学。
本试题旨在考察考生对病理生理学基本概念、原理和机制的理解与应用能力。
一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 病理生理学主要研究的是：A. 疾病的预防B. 疾病的治疗C. 疾病的病因D. 疾病状态下的生理变化2. 细胞凋亡是：A. 一种病理性死亡B. 一种生理性死亡C. 细胞分裂D. 细胞生长3. 炎症反应的目的是：A. 清除损伤因子B. 促进细胞增殖C. 抑制细胞凋亡D. 促进组织修复4. 以下哪项不是细胞应激反应的类型？A. 热休克反应B. 氧化应激反应C. 免疫应激反应D. 营养应激反应5. 细胞程序性死亡的调控机制不包括：A. 基因调控B. 信号传导C. 细胞代谢D. 细胞外基质答案：1. D2. B3. A4. C5. C二、简答题（每题10分，共30分）6. 简述病理性钙化的特点及其对机体的影响。
7. 描述缺氧对细胞代谢的影响。
8. 解释什么是细胞信号转导异常，以及它在疾病中的作用。
答案：6. 病理性钙化是指在非骨骼组织中异常沉积的钙盐，其特点包括钙化部位的非特异性、钙化过程的病理性以及可能伴随的组织损伤。
对机体的影响包括影响组织功能、引起疼痛和功能障碍等。
7. 缺氧时，细胞内ATP生成减少，导致细胞代谢活动受限。
细胞可能通过糖酵解途径产生能量，但效率较低。
长期缺氧可导致细胞损伤甚至死亡。
8. 细胞信号转导异常是指细胞内信号传递过程中的某个环节出现问题，导致细胞功能失调。
这可能涉及到信号分子的异常表达、受体功能的改变或信号传导途径的障碍等。
在疾病中，信号转导异常可能导致细胞增殖失控、细胞凋亡受阻等病理变化。
三、论述题（每题25分，共50分）9. 论述细胞凋亡与坏死的区别及其在疾病中的意义。
10. 阐述肿瘤微环境对肿瘤发展的影响。
答案：9. 细胞凋亡是一种有序的、程序化的细胞死亡过程，通常不引起炎症反应，而坏死是一种非程序化的、由外界因素引起的细胞死亡，常伴随炎症反应。
山东中医药大学中医内科学2010年考博真题考博试卷
医学考博真题试卷
山东中医药大学
2010 年攻读博士学：中医内科学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上，写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（每题 10 分）
1. 从“中医体质学”的角度分析人体生理变化规律，分析为何中风病多发于中老年人？ 2. 从痰、瘀、虚的角度论慢性阻塞性肺疾病的发病。 3. 论述肝系疾病的特点。 4. 臌胀的治疗为何“阳虚易治，阴虚难调”？ 5. 淋证的治疗古代医家有忌汗、忌补之说，你是如何理解的。 6. 中医药在治疗癌痛方面有何优缺点。 7. 结合《景岳全书.火证》论述内伤发热的治疗。 8. 试用原文回答消渴的分型，病机，治疗。消渴的并发症有哪些。 9. 试述脾阴虚证的病因，临床表现，治疗，用方用药，及于胃阴虚如何鉴别。 10. 从五脏合病论胸痹心痛。
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医学考博真题试卷
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山东中医药大学
2017 Байду номын сангаас攻读博士学位研究生入学考试试题
考试科目：生理学 注意：所有答案一律写在答题纸上、写在试题纸上或其他地方一律不给分。 一、简答题（100 分） 1、脑干对肌紧张的调节机制。 2、什么是去神经敏感、举例说明其意义。 3、甲状腺激素与去甲肾上腺素对心血管的影响。 4、胃排空定义、过程及意义。 5、后负荷对骨骼肌收缩的影响。 6、影响肾小球滤过率的因素。 7、论述离子电流的细胞膜电学基础。 8、人体体温的调节。 9、女性妊娠期间激素水平的变化。 10、在正常情况下、循环系统中的血液为什么处于流动状态。 应该是肾上腺素、去甲肾上腺素对心血管的影响吧。 还有原尿生成。
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