美国文学考试重点总结
美国文学重点整理
美国文学重点整理美国文学题型：1.60分三篇小说，三个诗歌，作者，出处，作品分析2.20分名词解释3.20分论述1. 20世纪美国文学发展的经济背景关键词：Urbanization（new farm machines, rising productivity, rising leisure time）Industrialization(electric lights, camera, telephone, radio, type writer) CommercializationGlobalization.Philosophy: Schopenhauer叔本华Nietzsche 尼采Jean PaulFreud补充：Fitzgerald：tender is the night, all the sad young man, the rich boy,2. What is Lost Generation?①It is a term to describe a group of American intellectuals, poets, artists and writers who fled to France in the post WWI years to reject the values of American materialism and to seek the bohemian lifestyle in Paris.②It is full of youthful idealism, seeking the meaning of life, drank excessively, have love affairs,creating some of the finest American literature to date.③American poet Gertrude Stein coined this expression, speaking to Hemingway, she said, you are all a lost generation.the term stuck the mystique surrounding these individuals continues to fancy us.④Main representatives: F. Scott.Fitzgerald, Ernest Hemingway, John Dos Passos3. What is modernism? Main features.A cultural movement that generally includes the progressive art and architecture, design, literature, music, dance,painting and other visual arts which emerged in the beginning of the 20century, particularly in the years following WWI. It was a movement of artists and designers who rebelled against late 19th century academic and historic tradition, and embraced the new economic ,social and political aspects of the emerging modern world.The avant-garde movements that followed including impressionism, post-impressionism, cubism（立体主义）, futurism, expressionism, contructivism（构成主义）are generally defined as modernism.4. The Great Gatsby作者： F. Scott Fitzgerald男女主人公：Jay Gatsby & Daisy Fay BuchananWhy is Gatsby great? Why did he die?His flaws in characteristics: Naive,innocent, ideal正是因为美国社会缺乏盖茨比精神，社会不重视精神世界的充实，人们经历spiritual emptiness, 所以盖茨比伟大。
(完整)美国文学复习整理
美国文学复习整理一、殖民主义时期的文学（colonial settlements)＆理性和革命时期文学（revolutionary period）（文艺复兴时期)1.清教主义的shaping influence2.代表人物“T he Tenth Muse”第一位移民诗人2. Philip Freneau 菲利普·佛瑞诺有宗教隐喻，关注本土地貌、人文.写印第安人故事。
美国诗歌之父 father of American poetry代表作《野金银花》The Wild Honey Suckle3。
Thomas Jefferson 托马斯·杰弗逊起草了独立宣言 The Declaration of Independence 17764.Thomas Paine 托马斯·佩因拥护独立宣言代表作：《常识》Common Sense《理性时代》The Age of Reason5.Jonathan Edwards乔纳森·埃德沃兹大觉醒运动的代表人物 the Great Awakening6.Benjamin Franklin 本杰明·富兰克林代表作：《自传》The Autobiography《穷理查德历书》Poor Richard's Almanac美国梦的代表二．浪漫主义时期的文学(American Romanticism）早期浪漫主义（Early Romantic Period）1.背景：1> 时间：18世纪末到内战爆发前夕（1861）2> 条件：○1国家的快速发展，大量移民和工业化发展错误!小说的发展，期刊杂志（periodical)出现错误!受英国文学的影响2.浪漫主义的基本特征1>Stressing emotion rather than reason2>Stressing freedom and individuality3>Idealism rather than materialism4>Writing about nature, medieval legends（中世纪传说）and with supernaturalelements。
美国文学期末必考点总结
20151120美国文学必考点总结By Wang HX.说明：1，名词解释可参考我以前发的资料或者自己的资料，也可在网上搜美国文学名词解释。
2，作家作品一定要正确搭配，还要会写下面我列出的作家和作品。
作者是什么时代的代表，有什么称号要记住。
1,英国最早移民到美国的诗人：Anne Bradstreet，作品<The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America>first woman poet.2,Edward Taylor超验主义的先驱。
3，Hard work,thrift,piety and sobriety。
清教徒强调的四点，会写，可能填空。
4，Benjamin Franklin，作品"Poor Richard's Almanac"包括很多collection of proverbs流行谚语集。
The Autobiography自传。
5，Thomas Paine托马斯·佩因1737-1809"Great Common of Mankind"最平凡的人。
作品"American Crisis"《美国危机》，Common Sense常识。
6，Thomas Jefferson托马斯·杰弗逊，drafted the Declaration of Independence.起草了独立宣言。
All Men are created equal,that they are endowed by their Creator with certain unalienable Rights,that among these are Life,Liberty and the Pursuit of happiness.人人生而平等，他们都从“造物主”那边被赋予了某些不可转让的权利，其中包括生命权、自由权和追求幸福的权利。
美国文学复习重点
1. Colonial American (1607-1765)Puritanism in America 清教主义1.Influence①American Puritanism was one of the most enduring shaping influences in American thought and American literature. It has become, to some extent, so much a state of mind(思维模式),rather than a set of tenets.( ['tɛnɪt] 教义)②To them, religion was a matter of primary importance.③They accepted the doctrine of predestination(命运),original sin(原罪),total depravity(堕落),and limited atonement(赎罪) through a special infusion([ɪn'fjuʒn] 神典) of grace from God.[John, Calvin]④In a word, American Puritans are ready for any misfortune and tragic failures that might lie in wait for them.2. Colonial America did not always write the way Anne Bradstreet and Edward Taylor wrote. Some people wrote for civil and religious freedom, and some others wrote for America shaking off(摆脱) the fetter(束缚) of the savage(残酷) and rapacious(贪婪) British colonial rule.3. Early writersJohn Smith A Description of New England《新英格兰叙事》Anne Bradstreet(first American poet) Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America ( 1650 )《第十位诗神》.On the Burning of Our House 《写在我家失火之际》Edward Taylor(finest 出色的) Huswifery 《家务》Upon a Spider Catching a Fly《蜘蛛扑捉苍蝇之遐想》Chapter 2. The period of Enlightenment and the Independence War (1765 -1800)1.Eighteenth-century American thinking was dominated by two basic patterns of thought .Toward the latter part of theseventeenth century, a completely new view of the universe came into being.(Deism 自然神论)2.Benjamin Franklin(Enlightenment thinkers and writers)1）Poor Richard’s Almanac《格言历书》（Maxims格言and axioms哲理)2）Autobiography《自传》a.It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary (开山之作)American writing as well as the first real autobiography inEnglish.b.It gives us the simple yet immensely(全面) fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state ofpoverty and obscurity(卑微) into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man. (自我奋斗成功)c．Comments1) First of all, it is a puritan document(清教徒传记). The most famous section describes his scientific scheme ofself-examination(审视) and self-improvement(完善).2) It is also an eloquent elucidation(清楚表明) of the fact that Franklin was spokesman for the new order of eighteenthcentury enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free(善良自由), by nature endowed(赋予) by God with certain inalienable(不可剥夺的) rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.3) It is the pattern of Puritan(典型清教写作风格) simplicity, directness, and concision(明朗). The plainness(平实) of itsstyle, the homeliness(通俗) of imagery(比喻), the simplicity of diction(措词), syntax and expression are some of the salient(突出) features we cannot mistake.3.Hector St John de Crevecoeur Letters From an American Farmer «美国农人书简»或者《信札》\American Romanticism（1800-1865）Section 1 Early Romantic PeriodWhat is Romanticism?A．Romanticism is a literary movement throughout the 19th C and it can be divided into the early period and the late period. Also it remains powerful in contemporary literature and art.B. It started with the publication of Washington Irving's The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman's Leaves of Grass.C. Romanticism is associated with imagination and boundlessness, as contrasted with classicism,D. The most clearly defined romantic literary movement in the U. S. was Transcendentalism.E. The representatives of the early period includes Washington Irving and James Fenimore Cooper. Waldo EmersonHistorical Background: 1.American Puritanism 2.New England Transcendental Movement 3.American westward Expansion.American RomanticismFeatures：(1)American romanticism was in a way derivate: American romantic writing was some of them modelled onEnglish and European works.(2)American romanticism is a cultural heritage(文化遗产),American moral values were basically Puritan.(3)American romanticism was both imitative and independent.(4)Writers like Emerson and Whitman thought and wrote differently. They calling for the creation of a nativeAmerican culture and literature, represent“the deeper forces(坚实力量) ”of a Romanticisms at onceindigenous(本土化) and universal(广为人知).1. Washington Irving-- One of the first American writers to earn an international reputation, an early Romantic writer, and Father of the American short stories, The Father of American Literature ,“the American Goldsmith”Work：A History of New York《纽约外史》（DK）won him wide popularityThe Sketch Book《见闻札记》（GC）won international fame→contains German folk tales Rip Van Winkle, The Legend of Sleepy HollowThe History of the Life and V oyages of Christopher Columbus 《哥伦布市传》A Chronicle of the Conquest of Granada《攻克格拉纳达》The Alhambra《阿尔罕伯拉》Selections:Rip Van Winkle:I have observed that he was a simple, good-natured man; he was, moreover, a kind neighbor and an obedient, henpecked husband.Rip’s sole domestic adherent was his dog Wolf, who was as much henpecked as his master; For a long while he used to console himself, when driven from home, by frequenting a kind of perpetual club of the sages, philosophers, and other idle personages of the village, which held its sessions on a bench before a small inn, designated by a rubicund portrait of his majesty George the Third. “The Union Hotel, by Jonathan Doolittle.”Instead of the great tree which used to shelter the quiet little Dutch inn of yore, there now was reared a tall naked pole, with something on the top that looked like a red nightcap, and from it was fluttering a flag. The red coat was changed for one of blue and buff, a sword was stuck in the hand instead of a scepter, the head was decorated with a cocked hat, and underneath was painted in large characters, GENERAL WASHINGTON.The Legend of Sleepy Hollow Tarry Town, New York, Ichabod Crane, Abraham "Brom Bones" Van Brunt, Katrina Van Tassel Literary career: two parts---1809~1832a.Subjects are either English or Europeanb.Conservative love for the antique---1832~1859: back to USStyle –beautiful, Romanticism, Humor, Irony(1)avoiding moralizing – amusing and entertaining(2)enveloping stories in an atmosphere(3)vivid and true characters(4)humour – smiling while reading(5)musical language2.James Fenimore Cooper (the American Scott)a. He is the first border writer;(边疆作家)b. Created a myth about the formative period of American nation;（创造了美国格式化时代的神话）c. Helped introduce the “Western”tradition into American literatureWork：A：Leatherstocking Tales 《皮袜子故事集》(masterpiece, a series of five novels)The Pioneers《拓荒者》The Prairie (1827), 《大草原》(1823)---old The Last of Mohicans(1826), 《最后的莫西干人》The Pathfinder 《探路者》(1840)---middle-age, The Deerslayer (1841) 《杀鹿人》---youth (This process is the American quest for an ideal community.)Analysis of Natty Bumppo:Presented as an ideal American, living a virtuous and free life in God’s world. To him the wilderness is good, pure, perfect, where there is freedom not tainted （变质）by human institutions; He find “civilization” both corrupt and corrupting; The civilization is poisoned at the root from the very beginning.Analysis of Judge Temple: Judge Temple is a good indication of Cooper’s ambivalence(矛盾)，as a Writer of frontier life; He is a man of honor and integrity. He is as much a frontiersman as Natty Bumppo; He represents “the practically inevitable” (实实在在的实用)aspect of frontier life, He symbolizes law and civilization.His themes:a.Native subject of frontier and wilderness(荒原)b.New sources of fiction.Section 2 American Transcendentalism （summit of the Romantic Movement）（1836-1860）Appearance：1836, “Nature” by EmersonBackground: The Mexican-America War(1846-1848)美西战争，The westward expansion 西部大开发开始What is Transcendentalism：（Puritan heritage+Foreign influence）●appeared in 1830s in US●emphasis on spirit or Oversoul and stressing importance of the individual●regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God and emphasis on brotherhood of man●representatives: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry David ThoreauResources：Transcendentalist Club in New England—the Dial《日晷》Features1.spirit/oversoul(超灵)2.importance of individualism3.nature – symbol of spirit/God; garment(外衣) of the oversoulSignificanceA. influenced a large group of writersB. summit of American RomanticismC. marked the independence of American literatureTranscendentalism: quotes----“Go back to nature, sink yourself back into its influence and you’ll become spiritually whole again.”1. Ralph Waldo Emerson (Father of Transcendentalism)Works:Nature 自然(1836) ：“the manifesto(宣言) of American transcendentalism” and “the Bible of New Eng land Transcendentalism.”----“a transparent eyeball”The American Scholar美国学者(1837)："America's Declaration of Intellectual Independence"(知识分子独立宣言) Self-Reliance 论自助: the importance of cultivating oneself (自我培养)----individualism2. Henry David ThoreauCivil Disobedience 《论公民的不服从》Walden：a series of 18 essays；Comparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist Selection:“I went into the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of lif e and see if I could not learn what it has to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.“We live meanly, like ants; though the fable tells us that we were long ago changed into men ... it is error upon error and clout upon clout, and our best virtue has for its occasion a superfluous and evitable wretchedness. Our life is frittered away by detail. .”3. Nathaniel Hawthorne (Typical romantic writer ;born in Massachusetts)Works:Major romances or novels ：•The Scarlet Letter 《红字》(1850) (Hester Prynne 女主；Arthur Dimmesdale 情人；Roger Chillingworth 丈夫) •The House of the Seven Gables《七个尖角阁的房子》(Matthew Maule被害死，坏人也受到诅咒而死---sin will get punished)•The Blithedale Romance 《福谷传奇》(1852)•The Marble Faun《玉石雕像》(1860)Short stories：a)Twice-Told Tales 1837 《故事重述》b)Mosses from an Old Manse1843 《古宅青苔》c)The Snow-Image, and Other Twice-Told Tales 1852 《雪人和其他重讲一遍的故事》Puritan background•The Birth-Mark《胎记》(1843)•Rappaccini’s Daughter《拉帕奇尼的女儿》(1844)•The Minister’s Black Veil《教长的黑面纱》(1836)•Young Goodman Brown《好小伙子布朗》(1835)* The Scarlet Letter(清教思想融入了美国浪漫主义，象征手法)：Adultery(通奸)—Able(能干)—Angle(天使)The scarlet letter A is ambiguous(不明确的). And the ambiguity is one of the salient(显著的) characteristics of Hawthorne’s art.*Young Goodman Brown :( Goodman Brown and Faith) Everyone possesses some evil secret.Hawthorne’s point of viewEvil is at the core of human life.(2) Whenever there is sin, there is punishment. Sin or evil can be passed from generation to generation.(3) Evil educates.(4) He has disgust in science. One source of evil is overweening (too proud of oneself) intellect.4.Herman Melville (全拼—Going out to sea; marriage; friendship with Hawthorne)Works:•Typee«泰皮»•Omoo«欧穆»•Mardi«玛地»South Pacific islands•Redburn«雷得本»voyage to England•White Jacket«白外衣»United States•Pierre«皮埃尔»•Billy Budd《比利•巴德》(a sign that he had resolved his quarrel with God)•Clarel《克拉莱尔》( a poem)Moby-Dick «白鲸»(masterpieces)A．the first American prose epic散文史诗B．an encyclopedia百科全书of everythingC．a Shakespearean tragedy of man fighting against fatesPrincipal CharactersIshmael (The narrator of the story) ；Captain AhabThe symbolism of Mobby-Dick1.The voyage to catch the white whale is the one of the mind in quest of the truth and knowledge of universe.2. To Ahab, the whale is an evil creature or the agent of an evil force that control the universe. As to readers, the whale is a symbol of physical limits, or a symbol of nature. It also can stand for the ultimate mystery of the universe and the wall behind which unknown malicious things are hiding.5.Walt Whitman（Free verse（自由体诗）, Envelope structure（信件结构）I - me, my nation (society), Catalogue）Work：Leaves Of Grass 《草叶集》written in the founding documents of both the Revolutionary War in the United States and the Civil War.Including：1. There Was a Child Went Forth 2. Cavalry Crossing a Ford 3. Song of MyselfThere Was a Child Went Forth 《一个孩子的成长》how a child is greatly influenced by his growing environments, be identified with the childhood of a young, growing America.Selected readings：There was a child went forth every day, And the first object he look'd upon, that object he became, And that object became part of him for the day or a certain part of the day, Or for many years or stretching cycles of years. The early lilacs became part of this child, And grass and white and red morning-glories, and white and red clover, and the song of the phoebe-bird, And the Third-month lambs and the sow's pink-faint litter, and the mare's foal and the cow's calf, And the noisy brood of the barnyard or by the mire of the pond-side,I Hear America Singing 《我听见美利坚在歌唱》Selected readings：I hear American singing, the varied carols I hear,Those of mechanics, each one singing his as it should be blithe and strongThe carpenter singing his as he measures his plank or beam, The mason singing his as he makes ready for work, or leaves off work,The boatman singing what belongs to him in his boat, the deckhand singing on the steamboat deck.The shoemaker singing as he sits on his bench, The hatter singing as he stands, The wood-cutter’s song, the ploughboy's on his way in the morning, or at noon intermission or at sundown,The delicious singing of the mother, or of the young wife at work, or of the girl sewing or washing,Each singing what belongs to him or her and to none else,The day what belongs to the day-at night the party of young fellows, Robust, friendly,Singing with open moths their strong melodious songs.Song of Myself 《自我之歌》The longest and the best . Whitman is a man bubbling with energy and laden(装满) with ideas, spontaneous(自发的) expression of his original ideasSong of MyselfSelected readings：I CELEBRATE myself, and sing myself, And what I assume you shall assume, For every atom belonging to me as good belongs to you. I loafe and invite my soul, I lean and loafe at my ease observing a spear of summer grass. My tongue, every atom of my blood, form'd from this soil, this air, Born here of parents born here from parents the same, and their parents the same, now thirty-seven years old in perfect health begin, Hoping to cease not till death.O Captain! My Captain! ( Captain" is Lincoln himself)When Lilac s Last in the Dooryard Bloom’d,(小院丁香花开时)6. Emily Dickenson (Along with Whitman, Dickinson is one of the two giants of American poetry of the 19th century)Works(1)Because I Can’t Stop for Death (masterpiece about death )Selection:Because I could not stop for Death—He kindly stopped for me—The Carriage held but just Ourselves—And Immortality.We slowly drove—He knew no haste. And I had put away My labor and my leisure too, For His Civility We passed the School, where Children strove .At Recess—in the Ring—We passed the Fields of Gazing Grain—We passed the Setting Sun—Or rather—He passed Us—The Dews drew quivering and chill—For only Gossamer, my Gown—My Tippet—only Tulle—We paused before a House that seemed A Swelling of the Ground—The Roof was scarcely visible—The Cornice—in the Ground—Since then—'tis Centuries—and yet Feels shorter than the Day I first surmised the Horses' Heads Were toward Eternity—(Death is not to be feared since it is a natural part of the endless cycle of nature. )(2)I Heard a Fly Buzz – When I died (a description of the moment of death)Selection: I heard a Fly buzz --- when I died --- The stillness in the Room Was like the stillness in the Air -- Between the Heav es of Storm --The Eyes around -- had wrung when them dry -- And breaths were gathering firm For that last Onset -- when th e King Be witnessed ---- in the Room - I willed my keepsakes ---Signed away What portion of me be Assignable --- and then it was There interposed a Fly -With Blue - uncertain stumbling Buzz - Between the light ---- and me --And the windows failed ----and then I could not see to seethemes: based on her own experiences/joys/sorrows(1)religion – doubt and belief about religious subjects(2)death and immortality(3)love – suffering and frustration caused by love(4)physical aspect of desire(5)nature – kind and cruel(6)free will and human responsibilityStyle:(1)poems without titles(2)severe economy of expression(3)directness, brevity(4)musical device to create cadence (rhythm)(5)capital letters – emphasis(6)short poems, mainly two stanzas(7)rhetoric techniques: personification – make some of abstract ideas vividComparison: Whitman vs. Dickinson1.Similarities:(1)Thematically, they both extolled(赞美), in their different ways, an emergent America, its expansion, itsindividualism and its Americanness, their poetry being part of “American Renaissance”.(2)Technically, they both added to the literary independence of the new nation by breaking free of the convention ofthe iambic pentameter and exhibiting a freedom in form unknown before: they were pioneers in Americanpoetry.2.differences:(1)Whitman seems to keep his eye on society at large; Dickinson explores the inner life of the individual.(2)Whereas Whitm an is “national” in his outlook, Dickinson is “regional”.(3)Dickinson has the “catalogue technique” (direct, simple style) which Whitman doesn’t have.7. Edgar Allen Poe (inventor of the detective-fiction )WorksNovels(1)The Tell-tale Heart《泄密的心》(2)The Gold-Bug（侦探小说）《金甲虫》(3)The Black Cat《黑猫》(4)The Fall of the House of Usher”《厄舍古屋的倒塌》(5)The Purloined Letter” –one of the world’s greatest detective stories. 《一封失窃的来信》Poems•To Helen 《致海伦》-----physical beauty-soulful beauty–(选读)•Annabel Lee 《安娜贝尔·李》--expresses great loss and sadnessSelection: That a maiden there lived whom you may know 住着一位少女你或许认得Second stanza---But we loved with a love that was more than love可我们相爱，爱超越了爱---Coveted her and me. 也把我和她妒嫉。
美国文学考试重点
美国文学考试重点美国文学考试的重点可以分为以下几个方面：1. 早期美国文学：- 殖民时期文学：包括早期殖民地的日记、信件和宗教作品等，如《普利茅斯纪事》和《普罗维登斯计划》。
- 紧随其后的大量宗教文学作品，如《新英格兰的校训》。
- 托马斯·佩恩的《常识》：这本书在美国独立运动中起到了重要的作用。
2. 美国文学的形成与发展：- 19世纪初的浪漫主义文学：如华盛顿·欧文的《睡美人和其他故事》和詹姆斯·菲尼莫尔·库珀的《最后的莫西干人》。
- 华尔特·惠特曼的《草叶集》：这本诗集在美国文学史上具有重要地位。
- 女性作家：如哈丽特·比彻·斯托的《汤姆叔叔的小屋》和艾米莉·迪金森的诗歌作品。
3. 20世纪的美国文学：- 现代主义文学：如欧内斯特·海明威的《老人与海》和威廉·福克纳的《喧哗与骚动》。
- 战争文学：如约翰·史坦贝克的《愤怒的葡萄》和约瑟夫·海勒的《23个故事和一个司令》。
- 迈尔斯·杰克逊的《杀死一只知更鸟》：这是美国文学中一本重要的反种族主义作品。
4. 当代美国文学：- 现实主义：如托尼·莫里森的《亲爱的》和唐·德里罗的《百年孤独》。
- 同性恋与性别研究：如杰夫·艾斯特里奇的《中性国度》和艾美丽·P. 亨德森的《一个男小地方》。
此外，还需要了解美国文学的主要流派和文学理论，如现实主义、象征主义、后现代主义等，以及相关的文学批评方法。
最好的准备方式是广泛阅读美国经典文学作品并理解其背后的文化、历史和社会背景。
2023年美国文学考试必备知识点
Romanticperiod1.Washington Irving2.Edgar Allan Poe3.Nathanial Hawthorne4.Walt Whitman5.Emily Dickinson6.II.Realist period7.Mark Twain8.Sherwood Anderson9.Stephen Crane10.Theodore Dreiser11.III.Modern period12. F.S.Fitzgerald13.Ernest Hemingway14.William Faulkner1.TranscendentalismTranscendentalism refers to the religious and philosophical doctrines of Ralph Waldo Emerson and others in New England in the middle 1800’s, which emphasized the importance of individual inspiration and intuition, the Oversoul, and Nature.Other concepts that accompanied Transcendentalism include the idea that nature is ennobling and the idea that the individual is divine and, therefore, self-reliant. New England Transcendentalism is the product of a combination of native American Puritanism and European Romanticism.2.NaturalismNaturalism, a more deliberate kind of realism, usually involves a view of human beings as passive victims of natural forces and social environment.As a literary movement, naturalism was initiated in France and it came to be led by Zola, who claimed at “scientific”status for his studies of impoverished characters miserably subjected to hunger, sexual obsession, and hereditary defects.Natural fiction aspired to a sociological objectivity, offering detailed and fully researched investigations intounexplored corners of modern society.The most significant work of naturalism in English being Dreiser’s Sister Carrie.3.American DreamThe American Dream is the faith held by many people in the United States of America that through hard work, courage and determination one can achieve a better life for oneself, usually through financial prosperity.These were values held by many early European settlers, and have been passed on to subsequent generations.4.The Lost GenerationThe term Lost Generation was coined by Gertrude Stein to refer to a group of American Literary notables who lived in Paris from the time period which saw the end of World War I to the beginning of the Great Depression.Significant members included Ernest Hemingway, F.Scott Fitzgerald, Ezra Pound, Sherwood Anderson, T.S.Eliot, and Gertrude Stein herself.Hemingway likely popularized the term, quoting Stein (“You are all a lost generation”) as epigraph to his novel The Sun Also Rises.More generally, the term is being used for the young adults of Europe and America during World War I.They were “lost”because after the war many of them were disillusioned with the world in general and unwilling to more into a settled life5. ModernismModern writing is marked by a strong and conscious break with traditional forms and techniques of expression; it believes that we create the world in the act of perceiving it.Modernism implies historical discontinuity, a sense of alienation, of loss, and of despair.It elevates the individual and his inner being over social man and prefers the unconscious to the self-conscious.6. Romanticism.7. Puritanism8.The principles and practices of puritans were popularly known asPuritanism.Puritanism accepted the doctrines of Calvinism: the sovereignty of God;the supreme authority of the Bible; the irresistibility of God’s will for man in every act of life from cradle to grave.These doctrines led the Puritans to examine their souls to find whether they were of the elect and to search the Bible to determine God’s will.9.Hemingway Heroes / Code Hero“Hemingway Heroes”refer to some protagonists in Hemingway’s works.Such a hero usually is an average man of decidedly masculine tastes, sensitive and intelligent.And usually he is a man of action and of a few words.He is such an individualist, alone even when with other people, somewhat an outsider, keeping emotions under control, stoic and self-disciplined in a dreadful place where one can not get happiness.The Hemingway heroes stand for a whole generation.In a world which is essentially chaotic and meaningless, a Hemingway hero fights a solitary struggle against a force he does not even understand.The awareness that it must end in defeat, no matter how hard he strives, engenders a sense of despair.But Hemingway heroes possess a kind of “despairing courage”as Bertrand Russell terms.It is this courage that enables a man to behave like a man, to assert his dignity in face of adversity.Surely Hemingway heroes differ, one from another, in their view of the world.The difference which comes gradually in view is an index to the subtle change which Hemingway’s outlook had undergone.ExpressionismExpressionism refers to a movement in Germany early in the 20th century, in which a number of painters sought to avoid the representation of external reality and, instead, to project a highly personal or subjective vision of the world.The main principle involved is that expression determines form, and therefore imagery, punctuation, syntax, and so forth.In brief, any of the formal rules and elements of writing can be bent or disjointed to suit the purpose.Theatrically, expressionism was a reaction against realism in that it tends to show inner psychological realities.O’Neill’s playsare some of the best examples.The Imagist Movement (Imagism)(1)Led by Ezra Pound and flourished from 1909 to 1917, the movement advanced modernism in arts which concentrated on reforming the medium of poetry as opposed to Romanticism, especially Tennyson' s wordiness and high-flown language in poetry.The three principles followed by the Imagists were:(2)"Direct treatment" (2) "Economy of Expression" (3) " Rhythm"symbolismSymbolism originates in France in the middle 19th century.The poetry collection The Flowers of Evil by the French poet Charles Baudelaire is a representative work of this genre.Symbolism tries to express the dreamy mysterious inner world of the writer. Stream-of-consciousnessStream-of-consciousness begins in the 1920’s in Britain.It is a psychological term indicating “the flux of conscious and subconscious thoughts and impressions moving in the mind at any given time independently of the person’s will”.In late 19th century, the literary device of “interior monologue”was originated in France as an application of modern psychological knowledge to literary creation.In the 20th century, under the influence of Freud’s theory of psychological analysis, a number of writers adopted the “stream of consciousness”method of novel writing.The striking feature of these novelists is their giving precedence to the depiction of the characters’mental and emotional reactions to external events, rather than the events themselves.(to be continued)Free verse:a form of poetry without rhyme, meter, regular line length, and regular stanzaic structure.It depends on natural speech for rhythm.Robert Frost compared it to“playing tennis with the net down.”Though much simpler and less restrictive than conventional poetry and blank verse, free verse does no mean “formlessness.”T.S.Eliot once said that “no verse is free for the man who wants to do a good job.”Though its origin is unknown, it was attempted by such early poets as Surrey, Milton, Blake, and Macpherson.It was Whitman who did the greatest contribution to the development and popularity of free verse.Whitman favored the simplicity and freedom of expression.According to him, “The art of art, the glory of expression and the sunshine of light of letters is simplicity.Noting is better than simplicity.”Jazz age:Jazz is a form of dance music that is derived from early Afro-American folk music, ragtime, and Negro blues.It is marked with exciting rhythm, pronounced syncopation, and constant improvisation.The musical instruments used are mainly drums, trumpets, and saxophones.Major composers of Jazz music include Irvin Berlin and W.C.Handy.The term Jazz Age was specifically employed by Fitzgerald to denote the 1920s, which was characterized by the loss of traditional moral standards, indulgence in romantic yearnings, and great social excitement.According to Malcolm Cowley, the Jazz Age was “a legend of glitter, of recklessness, and of talent in such profusion that it was sown broadcast like wild oats.”F.Scott Fitzgerald’s Tales of the Jazz Age, like Mark Twain’s The Gilded Age, was an epoch-making work.Black humor:a term frequently used in modern literary criticism.It is sometimes called ‘black comedy’or ‘tragic farce.’It is humor or laughter resulting from great pain, despair, horror and the absurdity of human existence.Black humor is a common quality of modern anti-novels and anti-dramas.Examples are Franz Kafka’s stories like “Metamorphosis”, “The Castle”and “The Trial”, Joseph Heller’s novel Catch-22and Albee’s The Zoo Story.Other writers who did much contribution to the popularity of black humor were Beckett, Camus, Ionesco, V onnegut, Pynchon and so on. Autobiography:a story a writer writes about his or her own life experiences.It is narrated from the first-person point of view.The term was probably first used by Southey.But the first important autobiography was Confessions written by Augustine of Hippo.Other examples include Franklin’s Autobiography, Adams’s The Education of Henry Adams, John Stuart Mill’s Autobiography, Carlyle’s Reminiscences, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden, and so on.Surprise Ending:Also called “O.Henry ending,”it is a completely unexpected turn or revelation of events at the conclusion of a story or play.An example is “The Necklace”by Guy de Maupassant.Another instance is O.Henry’s story “The Gift of the Magi.”Blank verse:poetry that does not rhyme but has iambic pentameter lines.Though not originated in England or America, it has been the most important and most widely used English verse form.Blank verse is popular because it is closest to the rhythm of daily English speech.Thus most English poems which are dramatic, reflective or narrative are in the form of blank verse.This verse was probably first used in England by Surrey who translated Aeneid, by Sackville and Norton who composed Gorboduc.It was developed and perfected by Marlowe, Shakespeare and Milton.In the 18th century, most poets favored heroic couplets.But Young and Thomson were able to write in the tradition of blank verse.The 19th century saw a renewed interest in this poetic form.Masters ofblank verse included Wordsworth, Coleridge and Bryant.The fact that blank verse is still practiced by writers like T.S.Eliot, Yeats, Frost and Stevens shows how influential and favorable it really is.Characteristics of Realism2.1 Realism aims at the description of the actualities of the life and free from subjective prejudice, idealism or romantic color.2.2 Realism focuses on commonness of the common people.The emphasis is on ordinary people, settings and events.2.3 Life is presented as it is.2.4 Use real characters, real incidents, real language and local dialects.2.5 In matters of style, diction and sentence structure tend toward a plain style.3.Representative writersWilliam Howells .Mark Twain .Henry JamesMajor features of Naturalism1.At the core of naturalism is determinism2.An individual’s course in life is wholly determined by some combination of animal instinct, heredity, and environment.Humans lack freedom of their own will.All of their actions are controlled, determined.3.The universe is cold, godless, indifferent and hostile to human desires.Life becomesa struggle for survival.Two of the naturalist’s recurrent concerns are: social systems that destroy and dehumanize, and individual experience of loss and failure.4.Naturalism is a harsher and extreme form of realism.The naturalists have a major difference from the realists.Themes of Hawthorne’s writing1.Explore the relationship between the past and the present2.Explore the hidden motivations of his characters.3.Examine the effect of hidden sin and secret guilt4.Moral or immoral, right or wrong is the question Hawthorne always talks about in his works.1.5.Style1.His style was soft, flowing and almost feminine.nguage: smooth, clear, beautiful in sound and meaning3.He also frequently uses symbols and settings to reveal the psychology of the characters.Appreciation of The Scarlet Letter1.Main Character:Hester Prynne., Roger Chillingworth., Arthur Dimmesdale3.Character AnalysisHester: brave, strong-minded, warm-hearted, intelligent, sacrificing, decisive Dimmesdale: timid, selfish, irresponsible, cowardly, weak-minded Chillingworth: cold-blooded, dehumanizedTheme of The Scarlet LetterTo escape the bondage of religion either on people’s spirit or on people’s natural desire4.Abundant use of symbolsA ---adultery angel ablePrison—the place that deprived people of spiritual freedomForest---the natureRose near the prison—Hester and her loveCap—sth controlling one’s beautyWalt Whitman(1819-1892)Leaves Of Grass“Song of myself”Analysis of the artistic features2.4.1.form: free verseOral and powerful lg: Although free verse, he wrote with repeated and parallel sentences to strengthen the feelings.He express what he wanted to express freely, smoothly, and heatedly.His poems are like waves of the sea that rushed to the beach violently, one after another.2.4.2 the first person narrator: direct and sympathetic to the reader2.4.3.topic: sex.To use his own expression, “he saw the world as a vision of love.”He believes that life is the source of poems, love and enthusiasm are the motives of creation.ments on the writer3.1.Subject: son of time, feels the pulse of the time.As a romanticist and transcendentalist, he broke the conventional poetic materials, no myth,no romance, no story of king and lords.He sings for self, common people, America, city life, nature, etc.3.2.Form: (Free verse) poetry without fixed beat or regular rhyme.Whitman is the first great American poet to use this form of poetry, he also used it more skillfully than any other poet.(1)One's Self I Sing1.What is the significance of singing about one's self?It is an exaltation of the individual spirit, which is typical of American people.2.What is the difference between physiology and physiognomy?Physiology is a science that deals with the functions and life process of human beings,whereas physiognomy refers to an art of judging character from contours of face itself or the appearance of a person.3.What does Whitman mean by the term of "the Modern Man"?He means that a man should be free from any prejudice and pride, totally different from the traditional one, that is full of bias.(3) O Captain! My Captain!1.Why is the word "Captain" capitalized throughout the poem?In this poem the word “Captain”specially refers to Abraham Lincoln, president of the United States.2.What overall metaphor does the poet employ in this poem?Life is a journey.3.Why do people on the shores exult and bells ring, while the speaker remains so sad?They welcome the ship returning from its hard trip, whereas the speaker is sad because the captain fails to receive his own honor.Mark Twain 马克·吐温The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras Count卡拉维拉斯县有名旳跳蛙(1865):a short storyThe Innocents Abroad国外旳无辜者(1869)Roughing It苦行记(1872): on his experience in the western America The Gilded Age (1873): his first novel, collaborated with Charles Dudley Warner The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876)The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn哈克贝利·费恩历险记(1884): masterpiece Life on the Mississippi (1883)A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur's Court误闯亚瑟王宫(1889)The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg败坏了哈德莱堡旳人(1900)The Mysterious Stranger (1916)e.The Adventures of Tom Sawyer1.It is "a boy's book" which sets 20 years before Civil War.2.themes:1)picaresque以流浪汉和无赖为题材旳(adventure story)2) moral growth of Tom3.techniques: verisimilitude, humor, colloquial styleMark Twain’s Style in Generalthe true father of American literatureFrequent use of sarcasm, slang and regional dialects.4.5.1.Subject Matter: came directly from American people’s life along the Mississippi River, less influenced by foreign cultures4.5.2.Genuine American style:a) Language: easy, informal, humorous and unaffected [free from affectation; sincere], wildb) He intentionally deviates from classical genteel and tends to use local dialects, colloquial language, even Black English, slang, clipped structures and ungrammatical sentencesMajor work : Huckleberry Finn《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》show escape to freedomTheodore Dreiser (1871-1945) 德莱赛Naturalism is a theory in literature emphasizing the role of heredity and environment upon human life and character development roughly between 1890’s and early 1900’s.There is no clear-cut chronological division between the American naturalists and the American realists.对比Realism Naturalismemphasis on the ordinary emphasis also on the extraordinarya mirror a lensthe observer the scientistmoral or rational the accidental and physiologicalMajor Writing Features6.3.1 As a naturalistic writer, Dreiser stressed determinism in his novels.·His characters can’t assert their will against natural and economic forces. ·Dreiser held that people are not entirely to blame for what they are and what they do.6.3.2.He developed the capacity for photographic and relentless observation, thereby truthfully reflecting the society and people of his time and making his novels very believable and convincing.·Almost all of his main characters are based on the real people.·Vivid description of environmental settings and social background6.3.3.His novels are full of tragedies, serious subjects and miserable side of the society.·Dreiser broke through the genteel tradition , revealed the life of the lower class people and dared to expose the vulgar and ugly side of the society.Style6.4.1. Language: very awkward, crude/on the bordering of line of grammar.6.4.2. Serious in tone: never satirical or comic6.4.3. Natural narrative method, free from artifice.His narrative is based on quantities of materials and detailed descriptions.作品Si ster Carrie 嘉莉妹妹(1900): the first novel, masterworkJannie Gerhardt (1911)The Fanancier (1912)The Titan (1914)The Stoic (1947)The Genius (1915)An American Tragedy美国悲剧(1925)Dreiser Looks at Russia (1928)c.Sister Carrietheme:the emptiness of Ameircan Dreami.jungle lawFamous actress bank manager(the unfit is bound to die) <——Country girl (able to follow her instinct) commit suicideii.chance and luckiii.criticism of American values: money and sex —the standards to see if a person is successfuliv.concern for the poorF.Scott Fitzgerald (1896-1940)an Irish-American Jazz Age novelist and short story writer.Theme of the American DreamFitzgerald’s favorite theme is the American Dream.In The Great Gatsby and other works, a general pattern can be found to fully demonstrate Fitzgerald’s enthusiasm and his disillusionment with the American Dream: formally, a poor young man from the West trying to make his fortune in the East, but thematically, the young man goes on a journey of discovery from dream, through disenchantment, and finally to a sense of failure and despair.In this general pattern of the protagonist’s personal experienceis incarnated the whole of American experience..Languagesmooth, sensitive, original, simple and gracefulJay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy BuchananThe Great GatsbyTheme:1.about reality and atmosphere of 1920s2.failure of American Dreamc.attitude towards the rich: paradoxicalHe is charmed by the rich.He is critical of the rich who are corrupted themselves and meanwhile corrupting others.d.attitude towards the Jazz Age: insider and outsider人物Jay Gatsby Nick Carraway Tom Buchanan Daisy Buchanan Gatsby, with all his freshness, his optimism, and his vitalityGatsby in the novel represents the newly rich upstart, vulgar in hisostentatious [showy] wealth.However, he becomes a kind of newAmerican Adam.He is “great”, because he is dignified and ennobledby his dream and his mythic vision of life.Tom Buchanan : He is vulgar, hypocritical racist and bigot [person who holds sth strongly].He is practical and non-idealistic, shallow and mistrustful of emotion.He never cares or takes responsibility.Daisy Buchanan: she also has an inner emptiness, marked by her boredom and cynicism and moral irresponsibility.She is afraid of being alone, as though she has no inner self.But she has the power to charm.Daisy represents material wealth to Gatsby,but it also connects with physical attraction.However, Daisy is unworthy of Gatsby’s love.She is incapable of living the fully imagined life that Gatsby has visualized.She is cowardly and selfish.Nick is both a narrator and a character in this novel.He leads us tothe dignity and depth of Gatsby’s character, and suggests the relationof his tragedy to the American situation.Ernest Hemingway 海明威style1.iceberg principle.The meaning here is that the writer should say only one eighth, in such a way that the remaining seven eighths be discerned and provided by the reader.nguage: short, common, fundamental words, simple sentence, structure.The effect of the language: clearness, cleanness and great care.3.dialogue: plays a very important part in his writings.Hemingway’s dialogue can show setting, development of plot, characters, even theme.4.cinematic way: he uses showing instead of telling.He likes to describes actions (kiss, withdraw hand) vividly instead of mental description.5.symbolisme of stream of consciousnesstraits for the Code Hero:(1) Measuring himself against the difficulties life throws in his way, realizing that we will all lose ultimately because we are mortals, but playing the game honestly and passionately in spite of that knowledge.(2) Facing death with dignity, enduring physical and emotional pain in silence(3) Never showing emotions(4) Maintaining free-will and individualism, never weakly allowing commitment toa single woman or social convention to prevent adventure, travel, and acts of bravery(5) Being completely honest, keeping one's word or promise(6) Being courageous and brave, daring to travel and have "beautiful adventures," as Hemingway would phrase it(7) Admitting the truth of Nada (Spanish, "nothing"), i.e., that no external source outside of oneself can provide meaning or purpose.This existential awareness also involves facing death without hope of an afterlife, which the Hemingway Code Hero considers more brave than "cowering" behind false religious hopesThemes nada, grace under pressure, code heroMagic realism 加西亚·马尔克斯《百年孤单》Garcia Marques Century Loneliness)Henry JamesThe American (1877): begins with international themeDaisy Miller (1878): brings the author first international fameThe Wings of the Dove (1902)The Ambassadors (1903)The Golden Bowl (1904)The Portrait of A Lady贵妇画像:masterpieceJack LondonThe People of the Abyss深渊居民(1903): about London's slumThe Iron Heel 铁蹄(1908): the first proletarian criterion novel which envisages the development of fascismThe Call of the Wild 野性旳呼唤(1903): the most widely read bookThe Sea Wolf 海狼(1904)These two novels reflect the ideas of the law of survival and the will to power Martin Eden马丁伊登Ezra Pound埃兹拉·庞德Imagism意象派Pound became the most important figure.Imagist poetry reached the peak of literature for three things appeared:i.a manifesto ii.three principles iii.a lot of writingsIn a Station of the Metro在地铁车站1.This is the much-quoted masterpiece of Pound and a representative of the Imagist poetry.2.Why does the poet call the faces of pedestrians "apparition"?These pedestrians are all walking in a hurry amidst the drizzling rain.3.What do "petals" and "bough" stand for? Petals refer to the faces while the bough stands for the floating crowd.Robert Frost⏹ b.Characteristics⏹ 1.not in the main stream of modern poetry, but with conventional form and plainlanguage.That’s why he’s the most popular poet in the 20th century.⏹ 2.a kind of a regionalist----New England, but not local colorism.He used New England asa metaphor for the whole world and universe.3.a plain poet using symbols from everyday country life.Simple symbols but express deep meanings.The Road Not Taken⏹ 1.The poem was written in very regular lines with iambic pentametre and rhyme schemeof abaab.⏹ 2.The symbolic meaning of the two divergent roads is rather clear.They represent anyimportant decisions in one's life.3.details:Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening⏹ 1.It is a lyric poem with iambic tetrametre and interlocking enclosed rhyme.2.It represents a moment of relaxation from the onerous journey of life, an almost aesthetic enjoyment and appreciation of natural beauty which is wholesome and retorative against the chaotic existence of modern man.William Faulkner (1897-1962)Sound and Fury: divided into 4 parts1.themes:a) downfall of the South.The south was in deterioration.It’s going from bad to worse.The present and the past form a contrast from Benjy’s eyes.He’s an idiot so his reactions were distinctive feeling.He felt strongly the loss of love.The downfall of Mr.Campson was not only a personal one but also a universal one---the society was in disorder.b) conflict between the old/young generationsFather of Southern American literatureNobel Prize for literature in 1950Special features2.1.Setting :Oxford is the model for his fictional Jefferson, the central place of his fictional Yoknapatawpha County2.2.Subjects :southern tradition, family, community, the land, history and the past,race, and the passions of ambition and love2.3.Characters:Typical of the historical growth and subsequent decadence of the South 写作技巧Multiple Points of View ：He always structure his stories in his own original fashion and is proficient in employing a distinctive narrative method of gradually fitting in and of withholding or even giving confusing information.Stream of consciousness, complex structures, epic style, symbolism William Faulkner威廉•福克纳1897-1962 1950年获诺贝尔文学奖, 普利策奖小说奖 1. 1929年《喧嚣与骚动》”The Sound and the Fury” 1930年《在我弥留之际》”As I Lay Dying” 1932年《八月之光》”Light in August”1936年《押沙龙, 押沙龙》”Absalom, Absalom”教材作品: 《给艾米莉小姐旳玫瑰》: “A Rose for Emily”南方文学特点:主题:作者获奖The Nobel Prize &The Pulitzer Prize: John Steinbeck约翰•斯坦贝克William Faulkner威廉•福克纳 Ernest Hemingway厄恩斯特•海明威The Nobel Prize: Thomas Stearns Eliot托马斯•斯特恩斯•爱略特The Pulitzer Prize: Wallace Stevens华莱士•斯蒂文斯 Robert Frost罗伯特•弗洛斯特 Edwin Arlington Robison埃德温•阿林顿•罗宾逊尤金.奥尼尔（Eugene O’Neill, 1888----1952）, 美国著名剧作家。
美国文学要点总结
美国文学史复习1（The Literature of Colonial）一、时期综述1、清教徒采用的文学体裁：a、narratives 日记b、journals 游记2、清教徒在美国的写作内容：1）their voyage to the new land2) Adapting themselves to unfamiliar climates and crops3) About dealing with Indians4) Guide to the new land, endless bounty, invitation to bold spirit3、清教徒的思想：1）puritan want to make up pure their religious beliefs and practices 净化信仰和行为方式2) Wish to restore simplicity to church and the authority of the Bible to the theology. 重建教堂，提供简单服务，建立神圣地位3）look upon themselves as chosen people, and it follow logically that anyone who challenged their way of life is opposing God's will and is not to be accepted. 认为自己是上帝选民，对他们的生活有异议就是反对上帝4）puritan opposition to pleasure and the arts sometimes has been exaggerated. 反对对快乐和艺术的追求到了十分荒唐的地步5）religious teaching tended to emphasize the image of a wrathful God.强调上帝严厉的一面，忽视上帝仁慈的一面。
美国文学考试重点总结
Realism1、It aims at the interpretation of actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.2、Major features：（Familiar aspects of contemporary and everyday life are represented in a）straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;Characters from all social levels社会阶层; Open ending; Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;objectivity客观; it presents moral visions.American realistic authors1、Bret Harte：the first American writer of local color .2、William Dean Howells: the arbiter of American realism /holds that truth is the highest beauty.3、Henry James insisted that art must be related to life.4、Henry James / Mark Twain: the greatest of American realists.5、Samuel Langhorne Clemens：American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire.（无礼的幽默和尖锐的社会讽刺）Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression（憎恨虚伪和压迫）.6、Mark Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is marked by growing pessimism and bitterness（不断增长的悲观和痛苦）Major works: The Gilded Age镀金时代（第一部长篇小说）: A Tale of To-day (1873); The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》Travel fiction: The Innocents Abroad (or The New Pilgrim’s Progress)(1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》;Roughing It (1873) 艰难生涯;Life on the Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上的生活，combines an autobiographical account(结合了自传)7、Historical Romance: The Prince and the Pauper(1882)（王子与贫儿）, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court（在亚瑟王朝廷中的康涅狄格州美国人）, It isa parable of colonialization(这是一个殖民化的寓言).8、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) 《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》充满夸张和喜剧的边疆生活。
美国文学期末复习知识点-绪论
绪论1.一般认为，美国文学史大致可分为七个时期，分别是殖民地时期、独立战争前后时期、南北战争时期、南北战争后至第一次大战前时期、两次大战之间时期、第二次大战后至越南战争前时期、越南战争后至新世纪初时期。
2.殖民地时期的美国文学主要有三类，它们是原住民印第安人口头文学和民间故事、欧洲探险者到北美的探险日记和航海记录、早期到北美殖民地的英国官员和牧师的散文和游记。
3.在殖民地英国官员和牧师作家们中大致可分为两类，即清教主义作家和反清教主义作家。
4.独立战争前后的美国文学中，发展成果最为突出的文学类型是散文。
5.第一位获得国际声誉的美国小说家是华盛顿·欧文，他的短篇小说代表作是《瑞普·凡·温克尔》、《睡谷传奇》。
6.詹姆斯·范·库柏创作了“皮袜子五部曲”：《开拓者》、《最后一个莫希干人》、《草原》、《探路人》、《逐鹿者》；他是第一位描写美洲殖民地历史的历史小说家、第一位刻画印第安人形象的小说家。
7.爱默生的散文《论自然》是美国超验主义运动的宣言，在该文中，爱默生提出新大陆需要精神独立。
超验主义是民主思想在哲学上的表现。
8.美国诗人瓦尔特·惠特曼的诗集《草叶集》的问世标志着美国浪漫主义运动达到高潮，爱默生欢呼的伟大的美国诗人诞生了。
9.惠特曼去世标志着浪漫主义文学时代的结束，美国文学迅速走进一个现实主义和自然主义文学发展新时代。
10.马克·吐温的小说《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》开创了美国文学的一代新风；威廉·豪威尔斯被认为是美国现实主义文学的奠基人，他最先指出“金钱成了时代的史诗”，“当个百万富翁成了美国人的理想”；而亨利·詹姆斯则开创了20世纪美国心理小说的新方向。
11.欧·亨利被誉为“美国短篇小说之父”，与法国作家莫泊桑和俄国作家契诃夫并列为世界三大短篇小说家。
12.弗兰克·诺里斯是第一个名副其实的美国自然主义作家，西奥多·德莱赛被称为第一次世界大战前最优秀的自然主义作家，其代表作品有《嘉莉妹妹》、《美国的悲剧》。
美国文学考试重点
1.The literature of colonial AmericaWilliam Bradford威廉·布拉德福德（1590年-1657年），五月花号公约签署人之一，于1620年参与创立了普利茅斯殖民地，并在长达30余年的时间里担任普利茅斯总督。
他所撰写的《普利茅斯垦殖记》是关于欧洲新世界殖民史的早期著作之一。
Anne Bradstreet美国女诗人布莱德斯特律1612英格兰比安普敦～1672.9.16,马萨诸塞湾殖民地安多弗美国最早写出真正有价值的英文诗歌的一位女诗人。
她的宗教组诗《沉思集》(Contemplations)受到20世纪文学批评界的重视，被认为是一部不朽之作。
《凡人的虚荣》(Of the vanity of all worldly creatures)、《灵与肉》(The Flesh and the Spirit)、《献给我亲爱的丈夫》(To My Dear and Loving Husband)、《人世正凋萎，万物有终极》(All things within this fading world hath end)、《心痛手颤写诗句》(With troubled heart and trembling hand I write)、《大卫对扫罗和约拿单的哀悼》(David's Lamentation for Sauland Jonathan)Puritan Thoughts美国清教主义从一开始就是一种精神运动，它不仅仅是一种宗教信仰，而且还是一种极端民主与共和的理论。
清教徒在自己的祖国遭受迫害，对英国严酷的社会现实不满而移民到美国。
他们希冀按自己的意欲信仰上帝。
于是，他们致力于建立一个乌托邦式的重视伦理和精神生活的社会模式。
他们崇尚真正的自由——这种真正的自由涵盖了广泛的道德的含义。
他们把一切破坏和蔑视这种自由信念的行为一概斥责为对权威的亵渎。
因此，他们认为自己是一群称之为美国人的新人，命定要建立一个新的世界，为人类建造一座“山上的光辉的城市”。
美国文学期末重点复习资料
美国文学一．术语解释1，Transcendentalism(超验主义):简略版：It started in 1830s in US; which emphasis on spirit or oversoul and stressing importance of the individual; regarding nature as symbols of the spirit or God. It took idea from the romantic literatures of Europe, from Neo-Platonism and so on. Emerson was its representative.深层次版：American Transcendentalism: the emergence of the Transcendentalists as an identifiable movement took place during the late 1820s and 1830s, but the roots of their religious philosophy extended much farther back into American religious history. Transcendentalism and evangelical Protestantism followed separate evolutionary branches from American Puritanism, taking as their common ancestor the Calvinism of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. They spoke for cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American spirit, or the Oversoul, as the most important thing in the Universe. They stressed the importance of the individual. To them, the individual was the most important element of society. They offered a fresh perception of nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God. Nature was, to them, alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Transcendentalism is based on the belief that the most fundamental truths about life and death can be reached only by going beyond the world of the senses. Emerson’s Nature has been called the “Manifesto of American Transcendentalism” and his The American Scholar has been rightly regarded as America’s “Declaration of Intellectual Independence”.美国超验主义：美国超验主义出现的19世纪20年代末期到三十年代，但是它的根源在宗教史上要远得多。
美国文学重点整理
美国文学重点整理O u t l i n e o f A m e r i c a n L i t e r a t u r e1.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f C o l o n i a lA m e r i c a殖民地时期美国文学 (17t h c e n t u r y)2.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R e a s o n a n d R e v o l u t i o n理性和革命时期文学（18t h C）3.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R o m a n t i c i s m 浪漫主义文学（19t h C）4.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R e a l i s m理性主义文学（19t h C）5.T w e n t i e t h-c e n t u r y L i t e r a t u r e 现代主义文学（20t h C）O u t l i n e o f E n g l i s h L i t e r a t u r e1.m e d i a e v a l l i t e r a t u r e中世纪文学（约5世纪—1485）2.R e n a i s s a n c e l i t e r a t u r e文艺复兴时期文学（15世纪后期—17世纪初）3.17t h C e n t u r y L i t e r a t u r e17世纪文学4.L i t e r a t u r e E n l i g h t e n m e n t p e r i o d启蒙时期文学（17世纪后期—18世纪中期）5.R o m a n t i c l i t e r a t u r e p e r i o d浪漫主义时期文学1798-1832）6.R e a l i s m p e r i o d现实主义时期文学 (19世纪30年代-1918）7.M o d e r n L i t e r a t u r e p e r i o d现代主义文学时期（1918-1945）8.C o n t e m p o r a r y L i t e r a t u r e当代文学（1945—今）P a r t I.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f C o l o n i a l A m e r i c a殖民地时期美国文学1.E a r l y i n t h e17t h C.,t h e E n g l i s h s e t t l e m e n t s i n V i r g i n i a a n d M a s s a c h u s e t t s b e g a n t h e m a i n s t r e a m o f A m e r i c a n n a t i o n a l h i s t o r y.2.I n1607,t h e f i r s t p e r m a n e n t E n g l i s h s e t t l e m e n t i n N o r t h A m e r i c aw a s e s t a b l i s h e d a t J a m e s t o w n, V i r g i n i a. T h i s y e a r i s o f t e n c o n s i d e r e da s t h eb e g i n n i n g o f A m e r ic a n h i s t o r y.3.C a p t a i n J o h n S m i t h---f i r s t A m e r i c a n w r i t e r,p u b l i s h e d8w o r k s i na l l.H i s r e p o r t s o f e x p l o r a t i o n h a v e b e e n d e s c r i b e d a s t h e f i r s td i s t i n c t l y A me r i c a n l i t e r a t u r e t o b e w r i t t e n i n E n g l i s h.h i sd e s c r i p t i o n o f A m e r i c a w e r e f i l l e d w i t h t h e m e s,m y t h s,i m a g e s,s c e n e s,c h a r a c t e r s a nde v e n t s t h a t w e r e af o u n d a t i o n f o r t h e n a t i o n’s l i t e r a t u r e.4.P u r i t a n w r i t e r s：t w o P o e t s：A n n eB r a d s t r e e t（T h e T e n t h M u s e L a t e l y S p r u n g u p i n A m e r i c a--《美国新崛起的第十位缪斯女神》）H e r w o r k s e r v e s a s a d o c u m e n t o f t h e s t r u g g l e s o f a P u r i t a n w i f e a g a i n s t t h e h a r d s h i p s o f N e w E n g l i s h c o l o n i a l l i f eE d w a r d T a y l o r①R e g a r d e d a s t h e b e s t o f t h e P u r i t a n p o e t s.②R e l i g i o u s t h e m e s.③B a s e d d i r e c t l y o n t h e P s a l m s(圣诗).P u r i t a n v a l u e s(e n d u r i n g持久的 i n f l u e n c e)s t r e s s e d h a r d w o r k,t h r i f t, p i e t y,s o b r i e t y（节制)T h e y r e g a r d e d t h e m s e l v e s a s c h o s e n p e o p l e o f G o d.T h e y e m b r a c e dh a r d s h i p s,i n d u s t r y a n d f r u g a l i t y(节俭).T h e y f a v o r e d a d i s c i p l i n e d,h a r d,s o m b e r,a s c e t i c(禁欲的)a n d h a r s h l i f e.T h e y o p p o s e d反对 a r t s a n d p l e a s u r e.T h e y s u s p e c t j o y a n d l a u g h t e r a s s y m p t o m s o f s i n.(c a n’t s m i l e i n t h e c h u r c h)P a r t I I.T h e L i t e r a t u r e o f R e a s o n a n d R e v o l u t i o n(18t h C)R e a s o n----- A m e r i c a n E n l i g h t e n m e n t1) P h i l o s o p h i c a l a n d i n t e l l e c t u a l m o v e m e n t.2)A d v o c a t e d r e a s o n(理性)o r r a t i o n a l i t y,t h e s c i e n t i f i c m e t h o d,e q u a l i t y a n d h u m a n b e i n g s'a b i l i t y t o p e rf e c t t h e m s e l v e s a n d t h e i rs o c i e t y.3. A g r e e d o n f a i t h i n h u m a n r a t i o n a l i t y a n d e x i s t e n c e o f d i s c o v e r a b l ea n d u n i v e r s a l l y v a l i d(有效的)p r i n c i p l e s g o v e r n i n g h u m a nb e i n g s,n a t u r ea n d s o c i e t y.4. O p p o s e d i n t o l e r a n c e, r e s t r a i n t, s p i r i t u a l a u t h o r i t y a n d r e v e a l e d r e l i g i o nB e n j a m i n F r a n k l i n(1706-1790)—T h e e p i t o m e(集中体现)o f t h e A m e r i c a n E n l i g h t e n m e n tM a i n W o r k s:P o o r R i c h a r d’s A l m a n a c《穷理查德年鉴》/《格言历书》 A c o l l e c t i o n o f p r o v e r b sA u t o b i o g r a p h y《自传》W i t h i t h e s e t t h e f o r m f o r a u t o b i o g r a p h y a s a g e n r e.建立了传记文学传统（A n i n s p i r i n g a c c o u n t o f a p o o r b o y’s r i s e t o a h i g h p o s i t i o n.I t i s a h o w-t o-d o-i t b o o k,o n e o n t h e a r t o f s e l f-i m p r o v e m e n t./S i g n i f i c a n c e:I t p r e s e n t s a p r o t o t y p e(原型)o f A m e r i c a n s u c c e s s w h i c h i n s p i r e d g e n e r a t i o n s o f A m e r i c a n s.I t i s a n e m b o d i m e n t体现 o f P u r i t a n i s m a n d e n l i g h t e n i n g s p i r i t.）S t y l e:h e d e v e l o p e d a n u t i l i t a r i a n(实利主义的 )a n d d i d a c t i c s t y l e.H i s s t y l e i s c h a r a c t e r i z e d b y s i m p l i c i t y,f r a n k n e s s,w i t,c l a r i t y, l o g i c a n d o r d e r.T h o m a s P a i n e托马斯佩恩(1737-1809)——F o u n d i n g F a t h e r o f U S AO f a l l t h e w r i t e r s o f t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n,h e w a s t h e l e a s t A m e r i c a n i n b a c k g r o u n d,i n s p i r i t a n d i n p u r p o s e.M a i n w o r k s:C o m m o n S e n s e《常识》T h e A m e r i c a n C r i s i s《美国危机》T h e r i g h t s o f m a n《人的权利》T h e A g e o f R e a s o n《理性时代》 D o w n f a l l o f D e s p o t i s m《专制体制的崩溃》“T h e m o s t b r i l l i a n t p a m p h l e t w r i t t e n i n A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n,a n d o n e o f t h e m o s t b r i l l i a n t p a m p h l e t s e v e r w r i t t e n i n t h e E n g l i s h l a n g u a g e.”————C o m m o n S e n s e“T h e s e a r e t h e t i m e s t h a t t r y m e n's s o u l s."T h i s s i m p l e q u o t a t i o n n o t o n l y d e s c r i b e s t h e b e g i n n i n g s o f t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n,b u t a l s o t h e l i f e o f P a i n e h i m s e l f.“I l o v e t h e m a n t h a t c a n s m i l e i n t r o u b l e,t h a t c a n g a t h e r s t r e n g t h f r o m d i s t r e s s,a n d g r o w b r a v e b y r e f l e c t i o n.”T h o m a s J e f f e r s o n托马斯·杰斐逊（1743－1826）s y m b o l o f A m e r i c a n d e m o c r a c y.P o l i t i c a l l y, h e i s c o n s i d e r e d t h e f a t h e r o f t h e d e m o c r a t i c s p i r i t i n h i s c o u n t r y.T h e D e c l a r a t i o n o f I n d e p e n d e n c e《独立宣言》:T h e e s s a y,a d o p t e d J u l y4, 1776,n o t o n l y a n n o u n c e d t h e b i r t h o f a n e w n a t i o n,b u t a l s o s e t f o r t h a p h i l o s o p h y o f h u m a n f r e e d o m w h i c h s e r v e d a s u n i m p o r t a n t f o r c e i n t h e w e s t e r n w o r l d.I t i s a s t a t e m e n t o f A m e r i c a n p r i n c i p l e s a n d a r e v i e w o f t h e C a u s e s o f t h e q u a r r e l w i t h B r i t a i n, p r e s e n t e d t h e A m e r i c a n v i e w t o t h e w o r l d w i t h c l a s s i c d i g n i t y.I t i n s t i l l e d(逐步灌输)a m o n g t h e c o m m o n p e o p l e a s e n s e o f t h e i r o w n i m p o r t a n c e a n d i n s p i r e d s t r u g g l e f o r p e r s o n a l f r e e d o m,s e l f g o v e r n m e n t a n d a d i g n i f i e d p l a c e i n s o c i e t y.P h i l i p F r e n e a u（佛瑞诺）(1752-1832)f a t h e r o f A m e r i c a n P o e t r y &l e a d e r o f18t h c e n t u r y n a t u r a l i s m‘P o e t o f t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n’T h e f i r s t A m e r i c a n-b o r n p o e t.H i s p o e m s p r e s e n t e d R o m a n t i c s p i r i t s b u t h i s f o r m w a s m a i n l y i n f l u e n c e d b y C l a s s i c i s m. M a i n W o r k s:T w o t h e m e s：n a t u r e a n d t h e r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n m e n a n d n a t u r e&t h e A m e r i c a n R e v o l u t i o n.T h e R i s i n g G l o r y o f A m e r i c a《蒸蒸日上的美洲》(1772) T h e B r i t i s h P r i s o n S h i p《英国囚船》 (1781)T o t h e M e m o r y o f t h e B r a v e A m e r i c a n s《纪念美国勇士》--同类诗中最佳T h e I n d i a n B u r y i n g G r o u n d《印第安人墓地》 (1788)T h e W i l d H o n e y S u c k l e《野生的金银花》 (1786)Q u e s t i o n s：W h a t’s t h e p o e t’s t o n e i n t h e p o e m,o p t i m i s t i c o r p e s s i m i s t i c?W h a t a r e t h e t h e m e s? W h a t c a n w e l e a r n f r o m t h e p o e m?S t a n z a1T h e f i r s t s t a n z a o f t h e p o e m t r e a t s t h e a d v a n t a g e s a s w e l l a s d i s a d v a n t a g e s o f t h e f l o w e r’s m o d e s t r e t i r e m e n t(隐居)—i t i s d e s i g n e d w i t h b e a u t y(f i r s t2l i n e s)a n d w e l l p r o t e c t e d(t h e l a s t2l i n e s) i n s o l i t u d e;w h e r e a s i t s b e a u t y m i g h t b e a d m i r e d b y f e w(t h e3r d &4t h l i n e s).S t a n z a2T h e s e c o n d s t a n z a s u g g e s t s t h a t t h e h o n e y s u c k l e b e a r s a s p e c i a l r e l a t i o n s h i p w i t h n a t u r e w h i c h h a s a d v i s e d i t t o k e e p a w a y f r o m“v u l g a r e y e”,i t h a s s e n t t h e s o f t w a t e r s f l o w i n g g e n t l y b y.H o w e v e r,i n s p i t e o f a l l t h e n a t u r e’s k i n d n e s s,t h e f l o w e r c a n n o te s c a p e i t s d o o m(d e s t i n y).T h e b e s t t i m e of i t s l i f e i s f a d i n g,f o r d e a t h i s w a i t i n g.Q u e s t i o n s f o r D i s c u s s i o n：.F r e n e a u w a s e x t r e m e l y s e n s i t i v e t o t h e b e a u t i e s o f n a t u r e.I n t h i s p o e m h e e x p r e s s e s a k e e n a w a r e n e s s o f t h e l o v e l i n e s s a n d t r a n s i e n c e（短暂）o f n a t u r e.W h a t i m p r e s s i o n o f t h e f l o w e r i s g i v e n i n t h e f i r s t t w o s t a n z a s p a r t i c u l a r l y t h r o u g h t h e p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n o f n a t u r e?S t a n z a3T h e t h i r d s t a n z a r e v e a l s t h e i n d i f f e r e n c e o f n a t u r e---t h e “u n p i t y i n g f r o s t s” a r e a s m u c h a p a r t o f n a t u r e a s t h e“s o f t w a t e r s”. T h u s,t h e n o t i o n t h a t n a t u r e h a s p r o v i d e d a“g u a r d i a n s h a d e” f o r t h e p r o t e c t i o n o f t h e h o n e y s u c k l e i s a s e n t i m e n t a l f a n c y.W h y d o e s t h e p o e t f e e l g r i e f悲痛 a b o u t t h e f l o w e r’s d o o m? T o w h a t d o e s h e c o m p a r e i t s c h a r m s?S t a n z a4I n t h e f o u r t h s t a n z a,t h e p o e t s e e s h i s f a t e m i r r o r e d i n t h a t o f t h e f l o w e r. H u m a n b e i n g s, a s a n y o t h e r c r e a t u r e s o r f l o w e r s, a r e a p a r t o f n a t u r e.T h e y o r i g i n a t e d f r o m n a t u r e a n d w i l l s u r e l y r e t u r n t o n a t u r e s o m e d a y,t h u s t h e i r r e d u c t i o n t o n a t u r e i n t h ed a y a he a d w i l l c o n s t i t u t e n o r e a l l o s s.1.W h a t c o n c l u s i o n d o e s t h e p o e t d r a w i n t h e l a s t s t a n z a?2.D o y o u t h i n k F r e n e a u i s c o m p a r i n g t h e l i f e o f a f l o w e r w i t h t h e l i f e o f m a n?E x p l a i n y o u r r e a s o n i n g.W h a t m e a n i n g i s s u g g e s t e d b y t h e p h r a s e“b u t a n h o u r”?C o m m e n t o n“T h e W i l d H o n e y S u c k l e”：I t i s a d e i s t i c（自然神论的）c e l e b r a t i o n o f n a t u r e, r o m a n t i c u s e o f s i m p l e n a t u r e i m a g e r y, i n s p i r e d b y t h e m e s o f d e a t h a n d t r a n s i e n c e（短暂）.M u c h o f t h e b e a u t y o f t h e p o e m l i e s i n t h e s o u n d s o f t h e w o r d s a n d t h e e f f e c t s c r e a t e d t h r o u g h c h a n g e s i n r h y t h m(a b a b c c).F l o w e r v s H u m a n B e i n g& D u r a t i o n持久 v s L i f eS h o w u s h o w t o l i v e a n u s e f u l l i f e. I n a r e v o l u t i o n,o n e s h o u l d n o t d o n o t h i n g f o r h i s c o u n t r y f o r f e a r o f b e i n g h u r t,h a r m e d a n d d e s t r o y e d.D i f f e r e n t c o m m e n t s o n t h e p o e m：（1）T h e p o e m i s a b o u t l i f e.T h e f i r s t s t a n z a d e s c r i b e s a b a b y i n t h e w o m b.U n t o u c h e d,u n s e e n,a n d p r o t e c t e d.T h e s e c o n d t a l k s a b o u t c h i l d h o o d,b e i n g p r o t e c t e d i n s h a d e a n d f r o m v u l g a r i t y.T h e t h i r d i s a b o u t a g i n g t o t h e p r i m e o f l i f e“n o r w e r e t h o s e f l o w e r sm o r e g a y,T h e f l o w e r s t h a t d i d i n E d e n b l o o m.” F r e n e a u i n c l u d e s f o r e s h a d o w i n g o f t h e i m p e n d i n g（临近）d e c a y.T h e f l o w e r d i e s i n t h e f o u r t h s t a n z a a n d l e a v e s n o t r a c e. I t’s a l m o s ta s i f i t w a s n e v e r t h e r e.A l t h o u g h t h e h o n e y s u c k l e h a s g o n e t h r o u g ht h e s e c h a n g e s,i t's l i f e w a s s h o r t.B a s i c a l l y,F r e n e a u t e l l s u s t h a t o u r l i v e s a r e a l s o f r a i l a n d s h o r ta n d a r e a l l e q u a l i n d e a t h.（2）I m a g e r y意象P h i l i p F r e n e a u e m p l o y s a l a n g u a g e f u l l o f i m a g e r y.E s p e c i a l l y p e r s o n i f i c a t i o n s c o n s t i t u t e a m a i n p a r t o f“T h e W i l d H o n e yS u c k l e”.M o r e o v e r,t h e f l o w e r i t s e l f i s p e r s o n i f i e d.T h e n a r r a t o rt a l k s t o t h e f l o w e r a s i f i t w e r e a h u m a n b e i n g. H e e x p r e s s e s t h a tt h e“l i t t l e b r a n c h e s g r e e t” (l i n e4),h o p e s t h a t t h e r e w i l l b e n o “t e a r” (6) o f t h e f l o w e r a n d a d v i c e s i t t o“s h u n t h e v u l g a r e y e” (8).T h e“r o v i n g f o o t”a n d t h e“b u s y h a n d”(5f)a r e m e t a p h o r s o f t h ed e s t r u c t i o n o f n a t u r e b y m e n. N a t u r e i t s e l f i s p e r s o n i f i e d a s“N a t u r e’s s e l f” (7)w h i c h a r r a y e d t h e f l o w e r s“a n d p l a n t e d h e r e t h e g u a r d i a ns h a d e a n d s e n t s o f t w a t e r s m u r m u r i n g b y”(9f).T h e w a t e r s a r ep e r s o n i f i e d a s w e l l,b e i n g s m o o t h a n d p r o d u c i n g s o u n d s l i k e s i l e n tt a l k i n g.总结：这是一首脍炙人口的小诗，诗人以敏锐的观察力，浅俗的词汇，优美的韵律和清晰的意象，细腻生动地描述了盛开于北美大地不为人们注意的野金银花。
美国文学考试重点
•Historical background of American Romanticism•General characteristics of Romantics•Two chief elements shaped American Romanticism:••Literary characteristics of American Romanticism•The first great prose stylist of American Romanticism•The first modern short stories and and the first great American juvenile literature• A rollicking burlesque of the early Dutch settlers•The first American writer who gained international fame___•The first important American novelist•Cooper's stories mainly conlude two parts, what are they? List their titles.•Central figure of Leatherstocking tales?•Bryant's first important poem is ______•_____is perhaps the peak of Bryant's work.•Poe's first collection of short storiesis____.•Who wrote To Helen, The Raven, and Annabel Lee?•List one Gothic short story wrote by Poe.•Transcendentalism had been regarded as summit of _____, after that American literature enter into the first ______.•Three sources of tran•scendentalism•Appearance and features•Emerson’s two famous addresses:•Thoreau’s works:•Hawthorne’s famous short stories collection include_____and____. His masterpiece is ____, a novel, and its characters include:•In Scarlet Letter, Hawthorne uses a technique _____which makes the novel full of deeper meaning.•The symbolic significance of the letter “A”?•Symbolism•Herman Melville’s masterpiece.•Longfellow’s first collection of poems___, and his reputation was established by the publication of ____•Literary characteristics of American realism.•Leaves of Grass•Song of myself•Dickinson’s major poems.•Harriet Beecher Stowe’s masterpiece•Major Features of Mark Twain’s writing•Mark Twain’s major works•O. Henry’s major works•Henry James’s major phase•James first international theme novel. And his first international fame novel. •three staunch advocates of 19th century American realism•Features of James’ novels。
美国文学史期末考试资料
殖民时期的美国: Colonial America 17c早——18c末1. 从英国探险者和殖民者在新大陆的作品开始，描述他们在新大陆真实而精力充沛的冒险。
2. 另一类为清教作品Philip Freneau 菲利普·费瑞诺：第一位美国抒情诗人兼记者“Father of American Poetry”(美国诗歌之父)Puritanism: 清教主义American Puritanism influences on American literature:1. Idealism and optimism 理想主义和乐观主义2. Symbolism 象征主义3. Simplicity. 简洁1.Edwards爱德华兹：the first modern American can the country’s last medieval man.“the current of Transcendentalism, originating in the piety of the Puritans, vecoming a philosophy in Jonathan Ed wards, passing through Emerson.”超验论由清教徒的虔诚演变而来在乔纳森·爱德华兹的哲理得到发展继而传给爱默生4、典型的清教徒： John Cotton & Roger William他们的不同：John Cotton was much more concerned with authority than with democracy; William begins the history of religious toleration in America.5、William的宗教观点：Toleration did not stem from a lack of religious convictions. Instead, it sprang from the idea that simply to be virtuous in conduct and devout in belief did not give anyone the right to force belief on others. He also felt that no political order or church system could identify itself directly with God. 行为上的德，信仰上的诚，并没有给任何人强迫别人该如何行事的权利。
美国文学选读期末考试重点
1、The Colonial Period（1607-1765）American Puritanism ( in the early 17th century through the end of the 18th)北美第一位女诗人Anne Bradstreet(宗教气息，夫妻恩爱)Edward Taylor 都受英国玄学派影响（metaphysical）2、The Enlightenment and Revolution PeriodBenjamin Franklin:Poor Richard's Almanac The Autobiography---“美国梦”的根源3、American Romanticism（end of 18th to the civil war）American writers emphasis upon the imaginative and emotional qualities of literature.早期浪漫主义Washington Irving father of American Literature <The Sketch Book>短篇小说James Fenimore Cooper 历史，冒险，边疆小说《The Leather-stocking Tales>文明发展对大自然的摧残与破坏William Cullen Bryant 美国第一个浪漫主义诗人《To a Waterfowl><The Yellow Violet>美国山水，讴歌大自然，歌颂美国生活现实Edgar Allan Poe ---(48 poems,70 short stories)He greatly influenced the devotees of “Art for art’s sake.”He was father of psychoanalytic criticism , and the detective story.Ralph Waldo Emerson---The chief spokesman of New England TranscendentalismAmerican Transcendentalism (also known as “American Renaissance”) It is the high tide of American romanticism Transcendentalists spoke for the cultural rejuvenation and against the materialism of American society. 《Nature》---the Bible of Transcendentalism by Emerson 《Self-Reliance》表达他的超验主义观点Henry David Thoreau------ Waldenhe regarded nature as a symbol of spirit.Thoreau was very critical of modern civilization.小说家：Hawthorne-赞成超验He is a master of symbolism The Scarlet Letter《红字》Melville 怀疑，悲观，sailing experiences Moby Dick百科全书式性质/海洋作品/动物史诗诗人Longfellow《I Shot an Arrow...》《A Psalm of Life》第一首被完整地介绍到中国的美国诗歌Whitman （Free Verse---without a fixed beat or regular rhyme scheme ）《Leaves of Grass》《One's Self I Sing》《O Captain! My Captain!》songDickinson inner life of the individual ---died for beauty4、The Age of RealismJames upper reaches of American society. <一位女士的肖像》inner world of manHowells, concerned himself chiefly with middle class life.<The Rise of Silas Lapman>Twain the lower strata of society. humor and local colorism<Life on the Mississippi> <The Adventures of Tom Sawyer> <The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn >American Naturalism 自然主义（新型现实）Stephen Crane；《Maggie: A Girl of the Streets》《The Red Badge of Courage》pessimisticTheodore Dreiser；Sister Carrie；Jennie Gerhardt；An American Tragedy(Trilogy of Desire)O.Henry (William Sydney Porter)：The Gift of the Magi；The Cop and the anthemJack London：The Call of the Wild；Martin Eden5、The Modern Period The 1920s-1930s ( the second renaissance of American literature)The Roaring Twenties ，The Jazz Age ，“lost”(Gertrude Stein) and “waste land”(T.S.Eliot)现代主义小说家F. Scott Fitzgerald：《The Great Gatsby》被视为美国文学“爵士时代”的象征，以美国梦American Dream为主线。
美国文学史考试总结
•Brief introduction of his life•Eliot（1888-1965）•American-born English poet，literary critic, and dramatist，who is best known for his poem The Waste Land. He was born in St. Louis，Missouri.•Features of his poetry••Eliot’s poetry was becoming noted for its fresh visual imagery视觉表象, its flexible 灵活tone语气音调and highly expressive rhythm.韵律•His famous principle “objective correlative”客观相关物i.e. using related有关联的objects, situations情境, events, all external外部的事实facts, to expressemotions.情感•His criticism他善于以精辟和富于权威性的语言表达其他人经常想到和提到，然而不能准确讲出的论点•Eliot was a distinguished literary critic. He became “a giver of laws and the arbiter of taste”in the new poetry and criticism.•His criticism possessed an air of authority and offered a measure of reassurance•The basic them of his criticism•the relationship of between tradition and individual talent, and between the past, the present and the future•His famous doctrine on poets and poetry•“impersonal theory" or the theory of impersonality and objectivity.•To Eliot, what the poet has to express, is not a “personality,个性”but a particular 方法medium in which impressions印象and experiences经历combine结合in 奇特peculiar and unexpected 出乎意料的ways.•Poetry is not a turning loose释放of emotion, but an escape from it; it is not the expression of personality, but an escape from it.•The influence of his theory•Lead to the emergence of the New Criticism新批评主义in later years and influence a whole generation of poets.一代•His theory became something like a law for American poets for over two decades from mid 1920s through the 1950s.••The waste land is a reprehensive谴责work of the high modernism of 1920s, impersonal, 客观的discontinuous间断的with its fragments片段, full of literary allusions暗示and ancientmyths古代神话, measuring测量modern life against the historical past and finding itwanting不足in many ways.••The change of these five parts is abrupt 生硬and jerky, with no hint of logical order逻辑次序的暗示and causal relationship.因果关系•Through gaps, absence of connective tissues连接词, and discordant不和谐juxtapositions并列, the poet intends the reader to see and feel the 碎片agmentary nature of life.His influence on American literature•He was the most successful literary dictator独裁者in American literature history,one who wielded the most decisive influence over literary development for a long time.∙《普鲁弗洛克及其他》（Prufrock and Other Observations，1917年）∙《诗集》（Poems，1919年）∙《荒原》（The Waste Land，1922年）∙《诗集1909-1925》（Poems 1909-1925，1925年）∙《圣灰星期三》（Ash Wednesday，1930年）∙《老负鼠的猫经》（Old Possum's Book of Practical Cats，1939年）∙《焦灼的诺顿》（Burnt Norton，1941年）∙《四个四重奏》（Four Quartets，1943年）《诗集》（Collected Poems，1962∙《圣林》（The Sacred Wood，1920年）∙《安德鲁·马维尔》（Andrew Marvell，1922年）∙《但丁》（Dante，1929年）∙《当代文学的传统和尝试》（Tradition and Experimentation in Present-Day Literature，1929年）∙《朗伯斯后的沉思》（Thoughts After Lambeth，1931年）∙《约翰·德莱顿》（John Dryden，1932年）∙《古典与现代散文》（Essays Ancient and Modern，1936年）∙《诗与剧》（Poetry and Drama，1951年）∙∙《岩石》（The Rock，1934年）∙《大教堂中的谋杀》（Murder in the Cathedral，1935年）∙《家庭聚会》（The Family Reunion，1939年）∙《鸡尾酒会》（The Cocktail Party，1950年）∙《老政治家》（The Elder Statesman，1958年）托马斯·艾略特是英国20世纪影响最大的诗人。
美国文学重点总结
I.Benjamin Franklin1.works(1)Autobiography 自传(2)Poor Richard’s Almanac 穷理查德年鉴2.contribution(1)He helped found the Pennsylvania Hospital and the AmericanPhilosophical Society.(2)He was called “the new Prometheus who had stolen fire(electricity in this case) from h eaven”.(3)Everything seems to meet in this one man –“Jack of all trades”.Herman Melville thus described him “master of each andmastered by none”.II.Thomas Paine1.works(1)Common Sense(2)American CrisisIII.Thomas Jefferson1.works(1)The declaration of IndependenceIV.Philip Freneau1.works(1)The wild honey suckle(2)The Indian Burying Ground(3)To a Caty-Did2.contribution(1)Poet of the American Revolution(2)Father of American poetry(3)Transitional role of neoclassicism and RomanticismEnlightenment(1)It was an intellectual movement and it originated in Europe in17th C and come to American in 18th C.(2)It stressed the power of human reason, the important ofscientific methods and discoveries.(3)It contributed to freezing American from the limitations ofPuritanism and stimulating.(4)Emphasized independent democratic nation.American Romanticism1.American romanticism is a literary movement swept thoughwestern Europe.2.Emphasized freedom and individualism, like to write sth aboutmoral enthusiasm.3.Interest in medieval literature4.Show love of nature, emphasized mystery and supernatural.I.Washington Irving1.several names attached to Irving(1)first American writer win international fame(2)the messenger sent from the new world to the old world(3)father of American history, write history and biography asliterary entertainment2.works(1)First novel <A History of New York> 纽约外史won him widepopularity(2)<The Sketch Book> 见闻札记 won international fame(3)The Sketch Book :the Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip VanWinkle.II.James Fenimore Cooper1.several names attached to Irvingthe first important American novelist began his literary career on dare.2.worksLeatherstocking TaleIII.William cullen BryantThe first American to gain stature of a major poet.1.Thanatopsis” 死亡随想曲2.To the Waterfowl 致水鸟most perfect brief poem in thelanguage.IV.Edgar Allan Poe1.works(1)the fall of the house of Usher(2)to Helen(3)Annabel Lee2.contribution(1)a master of the horror tale(2)first important critics(3)a start of the detective storyTranscendentalism.超验主义1.It is a philosophical and literary movement that flourished inNew England.2.Emphasized intuition, the spirit or the oversoul ,3.Emphasized individualism4.For transcendentalists, nature is a symbol of the spirit or God5.they believe in self-trust and self-reliance6.They appreciated the dignity of manual labor7.represent writer: Ralph Waldo Emerson and Henry DavidThoreauV.Ralph Waldo Emerson1.works:Nature: Bible of American transcendentalism.2.one of his statement was in The American ScholarVI.Henry David ThoreauWalden 瓦尔登湖VII.Nathaniel HawthorneThe Scarlet Letter 红字Hester Prynne 3A:adultery able angel VIII.Herman MelvilleMoby DickIX.Henry Wadsworth LongfellowA Psalm of Life：stresses the importance of a full and sincere activity in making the most of life’s brief span, rather than succumbing to moods of vain regret and dejection.Realism:a literary movement in Europe and the United States in the last half of the last half of the 19th, early year of 20th. The attempt in literary and art to represent life as it really is, without sentimentalizing or idealizing it. It described Everyday life and speech of ordinary people. Represent writer: William Dean ,Mark Twain ,Henry James.I.Walt WhitmanLeave of grassFree words 自由体II.Emily DickinsonI died for beauty-but was scarceBecause I could not stop for deat hIII.Mark TwainSamuel Langhorne Clemens1.works:The Adventures of Tom SawyerThe Adventures of Huckleberry Finn2.contribute:(1)The true father of all the national literature.(2)Lincoln of our literature.(3)The fountainhead of all modern literature.(4)His writing style: colloquial language dialects, local color,sentence simple brief, sometimes ungrammatical; humor, socialcritic.IV.O. HenryWilliam Sidney Porter1.works:(1)The Cop and the Anthem(2)The Four Million(3)The Gift of the Magi(4) A Municipal Report(5)An Unfinished Story(6)Phoebe(7)The Furnished Room(8) A Lickpenny LoverNaturalism:(1)I t was an outgrowth and extreme form of realism.(2)I t is sometimes defined as the technique of portraying ascientifically accurate, detached picture of life, includingeverything and selecting nothing.(3)I t conveyed that social conditions, heredity and environmenthad inescapable force in shaping human character.(4)I ts characteristics: pessimism, determinism, objectivity.V.Henry JamesHe defined the American literature in the international context.Works:(1)The Portrait of A Lady(2)The Bostonians(3)The Wings of the Dove,(4)Daisy MillerVI.Jack London(1)The Sea Wolf(2)The Iron Heel(3)The Call of the Wild(4)Martin EdenVII.White Fang(1)Sister Carrie(2)Trilogy of Desire 欲望三部曲：The Financier , The Titan, The StoicThe topic: identification of potency with moneyVIII.Ezra Pound(1)Hugh Selwyn Mauberley(2)The Cantos :A Pact, In a Station of the MetroIX.Robert Frost(1) A Boy’s Will(2)North of Boston(3)Mountain interval(4)New Hampshire(5) A Further Range(6) A Witness Tree(7)Steeple Bush(8)In the Clearing(9)The Road Not Taken(10)Stopping by Woods on a Snowy EveningX.Thomas Stearns Eliot ---T.S Eliot(1)The Hollow Man(2)The Waste land(3)The Love Son of J. Alfred PrufrockXI. F. Scott FitzgeraldThe Great Gatsby,Tender Is the NightXII.Ernest HemingwayA farewell to Arms,For Whom the Bell TollsThe Old Man and the SeaXIII.John SteinbeckThe Grapes of Wrath:earn him a Pulitzer Prize in 1940 and Nobel Prize for Literature in 1962 XIV.William FaulknerA rose of Emily: get Nobel Prize for Literature。
美国文学考试期末知识点
1. features of Puritanism 请教主义(1)Predestination: God decided everything before things occurred.(2)Original sin: Human beings were born to be evil, and this original sin can be passed down from generation to generation. (3)Total depravity(4)Limited atoneme nt: Only the “elect” can be saved.2, American Puritanism 美国请教主义的Basic Puritan Beliefs(1)Total Depravity - through Adam and Eve's fall, every person is born sinful - concept of Original Sin.(2)Unconditional Election - God "saves" those he wishes - only a few are selected for salvation - concept of predestination. (3)Limited Atonement - Jesus died for the chosen only, not for everyone. (4)Irresistible Grace - God's grace is freely given, it cannot be earned or denied. Grace is defined as the saving and transfiguring power of God.(5)Perseverance of the "saints" - those elected by God have full power to interpret the will of God, and to live uprightly. If anyone rejects grace after feeling its power in his life, he will be going against the will of God - something impossible in Puritanism.(6)Puritan values (creeds): Hard work, thrift, piety, sobriety, simple tastes. Puritans are more practical, tougher, to be ever ready for any misfortune and tragic failure and optimistic..3.Influence on American Literature对美国文学影响定义:America literature is in good measure a literary expression of the pious idealism of the American Puritanism bequest. All literature is based on a myth of garden of Eden.Symbolism象征the American puritan’s metaphorical mode of perception was chie fly instrumental in calling into being a literary symbolism which is distinctly American. Symbolism as a technique has become a common practice in American literature.With regard to their writing, the style is fresh, simple and direct; the rhetoric is plain and honest, not without a touch of nobility often traceable to the direct influence of the Bible.4. The literary Scene in colonial America 殖民地的美国Humble origins: diaries, histories, journals, letters,travel books, autobiographies/biographies, sermons各种作家Writers: (1)John Smith: the first American writer(2)Anne Bradstreet: a Puritan poet ,The Complete Work: Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up In America(3)Edward Taylor: a variety of verse: funeral elegies, lyrics, a medieval "debate," and a 500-page Metrical History of Christianity (mainly a history of martyrs). His best works, according to modern critics, are the series of short Preparatory Meditations.5;Features of Colonial Poets殖民地诗人的特征American literature grew out of humble origins. Diaries, histories, journals, letters, commonplace books, travel books, sermons, in short, personal literature in its various forms, occupy a major position in the literature of the early colonial period.They faithfully imitated and transplanted English literary traditions.---In English styleThey were servants of God.---Puritan poetsThey served either God or colonial expansion or both.6,Anne Bradstreet’s Works1,“Some vers es on the Burning of Our House”2,“The Spirit and the Flesh”3,The Tenth Muse Lately Sprung Up in America(the first collection published by English colonists living in America)7.several points in this period:(1)William Hill Brown published the first American novel The Power of Sympathy in 1789.(2)Charles Brockden Brown) was the first American author to attempt to live from his writing. He developed the genre of American Gothic. He employed new narrative techniques. Another significance was his description of his characters’ in ner world, so his works can be read as psychological novel.(3)Roger Williams (1603-1683)Preach for civil and religious liberty and against the puritan oligarchy of Boston.Call for democratic government and oppose to the eviction of the Indians.Works: The Bloody Tenet of Persecution for the Cause of Conscience(4)CJohn Woolman1:From a pious Quaker family 2:Transcendentalism humanitarianism3:Plea for the rights of all men and the abolition of the slavery system.Works: Some Considerations on the Keeping of Negroes; A Plea for the Poor.(5)Thomas Paine :A great influence in the American RevolutionWorks: The Rights of Man; The Age of Reason(6)Philip Freneau:“Poet of the American Revolution”“Father of American Poetry”,the most significant poet of 18th century in America. Some off his themes and images anticipated theworks of such 19th century American Romantic writers as Cooper, Emerson, Poe and Melville.His works:(1) The Rising Glory of America1772 《美洲光辉的兴起》(2) The Wild Honey Suckle 1786 《野地里德忍冬》(3) The Indian Burying Ground1788 《印第安人墓地》(4The Dying Indian: Tomo Chequi《奄奄一息的印第安人：托姆·柴吉》关于他的评价：He was the most significant poet of 18th century America.Some of his themes and images anticipated the works of such 19th century American Romantic writers as Cooper, Emerson, Poe and Melville.Poet of American Independence: Freneau provides incentive and inspiration to the revolution by writing such poems as "The Rising Glory of America" and "Pictures of Columbus."Journalist: Freneau was editor and contributor of The Freeman's Journal (Philadelphia) from 1781-1784. In his writings, he advocated the essence of what is known as Jeffersonian democracy - decentralization of government, equality for the masses, etc.Freneau's Religion: Freneau is described as a deist - a believer in nature and humanity but not a pantheist. In deism, religion becomes an attitude of intellectual belief, not a matter of emotional of spiritual ecstasy. Freneau shows interest and sympathy for the humble and the oppressedFreneau as Father of American Poetry: His major themes are death, nature, transition, and the human in nature. All of these themes become important in 19th century writing.All the while.in romanticizing the wonders of nature in his writings...he searched for an American idiom in verse.8：The American Enlightenment 美国启蒙运动(1)It was a part of a larger intellectual movement known as the Age of Enlightenment. Influenced by the scientific revolution of the 17th century, the Enlightenment took scientific reasoning and applied it to human nature and society.(2)Reason was advocated as the primary source and basis of authority.There was a shift from God-centered thinking to human being centered. Instead of going through life unhappy and thinking they had to suffer so they could enjoy the afterlife - people began to think about what they could accomplish on earth.(3)Equality The American Enlightenment inflenced Benjamin Franklin dramatically.Great Awening影响(1)It is a serires of religious revivals that swept over the American colonies about the middle of the 18th century.(2)It results in doctrinal changes and influnce social and political thought.In New England it was started by the rousing preaching of Jonathan Edwards9:Jonathan Edwards Works: (1)The Freedom of the Will《论意志自由》(2)The Great Doctrine of Original Sin Defended《论原罪》(3)The Nature of True Virtue《论真实德行的本原》AssessmentJonathan Edwards was a good deal of a transcendentalistbecause of his ideas:a, The spirit of revivalism b. Regeneration of man c. God’s presence d. Puritan idealism10:Benjamin Franklin Works:1：The Autobiography《自传》（1）The Autobiography is, first of all, a Puritan document. It is a record of self-examination and self-improvement.（2）The Autobiography is also an eloquent elucidation of the fact that Benjamin Franklin was spokesman for the new order of 18th century enlightenment, and that he represented in America all its ideas, that man is basically good and free, by nature endowed by God with certain inalienable rights of liberty and the pursuit of happiness.（3）Through telling a success story of self-reliance, the book celebrates, in fact, the fulfillment of the American dream.Now a look at the style of The Autobiography will readily reveal that it is the pattern of Puritan simplicity, directness, and concisionThe Autobiography《自传》:It is perhaps the first real post-revolutionary American writing as well as the first real autobiography in English.It gives us the simple yet immensely fascinating record of a man rising to wealth and fame from a state of poverty and obscurity into which he was born, the faithful account of the colorful career of America’s first self-made man:2：Poo r Richard’s Almanac《穷理查德格言历书》Poor Richard’s Almanac is full of adages and common-sense witticism which became ,very quickly, household words.Benjamin Franklin Borrowed from such writers as Defoe, Swift, and Pope , and used his own wit to simplify and enrich their axioms11：General Introduction to Romanticism 浪漫主义介绍a. Romanticism is a complex artistic, literary, and intellectual movement that originated in the second half of the 18th century in Western Europe, and gained strength during the Industrial Revolution.b. It was partly a revolt against aristocratic social and political norms of the Age of Enlightenment and a reaction against the scientific rationalization of nature, and was embodied most strongly in the visual arts, music, and literature.The movement stressed运动强调a. strong emotion as a source of aesthetic experience, placing new emphasis on such emotions as trepidation, horror and awe—especially that which is experienced in confronting the sublimity of untamed nature and its picturesque qualities, both new aesthetic categories.b. It elevated folk art and custom to something noble.c. It argued for a "natural" epistemology of human activities as conditioned by nature in the formof language, custom and usage.12：Characteristics of Romanticism:浪漫主义特征（1）an innate and intuitive perception of man, nature and society—reliance on the subconscious, the inner life, the abnormal psychology（2）an emphasis on freedom, individualism and imagination—rebellion against neoclassicism which stressed formality, order and authority（3）a profound love for nature—nature as a source of knowledge, nature as a refuge from the present, nature as a revelation of the holy spirit the quest for beauty—pure beautythe use of antique and fanciful subject matters—sense of terror, Gothic, grotesque, odd and queer13，Romanticism Historical Background历史背景1，Political: After American Revolution, American developed into a political, economic and cultural independence. Democracy and equality became the ideals of the new nation. Complete changes came about in the political life of the country.2. Economic: Industrialism spread widely and fast. A large number of immigrants arrived. All these produced an economic boom.3. Both the change in political and the economic development brought about a sense of optimism and hope.4. Culturally: Magazines appeared in ever-increasing numbers and they played an important role in facilitating literary expansion.5. Foreign influence added incentive to the growth of romanticism in America.14Features of American Romanticism美国浪漫主义特征a. Imitative: Some of the American Romantic writings were modeled on English and European works. The Romantic Movement proved to be a decisive influence. Without it, the rise of Romanticism would have been impossible. Romanticism writers such as Scott, Coleridge, Wordsworth, Byron all made a stimulating impact on American literature.b. Independent: From the very beginning, American Romanticism exhibited distinct features of its own. It originated from a mixture of factors which were altogether American rather than anything else.c. Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize than writers in England.15：Uniqueness of Am. Romanticism:美国浪漫主义独特性Unique subject matter：The western movement ：the American national experience of pioneering into the west proved to be a rich source of material for American writers to draw upon. They celebrated American’s landsc ape with its virgin forests, meadows, groves, endless prairies, stream, and vast oceans. The wildness came to function almost as a dramatic character that symbolized moral law.Uniqueness of Am. Romanticism:：the newness as a nation美国浪漫主义独特性的具体体现（1）The ideals of individualism and political equality, and their dream that America was to be a new Garden of Eden for man were distinctly American. This feeling of newness was strong enough to inspire the romantic imagination and channel it into different vein of writing.Puritan moral values（2）Puritan influence over American Romanticism was clearly noticeable. E.g., the author tended more to moralize than writers in England.（3）Mixture of different races：The immigrants coming from different cultural and social background bring with them different cultures16. Two phases:两个时期a. 1770s to 1830s Early period Representatives: Washington Irving, James Fenimore Cooperb.1830s to 1860s Late period summit of American literature Representatives: Emerson, Thoreau, Hawthorne, Melville, Whitman, Dickinson, Poe etc.；Washington Irving “Father of the American short storyHis Worksa. A History of New York from the Beginning of the World to the End of the Dutch Dynasty1809 《纽约外史》b. The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent1819-1820 《见闻札记》c. Bracebridge Hall 1822 《布雷斯布里奇庄园》d. Oliver Goldsmith 1840 《哥尔德斯密斯》e. Life of George Washington1855-1859 《华盛顿传》The Sketch Book of Geoffrey Crayon, Gent1819-1820 《见闻札记》评价：（1）The Sketch Book is a collection of essays, sketches, and tales.（2）In The Sketch Book, the most famous and frequently anthologized（选编）are “Rip Van Winkle” 《瑞普·凡·温克》“The Legend of Sleepy Hollow” 《睡谷的传说》(3）The short story as a genre in American literature began with The Sketch Book.(4)The book touched the American imagination and foreshadowed the coming of Hawthorne, Melville, and Poe. (5)It also marked the beginning of American Romanticisms.The evaluation of Irving：a:Father of American literatureb：The beginning of short story as a genre-“Father of the American short story”c The first American writer of imaginative literature to gain international famed The Sketch Book also marked the beginning of American RomanticismThe theme of the storyThe story of man who has difficulties facing his advancing ageThe contradictory impulses in America toward work- the puritan attitude as opposed to the American desire for leisureThe theme of escape from one’s responsibilities and even one’s historyThe loss of identity19：James Fenimore Cooper(1789-1851)Major Works：Precaution戒备(1820, his first novel, imitating Austen’s Pride and Prejudice) The Spy间谍(his second novel and great success)皮袜子故事集：“Leatherstocking Tales” (his masterpiece, a series of five novels): The Pioneers开拓者, The Last of the Mohicans最后的莫西干人, The Prairie草原, The Pathfinder探路者, The Deerslayer 杀鹿者point of view：the theme of wilderness vs. civilization, freedom vs. law, order vs. change, aristocrat vs. democrat, natural rights vs. legal rightsTheme：a. America was made conscious of his past, particularly the contribution from the Mohicans.b. The antithesis between nature and civilization, at the cost of the life and labor, will be dissolved to push the development of frontiers.c. The battle between the colonists caused the trage dy of Indians in American continentThe features of Cooper ：He is a mythic writer Good at inventing plots (Cooper had never been to the frontier area personally.)Style: powerful, yet clumsy and dreadfulWooden Characters ：Use of dialect, but not authentic (criticized by Mark Twain)19：超验主义：Transcendentalism （1）定义Emerson’s Definition：In his essay "The Transcendentalist," Emerson explained transcendentalism is “idealism; i dealism as it appears in 1842".The factors that influenced New England Transcendentalism：New England Transcendentalism was the Product of a combination of foreign influences and the American Puritan traditiona. Foreign influences: the introduction of idealism (唯心主义)from Germany and France and Oriental mysticismb. American PuritanismMajor Features超验主义特征：emphasis on spirit or the Oversoul as the most important thing in the universe. 1 The Oversoul was an all-pervading power for goodness, omnipresent and omnipotent, from which all things came and of which all were a part. It exists in nature and man alike and constituted the chief elements of the universe2 It emphasized the significance of the individual and believed that the individual was the most important element in society and that the ideal kind of individual was self-reliant and unselfish.It took nature as symbolic of the Spirit or God3 All things in nature were symbols of the spiritual, of God’s presence. Nature was alive, filled with God’s overwhelming presence. Everything in the universe was viewed as an expression of the divine spirit.4 It stressed the power of intuition. It stressed the power of intuition, believing that people could learn things both from the outside world by means of the five senses and from the inner world by intuition. But the things they learned from within were truer than the things they learned from without, and transcended them. It held that everyone had access to a source of knowledge that transcended the everyday experiences of sensation and reflection. Intuition was inner light within.Influence超验主义的影响：1 It served as an ethical guide to life for a young nation and brought about the idea that human can be perfected by nature. It stressed religious tolerance, called to throw off shackles of customs and traditions and go forward to the development of a new and distinctly American culture.2 It advocated idealism that was great needed in a rapidly expanded economy where opportunity often became opportunism, and the desire to “get on” obscured the moral necessity for rising to spiritual height.It helped to create the first American renaissance –one of the most prolific period in American literatureSignificance: New England Transcendentalism is the summit of American Romanticism. Representatives: Emerson, Thoreau20：Ralph Waldo Emerson拉尔夫·瓦尔多·爱默生His Works：a. Essays《散文集》b. Nature《论自然》(a book which declared the birth of Transcendentalism)c. The American Scholar《论美国学者》(American’s Declaration of Intellectual Independence)d. Divinity, The Oversoul《论超灵》e. Self-reliance《论自立》f. The Transcendentalist《超验主义者》His point of view a. One major element of his philosophy is his firm belief in the transcendence of the “oversoul”.b. He regards nature as the purest, and the most sanctifying(圣洁的神圣化的) moral influence on man, and advocated a direct intuition of a spiritual and immanent(内在的固有的) God in nature.c. If man depends upon himself, cultivates himself and brings out the divine in himself, he can hope to become better and even perfect. This is what Emerson means by “the infinitude of man”.d. Everyone should understand that he makes himself by making his world, and that he makes the world by making himself.His aesthetics a. poets should function as preachers who gave directions to the mass.b. True poetry and true art should ennoble and serve as a moral purification and a passage toward organic unity(有机统一) and higher reality.c. Emerson places emphasis on ideas, symbols and imaginative words.d. As to theme, Emerson called upon American authors to celebrate America and the life today.e. Emerson’s aesthetics brought about a revolution in American li terature in general and in American poetry in particular. It marked the birth of true American poetry and true America poets such as Whitman and DickinsonNature （论自然）：Emerson’s first published work was Nature(1836). This work has the clearest statement of Transcendentalist ideas. Nature is considered the “gospel” (真理信条)of American Transcendentalism. It has an Introduction and eight chapters:1.Nature2. Commodity3. Beauty4. Language5. Discipline6. Idealism7. Spirit8. Prospects.The major thesis of the essay, in Emerson‘s words, is that we should now “enjoy an original relation to the universe,” and not become dependent on past experiences of others or on holy books, creeds ,dogma(教条教理).主要内容：In it Emerson stated that man should not see nature merely as something to be used; that man’s relationship with nature transcends the idea of usefulness. Nature is a kind of discipline to man. Once you are in nature, totally in solitude, you feel you’re nothing, but you see all. Nature makes people feel transparent(透明的) and humble. Meanwhile, He saw an important difference between understanding (judging things only according to the senses) and reasonThe American Scholar论美国学者These two works made him famous.As “Man Thinking”, the Scholar should know how to think when confronted with Nature, the Past (in the form of books) and Action (life).Emerson particularly warns that the past should be used to inspire and not to enslave the scholar. Emerson argued in the speech that the age called to the Scholar for active participation and leadership.It is American’s Declaration of Intellectual IndependenceSelf-Reliance(论自助)Self-Reliance is one of the most famous of these lecture essays, and is widely read in American high schools today. Emerson believed above all in individualism, independence of mind, and self-reliance; He admired courage and was not afraid of changing or clashing ideas.Equally important is Emerson’s essay The Over-Soul (1841).The Major Themes in Emerson’s Works：the emphasis on the independence and separateness of the individual, and the right (and duty) of man rise to his full potential, asserting the inalienable worth of every man.“Another sign of our times…is the new importance given to the single personEmerson’s Influences on A.La He called on American Writers to write about America in a peculiarly American way.b His perception of humanity and nature as symbols of universal truth encouraged the development of the symbolist movement in A. art and literature.c He embodied a new nation’s desire and struggle to assert（维护主张）its own identity in its formative period.Henry David Thoreau a. A week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers(1849)《康科德和梅里马克河上的一周》b. A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Rivers and Walden / Walden《瓦尔登湖》c. Civil Disobedience《论公民之不服从》It influenced people such as Mahatma Gandhi.point of viewHe did not like the way a materialistic America was developing and was vehemently(激烈的) outspoken on the point.He hated the human injustice as represented by the slavery system.Like Emerson, but more tha n him, Thoreau saw nature as a healthy influence on man’s spiritual well-being.He has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man.He was very critical of modern civilization.“Simplicity…simplify!”He has trust in the future and has belief in a new generation of men.Civil DisobedienceThe essay makes it clear that this stance(立场姿态) is not a matter of whim（一时的兴趣奇想）but a demanding moral principle.The appeal of civil disobedience in the North grew in the wake of the Compromise of 1850, whichincluded the hated Fugitive Slave Law, requiring all citizens to aid in the return of escaped slaves to their owners. Though civil disobedience is usually associated with passive resistance, Thoreau brought out the more direct action of John Brown.Thoreau's essay had a profound influence on reformers worldwide, from Gandhi in South Africa and India; to Martin Luther King, and the opposition to the Vietnam War in the United States.Walden (1854In 1854, Thoreau published the book by which he will always be best known, Walden, or Life in the Woods. It is by far the deepest, richest, and most closely jointed of his books. It shows Thoreau at his best, and contains all that he had to say to the world. In fact, he is a man of one book, and that book is Walden. Thoreau's Walden is mythic, poetic, fictitious, fabulous, and metaphoric in the best senses of these terms. In it the artistically recreated real-life experience (itself an experiment in "artistic" living) becomes a symbolic model or paradigm for an embodied spiritual quest for the disembodied, for a journey from the "gross" to the divine "necessaries of life." The thesis of Walden is clearly indicated in the first chapter of the book. True economy has nothing to do with the ways and means of increasing wealth, with methods for multiplying the superfluities, the "gross necessaries of life." True economy is that which simply provides the flesh with what belongs to the flesh so that the spirit may go about its own business.The book described the author’s extremely simple life and regeneration he experienced when he lived near the Walden pond.This is a book on self-culture and human perfectibilityThoreau has faith in the inner virtue and inward, spiritual grace of man. He holds that the most important thing for men to do with their lives is to be self-sufficient and strive to achieve personal spiritual perfection.In the book Thoreau criticized the modern civilization and told people to leave the life of hurry and bustle and to sink themselves in nature.It is a book full of ideas expressed to jostle his neighbors out of their smug(自鸣得意的) complacency(自满满足For the fatal modern craze for monetary success he prescribes a panacea(灵丹妙药) “Simplicity…simplify!” Spiritual richness is real wealth.One’s soul might not help one up in the world, but it will help make real progress in self-improvementRegeneration is a major thematic concern of wardenRegeneration is a major thematic concern of warden and thus decide the structural framework of the book. The whole book is within the frame of a single year, and progresses through spring, summer and autumn to winter.EvaluationComparing with Emerson who was a great thinker, Thoreau was a great experimentalist who put Emerson's Transcendental doctrines into practice in the actual life.Herman Melville (1819 ---- 1891):Master of philosophical allegory寓言1:His point of view : a. negative attitude towards life. b. One of the major themes of his is alienation孤立（far away from each other）. c. Other themes: loneliness, suicidal individualism（individualism causing disaster and death）, rejection and quest, confrontation of innocence and evil, doubts over the comforting 19th-century idea of progress2:His Writing Stylea. Like Hawthorne, Melville manages to achieve the effect of ambiguity through employing the technique of multiple view of his narratives.b. He tends to write periodic chapters.c. His rich rhythmical富有节奏感的prose and his poetic power have been profusely丰富地commentedupon and praised. d. His works are symbolic and metaphorical.e. He includes many non-narrative chapters of factual background or description of what goes on board the ship or on the route (Moby Dick)His Worksa.Typee1846《泰比》b. Omoo1874《奥穆》c. Moby Dick 1851《莫比·迪克》d. Mardi1849《玛地》 f. White Jacket1850《白外衣》g. Pierre1852《皮尔埃》h. Billy Budd (posthumously) 《比利·巴德》Moby Dick(1)Ishmael, feeling depressed, seeks escape by going out to sea on the whaling ship, Pequod. The captain is Ahab, the man with one leg. Moby Dick, the white whale, had sheared off his leg on a previous voyage, and Ahab resolves to hunt him to kill him. He hangs a doubloon on the mast as a reward for anyone who sight the whale first. The Pequod makes a good catch of whales but Ahab refuses to turn back until he has killed his enemy. Eventually the white whale appears, and the Pequod begins its doomed fight with it. On the first day the whale overturns a boat; on the second it swamps another. When the third day comes, Ahab and his crew manage to plunge a harpoon into it, but the whale carries the Pequod along with it to its doom. All on board the whaler get drowned, except one, Ishmael, who survive to tell the tale.Moby Dick represents the sum total of Melville’s bleak view of the world in which he lived. It is at once Godless and purposeless. Man in this universe lives a meaningless and futile life, meaningless because futile.One of the major themes in Melville is alienation, which he sensed existing in the life of his time on different levels, between man and man, man and society, and man and nature. Nature has overwhelming power. Man can’t conquer nature. Man, living in this world, is a tragedyIt is a negative reflection of self-reliance, and individualism. Ahab may have been Melville’s portrait of an Emersonian self-reliant individual. Melville lost no opportunity in his criticism of New England Transcendentalism. Constantly under his attack is its emphasis on individualism and Oversoul. The idea that man make the world for himself is nothing but a Transcendentalist folly.Symbolismthe voyage: the search for the ultimate truth of experienceMoby Dick: the final mystery of the universe which man will do well to desist from pursuing Ambiguity (You can understand his Moby Dick differently.)First, it can be understand as a tragedy of man fighting against overwhelming odds in an indifferent and even hostile universe. Thus, Captain Ahab is a hero who dares to fight though he failed at last.Then, it can be understood as a bitter satire on Transcendentalism’s emphasis on self-reliance. Captain Ahab believed in his own power (a human being’s power) too much and thus he doomed to fail, because human’s power is limited and there is a mysterious thing existed in the universe which controlled man’s life and cannot be understood by human being.Nowadays some new research indicated that the story means man should protect the nature otherwise man will be punished as those whalers in the story were punished by the whale.Melville spoke ahead of his time. He knew that he was doomed to write a book like Moby Dick in his day, but he just could not help himself because he was a dedicated literary artist. There was, to be sure, a good deal of Ahab in him. “I have written a wicked book,” he said after finishing Moby Dick, and the public felt outraged. Thus born in the 19th century, Melville did not receive recognition until the twentieth century. Scarlet Letter1:The beauty shows:Free in the jail in her mind.。
美国文学史考点整理
美国文学研究一、作者及其主要作品梭罗《瓦尔登，或林中生活》霍桑《红字》短篇小说如《教长的黑面纱》《小伙子布朗》等麦尔维尔《白鲸》爱伦·坡《怪诞故事集》惠特曼《草叶集》亨利·詹姆斯《一位女士的画像》马克·吐温《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》《神秘的陌生人》德莱塞《美国的悲剧》杰克·伦敦《马丁·伊登》、《野性的呼唤》、《海狼》、《白牙》T·S·艾略特《荒原》（诗歌）菲茨杰拉德《了不起的盖茨比》海明威《太阳照常升起》福克纳《喧哗与骚动》尤今·奥尼尔《毛猿》《琼斯皇》《进入黑夜的漫长旅程》（戏剧）斯坦贝克《愤怒的葡萄》索尔·贝娄《洪堡的礼物》、《挂起来的人》诺曼·梅勒《裸者与死者》塞林格《麦田里的守望者》厄普代克《兔子，跑吧》（“兔子四部曲”）海勒《第二十二条军规》纳博科夫《洛丽塔》凯鲁亚克《在路上》威廉斯《玻璃动物园》（戏剧）米勒《推销员之死》（戏剧）拉尔夫·埃里森《看不见的人》托尼·莫里森《所罗门之歌》爱丽丝·沃克《紫色》谭恩美《喜福会》独立战争前后的文学富兰克林《自传》《穷查理历书》《致富之路》托马斯·潘恩《常识》《人的权利》《理性的时代》托马斯·杰弗逊《独立宣言》克里夫古尔《一个美国农夫的信》弗瑞诺《野忍冬花》《印第安人墓地》《纪念英勇的美国人》查尔斯·布罗克丹·布朗《韦兰德》二、简答题+论述题1.美国文学的诞生及一般特色1)历史背景：1775-81年的北美独立战争；1783年美利坚合众国的成立；1861-65年的南北战争。
独立战争以后，特别是进入19世纪之后，独立的美国文学开始诞生。
2)美国文学的一般特色：A.早期人少地多，为个人理想的实现提供了很大的空间和可能性，因此美国文学富于民主自由精神，个人主义、个性解放的观念较为强烈；B.这是一个由各国移民组成的国家，所以文学的内容、思想倾向和艺术风格都呈现出多样性、庞杂性；C.许多作家直接来自社会下层，使得文学的生活气息浓郁，平民色彩鲜明，具有开朗、豪放的特点；D.由于美国作家的敏感、好奇，使得美国文学浪潮迭起，日新月异，瞬息万变。
美国文学期末复习笔记
美文学美国部分——浪漫主义时期Part two: American LiteratureChapter 1 The Romantic Period浪漫主义时期1. From the end of the 18th century to the outbreak of he Civil War. It started with the publication of Washington Irving’s The Sketch Book and ended with Whitman’s Leaves of Grass. It is also called “the American Renaissance”.浪漫主义时期开始于十八世纪末，到内战爆发为止，华盛顿.欧文出版的《见闻札记》标志着美国文学的开端，惠特曼的《草叶集》是浪漫主义时期文学的压卷之作。
（也可称为“美国德文艺复兴”）2. The desire for an escape from society and a return to nature became a permanent convention of American literature.对逃离社会，回归自然的渴求成为美国文学的一个永恒的话题。
3. The American Puritanism as a cultural heritage exerted great influences over American moral values.美国清教作为一种文化遗产，对美国人的道德观念产生了很大的影响。
4. Besides, a preoccupation with the Calvinistic view of original sin and the mystery of evil marked the works of Hawthorne, Melville and a host of lesser writers. 在霍桑，麦尔维尔以及其他一些小作家的作品种加尔文主义的原罪思想和罪恶的神秘性都得到了充分的表现。
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Realism1、It aims at the interpretation of actualities of any aspect of life, free from subjective prejudice, idealism, or romantic color.2、Major features：（Familiar aspects of contemporary and everyday life are represented in a）straightforward or matter-of-fact manner;Characters from all social levels社会阶层; Open ending; Focus on commonness of the lives of the common people;objectivity客观; it presents moral visions.American realistic authors1、Bret Harte：the first American writer of local color .2、William Dean Howells: the arbiter of American realism /holds that truth is the highest beauty.3、Henry James insisted that art must be related to life.4、Henry James / Mark Twain: the greatest of American realists.5、Samuel Langhorne Clemens：American writer and humorist, whose best work is characterized by broad, often irreverent humor or biting social satire.（无礼的幽默和尖锐的社会讽刺）Twain's writing is also known for realism of place and language, memorable characters, and hatred of hypocrisy and oppression（憎恨虚伪和压迫）.6、Mark Twain's work during the 1890s and the 1900s is marked by growing pessimism and bitterness（不断增长的悲观和痛苦）Major works: The Gilded Age镀金时代（第一部长篇小说）: A Tale of To-day (1873); The Tragedy of Pudd'nhead Wilson (1894);The Adventures of Tom Sawyer (1876);The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn (1884)《哈克贝里·费恩历险记》Travel fiction: The Innocents Abroad (or The New Pilgrim’s Progress)(1869) 《傻子国外旅行记》;Roughing It (1873) 艰难生涯;Life on the Mississippi (1883) 密西西比河上的生活，combines an autobiographical account(结合了自传)7、Historical Romance: The Prince and the Pauper(1882)（王子与贫儿）, A Connecticut Yankee in King Arthur’s Court（在亚瑟王朝廷中的康涅狄格州美国人）, It isa parable of colonialization(这是一个殖民化的寓言).8、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County (1865) 《卡拉维拉斯县驰名的跳蛙》充满夸张和喜剧的边疆生活。
The Man That Corrupted Hadleyburg (1900) 《败坏了哈德莱堡的人》Anti-imperialist:反帝国主义，The essay “To the Person Sitting in Darkness”坐在黑暗中的人(1901)9、The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County, and Other Sketches (1867) 加拉维拉县有名的跳蛙。
10、He hated tyranny and iniquity, despised meanness and cruelty, and took his role asa social critic in a serous and responsible manner.他讨厌专制和罪孽，藐视卑鄙和残忍，负责任，社会评论家。
11、《汤姆·索亚历险记》发表于1876年。
小说主人公汤姆·索亚天真活泼，敢于探险、追求自由，不堪忍受束缚个性、枯燥乏味的生活，幻想干一番英雄事业。
小说通过主人公的冒险经历，对美国虚伪庸俗的社会习俗、伪善的宗教仪式和刻板陈腐的学校教育进行了讽刺和批判，以欢快的笔调描写了少年儿童自由活泼的心灵。
《汤姆·索亚历险记》以其浓厚的深具地方特色的幽默和对人物敏锐观察，一跃成为最伟大的儿童文学作品，也是一首美国“黄金时代”的田园牧歌。
本书的姊妹篇是《哈克贝利·费恩历险记》-Twain's masterpiece.12、哈克贝利是一个聪明、善良、勇敢的白人少年。
他为了追求自由的生活，逃亡到密西西比河上。
在逃亡途中，他遇到了黑奴吉姆。
吉姆是一个勤劳朴实、热情诚实、忠心耿耿的黑奴，他为了逃脱被主人再次卖掉的命运，从主人家中出逃。
两个人历经种种奇遇。
这部小说从思想到技巧都有许多创新。
小说赞扬了男孩哈克贝利的机智和善良，谴责了宗教的虚伪和信徒的愚昧，同时，塑造了一位富有尊严的黑奴slave形象。
Theme: Racism and Slavery种族主义与奴隶制; Intellectual and Moral Maturation 聪明的、道德成熟；The Hypocrisy of "Civilized" Society文明社会的虚伪；Commen t:流浪汉小说，第一人称的叙事，插曲式的结构，定型化的人物形象，幽默生动、诙谐讽刺的艺术风格，哈克反传统风格。
Theodore Dreiser1、American novelist and journalist of the naturalist school.美国小说家、自然主义2、His career as a novelist began in 1900 with Sister Carrie嘉莉妹妹《嘉莉妹妹》是美国现实主义作家德莱塞的重要作品之一，是《珍妮姑娘》的姐妹篇。
《嘉莉妹妹》描写了农村姑娘嘉莉来到大城市芝加哥寻找幸福，为摆脱贫困，出卖自己的贞操，先后与推销员和酒店经理同居，后又凭美貌与歌喉成为演员的故事。
作家以嘉莉为代表深刻揭露了美国资本主义制度对贫苦人民压榨的残酷性和资产阶级生活方式对小资产阶级分子的腐蚀性。
3、The Financier (1912) , The Titan (1914), and The Stoic (1947),4、Real fame, come to Dreiser until 1925, when his An American Tragedy美国悲剧had great popular success.5、Point of view: Social Darwinism (Herbert Spencer) 社会达尔文主义（赫伯特斯潘塞）6、Theme: American DreamJack London1、short stories,：The Son of the Wolf; his masterpiece The Call of the Wild (19032、London's style—brutal, vivid, and exciting残忍、生动、令人兴奋3、Mayor works: The Call of the Wild (1903), The Sea Wolf (1904), White Fang 白牙,Martin Eden (1909),4、意象和主题：Images of death, cruelty, and Darwinian struggle死亡意象，残酷，和达尔文斗争Martin Eden1、It is about a writer who bears an extremely strong resemblance相似to JackLondon.2、Theme: criticism 批判主义of American society; disillusion破灭of AmericandreamHenry James1、His fiction juxtaposed American innocence and European experience in a series of intense, psychologically complex works.2、James's work is characterized by leisurely pacing and subtle delineation of character悠闲地人物描写而不是戏剧化的事件rather than by dramatic incidents or complicated plots.3、Works:The American(1877), Daisy Miller(1879) and The Portrait of a Lady (1881).4、Literary career / three periods: international themes，dropped international themes，returned to his “international theme”.5、Major subjects /three subjects ：Children（James wrote about children as children,not as small adults），New woman（as a representative of culture and refinement. 作为文化和优雅的代表），Artist. Other subjects；evil6、Theory of Fiction/(The Art of Fiction)：The novelist must be faithful to life ，He advocates the freedom of the artist to write about anything that concerns him 艺术家自由写作，self-containment of the work of art艺术作品的自我封闭，Dramatization: showing rather tellin g戏剧化表现而说，Central consciousness through whom events are observed通过事件观察的中心意识（he used a particular method of telling the story），Psychological realis m心理现实主义:（His realism is characterized by his psychological approach to his subject matter）6、James was writing before Freud had done his studies, so he has been called thefirst of the “modern psychological novelists,”and “a realist of the inner life.”Also he is generally regarded as the forerunner of the 20th century “stream-of-consciousness”novels and the founder of psychological realism. 7、The Portrait of a Lady贵妇画像（主角Isabel Archer、Gilbert Osmond ）Emily Dickinson(1830-1886)女1、Work: A Bird came down the Walk: iambic trimeter抑扬音步；2、I heard a Fly buzz when I died由于这一卑微生灵出现于预期中上帝出现的庄严时刻，诗歌因此平添了一层讽刺意味；充分体现出诗歌的戏剧性，使读者领悟到诗人的蕴意：上帝从不垂顾弥留之际的受难者，而一向为人所不齿的苍蝇却在这一刻表现出勃勃生机和无限深情，与死者逐渐消失的呼吸以及上帝的冷漠形成鲜明对照；或许是因为苍蝇的叫唤声能有效地调动起读者的联觉，激发他们去想象人们弥留之际的痛苦和惆怅。