口腔生理学术语(A)
口腔解剖生理学习题库(附答案)
口腔解剖生理学习题库（附答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.切牙孔A、在上颌骨脸面、眶下缘中点下方椭圆形的孔称为B、在上颌骨腭突下面于上颌中切牙之腭侧、腭中缝与两侧尖牙的连线交点上的孔称为C、上颌骨牙槽突与腭骨水平部共同围成的孔称为D、在上颌骨鼻面有一个三角形的孔称为E、在上颌骨颞下面中部有数个小孔，上牙槽后神经和血管经此孔通过称为正确答案：B2.上颌磨牙颈部横切面的描述中，错误的是：A、近中颊侧根管口窄而扁B、可见3个或4个根管口C、远中颊侧根管口位于近中颊侧根管口的远颊侧D、有时，近中颊侧根管口可分为两个E、舌侧根管口大而圆正确答案：C3.下颌第二双尖牙牙冠形态轮廓为A、方圆形B、椭圆形C、斜方形D、长方形E、梯形正确答案：A4.三种可重复的基本颌位是A、牙尖交错位，后退接触位，下颌姿势位B、后退接触位，牙位，肌位C、牙尖交错位，牙位，肌位D、牙尖交错位，牙位，后退接触位E、牙尖交错位，肌位，下颌姿势位正确答案：A5.按照形态特征分型，牙列分为A、恒牙列、乳牙列、混牙合牙列B、方圆形、尖圆形、椭圆形C、正常牙列、异常牙列D、正常恒牙列、异常恒牙列E、以上都不是正确答案：B6.外形高点位于中1/3处的是A、磨牙舌侧B、尖牙颊侧C、尖牙舌侧D、切牙舌侧E、切牙唇侧正确答案：A7.下颌骨的薄弱部分不包括A、乙状切迹B、髁突颈C、正中联牙合D、颏孔区E、下颌角正确答案：A8.下6在哪个牙萌出之后开始萌出A、上5B、下5C、ⅤD、下3E、上3正确答案：C9.颧牙槽嵴是A、位于上颌骨后部B、为翼外肌浅头的附着点C、是上牙槽后神经阻滞麻醉的重要标志D、起自颧突，伸向上颌第二磨牙正确答案：C10.舌隆突的位置处于A、牙釉质的长形隆起B、上颌第一磨牙的舌面C、位于前牙舌面颈l／3处D、切牙的舌面E、切牙和尖牙颈部的隆起正确答案：C11.汇牙合成面总静脉的静脉分支是A、面前静脉和颞浅静脉B、颞浅静脉和颌内静脉C、面前静脉和耳后静脉D、面前静脉和面后静脉的前支E、面前静脉和面后静脉的后支正确答案：D12.关于咀嚼效率哪项是正确的A、机体对定量食物咀细的程度B、机体在一定时间内，对特种食物咀细的程度C、机体在一定时间内，对定量食物咀细的程度D、机体在一定时间内，对软食物咀细的程度E、机体在一定时间内，对硬食物咀细的程度正确答案：C13.牙体长轴是指：A、贯穿牙冠与牙根中心的一条轴B、通过牙体中心的一条假想轴C、通过牙冠与牙根中心的一条轴D、通过牙冠中心的一条假想轴E、通过牙根中心的一条假想轴正确答案：B14.关于腮腺鞘的描述哪项是不正确的?A、腮腺鞘来自颈深筋膜浅层B、腮腺鞘在腮腺的后缘分为浅层和深层C、腮腺鞘向腺体分出间隔，伸入腺体D、浅层疏松，深层致密E、腮腺鞘浅层附着于颧弓正确答案：D15.下列翼颌间隙境界描述哪项是正确的A、前为颞肌及颊肌B、后为腮腺C、上为翼外肌下缘D、下为翼内肌附附着于下颌支处E、A+B+C+D正确答案：E16.关于颈动脉窦描述哪项是错误的A、窦壁内含有特殊压力感受器B、可感受动脉压的刺激C、是颈内动脉起始处或颈总动脉分叉处的膨大部分D、手术不慎累及颈动脉窦可引起颈动脉窦综牙合征E、可感受血液中二氧化碳的含量正确答案：E17.与腮腺毗邻的肌肉不包括A、胸锁乳突肌B、翼外肌C、咬肌D、翼内肌E、二腹肌后腹正确答案：B18.支配面部表情肌的神经是A、三叉神经B、面神经和舌下神经C、面神经D、舌下神经绿意模中E、主又神经和面神经正确答案：C19.翼内肌起始或附着的骨不包括A、颞骨B、上颌骨C、蝶骨D、下颌骨E、腭骨正确答案：A20.中性牙合是指A、上颌第二磨牙近中颊尖与下颌同名牙的颊沟对位B、上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙的远颊沟C、上颌第一磨牙远中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙的颊面沟D、下颌第一磨牙近中舌尖对着上颌第一磨牙的舌沟E、上颌第一磨牙近中颊尖对着下颌第一磨牙的颊面沟正确答案：E21.腮腺导管的体表投影为：A、耳垂至鼻翼与口角间中点连线的中1/3段B、耳屏至鼻翼与口角间中点连线的中1/3段C、耳垂至鼻尖与口角间中点连线的中1/3段D、耳屏至鼻尖与口角间中点连线的中1/3段E、以上都不是正确答案：A22.气管切开的位置通常在A、1~3气管环B、2~4气管环C、3~5气管环D、4~6气管环E、以上都不是正确答案：C23.颈外动脉的描述，错误的是A、开始在颈内动脉前内侧，继而转到前外侧B、来源于颈总动脉C、在颈部有一系列分支D、上行于腮腺的浅面，形成终支(颞浅动脉)E、暂时阻断颈外动脉，颞浅动脉和面动脉均无波动正确答案：D24.乳牙期间的A、从2岁半～6岁B、从第二、三恒磨牙萌出后C、约从17岁以后D、从第一恒磨牙萌出至乳牙全部为恒牙所替换E、约从12岁以后正确答案：A25.前磨牙A、无功能牙B、主要功能为协助捣碎和撕裂食物C、主要功能为切断食物D、主要功能为穿刺和撕裂食物E、主要功能为捣碎和磨细食物正确答案：B26.乳牙萌出顺序是A、I Ⅲ Ⅱ Ⅳ VB、I Ⅱ Ⅲ Ⅳ VC、Ⅱ I IV Ⅲ VD、I Ⅱ IV Ⅲ VE、I Ⅱ IV V Ⅲ正确答案：D27.颞下颌关节盘内含神经血管的部分为A、双板区B、颞前附着C、后带D、颞后附着E、中间带正确答案：A28.在上下颌切牙中，牙根圆且直，可以使用旋转力拔牙的牙齿是A、上颌中切牙B、上、下颌中切牙C、下颌侧切牙D、上颌侧切牙E、下颌中切牙正确答案：A29.颌面部的骨性支架系由多少块骨组成A、14B、13C、12D、15E、16正确答案：A30.所谓"正中关系牙合"是指"A、上下牙列间最广泛、最均匀的牙合接触B、下颌适居正中时形成的牙合接触C、咀嚼肌充分松弛时的牙合接触D、咀嚼肌处于协调收缩状态下发生的牙合接触E、无任何干扰性接触的牙合关系正确答案：B31.以下对牙根所下定义哪个是正确的A、被牙本质所覆盖的牙体部分B、牙体固定在牙槽窝内的一部分C、对牙体起支持作用的部分D、被牙骨质所覆盖的牙体部分E、被牙周膜包裹的牙体部分正确答案：D32.保存乳牙及乳牙列完整的最重要意义是A、保证儿童能咀嚼进食B、保证儿童面容正常C、乳牙的咀嚼力对颌骨的增长和恒牙的萌出是一种刺激D、保证儿童整个食物消化过程完整E、保证儿童能学会说话正确答案：C33.关于咀嚼运动的反馈控制哪项是不正确的A、感觉信息参与的B、多感觉系统参与的C、口腔内所有感受器都参与的D、颞下颌关节感受器参与的E、少数几种感受器功能丧失将产生功能障碍正确答案：E34.出现畸形中央尖最多的牙齿是：A、下颌5B、上颌4C、下颌4D、上颌2E、上颌5正确答案：A35.髓室由几个面组成A、三个面B、五个面C、六个面D、两个面E、四个面正确答案：C36.牙冠唇颊、舌面凸度的位置是：A、前牙唇面在颈13，后牙颊面在中1/3B、前牙唇面在中1/3，后牙颊面在颈1/3C、前牙唇面在颈1/3，后牙颊、舌面在中1/3D、唇颊面在中1/3，舌面在颈1/3E、前牙唇舌面在颈1/3，后牙舌面在中1/3正确答案：E37.舌后1/3黏膜无乳头，有许多结节状淋巴组织，称为A、舌根滤泡B、舌根乳头C、舌根淋巴结D、腭扁桃体E、舌扁桃体正确答案：E38.下述与息止牙合间隙有关的因素中哪个不正确A、与精神情绪状况有关B、与身体姿势有关C、与牙合的类型有关D、与牙列的完整性有关E、与个体差异有关正确答案：D39.上颌第一磨牙髓室底形态错误的是A、近颊根管口距远颊根管口较近B、近颊根管口距舌侧根管口较远C、髓室底有3～4个根管口D、远颊根管口位于近颊根管口的远中偏颊侧E、底部根管口呈四边形或三角形正确答案：D40.颈动脉鞘内不含有A、迷走神经B、膈神经C、颈内动脉D、颈总动脉E、颈内静脉正确答案：B41.行气管切开术时，应将患者头部处于A、头偏一侧B、头正中后仰位C、头俯位D、头后仰位E、头正中位正确答案：B42.硬腭表面解剖标志不包括A、腭中缝B、腭小凹C、腭大孔D、蝶骨翼突钩E、切牙乳头正确答案：B43.鼻腭神经穿出的结构是A、额孔B、切牙孔C、腭小孔D、眶下孔E、腭大孔正确答案：B44.连结左右两侧同名磨牙的颊、舌尖所构成的曲线是：A、补偿曲线B、Spee曲线C、纵牙合曲线D、牙合平面E、横牙合曲线正确答案：E45.大张口时上、下颌中切牙近中切角间正常的垂直限是A、6cmB、5cmC、5．5cmD、4cmE、3cm正确答案：D46.上颌尖牙牙冠外形特点，哪个是正确的？A、近中牙尖嵴长于远中牙尖嵴B、牙尖顶偏远中C、牙冠与牙根的近中缘相续成直线D、唇轴嵴不明显E、远中缘较近中缘短突正确答案：E47.舌中央淋巴管回流至A、颏下淋巴结B、颌下淋巴结C、双侧颈深上淋巴结D、颈深上淋巴结及颌下淋巴结E、肩胛舌骨肌淋巴结正确答案：D48.上、下颌尖牙的区别不正确的是：A、下颌尖牙牙根细长B、下颌尖牙牙冠长而窄C、下颌尖牙牙尖顶位于牙体长轴舌侧D、下颌尖牙舌面窝较浅平E、下颌尖牙牙尖略偏远中正确答案：E49.有关颈部体表标志的描述哪项不正确?A、胸锁乳突肌的后缘中点为颈丛麻醉穿刺点B、颈部正中自上而下可触及舌骨、甲状软骨、环状软骨等C、甲状软骨上缘为颈总动脉分叉处D、舌骨高度是颈外动脉结扎的常用部位E、甲状软骨与环状软骨之间为常规气管切开部位正确答案：E50.关节囊的内外侧上附着于：A、关节窝边缘B、髁突颈部C、关节盘后带D、髁突横嵴E、关节结节后斜面正确答案：A51.哪个牙的咬合面发育沟呈“十”字形A、下颌第二前磨牙B、下颌第一前磨牙C、上颌第一磨牙D、下颌第二磨牙E、下颌第一磨牙正确答案：D52.上颌切牙开髓时，由舌面窝向颈部方向钻入的原因是：A、近-远中径近切嵴处髓腔最宽B、在牙颈部附近髓腔唇-舌径最大C、横切面髓腔唇侧比舌侧宽D、根管粗、直，根尖孔大E、横切面髓腔呈圆三角形正确答案：B53.包于全部颈部脏器的外围并形成颈鞘的是哪一层A、颈浅筋膜B、颈深筋膜浅层C、颈脏器筋膜D、颈深筋膜中层E、颈深筋膜深层正确答案：C54.下列关于上颌中切牙的论述哪一个是错误的A、牙根为粗壮的单根B、从侧面看切嵴在牙体长轴的舌侧C、近中切角近似直角D、根尖较直或略偏远中E、近中缘较直，远中缘略突正确答案：B55.不参与软腭构成的肌肉是：A、腭帆张肌B、腭垂肌C、腭舌肌D、咽上缩肌E、腭帆提肌正确答案：D56.后牙颌运循环中，作为支点的是A、工作侧髁突B、工作侧磨牙C、非工作侧髁突D、非工作侧磨牙E、工作侧尖牙正确答案：C57.颈白线是由A、两侧颈深筋膜浅、中两层在中线结牙合而成B、两侧颈脏器筋膜在中线结牙合而成C、两侧颈深筋膜中层在中线结牙合而成D、两侧颈深筋膜深层在中线结牙合而成E、两侧颈深筋膜浅层在中线结牙合而成正确答案：A58.上、下唇动脉属于哪一动脉的分支A、甲状腺上动脉B、舌动脉C、上颌动脉D、面动脉E、脑膜中动脉正确答案：D59.下列关于颏孔的描述，哪个是错误的A、一般位于下颌骨上下缘之间的稍上方B、位于第一、二双尖牙之间的下方C、随年龄的增大该孔位置可逐渐下移D、成人多朝向后、上、外方E、位于第二双尖牙的下方正确答案：C60.最易造成呼吸困难的间隙感染为：A、翼下颌间隙B、颊间隙C、咬肌间隙D、颞浅间隙E、口底多间隙正确答案：E61.寻找腭大孔的标志的牙是A、上颌第三磨牙B、上颌第二磨牙C、下颌第二磨牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、下颌第一磨牙正确答案：A62.下颌神经前干中感觉神经是A、颊长神经B、翼外肌神经C、咬肌神经D、颞深神经E、翼内肌神经正确答案：A63.全口牙中最小的牙是A、上颌中切牙B、下颌中切牙C、上颌侧切牙D、下颌侧切牙E、下颌尖牙正确答案：B64.关于颌的定义，正确的是A、上颌牙与下颌牙发生接触的现象B、息止颌位时下颌的位置C、上颌牙与下颌牙发生接触时下颌的位置D、咀嚼食物时下颌的位置E、吞咽时下颌的位置正确答案：A65.翼丛位于A、下颌后静脉B、颞下窝C、海绵窦D、翼腭窝E、面静脉正确答案：B66.脑膜中动脉A、穿过蝶腭孔的动脉分支是B、穿过切牙孔的动脉分支是C、穿过棘孔的动脉分支是D、穿过眶下孔的动脉分支是E、穿过下颌孔的动脉分支是正确答案：C67.上颌中切牙牙根特点不包括A、冠根长度相近B、颈部横切面呈圆三角形C、牙根粗壮较直D、根尖略偏远中E、根尖向唇侧弯曲正确答案：E68.上颌第一、第二前磨牙形态区别中不正确的是：A、上颌第二前磨牙多为扁形单根B、上颌第二前磨牙近中颈部少有凹陷C、上颌第二前磨牙在近中面无近中沟D、上颌第二前磨牙面近、远中点隙相距较远E、上颌第二前磨牙的颊尖比较圆钝正确答案：D69.上、下颌第一磨牙的斜嵴组成是A、近、远中颊尖三角嵴相连形成B、近中舌尖和近中颊尖三角嵴相连形成C、近中颊尖三角嵴和远中舌尖三角嵴相连形成D、远中舌尖三角嵴相连形成E、近中舌尖三角嵴和远中颊尖三角嵴相连形成正确答案：D70.下颌尖牙冠唇面形态描述中正确的是：A、唇面观牙冠与根在近中缘延续成一直线B、邻面观牙冠与根在唇缘相连几乎成一直线C、两条牙尖嵴相交成锐角D、近中牙尖嵴占唇面宽度的2/3E、两牙尖嵴交角约为90°正确答案：A71.参加下颌侧方运动的咀嚼肌不包括A、下颌舌骨肌B、颏舌骨肌C、颞肌D、咬肌E、二腹肌正确答案：E72.下颌骨的薄弱部分不包括：A、颏孔区B、下颌角C、髁状突颈部D、乙状切迹E、正中联牙合正确答案：D73.关于口腔境界叙述中错误的是A、前界为上、下牙齿B、下界为舌下区C、上界为腭D、两界为颊E、后界为咽门正确答案：A74.宜用旋转力拔除的切牙是：A、上颌侧切牙B、下颌侧切牙C、下颌中切牙D、上颌中切牙E、以上都可以正确答案：D75.关于牙萌出哪一个是错误的是A、牙萌出的时间是指出龈的时间B、乳牙在半岁左右开始萌出C、左右同名牙对称萌出D、下牙萌出略早于上牙E、男性牙萌出时间略早于女性正确答案：E76.覆盖于斜角肌前面，颈深淋巴结深面的是哪一层A、颈深筋膜深层B、颈脏器筋膜壁层C、颈深筋膜中层D、颈深筋膜浅层E、颈浅筋膜正确答案：A77.下颌从牙尖交错位沿上切牙舌面向前下运动，到达上下切牙切缘相对的位置的是A、边缘运动B、前伸咬合运动C、侧方运动D、叩齿运动E、闭口运动正确答案：B78.下颌支外侧隆突A、从颏结节经颏孔之下延向后上与下颌支前缘相连的骨嵴称为B、自下颏嵴下方斜向后上与外斜线相应的骨嵴称为C、在上颌骨脸面与颞下面之间、上颌第一磨牙上方的骨嵴称为D、由喙突往下后及由髁状突往前下汇牙合成的骨嵴称为E、下颌支外侧面上中部突起成骨嵴称为正确答案：E79.腭帆张肌A、上颌尖牙B、上颌第一前磨牙C、第三磨牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、上颌中切牙正确答案：E80.下述关于切牙乳头的叙述中哪项是错误的A、也称腭乳头B、位于腭中缝前端，左右上中切牙间之腭侧C、其深面为切牙孔，腭前神经、血管经此孔穿出D、组织致密，神经丰富E、阻滞麻醉时应从其侧缘刺入黏膜正确答案：C81.下列哪一结构不是颞下颌关节的组成A、关节囊B、关节盘C、髁状突D、喙突E、蝶下颌韧带正确答案：D82.下颌作最大开颌运动时髁状突的运动A、一侧滑动一侧转动B、双侧转动一双侧滑动一双侧转动C、双侧滑动一双侧转动一双侧滑动D、双侧转动一双侧滑动E、双侧滑动一双侧转动正确答案：B83.患者，牙疼，医师诊断为“6D”牙髓炎，他指的是哪一颗牙齿?A、右下颌第一磨牙B、右上颌第一磨牙C、右下颌第六磨牙D、左下颌第一磨牙E、左上颌第一磨牙正确答案：D84.下列对上颌第一前磨牙的描述中错误的是A、有近中沟B、外形高点在中1／3处C、邻面是四边形D、颊尖略偏远中，舌尖略偏近中E、有半数分为颊舌二根正确答案：B85.颈鞘内包裹的组织不包括A、颈内动脉B、颈总动脉C、颈内静脉D、颈外动脉E、迷走神经正确答案：C86.上颌中切牙牙冠唇舌面的外形高点位于A、唇面颈1／3与舌面颈1／3B、唇面中1／3与舌面中1／3C、唇面颈1／3与舌面切1／3D、唇面切1／3与舌面切1／3E、唇面切1／3与舌面颈1／3正确答案：A87.下颌髁突的功能面是A、髁突顶部的横嵴B、髁突前斜面C、髁突后斜面D、髁突内斜面E、髁突外斜面正确答案：B88.牙体组织中最硬的组织是A、牙骨质B、牙釉质C、牙本质D、牙髓E、牙槽骨正确答案：B89.舌骨大角尖的血管为：A、面动脉B、上颌动脉C、颏下动脉D、舌动脉E、甲状腺上动脉正确答案：D90.牙合关键是指：A、上下颌第一前磨牙的咬合接触关系B、上下颌第一乳磨牙的咬合接触关系C、上下颌第一磨牙的咬合接触关系D、上下颌第一切牙的咬合接触关系E、上下颌尖牙的咬合接触关系正确答案：C91.不属于下颌骨内侧面的解剖结构是：A、颏结节B、下颌下腺窝C、舌下腺窝D、下颌小舌E、上、下颏棘正确答案：A92.在下颌习惯性开闭口运动，开口较大再闭口时，矢状面整个切点的轨迹呈A、圆形B、三角形C、扇形D、“8”字形E、卵圆形正确答案：D93.不属于咀嚼肌范畴的肌是：A、咬肌B、翼内肌C、颞肌D、翼外肌E、茎突舌肌正确答案：E94.在颌下区舌骨舌肌浅面，自上而下依次排列的解剖结构为A、舌神经、颌下腺导管、舌下神经B、舌神经、舌下神经、颌下腺导管C、舌下神经、颌下腺导管、舌神经D、颌下腺导管、舌神经、舌下神经E、舌下神经、舌神经、颌下腺导管正确答案：A95.面侧深区内神经血管走行复杂，下列叙述错误的是A、下颌神经位于翼外肌的浅面B、舌神经和下牙槽神经自翼外肌下缘穿出C、颊神经自翼外肌两头之间穿出D、当下颌支去除后首先看到的是翼丛E、颞深前、后神经和咬肌神经自翼外肌上缘穿出正确答案：A96.下列关髁突的说法哪一项是错误的?A、髁颈部有一明显的翼肌窝B、横嵴将髁突分为前后两个斜面C、髁突外极比内极突D、双侧踝突长轴延长线相交145°~160°E、前斜面小于后斜面正确答案：C97.颏孔多位于下颌什么牙齿的下方：A、6B、5C、1D、5或4~5E、4正确答案：D98.面神经从茎乳孔穿出处一般在乳突前缘相当于乳突尖上方约A、1cmB、1．5cmC、2cmD、2．5cmE、0．5cm正确答案：A99.上颌第一磨牙髓角的高度是A、近中舌侧髓角最高B、四个髓角高度相同C、远中颊侧髓角最高D、远中舌侧髓角最高E、近中颊侧髓角最高正确答案：E100.3个颊尖大小相等的牙是A、以上都不是B、下颌第二乳磨牙C、上颌第二乳磨牙D、下颌第一乳磨牙E、上颌第一乳磨牙正确答案：B。
口腔解剖生理学A
三、牙的分类和功能：
1．根据牙的形态和功能分类
（1）切牙邻面观牙冠呈楔形，颈部厚而切缘薄，功能是切割食物。
（2）尖牙在切缘上形成牙尖，功能是穿刺、撕裂食物。
（3）前磨牙（双尖牙）：牙冠呈立方体，一般有二个牙尖，主要是协助尖牙和磨牙行使功能。
（4）磨牙牙冠大，有4～5个牙尖，结构比较复杂，功能是捣碎、研磨食物。
（2）后牙：位于牙弓的后部，包括前磨牙和磨牙。
4．牙的功能：咀嚼，发音和言语，保持面部正常外形。
四、牙的萌出及牙位记录方法：
1．牙的萌出
（1）牙萌出的生理特点：在一定时间内，按一定顺序先后萌出；中线左右同颌的同名牙几乎同时萌出；下颌牙的萌出要比上颌的同名牙早；同龄人中女性牙的萌出要早于男性。
2．牙冠各面的命名
（1）唇面：前牙牙冠接近唇黏膜的一面。
（2）颊面：后牙牙冠接近颊黏膜的一面。
（3）舌面：前后牙的牙冠，接近舌的一面。
（4）近中面：牙冠的两个邻面中，接近中线的一面。
（5）远中面：牙冠的两个邻面中，远离中线的一面。
（6）合面：上、下颌后牙发生咬合接触的面。
（2）最早最晚萌出的乳恒牙：最早萌出的乳牙下颌乳中切牙；最晚萌出的乳牙上颌第二乳磨牙；最早萌出的恒牙下颌第一磨牙；最晚萌出的恒牙上颌第三磨牙。（如第三磨牙牙胚先天缺失，则最晚萌出的恒牙为上颌第二磨牙）。
（3）牙萌出的顺序：乳牙萌出顺序为乳中切牙、乳侧切牙、第一乳磨牙、乳尖牙、第二乳磨牙；
A．牙数由少到多
B．牙根从无到有
C．形态从复杂到简单 D． Nhomakorabea单牙列到多牙列
E．生长部位从集中到分散
2、属于异形、槽生牙的是（ ）
口腔解剖生理学重点(1)
一、名词解释1.轴嵴：在牙体的轴面上，从牙尖顶端伸向牙颈部的纵行隆起。
位于牙唇面者称为唇轴嵴，位于后牙颊、舌面者分别称为颊、唇轴嵴。
2.发育沟：为牙生长发育时，两个生长叶相连所形成的明显而有规则的浅沟。
3.楔状隙：4.斜嵴：面上的两条三角嵴斜行相连，称为斜嵴。
此斜嵴是上颌第一、第二磨牙的解剖特征。
5.邻间隙：位于邻接点之下的龈外展隙，其两侧为邻牙邻面，上界为邻接点，下界为牙槽骨，正常情况下该间隙为龈乳头所充满6.覆：是指牙尖交错时，上颌牙盖过下颌牙唇（颊）面的垂直距离，对于前牙，它是指上颌切牙切缘与下切牙切缘之间的垂直距离，正常时约为2~4mm；对于后牙，它是指上后牙颊尖顶与下后牙颊尖顶之间的垂直距离。
7.覆盖：是指牙尖交错时，上颌牙盖过下颌牙的水平距离，对于前牙，它是指上切牙切缘与下切牙切缘之间前后向的水平距离，正常时约为2~4mm；对于后牙，它是指上后牙颊尖盖至下后牙颊尖的颊侧，两颊尖顶之间的水平距离。
8.颈动脉体：系一棕色的椭圆形扁平小体，由结缔组织连于颈总动脉分叉处的后壁或其附近。
颈动脉体内含有丰富的毛细血管网和感觉神经末梢，属化学感受器，能感受血液中二氧化碳的含量，当二氧化碳浓度升高时，可反射性地使呼吸运动加快、加深。
9.颈动脉窦：为颈内动脉起始处或颈总动脉分叉处的膨大部分，窦壁内含有特殊压力感受器，当动脉压升高或受到其他压力刺激时可反射性地引起心率减慢，末梢血管扩张，使血压降低。
10.面部危险三角区：临床上将鼻根部和两侧口角连成的三角区称为面部危险三角区。
11.翼静脉丛：或称翼丛，与颅内、外静脉有广泛的交通，其血液主要是向后外经上颌静脉汇入下颌后静脉，向前也可经面深静脉通入面静脉，亦可向上通过卵圆孔网和破裂孔导血管等处的静脉，与海绵窦交通。
12.腮腺床：腮腺深叶深面的神经血管腮腺深叶的深面与茎突诸肌及围以蜂窝组织的深部血管神经（颈内动、静脉和第Ⅸ~Ⅻ对脑神经）相毗邻，腮腺犹如侧卧其上，故称上述结构为“腮腺床”。
口腔生理学术语(P)
口腔生理学术语(P)口腔生理学术语(P)口腔生理学术语(P) paracrine - cell messengers also called cytokines which are locally acting, produced by neighbouring cells or the extracellular matrix, as distinct from as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers.parakeratinised - an epithelium in which the superficial cells have not lost their nuclei, but have become filled with keratin. see also keratinisedparasympathetic - part of the autonomic nervous system concerned with maintaining routine functions. always acts as a balance to activity of the sympathetic nervous system.pathogenic - able to cause disease.pellicle - a thin layer of salivary proteins which forms on the surface of enamel.peptide bonds - a covalent bond made between the carbon atom of the carboxyl group of one amino acid and the nitrogen atom from the amine group of another. in the process a molecule of water is removed. peptide bonds allow chains of amino acids to form polypeptides and proteins whenpeptide bonds are broken apart they need water to reform the amino acids. this process is known as hydrolysis, and occurs during cooking and in digestion..periaquaductal grey - is an integrative centre for inputs form the autonomic nervous system, the limbic system and from sensory and motor pathways. it has an inhibitory affect on pain transmission due to descending connections through the raphe nucleus along the corticospinal tract to the cells of the dorsal horn.pericytes- small cells lying next to the endothelial cells of capillaries which have the capacity to differentiate into osteoblasts.periodontal pocket - loss of epithelial attachment to the tooth, producing an increase in gingival sulcus depth beyond the normal 1-2 mm.periosteum - a connective tissue layer containing osteoblasts on the external aspect of all bones. see alsoendosteum.peritubular dentine - see intratubular dentineph - a measure of how acid or alkali a solution is. as the ph gets lower, the solution is more acid. at a ph of 7 the solution is neither acid nor alkali. ph is the inverse of thelogarithm of the concentration of hydrogen ions.phagocytosis - the ingestion of small particles, bacteria or viruses into the cell, by engulfing it in a vacuole.phosphate - a salt in which the negatively charged part is a phosphorus molecule joined to four oxygen molecules as po4.phospho-proteins - proteins which contain available phosphate groups.phospholipids - are the most common lipids in our cell membranes. the head group contains a phosphate and is readily soluble in water. phospholipids are also found inmatrix vesicles, and they provide the first step in the synthesis of prostaglandinsplanktonic - a form of life style in which an organisms floats freely in a fluid without significant attachment or association with other living forms.plaque is a film of bacteria in a matrix of salivary and bacterial polymers. it can be called a biofilm as it has a complex population of organisms which when mature, reach an ecological balance with one another.plasma - the fluid part of blood, containing proteins andsalts, from which the blood cells have been removed. see alsoserum.plasmid- a circular piece of dna found in the cell cy lasm of bacteria which is able to reproduce itself independently of it host. plasmids may transmit a resistance to antibiotics from one bacteria to another. they are of great importance in techniques using for recombinant dna.platelet- derived growth factor - a cytokine found especially in platelets. it stimulates cell proliferation and encourages wound healing.platelets - are small colourless discs of cy lasm found in blood. when platelets come into contact with a damaged vessels surface they change in several important ways. they begin to swell, their shape becomes irregular with protruding processes, they become sticky and they release an enzyme which causes the formation of thromboxane, one of the precursors of thrombin. thromboxane also activates nearby platelets, thus starting a positive feedback which rapidly increases the mass of sticky platelets which form a platelet plug. this process accounts for daily damage to capillary walls. damage on a larger scale requires other mechanism for haemostasis. platelets also release serotonin which acts as apowerful vasoconstrictorpolymers-large molecules made up of many joined units of a more simple molecule. examples are polysaccharides and polypeptides.polypeptides; -chains of amino acids joined by peptide bonds. they are not the size of proteins, but may be biologically very active. some hormones are peptides, such as insulin which has 51 amino-acid residues. peptides may also be powerful neurotransmitter substances.polyphyodont - continuous replacement of teeth with many generations (from "poly" =many; "phylo" = generation and "dont" =teeth). see also diphyodontpolysaccharides - long molecules made of chains of sugars linked together. examples are starch, glycogen and dextrans.predentine - the extracellular matrix produced by odontoblasts, which becomes mineralised to form dentine. similar in structure to osteoid.procaryote - a cell in which the genetic material is dispersed throughout the cell in distinction to a eucaryote which has a nucleus and other organelles. bacteria and blue-green algae are procaryotesprognathic- a prominent lower jaw which may bring the lower teeth ahead of the upper teethproline- one of 20 amino acids common in proteins. it is a common amino acid of collagen and like lycine must be hydroxylated by ascorbic acid in order to allow the formation of hydrogen bonds which will hold the triple helix together.proline-rich proteins - a group of proteins in saliva which have the ability to bind to calcium. they provide the protective layer of pellicle on the tooth surfaces by binding to the calcium in enamel. they also bind onto microorganism, providing a link between organism and the tooth surface. proline rich proteins help to de-toxify tanins, which are potentially poisonous plant substances found in tea, and unripe fruit.prostaglandins - are members of a class of hormones known as the eicosanoids. they are released by cells which have been damaged and have a powerful ability to sensitise nerve endings causing tenderness to the damaged area, and to cause vasoconstriction by contracting the smooth muscle of arterioles. they belong to a group of compounds which have a similar effect on nervous tissue, known asneuropeptides.proteins - usually very large molecules, from 10,000 to200,000 amino acids, which form the structural component of a cell'smatrix. and cytoskeleton. all enzymes are proteins.proton - the positively charged elements of the nucleus of an atom. a hydrogen atom without its electron amounts to a single proton charge.pulp - the dental pulp is a connective tissue trapped inside the fully formed tooth with just one entry and exit for nerves and vessels, at the apex of the root. the characteristic cell of the pulp, is the odontoblast, which lines the walls of the pulp chamber and is able to form dentine throughout life.pulpitis - inflammation of the dental pulp caused by irritation from chemical, physical or bacterial injury, usually transmitted to the pulp via the dentine. it is important for the clinical management of the tooth, to decide whether the pulpitis is reversible, that is will it resolve if the irritation is removed, or whether it has been damaged beyond its capacity to repair.pyrophosphate - inhibitors of mineralisation, they may offer up phospate ions in the presence of alkaline phosphatase. crystals of calcium pyrophosphates are found in abnormal calcification of soft tissue, such as the disc of the tm joint.口腔生理学术语(P) 相关内容:。
口腔解剖生理学题库(含答案)
口腔解剖生理学题库（含答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、哪个牙的颊尖偏远中A、上颌第一双尖牙B、下颌乳尖牙C、下颌第一乳磨牙D、上颌乳尖牙E、上颌第一乳磨牙正确答案：A2、乳牙在口腔内存在最长的时间是：A、10年左右B、16年左右C、14年左右D、8年左右E、5~6年正确答案：A3、连接上颌切牙的切缘、尖牙的牙尖、前磨牙颊尖及磨牙近远中颊尖的连线A、补偿曲线B、牙合平面C、Spee曲线D、牙合曲线E、横牙合曲线正确答案：A4、下列有关口轮匝肌的描述错误的是A、口轮匝肌是口周围肌群中的组成部分之一，是位于口唇内的环形肌B、口轮匝肌由面神经颊支支配C、深层是由颊肌唇部的部分纤维组成D、浅层是它的固有纤维E、由围绕口裂数层不同方向的肌纤维组成，口轮匝肌的主要作用是开唇，并参与咀嚼、发音等正确答案：E5、与下颌管关系密切的牙齿是A、下颌第三磨牙B、下颌第一磨牙C、下颌第一前磨牙D、下颌第二前磨牙E、下颌第二磨牙正确答案：A6、正常生理条件下，乳牙在口腔内存在时间最长者可达A、14年左右B、10年左右C、6年左右D、12年左右E、8年左右正确答案：B7、上颌尖牙牙冠外形特点，哪个是正确的？A、远中缘较近中缘短突B、牙尖顶偏远中C、近中牙尖嵴长于远中牙尖嵴D、唇轴嵴不明显E、牙冠与牙根的近中缘相续成直线正确答案：A8、以下乳牙萌出先后顺序哪个是正确的A、ⅠⅡⅢⅤⅣB、ⅠⅡⅣⅢⅤC、ⅠⅡⅤⅢⅣD、ⅠⅡⅤⅣⅢE、ⅤⅠⅡⅢⅣ正确答案：B9、包被腮腺、颌下腺、胸锁乳突肌及斜方肌的是哪一层A、颈深筋膜浅层B、颈深筋膜中层C、颈深筋膜深层D、颈脏器筋膜壁层E、颈浅筋膜正确答案：A10、关于上颌前磨牙髓腔解剖特点，错误的是A、颊侧髓角接近冠中1／3处B、髓室类似立方形C、髓室顶最凸处约与颈缘平齐D、牙根内有1～2个根管E、颊舌径大于近远中径正确答案：D11、对尖牙应用解剖描述哪项是不正确的A、自洁作用好，发生龋坏的机会较少B、根长且稳固，通常是口内保留时间最长久的牙C、尖牙根长大粗壮，起支撑口角作用D、下颌尖牙根较扁而长，不能使用旋转力E、上颌尖牙根为圆锥形单根，拔除时可采用旋转力正确答案：D12、面神经颞支A、排列于腮腺浅叶上缘B、排列于腮腺浅叶前缘C、排列于腮腺浅叶下端D、排列于腮腺深叶深面E、排列于腮腺内纵行组正确答案：A13、头顶颞部出血时可压迫A、上颌动脉B、颞浅动脉C、颈总动脉D、面动脉E、唇动脉正确答案：B14、磨牙的近中面、颊面与牙合面相交处称为A、颊牙合线角B、近颊牙合线角C、近颊牙合点角D、近中颊面角E、颊牙合点角正确答案：C15、上颌神经的分支，不包括：A、上牙槽后神经B、颞深神经C、颧神经D、蝶腭神经E、脑膜中神经正确答案：B16、一种无意识地进行的反射性开闭口运动，与口颌系统下颌运动中神经肌肉记忆型的反复强化有关的是A、边缘运动B、前伸咬合运动C、闭口运动D、叩齿运动E、侧方运动正确答案：D17、关于颈部体表标志，正确的叙述是A、颈总动脉分叉处约平甲状软骨下缘B、环状软骨位置相当于第6颈椎平面，环状软骨之间有环甲膜C、胸锁乳突肌为颈部重要肌性标志D、舌骨高度相当于第2颈椎平面，舌骨大角是寻找或结扎舌动脉的重要标志E、气管颈段不能在颈部触及正确答案：C18、有关翼腭管的概念，哪项是错误的A、上通颞下窝B、管内有腭降动脉和腭神经通过C、管长约3.D、由蝶骨翼突、腭骨垂直部及上颌骨翼腭沟共同围成E、经腭大孔通口腔正确答案：A19、咬肌深层A、起于蝶骨大翼的颞下面、颞下嵴及翼外板的外侧面，止于关节囊、关节盘和关节翼肌窝的咀嚼肌B、起自颧弓深面，垂直向下止于下颌支上部和喙突的咀嚼肌C、起自上颌骨颧突和颧弓下缘的前2／3，向下后行，止于咬肌隆突和下颌支外侧面的下半部的咀嚼肌D、起自颞窝和颞深筋膜深面，止于喙突和下颌支前缘直至下颌第三磨牙远中的咀嚼肌E、起于翼外板的内面、腭骨锥突和上颌结节，止于下颌角内侧面和翼肌粗隆的咀嚼肌正确答案：B20、颈外动脉A、排列于腮腺浅叶下端B、排列于腮腺内纵行组C、排列于腮腺浅叶上缘D、排列于腮腺深叶深面E、排列于腮腺浅叶前缘正确答案：B21、与腮腺毗邻的肌肉不包括A、胸锁乳突肌B、翼内肌C、二腹肌后腹D、咬肌E、翼外肌正确答案：E22、下列上颌神经分段中哪一项是错误的A、颅中窝段B、翼腭管段C、翼腭窝段D、眶内段E、面段正确答案：B23、哪个牙的牙尖偏远中A、上颌第一乳磨牙B、下颌乳尖牙C、上颌第一双尖牙D、上颌乳尖牙E、下颌第一乳磨牙正确答案：D24、关节盘最厚的结构是：A、双板区下板B、关节盘后带C、关节盘中间带D、双板区上板E、关节盘前带正确答案：B25、在近远中方向上，下颌牙牙冠的倾斜规律不包括哪一项?A、下颌第二、三磨牙的牙根略向远中倾斜B、下领尖牙的根部稍偏向远中C、下颌各切牙均较正D、下颌前磨牙向近中倾斜E、下颌第一磨牙位置较正正确答案：D26、牙冠舌面仅为颊面1／2的牙是A、上颌第三磨牙B、下颌第二前磨牙C、上颌第一前磨牙D、上颌第二前磨牙E、下颌第一前磨牙正确答案：E27、舌面隆突的位置在哪里A、切牙和尖牙颈部的隆起B、位于前牙舌面颈1/3处C、切牙的舌面D、牙釉质的长形隆起E、上颌第一磨牙的舌面正确答案：B28、面前静脉接纳静脉血的区域不包括A、上、下唇B、鼻背C、眶下区D、腮腺区E、内眦正确答案：D29、哪种力又称为牙周储备力A、牙合力B、牙周潜力C、咀嚼肌力D、咀嚼用力E、最大牙合力正确答案：B30、根管的数目与牙根的数目之间的关系如何？A、完全一样B、不完全一样C、相似D、每一个牙根中有一个根管E、无关正确答案：B31、尖牙保护牙合与组牙功能牙合两种牙合型的区别在于A、侧方牙合运时非工作侧的牙合接触状态B、正中牙合时牙合接触状态C、侧方牙合运时工作侧牙合接触状态D、前伸牙合运时的牙合接触状态E、正中关系牙合时的牙合接触状态正确答案：C32、所谓"管间侧支"是指"A、相邻根管间的交通支B、主根管分支贯穿牙本质和牙骨质达牙周膜C、根管的细小分支D、垂直于主根管的分支E、根管在根尖部分歧正确答案：A33、按照形态特征分型，牙列分为A、恒牙列、乳牙列、混牙合牙列B、以上都不是C、方圆形、尖圆形、椭圆形D、正常牙列、异常牙列E、正常恒牙列、异常恒牙列正确答案：C34、息止牙合间隙出现在哪个颌位A、侧方颌位B、下颌姿势位C、后退姿势位D、牙尖交错位E、前伸颌位正确答案：B35、关于翼静脉丛广泛交通描述哪项是正确的A、向后外经颌内静脉汇入面后静脉B、收集口腔颌面及眼的静脉血C、A+B+C+DD、向上经卵圆孔网和破裂孔导血管等与海绵窦交通E、向前经面深静脉汇入面前静脉正确答案：C36、对咀嚼时下颌运动轨迹图形的论述哪一点不正确A、食物的种类、性质和粉碎程度不同会引起轨迹图形不同B、咀嚼坚硬的食物时，运动速度不同与咀嚼脆性食物C、同一个体图形不变D、不同个体有形态和时间的变化E、咀嚼坚硬的食物时，咀嚼周期延长正确答案：C37、颌面部的骨性支架系由多少块骨组成A、16B、12C、15D、14E、13正确答案：D38、构成硬腭的骨性支架A、B+CB、腭骨水平板C、A+CD、上颌骨牙槽突E、上颌骨腭突正确答案：C39、腮腺导管的体表投影是A、外耳孔至鼻翼连线的中1V3处B、耳屏至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1/3处C、外耳孔至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1/3处D、耳垂至鼻翼连线的中1/3处E、耳垂至鼻翼与口角之间中点连线的中1/3处正确答案：E40、上下颌骨包绕牙根周围的突起部分是A、牙槽间隔B、牙根间隔C、牙槽骨D、牙槽窝E、牙槽嵴正确答案：C41、上颌骨形成的支柱哪项是正确的A、翼突支柱B、尖牙支柱C、A+B+CD、A+BE、颧突支柱正确答案：C42、随着牙齿的演化，哺乳动物的牙齿应属于A、异形牙B、单锥体牙C、端生牙D、同形牙E、多牙列正确答案：A43、下列哪项是不影响力的因素A、釉质钙化的程度B、性别、年龄C、牙合力线的方向D、张口距离E、咀嚼习惯正确答案：A44、下列不是构成牙体软硬组织的是A、牙骨质B、牙釉质C、牙髓D、牙本质E、牙龈正确答案：E45、乳牙中最早脱落的是A、下颌乳中切牙B、上颌乳侧切牙C、下颌乳侧切牙D、下颌乳尖牙E、上颌乳中切牙正确答案：A46、关于面侧深区，错误的是A、内为翼外板B、后界为腮腺深叶C、前为上颌骨的后面D、外以下颌支为界E、位于腮腺咬肌区的深面正确答案：E47、颏唇沟A、下唇与颏部之间的横形凹陷称B、鼻面沟和唇面沟牙合称C、两侧鼻前孔之间的隆嵴称D、鼻外侧之长形凹陷称E、上唇和颊部间的斜行凹陷称正确答案：A48、下颌第一恒磨牙最高的髓角是A、近中舌侧B、远中舌侧C、远中侧D、远中颊侧E、近中颊侧正确答案：A49、上颌中切牙牙冠唇面形态中哪一点是错误的A、切颈径小于近远中径B、切1/3有两条发育沟。
口腔解剖生理学试题和标答
《口腔解剖生理学》试题（A卷）（考试时间： 90 分钟）一、名词解释（每小题3分，共15分）1. 临床牙冠：2. 牙合平面： 3 spee曲线: 4 危险三角: 5 咀嚼压力：二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 下颌运动的三种形式是开闭口运动，（），（）。
2. 咀嚼运动可分为（），（）两类。
3. 从外观上看，牙由（），（），牙颈组成。
4. ( )是指在轴面上，从牙尖顶端伸向牙颈部的纵形隆起。
（）是上颌第一磨牙的解剖特征。
5. 颈外动脉的两终支为（），（）。
6. 颞下颌关节由下颌骨的（）与颞骨关节面，居于两者之间的关节盘、关节周围的( )和关节韧带所组成。
7.咬肌间隙位于( )和( )之间．8.闭口时，由上下牙列，牙龈及牙槽骨将口腔分为（），（）。
9 .舌乳头按形态分为（），菌状乳头，轮廓乳头，（）。
10. 舌的一般感觉有（），（）．三、单项选择题（每小题1分，共20分）1.根据形态与功能特点，恒牙可分为（）A.切牙、尖牙、磨牙B.同形牙、异形牙C.前牙、后牙D.单根牙、双根牙、多根牙E.切牙、尖牙、前磨牙、磨牙2.舌隆突的位于（）A.切牙的舌面B.上颌第一磨牙的舌面C.位于前牙舌面颈1/3处D.切牙和尖牙颈部的隆起E.牙釉质的长形隆起3.上颌尖牙牙冠（）A.远中边缘嵴较近中边缘嵴长B.远中牙尖嵴较近中牙尖嵴短C.牙尖偏远中D.邻面较切牙平坦E.近中接触区靠近近中牙尖嵴，远中接触区距离远中牙尖嵴稍远4.下颌第一前磨牙的最显著的解剖标志是（）A.体积最小B.舌面短小C.横嵴D.舌尖特小E. 面呈卵圆形5.上颌第一磨牙面的发育沟有（）A.颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟、中央沟B.颊沟、舌沟、近中沟、远中沟C.颊沟、舌沟、近中沟D.颊沟、近中沟、远中舌沟E.颊沟、舌沟、远中沟6. 面沟嵴多而不清，副沟最多的牙是（）A.第一磨牙B.第二磨牙C.第三磨牙D.磨牙E.前磨牙7.有关上下颌磨牙的区别，下列哪一说法是不正确的？（）A.下颌磨牙牙冠呈斜方形B.下颌磨牙近远中径大于颊舌径C.下颌磨牙舌尖锐而颊尖钝D.下颌磨牙牙冠倾向舌侧E.下颌磨牙多为双根8.下颌第一乳磨牙面边缘最短的是（）A.近中边缘嵴B.远中边缘嵴C.颊侧边缘嵴D.舌侧边缘嵴E.各边缘嵴一样长9.两牙接触区周围的间隙称（）A.唇或颊楔状隙B.楔状隙C. 楔状隙D.切楔状隙E.邻间隙10.上颌中切牙的发育沟描述正确的是（）A.切1/2见两条纵行的发育沟B.切1/3见两条纵行的发育沟C.切1/2见一条纵行的发育沟D.切1/3见一条纵行的发育沟E.无发育沟11.下述下颌尖牙与上颌尖牙的区别中错误的是（）A.下颌尖牙牙冠长而窄B.下颌尖牙舌面窝较浅平C.下颌尖牙牙尖略偏远中D.下颌尖牙牙尖顶位于牙体长轴舌侧E.下颌尖牙牙根细长12.根据对我国国人资料的研究结果，下列关于牙列宽度（长度）说法中错误的是（）A.上下牙列长度呈正相关B.上下牙列宽度呈正相关C.上颌牙列的宽度大于长度D.下颌牙列的长度大于宽度E.上颌牙列较下颌牙列长而宽13.下述平面的描述中正确的是（）A.上颌中切牙近中邻接点与两侧第一磨牙近中颊尖顶形成的平面B.上下牙列咬合形成的平面C.下颌中切牙与下颌第一磨牙形成的平面D.he平面与眶耳平面平行E.he平面与牙体长轴垂直14.上颌骨的四个突起分别称为（）A.蝶突、颧突、鼻突和腭图B.颧突、鼻突、上颌突和腭突C.额突、颧突、牙槽突和腭突D.额突、颧突、上颌窦和腭突E.蝶突、颧突、牙槽突和腭突15.喙突附着的肌（）A.咬肌B.翼内肌C.颞肌D.颞肌和咬肌E.以上都不正确16.从解剖学的角度出发，拔除下颌牙时最适于行浸润麻醉的部位是（）A.尖牙区B.切牙区C.前磨牙区D.磨牙区E.所有牙区17.关于颞下颌关节关节盘描述错误的是（）A.在关节窝和髁突之间B.内外径大于前后径C.厚度不一致D.从前到后有4个分区E.有前带、中间带、中后带和双板区4个分区18.牵拉口角向后的肌为（）A.颊肌B.颏肌C.降口角肌D.口轮匝肌E.降下唇肌19.面部软组织血供主要来自（）A.颌内动脉B.颌外动脉C.甲状腺上动脉D.面横动脉E.舌动脉20.颈深上淋巴结不包括（）A.颈二腹肌淋巴结B.角淋巴结C.颈肩胛舌骨肌淋巴结D.副神经淋巴结E.扁桃体淋巴结四、判断改错题（每小题2分，共10分）1、下颌第一恒磨牙最高的髓角是近中舌侧。
口腔解剖生理学题库与答案
口腔解剖生理学题库与答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.有关舌神经与颌下腺导管的关系，正确的为A、两者的交叉部位多位于舌骨舌肌后缘附近B、导管由舌神经外上绕至其内侧，向舌侧行进C、导管由舌神经内下绕至其外侧，向舌侧行进D、舌神经由导管外上绕至其内侧，向舌侧行进E、舌神经由导管内下至其外侧，向舌侧行进正确答案：D2.汇牙合成面总静脉的静脉分支是A、面前静脉和面后静脉的后支B、面前静脉和颞浅静脉C、颞浅静脉和颌内静脉D、面前静脉和耳后静脉E、面前静脉和面后静脉的前支正确答案：E3.司比曲线A、从髁状突中心到下颌中切牙近中切角联线与牙合平面所构成的角称为B、联接上颌中切牙、侧切牙切嵴，尖牙的尖，第一、二前磨牙颊尖，第一、二磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖联成的一条向下凸的线称为C、从下颌中切牙、侧切牙切嵴，尖牙的尖，第一、二前磨牙颊尖，第一、二磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖联成的一条向上凹的线称为D、以下颌牙列为基准，联接下颌中切牙切缘远中切角与下颌双侧第二磨牙远中颊尖所构成的平面称为E、联接一侧磨牙的颊尖、舌尖及对侧同名牙的颊尖、舌尖的一条向下凸的线称为正确答案：C4.髓腔形态的生理和病理变化中哪一点是错误的A、髓腔的大小随着年龄的增长而不断地缩小B、髓室顶、髓角随着牙的不断磨耗而降低C、外伤、龋病对牙体的侵袭使髓腔缩小D、乳牙髓腔比恒牙大E、青少年的恒牙髓腔比老年者大正确答案：D5.牙体应用术语中"中线"是指"A、穿过两上颌中切牙之间的一条假想线B、将牙弓分成两等分的一条假想线C、平分颅面部为左右两等分的一条假想线D、平分颅面部为两等分的一条假想线E、穿过两眼之间的一条假想线正确答案：C6.尖牙的功能是穿透、撕裂食物，磨牙的功能主要是捣碎、研磨食物，既能撕裂食物又能协助捣碎食物的牙是：A、磨牙B、前磨牙C、尖牙D、侧切牙E、中切牙正确答案：B7.在平舌骨大角稍下方发自颈外动脉的是A、上颌动脉B、舌动脉C、面动脉D、甲状腺上动脉E、脑膜中动脉正确答案：D8.上下颌骨包绕牙根周围的突起部分是A、牙槽骨B、牙槽间隔C、牙根间隔D、牙槽嵴E、牙槽窝正确答案：A9.牙冠的相对颊黏膜上是腮腺A、下颌第二磨牙B、上颌第一磨牙C、下颌第一磨牙D、上颌第二磨牙E、上颌中切牙正确答案：D10.下颌开口型正常的是A、直向下B、有轻度偏摆C、稍偏右D、稍偏左E、轻微震颤正确答案：A11.关于舌动脉，错误的叙述是A、舌动脉在舌骨舌肌前缘处分为舌下动脉、舌深动脉两终支B、平舌骨大角尖处，自颈外动脉前壁发出C、舌骨大角尖可作为寻找舌动脉起始位置的标志D、临床上可做舌动脉插管贯注化学药物以治疗舌部的恶性肿瘤E、舌动脉在行程中以下颌舌骨肌为界分为三段正确答案：E12.乳前牙形态特点的描述，不正确的是：A、下颌乳切牙舌面边缘嵴较恒切牙平坦B、从邻面看其唇舌侧颈嵴都较恒牙显著C、乳前牙冠宽根窄D、上颌乳尖牙尖顶偏远中E、乳前牙牙冠短小正确答案：A13.上颌尖牙根部向远中倾斜的度数是A、15°B、30°C、10°D、20°E、25°正确答案：A14.颞下颌关节关节窝内侧A、蝶骨嵴B、以薄骨板和颅中窝相隔C、颧弓的后续部分D、关节结节E、鳞鼓裂正确答案：A15.端生牙是指A、除生长在颌骨表面，还生长在黏膜表面的牙B、此类牙有牙根，借纤维附着于颌骨边缘C、爬行纲属端生牙D、此类牙无牙根，借纤维附着于颌骨边缘E、牙集中分布于颌骨表面正确答案：D16.轴面突度的正常生理意义，不包括：A、起扩展牙龈缘的作用，使其紧张有力B、对牙龈起生理性按摩作用C、促进自洁作用D、保证邻面接触良好，防止食物嵌塞E、在龈方被牙龈乳头充满，可保护牙槽骨和邻面正确答案：C17.磨牙的叙述，错误的是A、第一磨牙萌出早，沟裂点隙多容易龋坏B、第三磨牙因阻生或错位常发生冠周炎C、上颌第三磨牙可作为寻找腭大孔的标志D、第二乳磨牙形态与第一恒磨牙相似E、腮腺导管口位于上颌第三磨牙牙冠相对颊黏膜上正确答案：E18.组成软腭的组织不包括A、筋膜B、黏膜下层C、黏膜D、腭腱膜E、腭肌正确答案：A19.外形高点位于中1/3处的是A、尖牙舌侧B、尖牙颊侧C、磨牙舌侧D、切牙唇侧E、切牙舌侧正确答案：C20.上颌第一前磨牙的根管类型A、以上都是B、单根单管型C、单根单双管型D、双根双管型E、单根双管型正确答案：D21.中线的概念是A、平分颅面部为两等分的一条假想线B、将牙弓分成两等分的一条假想线C、矢状缝D、穿过两眼中间的一条假想线E、平分颅面部为左右两等分的一条假想线正确答案：E22.患者，女性，56岁，「56残根要求拔除，在行左下牙槽神经及舌神经阻滞麻醉5分钟后，患者觉左下唇及同侧舌尖前部有麻木感，但在分离颊侧牙龈时，患者仍觉疼痛。
口腔解剖生理学习题(含答案)
口腔解剖生理学习题（含答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.颏孔位于什么牙的下方A、下6B、下5或下45C、下4D、下56E、下34正确答案：B2.舌体边缘或外侧淋巴管，部分至颌下淋巴结，另一部分至A、颈肩胛舌骨淋巴结B、颏淋巴结C、颊淋巴结D、腮腺淋巴结E、颈深上淋巴结正确答案：E3.补偿曲线A、从髁状突中心到下颌中切牙近中切角联线与牙合平面所构成的角称为B、联接一侧磨牙的颊尖、舌尖及对侧同名牙的颊尖、舌尖的一条向下凸的线称为C、从下颌中切牙、侧切牙切嵴，尖牙的尖，第一、二前磨牙颊尖，第一、二磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖联成的一条向上凹的线称为D、联接上颌中切牙、侧切牙切嵴，尖牙的尖，第一、二前磨牙颊尖，第一、二磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖联成的一条向下凸的线称为E、以下颌牙列为基准，联接下颌中切牙切缘远中切角与下颌双侧第二磨牙远中颊尖所构成的平面称为正确答案：D4.内斜嵴（内斜线）A、由喙突往下后及由髁状突往前下汇牙合成的骨嵴称为B、在上颌骨脸面与颞下面之间、上颌第一磨牙上方的骨嵴称为C、从颏结节经颏孔之下延向后上与下颌支前缘相连的骨嵴称为D、自下颏嵴下方斜向后上与外斜线相应的骨嵴称为E、下颌支外侧面上中部突起成骨嵴称为正确答案：D5.咀嚼效率A、[（总量一余量）／总量]×正常咀嚼值B、[（总量一余量）／余量×100％]／正常咀嚼值C、（总量一余量）／总量×100％D、[（总量一余量）／总量×100％]／正常咀嚼值E、（总量一余量）／余量×100％正确答案：C6.下颌管走行规律是A、在下颌体内，该管行向前下B、在下颌孔至下颌第一磨牙之间，距牙槽缘较下颌下缘为近C、在下颌支内，行向正下方D、在下颌孔至下颌第一磨牙之间，距骨外板较内板近E、在下颌孔至下颌第一磨牙之间，距下颌支前缘较后正确答案：E7.面部发育畸形发生的主要时期是在A、胚胎第10周B、胚胎第5周至第6周C、胚胎第6周至第7周D、胚胎第3周至第4周E、胚胎第9周正确答案：C8.人类的牙属于A、侧生牙B、端生牙C、单牙列D、多牙列E、槽生牙正确答案：E9.舌下神经损伤后的症状不包括A、舌感觉异常B、语言不清C、舌不能运动D、饮食困难E、舌可向后缩入咽腔引起窒息正确答案：A10.下列关于眶下孔的描述，哪项是错误的A、位于尖牙窝的上方B、位于眶下缘中点下方约O．5cm处C、孔内有眶下神经血管通过D、向后下外通入眶下管E、经眶下管通眶下沟正确答案：D11.通用编号系统的#16表示的牙是：A、左上颌第三磨牙B、左下颌第三磨牙C、右下颌第三磨牙D、左上颌第一磨牙E、右上颌第三磨牙正确答案：A12.上颌第一磨牙的斜嵴组成是：A、远中舌尖三角嵴相连形成B、近、远中颊尖三角嵴相连形成C、近中舌尖和近中颊尖三角嵴相连形成D、近中颊尖三角嵴和远中舌尖三角嵴相连形成E、近中舌尖三角嵴和远中颊尖三角嵴相连形成正确答案：E13.翼下颌间隙内的结构主要有A、舌神经、下牙槽神经和面深动脉B、颊神经、舌神经和上颌动脉C、颊神经、舌神经和下牙槽神经D、翼丛、舌神经和下牙槽神经E、舌神经、下牙槽神经及下牙槽动、静脉正确答案：E14.关于咀嚼效率哪项是正确的A、机体在一定时间内，对软食物咀细的程度B、机体在一定时间内，对硬食物咀细的程度C、机体对定量食物咀细的程度D、机体在一定时间内，对定量食物咀细的程度E、机体在一定时间内，对特种食物咀细的程度正确答案：D15.下述咀嚼运动的功能刺激，在正常建牙合的作用中哪点不正确A、促进恒牙的正常萌出B、刺激颌骨的增长C、通过生理性咀嚼磨耗消除早接触点D、促进建立中性牙合关系E、促进形成组牙功能牙合正确答案：E16.左侧上颌第一前磨牙应记录为A、﹂4B、「35C、Ⅳ」D、﹂DE、﹂5c正确答案：A17.在恒牙萌出过程中，第一恒磨牙钙化时间是A、出生16～18个月B、胚胎4个月C、出生4～6个月D、出生24个月E、新生儿期正确答案：E18.关节盘的厚度不均匀，其中最厚处为A、双板区下层B、双板区上层C、后带D、中带E、前带正确答案：C19.下述磨耗的生理意义中哪一条不正确A、有利于冠根比的协调B、消除早接触C、形成尖牙保护牙合D、磨除初期龋坏E、为第三磨牙萌出提供空间正确答案：C20.属于上颌中切牙特点的是A、近中面稍短，较圆突B、近中切角为直角，远中切角为锐角C、牙冠由3个生长叶组成D、切嵴位于牙体长轴的唇侧E、舌窝浅，不明显正确答案：D21.颞下颌关节区的主要血供来源是：A、枕动脉B、颞浅动脉和上颌动脉C、耳后动脉D、下牙槽动脉E、耳前动脉正确答案：B22.上颌神经出颅的位置是A、圆孔B、卵圆孔C、眶下孔D、茎乳孔E、棘孔正确答案：A23.面部刀砍伤患者临床检查发现同侧额纹消失，考虑为哪一支面神经受损A、颈支B、颞支C、颧支D、颊支E、下颌缘支正确答案：B24.对下颌管错误的描述是A、在下颌体段由上至下前行B、为下颌骨骨松质问的骨密质管道C、可发出小管至各个牙槽窝D、有下牙槽神经、血管通过E、与下颌第三磨牙根尖接近正确答案：A25.多生牙A、主要功能为协助捣碎和撕裂食物B、主要功能为捣碎和磨细食物C、主要功能为切断食物D、无功能牙E、主要功能为穿刺和撕裂食物正确答案：D26.关于腭骨，正确的是A、垂直部上缘有蝶突和眶突B、参与切牙管的构成C、水平部构成鼻腔底的后部，硬腭的前2/3D、为一对U形骨板E、两突之间的凹陷称为鼻腾切迹正确答案：A27.以下哪个解剖结构属于上颌骨A、翼突B、锥突C、喙突D、腭突E、颞突正确答案：D28.关于颈动脉窦描述哪项是错误的A、是颈内动脉起始处或颈总动脉分叉处的膨大部分B、可感受动脉压的刺激C、可感受血液中二氧化碳的含量D、窦壁内含有特殊压力感受器E、手术不慎累及颈动脉窦可引起颈动脉窦综牙合征正确答案：C29.根尖距上颌窦下壁最近的是A、下颌第三磨牙B、上颌第二磨牙C、上颌第一磨牙D、上颌第三磨牙E、上颌第二前磨牙正确答案：C30.咀嚼过程中牙合的接触特点有下列几点，除了A、上下颌牙齿接触时间少于吞咽时牙接触时间B、正中牙合时牙接触时间的多少与粉碎食物所需的力有关C、上下颌牙齿接触时间多于吞咽时牙接触时间D、食物颗粒变小时，牙合接触频率增加E、正中牙合时牙接触时间的多少与食物的颗粒的大小有关正确答案：C31.关节盘的组织学、解剖和功能结构特点不包括A、关节盘外侧被颞下颌韧带加强B、关节盘由纤维组织组成C、关节盘各部的厚度不同，并可以弯曲D、关节盘从前向后矢状剖面看呈双凹形E、关节盘大于髁状突，小于关节窝正确答案：A32.下颌支外侧隆突A、由喙突往下后及由髁状突往前下汇牙合成的骨嵴称为B、在上颌骨脸面与颞下面之间、上颌第一磨牙上方的骨嵴称为C、从颏结节经颏孔之下延向后上与下颌支前缘相连的骨嵴称为D、下颌支外侧面上中部突起成骨嵴称为E、自下颏嵴下方斜向后上与外斜线相应的骨嵴称为正确答案：D33.下列哪条神经不是上颌神经的分支A、蝶腭神经B、颧神经C、颞深神经D、脑膜中神经E、上牙槽后神经正确答案：C34.恒牙牙列自上颌侧切牙的远中开始，向后逐渐弯曲的牙弓形态是A、方形B、尖圆形C、卵圆形D、椭圆形E、方圆形正确答案：D35.过多、过快或不均匀磨耗形成的病理状态是A、形成严重深覆牙合B、颞下颌关节创伤C、形成反横牙合曲线D、造成食物嵌塞E、以上均是正确答案：E36.有一个颊沟的牙是A、下颌第一磨牙B、上颌第一前磨牙C、下颌第一前磨牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、上颌第二前磨牙正确答案：A37.牙冠钙化不全的沟称为A、点隙B、窝C、发育沟D、副沟E、裂正确答案：E38.牙冠形态不同于任何恒牙的乳牙是：A、上颌第二乳磨牙B、上颌第一乳磨牙C、下颌第一乳磨牙D、下颌第二乳磨牙E、上、下颌第一乳磨牙正确答案：C39.在牙尖交错牙合时，下颌磨牙牙尖斜面中无牙合接触的是：A、颊尖的舌斜面B、颊尖的颊斜面C、舌尖的舌斜面D、舌尖的颊斜面E、组成三角嵴的两个斜面正确答案：C40.有关恒牙髓腔的叙述，错误的是A、下颌双尖牙根管治疗时防侧穿B、上前牙根管粗，根管治疗效果好C、上前牙开髓部位在舌面窝D、活髓牙作针道时应避开牙髓E、下颌磨牙髓室顶底相距较远正确答案：E41.上颌第一磨牙髓室底形态错误的是A、底部根管口呈四边形或三角形B、髓室底有3～4个根管口C、远颊根管口位于近颊根管口的远中偏颊侧D、近颊根管口距远颊根管口较近E、近颊根管口距舌侧根管口较远正确答案：C42.口周围肌群上组不包括：A、尖牙肌B、笑肌C、颧肌D、上唇方肌E、三角肌正确答案：E43.眶下神经穿出的结构是A、颏孔B、腭小孔C、眶下孔D、腭大孔E、切牙孔正确答案：C44.颞浅动脉自何处由颈外动脉发出A、平舌骨大角稍下方B、平下颌骨髁突颈部C、平甲状软骨上缘D、平舌骨大角稍上方E、平舌骨大角尖正确答案：B45.颈深筋膜封套层是指A、颈深筋膜浅层B、颈浅筋膜C、颈脏器筋膜D、颈深筋膜深层E、颈深筋膜中层正确答案：A46.上颌动脉又称为A、面动脉B、颞浅动脉C、颌内动脉D、眼动脉E、颌外动脉正确答案：C47.5-4岁期乳牙合的特征有A、牙排列不紧密前牙有间隙，上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐B、牙排列紧密无间隙，切缘、牙合面有显著磨耗C、牙排列紧密无间隙，上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐D、牙排列由紧密到牙间隙逐渐形成E、牙排列不紧密，前牙有间隙，下颌第二乳磨牙移至上颌第二乳磨牙的牙前方正确答案：C48.一个9岁男孩，经口内检查发现上颌右侧区有恒中切牙，乳尖牙，第一乳磨牙，第二乳磨牙及第一恒磨牙，这个部位的这些牙齿可用临床牙位记录法(部位记录法)记录为A、左上1ⅢⅣⅤ6B、右上6 ⅤⅣⅢ1C、左上13456D、右上65431E、以上都不是正确答案：B49.舌神经与下颌下腺导管的关系是A、导管由舌神经外上绕至其内侧，向舌侧行进B、两者的交叉部位多位于舌骨舌肌后缘附近C、导管由舌神经内下绕至其外侧，向舌侧行进D、舌神经由导管外上绕至其内侧，向舌侧行进E、舌神经由导管内下至其外侧，向舌侧行进正确答案：D50.上颌第一恒磨牙髓室颊舌径、近远中径和髓室高度大小顺序正确的是A、近远中径＞髓室高度＞颊舌径B、近远中径＞颊舌径＞髓室高度C、颊舌径＞近远中径＞髓室高度D、髓室高度＞颊舌径＞近远中径E、颊舌径＞髓室高度＞近远中径正确答案：C51.上颌的纵牙合曲线中最突向下的点位于：A、7AB的近舌尖B、6AB的远颊尖C、6AB的近舌尖D、6AB的远舌尖E、6AB的近颊尖正确答案：E52.牙的尖顶偏近中，其牙是A、上颌第一前磨牙B、下颌第一乳磨牙C、下颌乳尖牙D、上颌第一乳磨牙E、上颌乳尖牙正确答案：C53.呈“十”字形发育沟的牙是A、上颌第一磨牙B、下颌第一磨牙C、下颌第二前磨牙D、上颌第二磨牙E、下颌第二磨牙正确答案：E54.下列关于颈总动脉的描述哪一项是错误的A、左侧颈总动脉起自主动脉弓B、左侧颈总动脉比右侧长C、为口腔颌面部血液供应的主要来源D、在舌骨水平分为颈内动脉和颈外动脉E、右侧颈总动脉起自无名动脉正确答案：D55.某一40岁患者，在口腔检查时，被要求做以下动作下颌自然闭牙合到与上颌牙齿接触，并紧咬牙。
专业术语—口腔生理学术语R1（英文详解）-医务英语
专业术语—⼝腔⽣理学术语R1(英⽂详解)Rest Position - a position the jaw adopts when at rest with the lips lightly together.Reticular fibres - are fine type III collagen fibres forming a net-like supporting framework or reticulum. They are found around small blood vessels, nerve cells, muscle fibres and in particular beneath epithelial membranes as part of thebasal lamina.Reticular formation - in the central core of the medulla, it consists of several structures, including the periaquaductal grey. The reticular formation integrates information from many sources and influences sensory motor and autonomic activity. It is involved in aversive drive (behaviour which is an instinctive turning away from the unpleasant).Retinoic acid - a product of retinol(Vitamin A) which binds onto cell membranes and controls cell division and differentiation through gene expression.Ribosomes - - structures in the cy lasm of cells which attach onto messenger RNA. At the ribosome, the code of nucleotides on the mRNA is translated into a series of aminoacids.RNA - Ribosenucleic acid - seenucleic acids.Root resorption - resorption of cementum and underlying root dentine by osteoclasts. Temporary zones of root resorption may occur during orthodontic tooth repositioning. More extensive and irreversible root resorption may occur if the root becomes ankylosed.Rugae - raised ridges of epithelium, each with its core of lamina propria, found on the anterior wall of the hard palate.。
口腔解剖生理学测试题含答案
口腔解剖生理学测试题含答案一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、多生牙A、无功能牙B、主要功能为切断食物C、主要功能为协助捣碎和撕裂食物D、主要功能为穿刺和撕裂食物E、主要功能为捣碎和磨细食物正确答案：A2、颞浅动脉自何处由颈外动脉发出A、平舌骨大角稍上方B、平舌骨大角稍下方C、平舌骨大角尖D、平下颌骨髁突颈部E、平甲状软骨上缘正确答案：D3、上颌尖牙的外形描述正确的是A、未磨耗的尖牙两条牙尖嵴的交角为60℃B、舌轴嵴明显，将舌窝分成近中和远中两个舌窝C、根尖略向近中弯曲D、唇面外形高点在颈1／3E、唇面似圆四边形正确答案：B4、切牙乳头位于哪颗牙的腭侧A、上颌前磨牙B、上颌侧切牙C、上颌尖牙D、上颌中切牙E、上颌第一磨牙正确答案：D5、在正常咬合关系下，7B与对颌牙无咬合接触的是哪个斜面?A、舌尖的近远中颊斜面B、颊尖的近远中颊斜面C、舌尖的近远中舌斜面D、远中颊尖近舌斜面E、颊尖的近远中舌斜面正确答案：B6、包被舌骨下肌群的是哪一层A、颈深筋膜中层B、颈浅筋膜C、颈脏器筋膜壁层D、颈深筋膜深层E、颈深筋膜浅层正确答案：A7、面部刀砍伤患者临床检查发现同侧眼睑闭牙合困难，考虑为哪一支面神经受损A、颧支B、下颌缘支C、颞支D、颊支E、颈支正确答案：A8、后牙颌运循环中，作为支点的是A、非工作侧磨牙B、工作侧尖牙C、工作侧磨牙D、工作侧髁突E、非工作侧髁突正确答案：E9、最先萌出的恒牙是哪个牙A、上颌第一磨牙B、下颌第一磨牙C、上颌侧切牙D、上颌中切牙E、下颌中切牙正确答案：B10、非工作侧磨牙区存在严重早接触干扰时的下颌A、形成Ⅱ类杠杆，支点在非工作侧颞下颌关节，工作侧嚼肌与翼内肌为主要动力点B、形成第Ⅰ类杠杆，支点在牙合干扰的牙尖斜面C、形成第Ⅲ类杠杆，支点在颞下颌关节，嚼肌和颞肌为主要动力点D、形成第Ⅱ类杠杆，支点在工作侧颞下颌关节，工作侧嚼肌与翼内肌为主要动力点E、形成Ⅰ类杠杆，支点在工作侧颞下颌关节正确答案：B11、上、下颌磨牙形态区别中哪个不正确A、上颌磨牙颊尖钝而舌尖锐B、下颌磨牙的牙冠倾向舌侧C、上颌磨牙的牙冠较直D、上颌磨牙的牙冠呈斜方形E、下颌磨牙一般为双根正确答案：A12、有关腮腺筋膜的描述，哪一项是错误的A、腮腺鞘与腺体结牙合紧密B、腮腺鞘上部与外耳道软骨紧密相连C、腮腺鞘深层致密D、腮腺鞘发出许多间隔，将腺体分为许多小叶E、来自颈深筋膜浅层正确答案：C13、保证下颌运动协调的关系是A、肌肉运动协调B、双侧颞下颌关节的协调C、颞下颌关节、牙合和神经肌肉结构三者协调一致D、牙合关系的协调E、神经协调控制正确答案：C14、关于牙冠轴面突度生理意义中哪一项不正确A、突度过大，食物不能触及牙龈B、适当的轴面突度可防止食物嵌塞C、适当的轴面突度能提高咀嚼效能D、正常突度使咀嚼过的食物擦过牙龈表面起按摩作用E、突度过小，食物将给牙龈过大的压力正确答案：C15、下颌第一磨牙牙冠上不可能有的发育沟是A、远中舌沟B、远中颊沟C、颊沟D、近中沟E、远中沟正确答案：A16、在下颌骨内斜线的上方，颏棘两侧的凹陷，其结构名称是A、关节翼肌窝B、下颌下腺窝C、二腹肌窝D、舌下腺窝E、以上都不是正确答案：D17、舌淋巴管与颈深上淋巴结引流关系的规律是A、越近舌根部而起的淋巴管注入颈深上淋巴结的部位越高B、越近舌尖而起的淋巴管注入颈深上淋巴结的部位越低C、越近舌根部而起的淋巴管注入颈深上淋巴结的部位越低D、越近舌尖而起的淋巴管注入颈深上淋巴结的部位越高E、A+C正确答案：E18、椎前筋膜又称A、颈浅筋膜B、颈深筋膜中层C、颈脏器筋膜D、颈深筋膜深层E、颈深筋膜浅层正确答案：D19、翼丛位于A、下颌后静脉B、面静脉C、海绵窦D、颞下窝E、翼腭窝正确答案：D20、下述上颌第一双尖牙的双根率哪个正确A、50％B、80％C、95％D、87％E、60％正确答案：B21、乳前牙形态特点的描述，不正确的是：A、上颌乳尖牙尖顶偏远中B、下颌乳切牙舌面边缘嵴较恒切牙平坦C、从邻面看其唇舌侧颈嵴都较恒牙显著D、乳前牙牙冠短小E、乳前牙冠宽根窄正确答案：B22、下列哪一条不是下切牙与上切牙的重要区别点A、牙根较扁B、舌凹较浅C、近中切角锐而远中切角钝D、牙冠近远中径较小E、牙冠唇面较平正确答案：C23、关于关节韧带描述，正确的是A、颞下颌韧带亦是颞下颌关节的外侧面坚强的侧副韧带B、颢下颌韧带主要防止关节向前方脱位C、防止下颌过度向前移位的韧带是蝶下颌韧带D、下颌主要由茎突下颌韧带悬挂E、颞下颌韧带是颞下颌关节的内侧面一对坚强的侧副韧带正确答案：A24、牙冠钙化不全的沟称为A、裂B、发育沟C、点隙D、窝E、副沟正确答案：A25、左右下6常见的较小的第五牙尖位于A、中央窝B、颊面与近中面交界处C、舌面与近中面交界处D、颊面与远中面交界处E、舌面与远中面交界处正确答案：D26、上颌第一磨牙卡式尖位于A、远中颊尖颊侧B、远中舌尖舌侧C、近中颊尖舌侧D、近中舌尖舌侧E、远中尖颊侧正确答案：D27、鼻翼耳屏线与眶耳平面的交角是A、30°B、25°C、10°D、15°E、20°正确答案：D28、寻找腭大孔的标志的牙是A、上颌第二磨牙B、下颌第一磨牙C、上颌第三磨牙D、下颌第二磨牙E、上颌第一磨牙正确答案：C29、颞下颌关节的功能区是：A、关节结节前斜面与髁状突前斜面B、关节窝顶与髁状突前斜面C、关节结节后斜面与髁状突前斜面D、关节窝顶与髁状突后斜面E、关节结节后斜面与保状突横嵴正确答案：C30、腭大孔表面标志为A、上颌第一磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中缝连线的中点上B、上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中缝连线的中外1／3交点上C、上颌第二磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中缝连线的中点上D、上颌第三磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中缝连线的中点上E、上颌第一磨牙腭侧龈缘至腭中缝连线的中外1／3交点上正确答案：B31、Terra牙列指数是指A、上下牙列的长度的比值B、上颌牙列的长度C、牙列的宽度与长度的比值D、下牙列长度与宽度的比值E、上下牙列的宽度的比值正确答案：C32、关于颞下颌关节盘的结构特点叙述正确的是A、关节盘后带最薄，是关节盘穿孔的好发部位B、关节盘中间带最薄，是关节盘穿孔的好发部位C、关节盘为厚薄均匀的富有弹性的结构D、关节盘的位置固定，不随下颌运动发生改变E、关节盘内不含神经、血管正确答案：B33、颞下颌关节的组成部分，不包括A、喙突B、髁突C、关节韧带D、关节囊E、颞骨关节面正确答案：A34、尖牙保护牙合与组牙功能牙合出现在哪种颌位A、侧方颌位B、后退接触位C、牙尖交错位D、前伸颌位E、下颌姿势位正确答案：A35、上前牙牙根唇面宽于舌面的生理意义是A、与牙槽嵴形态相适应B、与牙冠较宽的唇面相延续C、抵抗向前的牙合力D、补偿牙弓较大的外径E、抵抗意外碰撞的外力正确答案：C36、下颌第二乳磨牙近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖大小顺序为：A、远中尖>远中颊尖>近中颊尖B、近中颊尖>远中尖>远中颊尖C、远中尖>近中颊尖>远中颊尖D、近中颊尖>远中颊尖>远中尖E、三个牙尖的大小约相等正确答案：E37、下列关于髓角的描述哪个是错误的A、上颌第一前磨牙颊侧髓角最高B、下颌第一磨牙近中颊侧髓角最高C、下颌第一前磨牙颊侧髓角最高D、上颌第二前磨牙颊侧髓角最高E、上颌第一磨牙近中颊侧髓角最高正确答案：B38、舌体侧缘淋巴管回流至A、颌下淋巴结B、双侧颈深上淋巴结C、颈深上淋巴结及颌下淋巴结D、颏下淋巴结E、肩胛舌骨肌淋巴结正确答案：C39、关于根管口的解释哪个是正确的A、髓腔中根分叉的地方B、髓室与根管的移行处C、髓腔的开口D、根管末端的开口E、根管最细的地方正确答案：B40、关于颞下颌关节的解剖生理特点错误的是A、颞下颌关节在功能上为既具有转动又具有滑动的关节B、颞下颌关节为人体唯一与牙齿有关者C、颞下颌关节的运动与翼外肌关系密切D、颞下颌关节为左右联动关节E、颞下颌关节是一个单运动轴心的关节正确答案：E41、牙合关键是指：A、上下颌第一前磨牙的咬合接触关系B、上下颌第一磨牙的咬合接触关系C、上下颌第一乳磨牙的咬合接触关系D、上下颌第一切牙的咬合接触关系E、上下颌尖牙的咬合接触关系正确答案：B42、腮腺导管的体表投影为：A、耳屏至鼻尖与口角间中点连线的中1/3段B、耳垂至鼻尖与口角间中点连线的中1/3段C、耳垂至鼻翼与口角间中点连线的中1/3段D、以上都不是E、耳屏至鼻翼与口角间中点连线的中1/3段正确答案：C43、从正中牙合做前后运动，肌肉的活动为A、双侧翼外肌下头收缩，降颌肌群收缩B、双侧翼外肌下头收缩，然后一侧翼外肌下头和冀内肌以及对侧嚼肌和颞肌收缩C、双侧翼外肌收缩，然后双侧颞肌中、后份收缩D、一侧翼外肌下头和嚼肌收缩，然后对侧翼内肌和颞肌收缩E、一侧翼外肌下头，翼内肌收缩，然后对侧嚼肌，颞肌收缩正确答案：C44、哪种力与肌肉横断面积有关A、咀嚼用力B、牙周潜力C、咀嚼肌力D、最大牙合力E、牙合力正确答案：C45、哪一层包被舌骨下肌群A、颈脏器筋膜B、颈深筋膜深层C、颈深筋膜中层D、颈深筋膜浅层E、颈浅筋膜正确答案：C46、头顶颞部出血时可压迫A、唇动脉B、面动脉C、颈总动脉D、颞浅动脉E、上颌动脉正确答案：D47、上颌磨牙的主要功能尖是A、远中舌尖B、近中舌尖C、近中颊尖D、远中颊尖E、第五牙尖正确答案：B48、面部表面标志，错误的叙述A、鼻根为外鼻上端连于额部的位置B、睑裂为上下眼睑之间的裂隙C、鼻面沟与唇面沟牙合称鼻唇沟D、内眦为睑内侧联牙合的最内侧点E、睑内侧联牙合为上下眼睑在内侧的结牙合处正确答案：D49、哪颗牙易发生阻生A、下颌第二前磨牙B、上颌第一磨牙C、下颌第三磨牙D、下颌第一前磨牙E、下颌第二磨牙正确答案：C50、离上颌窦底壁最近的牙根是：A、上颌第一磨牙B、上颌第二磨牙C、上颌第一前磨牙D、上颌第三磨牙E、上颌第二前磨牙正确答案：A51、上颌中切牙的长轴与下颌中切牙的长轴的交角约为A、60°B、70°C、80°D、140°E、15°正确答案：D52、面部各部分之间比例协调时表现为：A、当下颌姿势位时，上颌切牙切缘在下唇下缘下约1mm，下颌前牙切缘与下唇上缘平齐B、口角对着上颌尖牙的近中C、以上都对D、露出切牙1/2E、口角对着上颌尖牙的远中部分或第一磨牙的近中部分正确答案：A53、髓腔形态的生理和病理变化中哪一点是错误的A、外伤、龋病对牙体的侵袭使髓腔缩小B、髓室顶、髓角随着牙的不断磨耗而降低C、青少年的恒牙髓腔比老年者大D、髓腔的大小随着年龄的增长而不断地缩小E、乳牙髓腔比恒牙大正确答案：E54、描述牙列(牙弓)与颞下颌关节及颌面肌功能关系哪项是错误的A、颞下颌关节位于头面部两侧，为联动关节B、上牙列(牙弓)中线与下牙列(牙弓)中线正对，但与上唇系带不一致C、张闭口运动中，下颌不偏左也不偏右D、牙列(牙弓)位于面部中央E、颌面肌对称性地分布于两侧正确答案：B55、上颌尖牙与下颌尖牙的区别，错误的是A、上颌尖牙轴嵴明显B、上颌尖牙近远中斜缘相交近90°，下颌尖牙成钝角C、上颌尖牙体积较大，牙冠宽大，下颌尖牙体积较小，牙冠窄长D、下颌尖牙舌窝深E、上颌尖牙牙根粗壮，下颌尖牙牙根细长正确答案：D56、下颌前牙若有双根管时，其方向一般为A、扭转B、交叉向C、规律不明显D、唇一舌向E、近一远中向正确答案：D57、从外部观察，牙可以分为：A、牙冠、牙根、根尖、牙颈B、牙冠、牙根、牙髓C、牙冠、牙根D、牙冠、牙根、牙颈E、牙根、牙颈、牙髓正确答案：D58、成人颏孔多朝向A、后、下、外方B、前、下、内方C、后、上、内方D、后、下、内方E、后、上、外方正确答案：E59、颞下颌关节的功能区包括A、关节窝顶与髁状突前斜面B、关节结节后斜面与髁状突前斜面C、关节结节后斜面与髁状突横嵴D、关节结节前斜面与髁状突前斜面E、关节窝顶与髁状突后斜面正确答案：B60、下颌第一乳磨牙牙冠解剖形态中哪一点是错误的A、形态不似任何恒磨牙B、远中舌尖长而尖，近中舌尖短而小C、颊面好似一个以近中缘为底的三角形D、颌面近中边缘蜡特短E、牙根分为近远中正确答案：B61、颞下颌关节的组成不包括A、关节囊B、关节韧带C、关节盘D、髁突E、喙突正确答案：E62、颌外动脉自何处由颈外动脉发出A、平舌骨大角尖B、平甲状软骨上缘C、平下颌骨髁突颈部D、平舌骨大角稍上方E、平舌骨大角稍下方正确答案：D63、下列关于牙体长轴倾斜度的描述，错误的是A、上颌侧切牙冠部向近中、根部向远中的斜度较大B、上下颌第二、第三磨牙的牙根偏向远中C、上颌尖牙根部向近中倾斜约15度D、上颌中切牙较正E、下颌尖牙根部稍向远中倾斜正确答案：C64、下颌恒尖牙与上颌恒尖牙髓腔形态区别点是A、下颌恒尖牙根管为双管者仅占4％B、下颌恒尖牙髓角较圆C、下颌恒尖牙根尖孔位于根尖顶者约占68％D、下颌恒尖牙髓腔和根管都较上颌恒尖牙窄E、以上都是正确答案：E65、下列哪个结构出现在经下颌第二磨牙的冠状面上：A、蝶窦B、翼外肌C、泪腺D、舌盲孔E、蝶窦和舌盲孔正确答案：C66、SpEE’s曲线最低点位于A、下颌第二磨牙的远颊尖B、下颌第一磨牙的远颊尖C、下颌第一磨牙的近颊尖D、下颌第二磨牙的近颊尖E、下颌第二前磨牙的颊尖正确答案：B67、患者，男性，60岁，因右颊肿物3个月就诊。
口腔解剖生理学1牙体解剖
牙体解剖的一般概念
1、牙的组成
牙冠：解剖牙冠、临床牙冠 外部观察 牙颈
牙根：解剖牙根、临床牙根
牙釉质
剖面观察 牙骨质 牙本质 牙髓
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牙冠
解剖牙冠：牙釉质覆盖的部分 临床牙冠：牙体露于口腔的部分 注：青年时，临床牙冠<解剖牙冠；
老年或牙周炎时，临床牙冠>解剖牙冠。
牙根
解剖牙根：牙骨质覆盖的部分 临床牙根：在口腔内不能见到
③四周围凸起的嵴：近中边缘嵴、远中边缘嵴、切嵴、舌面隆突
④外形高点在颈1/3
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（3）邻面：似三角形，近中面较大而平，接触区在切1/3近切角； 远中面稍短而圆突，接触区在切1/3远切角 （4）切嵴：唇侧较平成切缘，舌侧圆突成嵴为切嵴。侧面观，切 嵴在牙长轴的唇侧 （5）牙根： ①单根，粗壮较直②唇侧宽于舌侧③根长：冠长≈1:1④颈部横切 面为圆三角形⑤根尖较直或偏远中
口腔解剖生理学
牙的演化
演化特点：①牙型：同形→异形 ②牙数：多→少 ③牙列数：多牙列→双牙列 ④牙根：无→有； ⑤分布：广泛→集中 ⑥附着方式：端生→侧生→槽生
例如：1 鱼类：同形牙 多牙列 无根牙 端生牙 2 两栖类：同上 3 爬行类：同形牙 多牙列 侧生牙或槽生牙 4 哺乳类与人类：异形牙 双牙列 槽生牙
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4、牙位记录方法
1）部位记录法：目前我国常用的记录法
6 34 Ⅳ
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2）palmer 记录系统 恒牙记录 同部位记录法 乳牙记录 英文字母A ～ E表示乳中切牙到第二乳磨牙 3）通用编号系统
＃15：左上第二磨牙 A：右上第二乳磨牙
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4）国际牙科联合会系统 采用二位数，十位数表示象限；个位数表示各牙与中
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二、上颌侧切牙 切牙中唇面最突、舌窝最深、远中切角最为圆钝者 与中切牙相比： ①牙体窄长，发育沟不明显， ②近中切角似钝角，远中切角成圆弧形 ③边缘嵴显著，舌窝窄而深 畸形舌侧窝/沟，好发龋病 ④近远中接触区均在切1/3远切角 ⑤根长＞冠长，颈横切面为卵圆形 ⑥变异较多，如呈锥形、先天缺失、畸形舌面窝、牙中牙
口腔解剖生理学试题库(含答案)
口腔解剖生理学试题库（含答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1、下面对上第一磨牙合面形态的描述中哪个是错误的A、远中窝又名中央窝B、远中窝约占牙合面的1／3C、斜嵴将合面分成近中窝和远中窝D、合面中部凹陷成窝E、近中窝约占牙合面的2／3正确答案：A2、对点隙的解释哪一个是错误的A、为3条发育沟汇合处所成的点形凹陷B、为3条以上发育沟汇合处所成的点形凹陷C、为龋病的好发病部位D、釉质钙化不良而形成的凹陷E、点隙处釉质未完全连接正确答案：D3、与下颌第一乳磨牙相似的恒牙是A、下颌第一恒磨牙B、下颌第二恒磨牙C、下颌第一双尖牙D、下颌第二双尖牙E、没有恒牙与其相似正确答案：E4、FDI表示法中，右下颌乳中切牙可表示为A、41B、31C、81D、71E、61正确答案：C5、哪组牙牙冠呈斜方形A、下颌磨牙B、尖牙C、前牙D、前磨牙E、上颌磨牙正确答案：E6、下述牙冠轴面突度生理意义中哪一项不正确A、唇(颊)舌面突度过大时牙龈会因失去食物按摩而萎缩B、轴面突度使食物滑下时对牙龈起按摩作用C、唇(颊)舌面突度过小时牙龈会受到食物过度冲击创伤D、邻面的突度有防止食物嵌塞的作用E、适当成轴面突度能提高咀嚼效能正确答案：E7、指出下列牙齿演化的论述中哪一个是错误的A、从同形牙到异形牙B、从分散到集中C、牙数从少到多D、牙根从无到有E、从多列牙到双列牙正确答案：C8、上颌第一磨牙近中面的外形高点在哪里A、合1／3水平的中1／3处B、合1／3水平的颊1／3与中1／3交界处C、合1／3处D、合1／3水平的中1／3与舌1／3交界处E、中1／3处正确答案：B9、乳牙灵长间隙的位置是A、乳中切牙区B、乳尖牙区C、上颌尖牙远中和下颌尖牙近中D、上颌尖牙近中和下颌尖牙远中E、切牙区与尖牙区正确答案：D10、下颌第二磨牙的牙合面形态（四尖形）呈A、Y字型B、大字型C、X字型D、人字型E、田字型正确答案：E11、上、下颌磨牙形态区别中哪个不正确A、下颌磨牙一般为双根B、上颌磨牙的牙冠呈斜方形C、上颌磨牙的牙冠较直D、下颌磨牙的牙冠倾向舌侧E、上颌磨牙颊尖钝而舌尖锐正确答案：E12、下列哪个牙在拔除时可以使用旋转力A、下颌前磨牙B、下颌磨牙C、上颌中切牙D、上颌前磨牙E、下颌切牙正确答案：C13、根管系统不包括：A、髓腔B、管间吻合C、根尖分歧D、根管E、根管侧支正确答案：A14、上颌第一磨牙的（）正对着下颌第一磨牙的中央窝A、远中舌尖B、近中舌尖C、近中颊尖D、远中尖E、远中颊尖正确答案：B15、第二乳磨牙与第一恒磨牙的区别要点中哪一点是错误的A、第二乳磨牙的牙根干短，牙根向外张开B、第二乳磨牙的牙冠面尖窝清晰C、第二乳磨牙的牙冠较小、色白D、第二乳磨牙的近中颊尖、远中颊尖、远中尖大小约相等E、第二乳磨牙的牙冠颈部明显缩小，颈嵴较突正确答案：B16、全口牙中牙根最长的是A、上颌尖牙B、上颌中切牙C、下颌尖牙D、上颌磨牙E、下颌中切牙正确答案：A17、关于下颌第一磨牙舌面的叙述不正确的是A、有两个舌尖B、舌侧牙颈线较平C、舌面合缘呈宽大的M形D、远中舌尖大于近中舌尖E、舌面与邻面界限不明显正确答案：D18、一个1岁半男婴，口内检查发现，上下颌乳中切牙和乳侧切牙均已萌出，按照一般乳牙萌出顺序在其口内萌出的下一颗牙为A、上颌乳尖牙B、下颌乳尖牙C、上颌第一乳磨牙D、下颌第一乳磨牙E、下颌第二乳磨牙正确答案：D19、哪颗牙易发生阻生A、上颌第一前磨牙B、上颌第一磨牙C、第三磨牙D、上颌中切牙E、上颌尖牙正确答案：C20、在恒牙萌出过程中，第一恒磨牙钙化时间是A、新生儿期B、出生24个月C、出生16～18个月D、出生4～6个月E、胚胎4个月正确答案：A21、下列对下颌尖牙牙冠唇面形态描述哪个不正确A、唇轴嵴止于牙冠中1／3处B、牙尖的远中斜缘约占唇面宽度的2／3C、两斜缘的交角为90°D、冠与根的近中缘相延续呈直线E、牙尖的近中斜缘约占唇面宽度的1／3正确答案：C22、在牙冠表面钙化不全的结构是：A、发育沟B、副沟C、裂D、窝E、以上都不是正确答案：C23、关于上颌第二前磨牙错误的是A、多为扁圆形单根B、邻面近中面大于远中面C、发育沟和轴嵴不如第一前磨牙明显D、舌尖偏远中E、颊尖偏近中正确答案：D24、下述上颌尖牙冠唇面形态描述哪个不正确A、两条牙尖嵴相交成直角B、唇轴嵴较显著C、尖牙唇面轮廓呈五边形D、牙尖顶偏近中方向E、唇面外形高点在颈1／3处正确答案：E25、关于下颌第一前磨牙的描述不正确的是A、颊尖偏远中B、有新月形的颊颈嵴C、为体积最小的前磨牙D、牙合面有横嵴E、颊舌尖高度差别最大正确答案：A26、上颌尖牙舌面外形高点在哪里？A、颈1/3与中1/3交界处B、中1/3处C、舌隆突处D、颈缘处E、颈嵴处正确答案：C27、上颌前牙髓腔唇舌切面观，最宽处在A、牙冠处B、牙根中分C、根管口处D、颈缘附近E、切嵴处正确答案：D28、每个牙尖有几个斜面A、6B、3C、2D、4E、5正确答案：D29、上颌第一磨牙远中接触区位于A、合1／3处B、中1／3处C、合1／3水平的中1／3处D、合1／3水平的中1／3与舌l／3交界处E、合1／3水平的颊1／3与中1／3交界处正确答案：D30、根据形态与功能特点，恒牙可分为A、单根牙、双根牙、多根牙B、前牙、后牙C、切牙、尖牙、前磨牙、磨牙D、切牙、尖牙、磨牙E、同形牙、异形牙正确答案：C31、关于牙冠唇(颊)舌向倾斜度的论述哪个是错误的A、唇(颊)舌向倾斜度是以牙冠方向表示的牙体长轴相对于合平面B、上下颌切牙均向唇侧倾斜C、下颌切牙的倾斜度较上颌切牙小D、上颌第二、第三磨牙向颊侧倾斜E、下颌第二、第三磨牙向舌侧倾斜正确答案：A32、关于上颌乳尖牙形态特点的叙述，下列哪项是错误的A、唇轴嵴较突出B、舌轴嵴较突出C、牙尖偏近中D、似上颌恒尖牙E、牙尖长大，约占冠长的一半正确答案：C33、下列哪项尖牙的特征是错误的A、主要功能为撕裂食物B、牙根呈三角形，拔除时不能用旋转力C、自洁作用好，龋齿发生率低D、牙根长，修复时多用作基牙E、支撑口角，维持面容正确答案：B34、前磨牙共有多少颗A、4B、16C、2D、8E、12正确答案：D35、下列哪项不是乳牙牙髓腔的特点A、根尖孔大B、髓壁薄C、髓腔大D、髓角高E、根管细正确答案：E36、哪个牙合面只有一个窝A、下颌第一磨牙B、上颌侧切牙C、上颌第一磨牙D、上颌尖牙E、下颌第二双尖牙正确答案：B37、第一恒磨牙牙胚形成于A、出生前后B、胚胎第四个月C、胚胎第四周D、胚胎第二个月E、胚胎第二周正确答案：B38、牙体应用术语中""中线""是指A、穿过两上颌中切牙之间的一条假想线B、将牙弓分成两等分的一条假想线C、平分颅面部为两等分的一条假想线D、穿过两眼之间的一条假想线E、平分颅面部为左右两等分的一条假想线正确答案：E39、有关上颌第二前磨牙的叙述，下列哪项是错误的A、颊面的近、远中缘均较突B、近中面无近中沟C、牙合D、下颌第二前磨牙正确答案：A40、牙位记录中43代表哪颗牙齿A、左下颌尖牙B、左下颌第一前磨牙C、右下颌尖牙D、右上颌尖牙E、左上颌尖牙正确答案：C41、下列可以被称为前牙的牙齿是A、上颌前磨牙B、上颌磨牙C、下颌前磨牙D、尖牙E、下颌磨牙正确答案：D42、关于牙冠的论述哪个是正确的A、牙齿显露于口腔的部分称为牙冠B、牙发挥咀嚼功能的部分称为牙冠C、牙龈缘以上的部分称为牙冠D、由牙釉质覆盖的部分称为牙冠E、以上都不正确正确答案：D43、下列关于游标卡尺的作用，哪一项是错误的A、深度尺用于测量深度B、内测量爪用于测量外直径C、主尺用于读取游标卡尺刻度线对应的整毫米数D、游标尺用于读取对准主尺上某一刻度线的游标尺上的刻度数E、紧固螺母用于固定游标尺正确答案：B44、乳牙中最早脱落的是A、上颌乳中切牙B、下颌乳尖牙C、上颌乳侧切牙D、下颌乳中切牙E、下颌乳侧切牙正确答案：D45、点角是指A、三面相交处成一点所成的角B、牙与牙在邻面互相接触的部位C、平分颅面部为左右两等分的一条假想线D、牙体各轴面最突出的部分E、通过牙体中心的一条假想轴正确答案：A46、下颌第一磨牙近中接触区位于A、合1/3处B、中1/3处C、合1/3岁平的中1/3处D、合1/3水平的中1/3与舌1/3交界处E、合1/3水平的颊1/3与中1/3交界处正确答案：E47、上颌双尖牙与下颌双尖牙区别中哪一点是错误的A、上颌双尖牙的牙冠靠近牙体长轴B、下颌双尖牙的牙冠方圆C、下颌双尖牙多位扁圆单根D、上颌双尖牙的牙冠较窄长E、下颌双尖牙的牙冠略偏牙体长轴颊侧正确答案：E48、关于上颌切牙牙冠的倾斜情况A、既向远中又向唇侧B、无倾斜C、既向近中又向舌侧D、既向近中又向唇侧E、既向远中又向舌侧正确答案：D49、女性，25岁，因重度四环素牙，欲行切牙贴面修复，临床检查发现：除牙齿颜色呈深褐色外，无明显牙体缺损，在制作树脂贴面形成中切牙唇面外形时，下列说法哪个是正确的A、近中边缘嵴和远中边缘嵴一样，比较直B、切缘与近远中边缘嵴都成直角C、颈缘成直线型D、切缘与远中边缘嵴所成的角度比近中边缘嵴成的角度要圆钝E、以上都不是正确答案：D50、前磨牙中体积最小的是A、乳前磨牙B、上颌第一前磨牙C、上颌第二前磨牙D、下颌第一前磨牙E、下颌第二前磨牙正确答案：D51、中切牙冠与根的比例多数约为A、1：2B、2：1C、1：1D、1：3E、3：1正确答案：C52、下列不是构成牙体软硬组织的是A、牙釉质B、牙本质C、牙骨质D、牙龈E、牙髓正确答案：D53、下颌第一磨牙的特点是A、邻面外形高点在颈1/3处B、颊面似长方形，有两个牙尖C、面长方形，有五条发育沟D、舌面外形高点在1/3处E、有两颊一舌3个牙根正确答案：C54、上颌中切牙唇面似什么形A、四边形B、梯形C、圆三角形D、扁圆形E、椭圆形正确答案：B55、下述下第二磨牙形态特点中哪个不正确？A、下颌第二磨牙合面发育沟呈“+”字形B、下颌第二磨牙一般有4个牙尖C、下颌第二磨牙两根相距较近D、下颌第二磨牙牙冠呈方圆形E、极少数下颌第二磨牙根分叉为近中根，远中颊根及远中舌根正确答案：E56、乳牙列中不包括A、乳尖牙B、乳磨牙C、乳前磨牙D、乳中切牙E、乳侧切牙正确答案：C57、一个29岁的男患者，因右上5缺失，行右上46固定桥修复，修复经常出现右上67间食物嵌塞，临床检查发现：右上67间有接触关系，对颌牙无充填式牙尖，龈外展隙有龈乳头，右上67间接触点在右上6远中面的中1／3，该患者之所以出现食物嵌塞，其可能原因为A、患者使用不当，应避免食物进入右上67间的区域B、右上67间接触点部位不对，接触点应建立在右上6远中邻面牙合1／3的中1／3与舌1／3交界处C、固定桥的合调整不够理想D、这只是偶然发生，不必处理E、以上都不是正确答案：B58、以下对牙颈曲线的描述哪个是错误的?A、牙颈缘在牙冠各轴面均呈弧形曲线B、颈曲线在唇颊面成凸向合缘方的弧线C、颈曲线在近中面成凸向合缘方的弧线D、颈曲线在远中面成凸向合缘方的弧线E、颈曲线在舌面成凸向根方的弧线正确答案：B59、下述上颌第一磨牙牙根的名称中哪一组是正确的A、近中根、远中根B、近中根、远中颊根、远中舌根C、近中舌根、远中舌根、颊根D、近中颊根、远中颊根、舌根E、近中颊根、近中舌根、远中根正确答案：D60、下颌牙齿萌出顺序哪一个是正确的A、6、1、2、3、4、5、7、8B、1、2、3、4、5、6、7、8C、1、6、5、4、3、7、D、6、2、1、4、3、5、7、8E、6、1、2、6、4、3、7、8正确答案：A61、哪个牙的牙尖顶偏远中A、上颌乳尖牙B、下颌第一乳磨牙C、上颌尖牙D、下颌尖牙E、下颌乳尖牙正确答案：A62、关于上颌尖牙不正确的说法是A、牙根断面为圆三角形B、牙尖偏近中C、牙尖偏远中D、唇面有唇轴嵴E、舌面有舌轴嵴正确答案：C63、上颌第一磨牙形态中哪一点是错误的A、牙根颊舌向分叉大B、咬合面五边形C、颊沟末端形成点隙D、牙冠斜方形E、可出现卡式尖正确答案：B64、上颌第一磨牙A、近颊合角、远颊合角为钝角；远舌合角，近舌合角为锐角B、近颊合角、远舌合角为锐角；远颊合角，近舌合角为钝角C、近颊合角、远舌合角为钝角；远颊合角，近舌合角为锐角D、近颊合角为直角，远颊合角为钝角E、近颊合角、远颊合角为锐角；远舌牙合角，近舌合角为钝角正确答案：B65、牙骨质无机盐的含量约为A、70%B、45%-50%C、50%-55%D、30%E、95%-97%正确答案：B66、牙冠钙化不全的沟称为A、发育沟B、窝C、副沟D、裂E、点隙正确答案：D67、上颌第一前磨牙分叉成颊、舌两根者占A、约100％B、约80％C、约30％D、约10％E、约50％正确答案：B68、哪个牙合面有一个中央窝，一个远中窝A、上颌侧切牙B、下颌第二双尖牙C、上颌第一磨牙D、下颌第一磨牙E、上颌尖牙正确答案：C69、动物由低等向高等发展过程中牙齿的演化A、由端生牙变为侧生牙、槽生牙B、牙形由复杂变为单一同形C、由侧生牙变为端生牙、槽生牙D、牙替换次数由双牙列变为多牙列、单牙列E、牙数由少变多正确答案：A70、哪个牙的尖顶偏近中A、上颌乳尖牙B、上颌第一乳磨牙C、上颌第一双尖牙D、下颌第一乳磨牙E、下颌乳尖牙正确答案：E71、磨牙牙合面上的牙尖有A、l～2个B、5~6个C、3~4个D、2 ~3 个E、4 ~5 个正确答案：E72、与恒牙相比，乳牙具有如下特点，除外A、乳牙舌面隆凸较恒牙明显B、乳牙根干短，根分叉小C、乳前牙根尖向唇侧弯曲D、乳前牙冠宽根窄，冠根分界明显E、乳牙体积较恒牙小，呈乳白色正确答案：B73、牙本质无机盐的含量约为A、30%B、50%-55%C、95%-97%D、70%E、45%-50%正确答案：D74、第二恒磨牙萌出时间约为A、11～12岁B、12～13岁C、14～16岁D、13～15岁E、10～12岁正确答案：B75、颌关键是指A、上下颌第一磨牙的咬合接触关系B、上下颌尖牙的咬合接触关系C、上下颌第一切牙的咬合接触关系D、上下颌第一前磨牙的咬合接触关系E、上下颌第一乳磨牙的咬合接触关系正确答案：A76、切牙中体积最大的是A、下颌尖牙B、上颌中切牙C、下颌侧切牙D、下颌中切牙E、上颌侧切牙正确答案：B77、下述对上颌第二前磨牙合面形态描述中正确的是A、近远中点隙相距较近B、中央窝窄而深C、合面为显著的六边形D、颊尖高大，舌尖短小E、颊缘大于舌缘的宽度正确答案：A78、哪个牙的合面发育沟成""大""字型A、下颌第二双尖牙B、下颌第一双尖牙C、下颌第一磨牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、下颌第二磨牙正确答案：C79、两牙接触区周围的间隙称A、唇或颊楔状隙B、he楔状隙C、楔状隙D、邻间隙E、切楔状隙正确答案：C80、对＂牙尖＂概念的下述解释哪个是正确的？A、牙釉质的三角形隆起B、牙釉质过分钙化所形成的小突起C、由两个斜面相交而成 E由两个轴面相交而成D、尖牙切端及后牙合面近似锥体形的显著隆起正确答案：D81、牙齿磨耗可以发生在A、牙合面、邻面、舌面B、切嵴、唇面、舌面C、牙合面、唇面、舌面D、牙合面、切嵴、邻面E、牙合面、切嵴、唇面正确答案：D82、较易发生先天缺失的恒牙是A、上颌第二磨牙B、下颌尖牙C、上颌中切牙D、上颌第一磨牙E、第三磨牙正确答案：E83、尖牙中牙尖偏远中的是A、上颌乳尖牙B、下颌乳尖牙C、上颌尖牙D、下颌尖牙E、以上均不是正确答案：A84、上颌侧切牙牙冠唇舌面外形高点应在A、牙冠唇舌面颈缘处B、牙冠唇舌面颈1／3处C、牙冠唇舌面切1／3处D、牙冠唇舌面中1／3处E、牙冠唇面中1／3，舌面颈1／3处正确答案：B85、下列有关上颌中切牙冠宽与冠长的说法，正确的是A、冠长和冠宽由技师决定B、冠长与冠宽依患者口内实际情况而定C、冠宽大于冠长D、冠长等于冠宽E、冠长大于冠宽正确答案：E86、恒牙中发育最早的是A、第一磨牙B、侧切牙C、第一前磨牙D、尖牙E、中切牙正确答案：A87、上颌侧切牙与上颌中切牙的区别中哪一点是错误的A、上颌侧切牙舌窝窄而深B、上颌侧切牙近中切角似锐角C、上颌侧切牙唇面较窄小、圆突D、上颌侧切牙切缘向远中舌侧的倾斜度较中切牙大E、上颌侧切牙根长与冠长相近正确答案：E88、以下关于乳牙髓腔特种的描述中错误的是A、髓室大B、根管粗C、髓室顶高D、髓角高E、根尖孔小正确答案：E89、冠长是指A、牙冠唇（颊）面与舌面外形高点之间的距离B、从颈缘的最低点至根尖的距离C、从切缘或牙尖至根尖的距离D、牙颈唇面与舌面颈缘上最高点之间的距离E、从切缘或牙尖顶至颈缘最低点之间的距离正确答案：E90、纵剖牙根，可见到的牙体组织是：A、牙釉质B、牙本质C、牙骨质D、牙髓E、以上都不是正确答案：A91、前磨牙A、主要功能为协助捣碎和撕裂食物B、无功能牙C、主要功能为穿刺和撕裂食物D、主要功能为切断食物E、主要功能为捣碎和磨细食物正确答案：A92、下述下颌第二磨牙形态特点中哪个不正确A、下颌第二磨牙牙冠呈方圆形B、下颌第二磨牙两根相距较近C、下颌第二磨牙一般有4个牙尖D、下颌第二磨牙合面发音沟呈"+"字形E、极少数下第二磨牙根分叉为近中根，远中颊根及远中舌根正确答案：E93、关于上颌中切牙形态不正确的说法是：A、舌面近颈部有舌面隆突B、可见切缘结节C、远中切角为锐角D、近中切角近直角E、切1／3有两条发育沟正确答案：C94、关于上颌第一磨牙的描述不正确的是A、牙合面上可看到斜嵴B、有三个牙根C、近中舌尖最小D、有时可有第五牙尖正确答案：C95、关于牙齿大小的描述错误的是A、上颌中切牙大于上颌侧切牙B、下颌中切牙小于下颌侧切牙C、上颌第一前磨牙大于下颌第一前磨牙D、上颌第一前磨牙小于上颌第二前磨牙E、上颌尖牙大于下颌尖牙正确答案：D96、上颌第一恒磨牙的合面特征是A、远中舌尖和近中颊尖三角嵴相连成斜嵴B、近中舌尖和近中颊尖三角嵴相连成横嵴C、呈菱形，远中颊颌角和近中舌颌角为锐角D、远中舌尖和远中颊尖三角嵴相连成横嵴E、呈斜方形，近中颊颌角和远中舌颌角为锐角正确答案：E97、中切牙近中接触区比远中接触区距切角A、无一定关系B、相等距C、较近D、随磨耗面改变E、较远正确答案：C98、正常情况下上颌第一磨牙的近中颊尖咬合于A、下颌第一磨牙的远颊沟B、下颌第一磨牙的颊沟C、下颌第一磨牙的近中边缘嵴D、下颌第一磨牙的中央窝E、下颌第一磨牙的远中边缘嵴正确答案：B99、三角嵴是由A、位于牙合面的，两个牙尖上的斜面相交而成B、牙冠的两个轴面相交而成C、位于牙合面，牙尖顶伸向牙合面中央的嵴，一个牙尖的两个斜面相交而成D、牙冠的三个面相交而成E.由牙尖顶伸向牙颈部的纵行隆起构成正确答案：C100、颈嵴是A、牙冠颊面沿颈缘部位的细长形釉质隆起B、牙冠唇、颊面沿颈缘部位的细长形釉质隆起C、牙冠唇、舌、颊面沿颈缘部位的细长形釉质隆起D、牙冠舌面沿颈缘部位的细长形釉质隆起E、牙冠唇面沿颈缘部位的细长形釉质隆起正确答案：B。
口腔解剖生理学词汇
8
钙化
calcification
gaihua
8
萌出
eruption
Mengchu
8
国际牙科联合会系统
Federation dentaire international system（FDI）
Guoji yake lianhehui xitong
11
中线
Medianline
zhongxian
16
下颌中切牙
Mandibularcentralincisor
Xiahe zhongqieya
16
下颌侧切牙
Mandibularlateralincisor
Xiahe ceqieya
17
上颌尖牙
Maxillarycanine
Shanghe jianya
18
下颌尖牙
Mandibularcanine
Xiahe jianya
颏肌
Mentalmuscle
Keji
89
口轮匝肌
Orbicularmuscleofmouth
Koulun zaji
89
颊肌
Buccinatormuscle
Jiaji
89
眼轮匝肌
Orbicularmuscleofeye
Yanlun zaji
90
皱眉肌
Corrugatormuscle
Zhoumei ji
21
下颌第二前磨牙
Mandibularsecondpremolar
Xiahe dier qianmoya
22
上颌磨牙
Maxillarymolar
Shanghe moya
口腔生理学术语(G)
口腔生理学术语(G)口腔生理学术语(G)口腔生理学术语(G) gangrene - the death of tissue on a large scale. may be caused by certain bacteria which spread rapidly through tissues, or by an inadequate blood supply.ganglion - a collection of nerve cells usually found outside the central nervous system, from which axons arrive from the periphery and proceed to the spinal cord or brain.gene cloning - a technique which uses recombinant dna, inserted into a host cell as a plasmid which reproduces copies of itself, and hence the inserted gene, many timesgeneric - belonging to the same main group. for example generic medicines are identified by the main group they fall into rather than by their trade names.genes - the unit of inheritance that transmits information from one cell to its daughters and hence to the next generation. a gene consists of a specific series of dna nucleotides. each three nucleotides is the code for an amino acid. humans have about 200,000 genes which collectively are know as the genome.genetic engineering - see recombinant dna.genome - the complete complement ofgenetic material in a species.gingival crevice fluid - a secretion found in the gingival sulcus, formed by the cells attaching the gingival epithelium to the tooth.gingival sulcus - a potential space between the gingival margin and the tooth, lined by non-keratinised epithelium. the depth of the sulcus is normally between 1 and 2 mm in health.gingivitis - an inflammation of the gingival mucosa, due to the increase in the virulence or mass of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, or to reduced resistance of the host.glands - a collection of cells secreting a specific product such as insulin or sweat.glucocorticoids - one of the two major hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla. the most common glucocorticoid is cortisol (hydrocortisone) but they all share the common effect of increasing blood glucose concentration. they may achieve this at the cost of body protein stores, by converting amino acids into glucose. cortisol also converts fatty acids into glucose. any type of stress, including trauma, infection, fear, anxiety or malnutrition causes an increase incortisol secretion. cortisol stabilises the membrane of lysosomes, which are then unlikely to rupture, a process which stimulates inflammation. cortisol therfore inhibits inflammation. cells like neutrophils, are less able to protect the body from foreign proteins. stress therefore reduces the bodies ability to cope with infection. malnutrition not only stunts mental and physical development but also allows viral, bacterial and parasitic infections to flourish.glucosamine - a glucose or galactose molecule with an amine group attached. see also glucuronic acid.glucose - a molecule of great importance to life as it provides a ready source of energy for both plant and animal cells. glucose can only be formed in plants with the aid of sunlight. this process of photosynthesis sustains all animal life on earth. the glucose molecule is formed by a ring of a six carbon atoms. it is progressively broken down in a process called glycolysis during both aerobic and anaerobic respiration into atpglucuronic acid- a glucose molecule with an acid carboxyl group. one of the two molecules which makes up the repeating disaccharide unit of glycosaminoglycans other molecule is a glucosamine.glycine - one of 20 amino acids commonly found in proteins.glycogen - a polysaccharide made up of repeated glucose units. animals make glycogen and store it in liver and muscles.glycolysis - the breakdown of glucose in series of metabolic steps. energy in the form of atp is released even if there is no oxygen available as in anaerobic respiration. in the presence of oxygen as in aerobic respiration the breakdown is more complete and yields more energy.glycoproteins - are proteins which have many sugar molecules attached to them. they are an important component of saliva where they provide lubrication for the teeth. they also have a wide range of other functions in connective tissues. examples are fibronectin, osteonectin, osteopontin and interferon. glycoproteins are also found in cell membranes where they define part of the cells identity. the four major blood groups are defined by glycoproteins on the cell membranes of red blood cells.glycosaminoglycans (gags) - large to huge molecules of the connective tissue matrix, made up of repeating disaccharide units linked to a protein core. the disaccharideunits are made of glucosamine and glucuronic acid. the position of a sulphate molecule on the glucosamine determines the type of gag.golgi apparatus - a cell organelle which is part of the inner cell membrane. it collects and stores the products from the endoplasmic reticulum. it is prominent in actively secreting cells.gomphosis - a form of tooth attachment in which the root is help in a bony socket by a fibrous ligament.gonial angle - the angle made by the posterior part of the ramus and the lower border of the mandible.ground substance - a jelly-like substance which surrounds cells and provides, with fibre, a supportive matrix around each cell. it consists of water and huge molecules which helps transport nutrients to cells and carries away cell products.口腔生理学术语(G) 相关内容:。
口腔生理学术语（C）
口腔生理学术语(C)calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface.calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. when it is above the free gingival margin (supra-gingival) it is white and chalky. when it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard.candidiasis - an infection caused by candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called "thrush";capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. it is only the variety of pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumoniacaries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids.cariogenic - likely to cause caries. sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaquecarious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.cej - see cemento-enamel junction.cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. there are three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. they may form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space betweenthe membranes and allow no leakage between cells. they are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells.cemento-enamel junction- the junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. often referred to as the cej.cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth.cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres.central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. the nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system.chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. the movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products.. the term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nutrient.cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. they are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system.chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate.chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of dna wound round a protein.clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva.clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. they are produced by asexual reproduction. when a b lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities.clotting - see blood clottingcode - the code of nucleotides is written in "words" of three letters using an"alphabet" of four "letters". these four components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.collagen - the most common protein found in the body. it has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments.collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblasts which breaks down collagen fibres. the fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. this process of remodelling occurs throughout life. osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix. several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and are thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament.colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat .competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell. some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development.composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different properties. for example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporomandibular joint.connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side.coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.cortical-bone - the outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae.covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. when an atom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. the carbon atom has 4 outer electrons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. four hydrogenatoms make a good partnership for carbon,(ch4, c2 h6 ... etc) hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. one oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (h2o) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution.cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth.cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. they are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. there are several main families of cytokines including growth factors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. the method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. the result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other.cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus.cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, helping toand keep or change its shape. there are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells.。
口腔解剖生理学名词解释
1 解剖牙冠（anatomical crown）：牙体外层被牙釉质掩盖局部，牙冠与牙根以牙颈为界.之公保含烟创作2 临床牙冠（clinical crown）：牙体露出口腔局部，牙冠与牙根以龈缘为界.3 解剖牙根（anatomical root）：牙骨质掩盖的局部.4 临床牙根（clinical root）：口腔内见不到的牙体局部.5 出龈：牙胚破龈而出的现象称出龈.6 萌出(eruption)：牙冠出龈至【到达咬合接触】的全进程.牙萌出时间是指出龈的时间.7 唇面（labial surface）：前牙牙冠接近唇黏膜的一面，称为唇面.8 颊面（buccal surface）：后牙牙冠接近颊黏膜的一面，称为颊面.9 舌面（lingual surface）：牙冠接近舌侧的一面，称为舌面.10 腭面（palatal surface）：上颌牙牙冠舌面因接近腭侧，称为腭面.11 邻面（proximal surface）：同一牙弓内相邻两牙相互接触的面，称为邻面.12 近中面（mesial surface）：牙冠离中线较近的邻面，称为近中面.13 远中面（distal surface）：牙冠离中线较远的邻面，称为远中面.14 牙合面（occlusal surface）：上下颌后牙咬合时发作接触的一面.15 切嵴（incisal ridge）：前牙无牙合面，切端【舌侧】有切咬功用的嵴，称为切嵴.16 中线(median line)：平分颅面部为左右两等分的一条假想线，通过两眼之间、鼻尖、上颌两中切牙、下颌两中切牙之间.中线与正中矢状面一致，将牙弓分红左右对称的两局部.17 牙体长轴(long axis)：沿【冠根】方向通过牙体中心的一条假想线.18 接触区(contact area)：牙与牙在邻面相互接触的区域，亦称邻接处.19 线角(line angle)：牙冠上两个相邻牙面相交地方成的角称线角，如近中面与唇面相交称为近唇线角.20 点角(point angle)：牙冠上三个相邻牙面相交所成的角称点角，如磨牙的近颊牙合点角.21 外形高点(height of contour)：【牙冠】各【轴】面上最突出的局部.22 牙体三等分(division into thirds)：为了便于明确牙体各面上某一部位所在，常将牙【轴面】在一个方向分为三个等份来描述.在唇（颊）舌向将牙冠邻面分为唇（颊）1/3、中1/3、舌1/3；在近远中向可将牙冠分为近中1/3、中1/3、远中1/3；在垂直向可将牙冠分为切（牙合）1/3、中1/3、颈1/3；牙根可分为颈1/3、中1/3、根尖1/3.23 牙尖(dental cusp)：牙冠概略近似锥体的显著隆起称牙尖.位于尖牙切端、后牙的牙合面上.24 舌面隆突(cingulum)：前牙舌面近颈1/3的半月形隆突起，前牙的解剖特征之一.25 结节（tubercle）：牙冠上釉质过度钙化而形成的小突起，可在牙合面、切牙切缘见到.26 切缘结节(mamelon)：初萌切牙切缘上圆形的隆突，随着牙的磨耗逐渐消失.27 嵴(ridge)：牙冠概略细长形的釉质隆起.依据其位置、形状、方向，可分为切嵴、边缘嵴、牙尖嵴、三角嵴、横嵴、斜嵴、轴嵴、颈嵴.28 切嵴（incisor ridge)：为切牙切端舌侧长条形的牙釉质隆起，具有切割功用.29 边缘嵴（marginal ridge)：为前牙舌面窝近远中边缘及后牙牙合面边缘细长形的牙釉质隆起.30 牙尖嵴（cusp ridge)：从牙尖顶辨别斜向近、远中的嵴.后牙颊尖和舌尖的近、远中牙尖嵴，辨别组成颊牙合边缘嵴和舌牙合边缘嵴.31 三角嵴（triangular ridge)（03名解）：为后牙牙合面牙尖顶端伸向牙合面的细长形釉质隆起.三角嵴由构成牙尖的近中和远中两斜面集合而成.32 斜嵴（oblique ridge)：牙合面两牙尖三角嵴斜形相连形成的嵴，是上颌磨牙牙合面重要的解剖标志.33 横嵴（transverse ridge)：相对牙尖的两条三角嵴，横过牙合面相连形成的嵴，是下颌第一前磨牙牙合面的重要特征.34 轴嵴（axial ridge)：为轴面上从牙尖顶端伸向牙颈的纵形隆起.尖牙唇面的轴嵴称唇轴嵴，后牙颊面的轴嵴称颊轴嵴，【尖牙和后牙舌面】的轴嵴称舌轴嵴.35 颈嵴（cervical ridge)：牙冠唇、颊面上，沿颈缘部位微突的釉质隆起.36 窝（fossa）：牙冠概略不规则的凹陷，略似一个四周环山的盆地，称为窝.如前牙的舌面窝、后牙的牙合面窝. 37 沟（groove)：牙冠各面上，介于牙尖和嵴之间，或窝底部细长形的、似山间溪流的凹陷局部.38 发育沟（developmental groove)：牙生长发育时，两个生长叶相融合所形成的浅沟.39 副沟（supplemental groove)：发育沟以外的任何沟统称为副沟，其形态不规则.40 裂（fissure)：钙化不全的沟称为裂，为龋病的好发部位.41 点隙（pit）：3条或3条以上发育沟集合处，或【某些发育沟末端所形成的点状凹陷】称为点隙.此处釉质未完全衔接，是龋的好发部位.42 斜面（inclined surface)：组成牙尖的各面，称为斜面.43 生长叶（lobe）：牙生长发育的钙化中心，其融合处为发育沟.少数牙由四个生长叶发育而成，少数牙由五个生长叶发育而成.44 楔状隙/外展隙（embrasures）（03名解）：两牙接触区周围向四周展开的V字形空隙.依据其部位称为唇/颊/舌楔状隙、切楔状隙/牙合楔状隙，在龈方者称邻间隙.除上颌第一磨牙颊侧楔状隙年夜于舌侧楔状隙、下颌切牙唇舌楔状隙接近外，一般舌楔状隙年夜于颊楔状隙.45 髓腔（pulp cavity）：位于牙体的中部，周壁除根尖孔（有的尚有副孔和侧孔）外，其余均被坚固的牙实质所包被，髓腔内内充溢牙髓.髓腔形态与牙体外形基内幕似，但体积显著缩小.46 髓室（pulp chamber）：髓腔位于牙冠及牙根的颈部的局部，其形状与牙冠的外形相似.前牙髓室与根管无明显界线；后牙髓室呈立方形，分顶、底及四壁，是髓腔中较为开阔的局部.47 髓室顶（roof of pulp chamber）：与牙合面或切嵴相对应的髓室壁称髓室顶.48 髓室底（floor of pulp chamber）：与髓室顶相对的髓室壁称髓室底.49 髓室高度：髓室顶、髓室底之间的间隔称为髓室高度.50 髓室壁（wall of pulp chamber)：与牙冠轴面相对应的髓腔牙实质壁辨别称近中髓壁、远中髓壁、颊侧髓壁和舌侧髓壁.亦有将髓室顶和髓室底列入髓室壁者，即髓室共有六壁.51 髓角（pulp horn）：髓室伸向牙尖突出成角形的局部，其形状、位置与牙尖外形相似.52 根管口（root canal orifice）：髓室底上髓室与根管的移行处.53 根管系统（root canal system）：髓腔除髓室以外的管道局部，可以表现为根管、管间吻合、根管侧支、根尖分歧、根尖分叉、副根管等.54 根管（root canal）：位于牙根内的年夜局部髓腔.根管数目与牙根数目不完全一致.55 侧副管（lateral accessory canal）：根管系统中除根管以外的一切管道.包括管间吻合、根管侧支、根尖分歧、根尖分叉、副根管.56 管间吻合（intercanal anastomoses）：又称管间侧支或管间交通支，为发自相邻根管间的交通支，可为1至2支，呈水平、弧形、网状，多见于双根管型，根中1/3多于根尖1/3，根颈1/3者最少.57 根管侧支（lateral branch of root canal）：又称侧支根管，为发自根管的细小分支，常与根管呈接近垂直角度，贯串牙实质和牙骨质，通向牙周膜腔.根尖1/3者多于根中1/3，根颈1/3者最少.58 根尖分歧（apical ramifications）：为根管在根尖分出的细小分支，此时根管仍存在.多见于前磨牙和磨牙.59 根尖分叉（apical furcation）：为根管在根尖分散成2个或2个以上的细小分支，此时根管不复存在.60 副根管（accessory root canal）：为发自髓室底至根分叉处的管道，多见于磨牙.61 根尖孔（apical foramen）：根管在牙根概略的启齿.少数单根牙仅在牙根尖处有根尖孔；多根牙50%以上根尖孔不在根尖顶端，舌侧＞远中＞近中＞唇颊侧.62 牙列（dentition）/牙弓（dental arch）：牙依照一定的顺序、方向、位置排列成弓形，称为牙弓或牙列.63 牙合平面（occlusal plane）：从上颌中切牙的近中切角到双侧第一磨牙的近中颊尖顶所构成的假想平面，该平面与鼻翼耳屏线平行，根本上平分颌间间隔，口腔修复中，常以此平面作为制作全口义齿牙合堤和排列人工牙的依据.64 解剖学牙合平面：从下颌中切牙的近中邻接点到双侧最后一个磨牙远中颊尖顶所构成的假想平面.65 司匹曲线（curve of Spee）：即下颌牙列的纵牙合曲线，为衔接下颌切牙的切缘、尖牙的牙尖、前磨牙的颊尖以及磨牙的近远中颊尖的连线.该连线早年往后是一条凹向上的曲线.切牙段较平直，从尖牙向后经前磨牙至第一磨牙的远颊尖逐渐降低，然后第二、第三磨牙的颊尖又逐渐升高.66 赔偿曲线（compensating curve）：即上颌牙列的纵牙合曲线，为衔接上颌切牙的切缘、尖牙的牙尖、前磨牙的颊尖以及磨牙的近远中颊尖的连线.该连线早年往后是一条凸向下的曲线.切牙至第一磨牙近颊尖段较平直，从第一磨牙的近颊尖至最后磨牙的远颊尖段则逐渐向上弯曲.67 横牙合曲线（transverse curve of occlusion）/Wilson曲线（Curve of Wilson）：在上颌，由于其磨牙向颊侧倾斜，使舌尖的位置低于颊尖.因此衔接双侧同名磨牙颊、舌尖，形成一条凸向下的曲线，即为上颌的横牙合曲线.同样，衔接下颌双侧同名牙颊、舌尖所形成的曲线，称下颌的横牙合曲线.由于下颌磨牙向舌侧倾斜，因此颊尖较舌尖高，其横牙合曲线凹向上，但下颌磨牙的颊尖被磨耗后可呈凸向上的曲线.（衔接双侧同名磨牙颊舌尖所成的曲线，上颌为凸向下，下颌为凹向上.——《口腔解剖生理学（考试辅导教材）》-李晓箐）68 牙尖交织牙合(intercuspal occlusion, ICO)：指上下颌牙牙尖交织，到达最普遍、最严密接触时的一种咬合关系.正常的牙尖交织牙合，上下颌牙最普遍、最严密地接触，整个牙列及牙周组织受力平均，便于接受和分散咬合负荷，最年夜限度发扬咀嚼食物的潜能，是一种十分重要的牙合关系.69 正中牙合（centric occlusion, CO）：牙尖交织牙合时，下颌骨多处于正中，故过来牙尖交织牙合被称为正中牙合.70 覆牙合（overbite）：是指牙尖交织牙合时，上颌牙盖过下颌牙唇（颊）面的垂直间隔，关于前牙，它是指上切牙切缘与下切牙切缘之间的垂直间隔，正常时为2~4mm；关于后牙，指上后牙颊尖顶与下后牙颊尖顶之间的垂直间隔.临床上所说的覆牙合一般指前牙.71 掩盖（overjet）：是指牙尖交织牙合时，上颌牙盖过下颌牙水平间隔，关于前牙，它是指上切牙切缘与下切牙切缘之间前后向的水平间隔，正常约2~4mm；关于后牙，它是指上后牙颊尖盖在下后牙颊尖的颊侧，两颊尖顶之间的水平间隔.临床上所说的掩盖一般指前牙.72 对刃牙合（edge to edge bite）：牙尖交织牙合时，上下牙切缘接触，覆牙合、掩盖均为零的前牙咬合关系. 73 深覆牙合（deep overbite）：牙尖交织牙合时，上切牙盖过下切牙超越切2/3.74 深掩盖（deep overjet）：牙尖交织牙合时，下切牙咬在上切牙的切2/3以上，而且上前牙向唇侧倾斜水平较年夜.75 反牙合（crossbite）：前牙反牙合：牙尖交织牙合时，下前牙咬在上前牙的唇侧，掩盖为负值.后牙反牙合：牙尖交织牙合时，下后牙的颊尖咬在上后牙颊尖的颊侧. 76 开牙合（open bite）：牙尖交织牙合时，上下牙列局部前牙甚至前磨牙均不接触，依据开牙合范围分歧，上下切牙切缘之间，乃至上下尖牙、前磨牙、磨牙之间在垂直方向有空隙.78 锁牙合（locked bite）：牙尖交织牙合时，下后牙的颊尖咬在上后牙舌尖的舌侧.（牙尖交织牙合时，上后牙的舌尖咬在下后牙颊尖的颊侧.）79 反锁牙合（cross locked bite）：牙尖交织牙合时，下后牙的舌尖咬在上后牙颊尖的颊侧.80 齐平末端（flush plane）：乳牙早期（2.5-4岁），上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐，称齐平末端.81 灵长类间隙（primate interval）：随着颌骨长年夜，在乳牙晚期（4-6岁），切牙区及尖牙区呈现间隙，其中上颌尖牙近中和下颌尖牙远中的间隙称为灵长类间隙.82 鼻翼耳屏线（Camper's line，Ala-tragus line）（04填空）：从一侧鼻翼中点到同侧耳屏中点的假想连线，该线与牙合平面平行，与眶耳平面的交角约15度.牙列缺失后，常参考该线来确定牙合平面，以恢复牙列及咬合关系.83 眶耳平面（Frankfort plane）：又称面横平面（颅面分界）、人类学平面，衔接双侧外耳道上缘点、眶下缘点所形成的平面.当人端坐、头直立时，该平面与地平面平行.此平面主要用于颅骨和头面部的丈量和比拟研究.84 Balkwill角（Balkwill angle）：髁突中心至下颌中切牙近中邻接点的连线与牙合平面所构成的交角.正常平均26°.85 Bonwill三角（Bonwill triangle）：下颌骨双侧髁突中心与下颌中切牙近中切角接触点相连，恰构成一个等边三角形，其边长为10.16cm，称为Bonwill三角.先人证实它更接近于等腰三角形，标明面部两侧对称（TMJ对称散布两侧）.86 Monson球面（Monson's sphere）：以眉间点为中心，10.16cm为半径作一球面，下颌牙列的牙合面与此球面相吻合，而且上颌牙列的赔偿曲线也是球面上的一局部.87 前伸牙合（protrusive occlusion）：下颌前伸运动时，上下切牙切刃相接触的咬合状态.88 侧牙合（laterotrusive occlusion）：下颌侧方咀嚼运动时，所向侧为任务侧.89 平衡牙合（bilateral balanced occlusion）：在全口义齿修复中，出于固位需要，将咬合关系排列成前伸时前/后牙都接触、侧向咀嚼时任务侧/非任务侧都接触的咬合类型.89.1 前伸平衡牙合：是总义齿咬合类型，对刃颌位时前牙平均接触，后牙亦有至少一对有咬合接触，有利于总义齿的固位.89.2 侧向平衡牙合：是总义齿咬合类型，侧向运动时任务侧和非任务侧均有咬合接触.90 尖牙呵护牙合（canine protected occlusion）：侧方咬合运动时，任务侧只有尖牙坚持接触，非任务侧牙不接触或轻接触.任务侧上颌尖牙的舌窝、切嵴与下颌尖牙的唇面、切嵴接触.一般青壮年的尖牙呵护牙合多.91 组牙功用牙合（group function occlusion）：侧方咬合运动时，任务侧除了尖牙坚持接触外，还有1对（通常为第一前磨牙）或2对上下颌后牙坚持接触，非任务侧牙不接触.任务侧上颌后牙颊尖的内斜面与下颌后牙颊尖的外斜面接触，上颌后牙舌尖的外斜面与下颌后牙舌尖的内斜面接触.92 牙尖交织位（intercuspal position，ICP）：牙尖交织牙合时下颌骨相关于上颌骨或颅骨的位置，称为牙尖交织位.93 牙位（tooth position）：牙尖交织位因牙尖交织牙合而存在，又称为牙位、最年夜牙尖交织位.牙位是重咬时下颌的位置.94 正中牙合位（centric occlusion position，COP）：正常情况下牙尖交织位时，下颌骨的位置居于正中，过来曾称之为正中牙合位，但事实上不是所有人在ICP时下颌的位置都处于正中.95 前进接触位（retruded contact position，RCP）：从牙尖交织位开端，下颌向后下移动少许（约1mm），后牙牙尖斜面局部接触，前牙不接触，同时髁突也受颞下颌韧带水平纤维的限制，不能再向前进.下颌的这个位置称为前进接触位.96 韧带位（ligamentous position）：前进接触位时髁突受颞下颌韧带水平纤维的限制，又称韧带位.97 下颌前进边缘位（posterior border closure）：前进接触位是下颌运动的前进边缘位.98 下颌姿势位（mandibular postural position，MPP）：当人直立或端坐，两眼平视前方，口腔无功用活动，升颌肌群坚持轻微的电位活动，以对立下颌骨的重力时，下颌所处的位置称为下颌姿势位.99 休息位（rest position）/息止颌位：过来认为下颌姿势位时，口颌肌完全处于松弛状态，故又称为休息位、息止颌位.100 息止牙合间隙（freeway space）：下颌姿势位时，上下颌牙之间有一前年夜后小的楔形间隙，年夜约2-4mm，称为息止牙合间隙.101 垂直间隔（vertical dimension）：指下颌姿势位时面下1/3的高度，临床上以鼻底到颏下点的间隔暗示.102 长正中（long centric）：从RCP向ICP的移动范围内，双侧后牙平均对称接触，无偏斜，称为长正中.从RCP 向ICP的移动范围称为正中自由域.103 肌接触位（muscular contact position, MCP）：下颌由姿势位用很小的力，闭合至上颌牙最初接触时的位置，即轻咬时下颌的位置.104 记忆型：ICP通过牙的接触，在牙周、TMJ、咀嚼肌等处本体觉得的重复调节作用下，为神经、肌肉所记忆，逐渐形成具有集体特征的下颌开杜口运动型，也叫下颌记忆型.105 咀嚼肌力（masticatory muscle force）/咀嚼力（masticatory force）：介入咀嚼的肌肉（升颌肌）收缩时所发扬的最鼎力.颞肌、咬肌、翼内肌垂直肌纤维收回的肌力为180kg.106 牙合力（biting force/bite force）/咀嚼压力：上下牙咬合时，牙周组织所接受的力.牙合力的影响因素有：性别、年龄、咀嚼习惯、牙合力线方向、张口间隔、其他（骨骼）.（牙合力从年夜到小排序为67854312.）107 最年夜牙合力（maximal biting force）/牙周潜力（periodontal potential）：牙周膜的最年夜耐受力.义齿修复时应用基牙的牙周潜力，担当义齿受到的牙合力. 108 咀嚼效率（masticatory efficiency）：机体在一定时间内，对定量食物的咀细水平，称为咀嚼效率.它是咀嚼作用的实际效果，也是权衡咀嚼能力年夜小的一个重要生理指标.109 磨耗（attrition）：在咀嚼进程中, 由于牙面与食物或牙面与牙面之间的摩擦, 造成牙齿迟缓地渐进性消耗的现象,称为磨耗.110 磨损（abrasion）：牙面与外物机械摩擦而发作的牙体损耗, 称为磨损.111 双板区（bilaminar region）：通常把包括颞后附着、下颌后附着及二者之间神经、血管等疏松组织构造在内的区域称为双板区.此区域是关节营养、润滑的重要构造根底；该处神禁受安慰可发作关节疼痛；该处还是关节盘穿孔好发部位.112 下颌吊索（mandibular sling）：在下颌角下缘，咬肌浅层年夜局部纤维和翼内肌附着部以肌腱相延续，这种构造被称为下颌吊索.113 牙力轨道：在下颌骨牙槽窝底部周围，骨松质包绕该处并斜向后上，通过下颌支抵达髁突，形成牙力轨道.咀嚼力通过这一轨道传至颅底.114 肌力轨道：咀嚼肌收缩发作的力直接作用于下颌骨，逐渐形成肌力轨道.此轨道一局部见于下颌角区，另一局部从喙突延至下颌体.115 Bennett运动（Bennett movement）：下颌的整体侧方位移.116 Bennett角（Bennett angle）：由于下颌侧向咬合运动为一种非对称的运动，两侧髁突运动方式及运动方向其实纷歧致，任务侧髁突以转动为主，向外侧运动幅度约3mm的范围，而非任务侧髁突向前内下滑行，其运动轨迹与矢状面形成夹角，称为Bennett角.117 前伸咬合运动：下颌从ICP沿上切牙舌面向前下运动，抵达上下切牙切缘相对的位置即切牙牙合位，或其逆进程称为前伸咬合运动，为前牙咬切食物的主要功用形式. 118 前进咬合运动：下颌从ICP沿后牙牙尖斜面引导，向后下方至前进接触位的运动.一般运动范围为1mm左右. 119 切道斜度（incisal path inclination）：在前伸咬合运动进程中，下颌切牙运行的轨迹与眶耳平面所成的角度称为切道斜度，正常约为45°～60°左右.通常切道斜度与上切牙切端的舌侧斜度是相一致的.切道斜度与覆牙合水平成正比，与掩盖水平呈正比.120 髁道斜度（condylar path inclination）：下颌在前伸咬合运动进程中，髁突在关节窝内的运动轨迹与眶耳平面所成的角度称为髁道斜度，由于髁突和关节盘在关节窝内的运动较为复杂，影响髁道斜度的因素较多，因此髁道斜度是多变的，有一定的生理可变范围.121 边缘运动（border movement/envelope of motion）：为下颌向各个方向所能做的最年夜范围的运动，代表了下颌、颞下颌关节及其韧带和咀嚼肌的功用潜力.通常下颌的生理活动其实不到达这一边缘运动的鸿沟，而是在边缘运动范围内.122 叩齿运动（tapping movement）：即习惯性小开闭运动，是一种无意识停止的开杜口运动，与口颌系统下颌运动中神经肌肉记忆型的重复强化有关.叩齿运动的频率、稳定性以及速度年夜小反映了该系统各组成局部之间的协调性.123 咀嚼运动（chewing movement）：属于下颌的功用运动，冠状面上切点运动轨迹呈滴泪状，但存在集体差异.即使在同一集体，由于咀嚼食物的性质和数量的分歧以及咀嚼所处的时相分歧，其轨迹的形态均有差异.124 咀嚼周期（chewing cycle）：咀嚼食物时，下颌运动有一定的顺序和重复性，此种顺序和重复性称为咀嚼周期.分为启齿相、食块坚持、咀嚼相、咬合接触相、食物粉碎相.125 后牙牙合运循环：后牙捣碎、磨细食物辨别由前磨牙、磨牙执行.开端时，上下牙弓从ICO分开，下牙弓随下颌向一侧运动到上下牙颊尖相对位即行向上，使上下牙的颊尖相咬合；然后下牙颊尖的颊斜面即依上牙颊尖的舌斜面滑行，返回ICO.在返回进程中，受到食物的性质影响，下牙颊尖舌斜面往往需要从中央窝依上牙舌尖颊斜面向舌侧再滑行约至一半，上下牙才分开.重复上述咀嚼运动，如此周而复始，食物被碎断，称为后牙牙合运循环.。
口腔解剖名词英语解释
口腔生理学术语AAbductors - muscle taking a limb or the jaw away from the body.Acetyl choline - Aneurotransmitter substance found at all cholinergic synapses including those of motoneurones at the neuromuscular junction.Acini - the secreting units of a gland. Each acinus is a sack-like structure, lined by secreting cells. The sack opens out into a tubule.Acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis -abbreviated to ANUG- a painful and destructive infection of the gingiva caused by a shift in the normal balance of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, in which fusobacteria and spirochaetes become dominant.Adapt- to modify in response to change. When used in regard to evolution, it means that some structure or behaviour of an organism may over time, appear to change in response toa new threat or opportunity in the environment. The bacterium which causes tuberculosis has developed certain strains which have adapted to the antibiotics used to treat the disease which is now becoming more difficult to treat.Adductors - muscle bringing a limb or the jaw towards the body.Adhesion - to form a chemical bond of attachment between two surfaces (see Ligand and lectin).Adrenalin - see epinephrine.Aerobic respiration -a type of respiration which requires oxygen and in which glucose is broken down to release energy in a series of steps. The end products are carbon dioxide and water. Step 1;glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid in the cell cylasm with the release of 4 hydrogen atoms. Step 2; pyruvic acid is oxidised to acetylcoenzyme A (acetyl CoA), with the release of 4 further hydrogen atoms. Step 3; In the KREB cycle, 16 atoms of hydrogen are released. At all stages the hydrogen atoms are used to form the high energy molecule adenosine triphospate (ATP) via the electron transport system . See also Anaerobic respiration .Affected dentine - dentine which has been demineralised by acids in advance of invading caries bacteria. A distinction is made between affected dentine and infected dentine, because affected dentine is able to remineralise and should not be removed during cavity preparation.Aggregate - clumps or collections of small particles or bacteria .Alkaline phosphatase - an enzyme which removes phosphate groups from organic compounds at an alkaline pH. It is found in high concentrations in matrix vesicles which are about to form new bone mineral. Alkaline phosphatase activity is a good indicator of bone formation.Alveolar bone - bone which develops around the roots of the teeth to hold them firmly in place. See gomphosis. If the teeth are extracted, the alveolar bone resorbs away. Alveolar bone consists of both trabecula and cortical types of bone.Ameloblasts- cells which differentiate from ectoderm and secrete enamel during tooth development.Amino acids - building blocks of proteins containing a carboxyl group (COOH) and an amino group(NH2) both attached to the same carbon atom . The difference between the 20 common amino acids lies in the nature of a side chain the "R" group. Each amino acid, has a code of three adjacent nucleotides on the DNA molecule. Amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins.Amorphous calcium phosphate - a non crystalline form of apatite which may form as much as30% of bone mineral.Amygdala- part of the limbic system, which seems to provide the emotional assessment of a new sensation with the memory of a similar sensation.Anaerobic respiration - the first step in the production of ATP is to break down glucose. This process of glycolysis is a 10 step series of reactions leading finally to the smaller molecule pyruvate. The energy derived from this process is a hydrogen ion and an electron, which are both placed onto the carrier molecule as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NADH+). As the pyruvate and NAD H+ are produced they could move into the mitochondria, for the nextstage of aerobic respiration, provided oxygen is available. If there is no oxygen, NAD H H+ is used in a process of substrate phosphorylation to form ATP. But the pyruvate builds up. It is then converted to lactic acid and removed to the liver. If lactic acid is not removed fast enough it causes muscle weakness and pain. Anaerobic glycolysis does not produce a high yield of energy. There are still high energy bonds remaining in the pyruvate and there is no benefit from the large yield of ATP made possible by the electron transport system in the mitochondriaAngiogenesis - the development of blood vessels - a key event in embryology and healing.Ankylosis - bony fusion of the two surfaces of a joint to each other, which prevents movement. Ankylosis of the tooth root to its bony socket may causes root resorption.Antibacterial - inhibiting the growth of bacteria.Antibodies -are proteins called immunoglobulins which circulate in the blood and body fluids. They bind specifically to antigens that have induced them. Antibodies are able to inactivate bacterial toxins, viruses and help phagocytes to engulf whole bacteria. They have a vital role to play in the bodies immune response to foreign proteins.Antigens - proteins, usually foreign, which cause the bodies defense system to produce anantibody. Antigens may be food proteins, bacteria ,viruses or protozoa or cells from another individual(transplant).Antrum - a hollow cave or SINUS, inside the maxillary bone which is lined by respiratory epithelium.Apatites- a family of calcium phosphate salts which are found in hard tissues like bone, teeth and shells.Apoptosis - death of a cell which is programmed by a set of specific genes. Apoptosis of chondrocytes allows osteoblasts to attach to their calcified matrix, and the epithelial cells forming webs between the fingers to die.Articular - one of the bones which together with the quadrate bones and the dentary, made/make up a reptile's jaw. In mammals the quadrate bone is incorporated into the middle ear as the malleus.Artificial mouth - a laboratory device for keeping bacteria growing in a controlled environment It allows for observing bacteria and their growth under different experimental conditions.Ascorbic acid - or Vitamin C is a dietary requirement for the proper formation of collagen. Deficiency causes scurvy.ATP - adenosine triphosphate - ATP is a convenient packet of energy used by both animals and plant cells. The energy in ATP is stored in its three negatively charged phosphate groups which are held close together, in spite of their repulsion for each other. This energy, multiplied many hundreds of thousand of times, for each cell is able to move our muscles, transport molecules across membranes and power all the cells other energy requirements. Once the energy has been used the ATP molecule now only has two phosphate groups. It needs energy now from either aerobic or anaerobic respiration to charge it up again, a process known as phosphorylation. Large stores of ATP are not kept as it is highly reactive. The long term storage of energy in animals is in carbon rich molecules, such as glycogen or fatty acids. In plants energy is stored as starch.Attachment, see epithelial-attachmentAutocrine; cell messengers which are produced by the cell itself and regulate the expression of genes .Autonomic nervous system - controls routine body functions such as gut activity, respiration, blood pressure and heart rate. There are two main divisions the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system.Axon - the extension of a nerve cell, as a thin tube which may be as long a metre or a few shortmicrons in length. The axon, like the cell body is able to depolarise and carry impulses along its length. The impulses from one axon to another nerve cell are transmitted at a synapse. Axons may be myelinated or unmeyelinated, and they may vary in diameter. Thicker, myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than thins unmeyelinated axons.口腔生理学术语(Basal lamina - a term used to describe the different layers which make up the basement membrane. These different layers of the basement membrane, the lamina lucida and lamina densa are only visible with electron microscopy. Into the lamina dense collagen fibres of the lamina propria are anchored. And on the epithelial side are anchored bundles of tonofilaments from the hemi-desmosomes which anchor the basal epithelial cells to the basement membrane.Basement membrane - a thin sheet of proteins held together by type IV collagen. On this sheet epithelial cells attach with hemi-desmosomes. All epithelia, whether simple cuboidal cells such as found in the salivary glands, or endothelial cells lining capillaries or thick stratified squamous epithelia of the skin, are all anchored to a basement membrane.Benign- not harmful. In the sense of tumours, not malignant. When referring to parasites, quite harmless.Biofilm - a layer of microorganisms on a surface which is kept constantly wet. Dental plaque is an oral biofilmBiosurfactants - products of bacteria which increase the hydrophilic nature of a surface so as to allow for better adhesion.Blood clotting - one of three key processes in haemostasis, the prevention of blood loss. After three minutes of rupture of a small blood vessel, the entire cut is filled with a blood clot. After an hour, the clot has retracted inside the vessel making the plug even more effective. Within a few more hours, fibroblasts have moved into the clot, followed by capillary -forming endothelial cells. Within 10 days the clot is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. Clotting takes place in three steps. 1. In response to damage to the blood vessel prothrombin activator is formed. 2 this activator converts prothrombin into thrombin. 3.The thrombin acts as an enzyme converting fibrinogen into fibrin threads which adhere to the damaged walls of the blood vessel, trap platelets, blood cells and plasma to form a clot.Blood groups - blood cells from different people do not always have the same cell surface antigens. A transfusions of blood whose antigens do not match the recipient evokes an immune response and the donor cells are broken down. Two of the common blood groups are the A,B,O group and the Rh group. The blood group antigens are glycoproteins or glycolipids.Bolus - a piece of food which is being chewed to break it down into small pieces.Bone membrane - a theoretical membrane separating the fluid surrounding bone crystals from the fluid of the surrounding connective tissue. The membrane would be formed by theendosteum.Bone morphogenic proteins (BMP) - part of the cytokine family of transforming growth factors. BMP have a powerful ability to cause differentiation of stem cells into osteoblasts and to initiate bone formation.Bradykinin - one of several substances, all known as kinins, which cause vasodilation and increased capillary permeability, both events associated with inflammation.Buffers - chemical which are able to keep the pH of a solution within a normal range, neither acid nor alkali. Salivary buffers are important in reducing the progress of caries by neutralising plaque acids.Buttress- an arch shaped support, used by builders of bridges and churches in the days before steel.口腔生理学术语(C)Calcium-binding proteins - proteins which have the ability to store calcium ions and to bind onto calcium in the hydroxyapatite of the enamel surface.Calculus - a hard deposit of calcified plaque which is found around the neck of the tooth. When it is above the free gingival margin (supra-gingival) it is white and chalky. When it is below (sub-gingival) it is dark and hard.Candidiasis - an infection caused by Candida albicans, a normal commensal of the mouth; also called "thrush";Capsule - a fibrous casing surrounding an organ or gland; also a coating for some bacteria which protects them, from the bodies immune system. It is only the variety of Pneumococcus sp. which has a capsule which is able to pass the immune barrier and cause pneumoniaCaries - the demineralisation, and breakdown of tooth structure by plaque acids.Cariogenic - likely to cause caries. Sugar is cariogenic because it supports the growth of plaqueCarious plaque - types of plaque which are associated with caries .Carnivorous - an animal whose diet consists of animal tissue.CEJ - see cemento-enamel junction.Cell junctions - sites on the cell membrane where cells attach to neighbouring cells. There are three main types. 1. adhering junctions, which anchor cells to each other to resist separation. They may form a belt of adhesions between cells (as between muscle cells) or spot attachments like desmosomes which hold epithelial cells together. 2. tight junctions have no space between the membranes and allow no leakage between cells. They are found between cells of a secreting glands and between endothelial cells of blood vessels to prevent fluid leaking out. 3. gap junctions are channels which allow transfer of small molecules like ions, sugars and amino acids, between cells.Cemento-enamel junction- the junction between the enamel covering the crown of the tooth and the cementum covering its root. Often referred to as the CEJ.Cementoblasts - cells of mesenchyme origin, induced by proteins from cells of ectodermal origin, to form a layer of cementum around the roots of teeth.Cementum - a thin layer of bone-like material covering the roots of teeth and sometimes the enamel surface, containing both extrinsic and intrinsic fibres.Central nervous system - the brain and spinal cord. The nerves which leave the spinal cord and brain comprise the peripheral nervous system.Chemotaxis - the movement of cells in response to chemical messengers. The movement of neutrophils and macrophages into damaged tissues is brought about by signals released by damaged tissues, and bacterial products.. The term applies to the movement of any organism attracted by a specific chemical, which may be a suitable nutrient.Cholinergice - cell receptors specific for the neurotransmitter acetyl choline. Cholinergic receptors are found at neuromuscular junctions of muscle fibres and at all the synaptic junctions of the parasympathetic nervous system. They are also found at the pre- ganglionic synapse of the sympathetic nervous system.Chondroitin sulphate - the major glycosaminoglycan of cartilage , the other being keratan sulphate.Chromosomes - structures in the nucleus of a cell which appear visible during cell division. Each chromosome (humans have 24) is a tightly coiled string of DNA wound round a protein.Clearance - the removal by swallowing, of substance in the mouth. Clearance is dependent on the completeness of swallowing and the rate of flow of saliva.Clones - a family of cells, or organisms, which are all identical to a single parent. They are produced by asexual reproduction. When a B lymphocytes has recognised a foreign antigen, it provides millions of identical daughter cells in order to produce the specific antibodies in large quantities.Clotting - see blood clottingCode - the code of nucleotides is written in "words" of three letters using an"alphabet" of four "letters". These four components of the code are adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine.Collagen - the most common protein found in the body. It has a fibrous structure and makes up the main organic component of bone and dentine, and the fibres of tendons and ligaments.Collagenase - an enzyme produced by fibroblasts which breaks down collagen fibres. The fibroblast recycles the component amino acids, and secretes new collagen fibres. This process of remodelling occurs throughout life. Osteoclasts also secrete collagenases in order to remove bone matrix. Several bacteria are able to secrete collagenases and are thus able to break down and penetrate through collagen fibres in the periodontal ligament.Colonies - communities of organisms which have taken up residence in a habitat .Competency - the ability of a cell to respond to messengers which could cause it to differentiate into a more specialised cell. Some cells, like pericytes remain competent throughout life, whereas others, such as the oral epithelium, are only able to form an tooth bud during the 12th to 16th week of foetal development.Composite - a material made from two or more different types of material which contribute different properties. For example bone is a combination of a resilient fibres of collagen in a brittle matrix (hydroxyapatite).Compressive strength - ability to withstand a crushing force.Condylar process - the vertical extension of the mandible which ends in the condyle head, the moveable part of the temporomandibular joint.Connective tissue - one of the four main types of collections of cells (tissues) which consists of cells in a matrix of ground substance and fibres. Some connective tissues support structures like blood vessels and glands. Others are more structural, like bone, tendons and cartilage.Contralateral - the opposite side as distinct from ipsilateral. Often used to refer to the teeth, joint or muscles on the opposite side from the chewing side.Coronoid process - the vertical extension of the mandible anterior to the condyle to which the temporal muscle attaches.Cortical-bone - the outer layer of bone which is dense and made up of lamellae.Covalent bond - a strong bond between atoms formed by sharing outer electrons. When anatom has 8 outer electrons it is stable. Those which naturally have 8, like neon and argon gasses are quite unreactive. The carbon atom has 4 outer electrons and therefore needs 4 extra electrons to be stable. Four hydrogen atoms make a good partnership for carbon,(CH4, C2 H6 ... etc) hence hydrocarbons,(saturated with hydrogen atoms) are quite stable, insoluble and unreactive. One oxygen atom (outer shell has 6 electrons) and two hydrogen atoms (H2O) also makes a stable arrangement, although not as stable as the hydrocarbon, family as the water molecule is a little unbalanced, providing hydrogen bonds and other unusual properties of biological importance, such as its ability to hold other molecules in a solution.Cusps - peaks or raised areas of a tooth which usually fit into a fossa on the opposing tooth.Cytokines -chemical messengers that allow neighbouring cells to communicate with each other. They are paracrine messages as distinct from endochrine or hormonal messengers. There are several main families of cytokines including growth factors , neurotransmitters, , lymphokines and many others. The method of communication involves detection of the chemical message, a ligand , by receptor proteins (for example an integrin on the cell membrane of the receiving cell. The result of the message is a shift in the level of gene expression or the expression of new genes and altered cell behaviour. Cytokines are complex as they sometimes inhibit and/or facilitate the actions of each other.Cylasm - the contents of the cell, not including thenucleus.Cytoskeleton - a system of fine filaments which cross the cell in all directions, helping toand keep or change its shape. There are three main types of filaments; in order of decreasing size they are, microtubules, microfilaments and intermediate filaments.Cytotoxins - products released by bacteria which are toxic to other living cells.口腔生理学术语(D)Darwinian medicine - an approach to the treatment of infective diseases which takes account of the co-evolution between the host and its parasite.Deciduous - from the Latin "falling" it applies both to trees which lose their leaves in winter and teeth which are lost to make way for the permanent set.Demineralisation - reduction in amount of mineral in tissue. This reduction occurs when the crystals of apatite are dissolved, usually in an acid environment.Dental abscess- an abscess around the apex of a tooth due to spread of infection from the pulp .Dental papilla - the condensation of dental mesenchyme which provides the stem cells from which ondontoblasts, cementoblasts and osteoblasts will form the pulp-dentine, cementum andalveolar bone of the tooth socket.Dentary - one of several bone which together made up the lower jaw in early reptiles. During evolution the other bones, the articular and quadrate bones, became part of the inner ear, and the dentary became the single the mandible of mammals.Dentine - a hard material like bone which forms the root and inner core of the crown of teeth. Unlike bone, dentine has fine tubules which contain the elongated process of odontoblasts, the dentine forming cells.Dentine-pulp - a term used to describe the unity between dentine and pulp, and to view it as one integrated tissue.Depolarisation - all cells have a slight difference in electrical potential between the inside and outside of the cell membrane. This difference is called a membrane potential and is due to a greater number of sodium ions (positively charged) outside the cell than inside. This imbalance is maintained by a membrane pump which pushes sodium ions out of the cell. Another pump also pushes potassium ions into the cell so there should be no difference in the balance of positive ions. But the potassium ions leak back out again, so there is always a potential difference across the membrane. Nerve cells have the ability to depolarise or reverse the membrane potential so that the inside is positive and outside negative. This reversal is short lived and is soon corrected, but it is long enough to influence the adjacent parts of the membrane and to be carried, like a wave, all the way along a nerve axon to the next nerve where it reaches a synapse The reversal is caused by a sudden opening of cell membrane gates which allow a flood of sodium ions into the cell. This flood causes the inside to become positive, but the gates are soon shut and potassium gates opened, which allows potassium ions to flood out and restore the membrane potential. This can all happen several times in one second, but after a while there is no flood, and the sodium pump has to get to work to build up enough pressure for the depolarisation to work again.Dermatan sulphate - a glycosaminoglycan found in skin, tendon, blood vessel and heart valves.Desmosomes -one of the types of cell junctions by which cells join or communicate with each other. Desmosomes consist of a round plaque of protein, desmoplakin on the cell membrane. Into the plaque are attached fine filamanents which are part of the cell's cytoskeleton. So the plaque is attached to the skeleton of the cell. Where the filaments enter the plaque the are so dense as to be visible with a light microscope. They are then called tonofilaments. The plaque of one cell adheres to the plaque of another. This system of joining cells is designed to resist mechanical separation, so we see desmosomes joining epithelial cells which hold tightly to each other. If epithelium is processed for histology, some shrinkage occurs and the epithelial cells separate from each other, except where the desmosomes hold them together. The pulled out tags of cell membrane give these cells a star-like shape, and so they are called the stellate cells.Desquamation - the detachment of cells from the surface of an epithelium.Dextrans - polysaccharides made by bacteria. They have a slimy consistency and contribute to the sticky nature of plaque.Differentiate - change in the pattern of genes expressed by a cell resulting in altered function, from a more primitive parent cell to a more specialised group of daughter cells.Diphyodont - only two sets of teeth, one deciduous and one permanent (from "di" = two,"phyo+ = generation and "dont" =teeth). See also polyphyodontDisplacement - of a tooth refers to its movement within the confines of the tooth socket. A tooth can be displaced more easily when forced in a lateral direction than when forced into the socket. Continual or frequent displacement of a tooth may lead to it repositioning itself in the socket.DNA - Deoxyribosenucleic acid - a complex nucleic acid molecule which is used by cells to store genetic material as genes which control the structure of proteins and hence influencing all enzyme reactions. DNA is coiled in a single closed loop in procaryotes, but coiled round other proteins to form a chromosome, and stored in the nucleus of eucaryotesDuct - a tube which carries a secretion onto the surface of skin or mucosa.口腔生理学术语(E)Ecological balance - astable balance in the numbers of each species in an ecosystem. In the ecosystem of the mouth this balance is brought about by competition and cooperation between the different organism and the hosts defences which tend to control population size.Ecosystem - a stable environment in which live a large number of different forms of life, each affecting the other. Example are a forest, desert, tidal area, soil, oral cavity, gut.Ectoderm - the outer of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells begins to differentiate. The ectoderm will form the epidermis of the skin and the nervous system. The other two layers are the mesoderm and the endoderm.Ectomesenchyme - a name given to dental MESENCHYME which reflects its partly ectodermal origin.Eicosanoids - are a class of hormones which are all made from phospholipids. They include prostaglandins, thromboxanes, and leucotriens.Elastic fibres -are long, thin, ribbons-like fibres, sometimes even sheet-like. They are composedof a central core of elastin, a rubbery protein, surrounded by glycoprotein microfilaments. Elastin is found all over the body but particularly in the walls of blood vessels and in our vocal chords.Electron - the negatively charged elements of an atom which circle the nucleus. If an electron is lost the atom becomes a relatively positively charged ion. It has been ionised .Electron Transport System- Hydrogen ions produced during the 3 preparatory steps of aerobic respiration are carried by nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD). The hydrogen ion plus one electron form NADH, which is taken to the electron transport system. This transport system is run by a series of 5 molecules. The first, removes the two electrons from NADH,( one comes from the hydrogen atom, leaving behind a hydrogen ion). These two electrons, bounce from the first molecule in the transport system to the second, third, forth and then last one, cytochrome oxidase, which finally places the electrons onto oxygen gas O2. The electron rich oxygen atoms are attractive to the hydrogen ions and they combine to form water. (Oxygen in the process of aerobic respiration acts therefore as an electron acceptor). In the process of bouncing "downhill" the electrons have released sufficient energy to power up a small battery. This battery has been made by pumping hydrogen ions out of the inner membrane of the mitochondria. The collection of hydrogen ions outside, piles up and their electrical pressure mounts. They want to get back across the membrane, and are allowed, one at a time to pass back through the enzyme ATP synthase. This enzyme sits like a water wheel in the cell membrane, turned by the passage of hydrogen ions. Its turning wheel builds an ATP molecule in every turn. The wheel may be going at about 200 revolutions per second, powering the synthesis of an ATP molecule with each turn. ATP formed in this way takes a while but can be sustained to fuel the body during aerobic exercise. When the demand for power exceeds this rate, the cells have to rely on anaerobic respiration.Electrostatic - a force generated by differences in electric charge of two particles.Enamel prisms - rod-like bundles of hydroxyapatie crystals which are orientated at right angles to the tooth surface. Each prism can be traced from the outside of the enamel all the way to the dentine junction.Enamel - the outer layer hard layer which covers the dentine around the crown of a tooth. Enamel consists of closely packed crystals of hydroxyapatite with very little organic material. A recognisable unit of structure in enamel is the enamel prism.Enameloid - a type of enamel found in fish and reptiles in which the enamel prisms are haphazardly arranged; in contrast enamel prism are parallel to each other and orientated at right angle to the tooth surface.Endocrine glands - the secretion passes into the blood stream, like insulin, epinephrine.Endoderm - the inner of the three cell layers which form, as the clump of early embryonic cells。
口腔解剖生理学练习题库(附参考答案)
口腔解剖生理学练习题库（附参考答案）一、单选题（共100题，每题1分，共100分）1.面神经颞支一般在颞浅动脉前约A、1 cmB、3 cmC、5 cmD、2 cmE、4 cm正确答案：A2.4～6岁期间乳牙合的特征有A、牙排列由紧密到牙间隙逐渐形成B、牙排列紧密无间隙，切缘、牙合面有显著磨耗C、牙排列不紧密前牙有间隙，上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐D、牙排列不紧密，前牙有间隙，下颌第二乳磨牙移至上颌第二乳磨牙的牙前方E、牙排列紧密无间隙，上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐正确答案：D3.牙体外形高点是指A、牙尖最突出的部位B、切缘最突出的部位C、舌隆突最突出的部位D、各轴面最突出的部位E、牙颈部最突出的部位正确答案：D4.下列对于颈外动脉的描述哪一项是错误的A、来源于颈总动脉B、开始在颈内动脉前内侧，继而转到前外侧C、在颈部有一系列分支D、上行于腮腺的浅面，形成终支一颞浅动脉E、暂时阻断颈外动脉，颞浅动脉和颌外动脉均无波动正确答案：D5.髁突铰链运动从哪个颌位开始A、侧方颌位B、后退接触位C、前伸颌位D、下颌姿势位E、牙尖交错位正确答案：B6.关于舌淋巴引流的特点，叙述正确的是A、舌的淋巴引流丰富，最先汇人颈深下淋巴结B、越近舌尖起的淋巴管，注人颈深上淋巴结的部位越高C、越近舌根起的淋巴管，注人颈深上淋巴结的部位越高D、越近舌根起的淋巴管，注入颈深上淋巴结的部位越低E、以上叙述均不正确正确答案：C7.包于全部颈部脏器的外围并形成颈鞘的是哪一层A、颈深筋膜深层B、颈深筋膜浅层C、颈浅筋膜D、颈深筋膜中层E、颈脏器筋膜正确答案：E8.面前静脉接纳静脉血的区域不包括A、腮腺区B、上、下唇C、内眦D、眶下区E、鼻背正确答案：A9.与下牙槽神经管关系最密切的是：A、下颌第一磨牙B、下颌第三磨牙C、下颌第二磨牙D、下颌第二前磨牙E、下颌所有磨牙正确答案：B10.牙冠上的斜面是指：A、构成边缘嵴的各个面B、组成牙尖的各个面C、构成轴嵴的各个面D、牙冠上斜形的面E、组成嵴的各个面正确答案：B11.下列哪一个不属于腮腺淋巴结?A、腮腺浅淋巴结B、耳前淋巴结C、耳下淋巴结D、耳后淋巴结E、腮腺深淋巴结正确答案：D12.颌面牙发育沟呈“+”字形的牙A、上颌第二磨牙B、上颌第一磨牙C、上颌中切牙D、下颌第二磨牙E、下颌第一磨牙正确答案：D13.哪颗牙与相邻恒磨牙的形态相似A、上颌第二乳磨牙B、上颌乳尖牙C、下颌乳尖牙D、上颌乳中切牙E、下颌第一乳磨牙正确答案：A14.下颌神经的分支不包括A、颊神经B、颞深神经C、蝶腭神经D、翼外肌神经E、咬肌神经正确答案：C15.上颌第一磨牙有三个牙根，即A、近中根、远中颊根、远中舌根B、近中根、远中根、舌根C、近中颊根、远中颊根、舌根D、近中颊根、近中舌根、远中根E、颊根、近中舌根、远中舌根正确答案：C16.颈内静脉：A、在颈静脉孔处续于横窦B、位于颈内动脉与颈总动脉背侧C、在锁骨后方与锁骨下静脉汇牙合成无名静脉D、回流头面部所有的静脉血E、属支多在舌骨大角附近汇入正确答案：E17.关于下颌孔周围结构的叙述，正确的是A、下颌孔的前方有下颌小舌B、下颌孔的后下方有喙突C、下颌孔的前上方有翼肌粗隆D、下颌孔的后上方有下颌小舌E、下颌孔的下方有下颌神经沟正确答案：A18.关于关节结节下述错误的是：A、侧面观略呈方圆形B、由一骨嵴将其分为前后两斜面C、前斜面斜度较小D、后斜面构成关节窝的前壁E、后斜面的斜度与髁突运动密切相关正确答案：A19.哪种力又称为牙周储备力A、牙合力B、最大牙合力C、牙周潜力D、咀嚼用力E、咀嚼肌力正确答案：C20.下颌神经前干中感觉神经是A、咬肌神经B、颞深神经C、颊长神经D、翼内肌神经E、翼外肌神经正确答案：C21.尖牙保护牙合的理论依据是A、尖牙往往在恒牙中存留到最后B、尖牙是一个不太重要的牙C、尖牙的位置和解剖结构能抵御较大的咀嚼力D、尖牙较易在牙列中处于唇舌错位状态E、尖牙是恒牙中萌出最晚的牙正确答案：C22.腭帆张肌A、上颌尖牙B、上颌第一前磨牙C、上颌第一磨牙D、第三磨牙E、上颌中切牙正确答案：E23.有关翼腭管的概念，哪项是错误的A、管内有腭降动脉和腭神经通过B、经腭大孔通口腔C、管长约3．1cmD、上通颞下窝E、由蝶骨翼突、腭骨垂直部及上颌骨翼腭沟共同围成正确答案：D24.关于颞下颌关节盘的结构特点叙述正确的是A、关节盘为厚薄均匀的富有弹性的结构B、关节盘后带最薄，是关节盘穿孔的好发部位C、关节盘中间带最薄，是关节盘穿孔的好发部位D、关节盘内不含神经、血管E、关节盘的位置固定，不随下颌运动发生改变正确答案：C25.颞下颌关节中富含粗大弹力纤维的结构是：A、关节盘中间带B、双板区下板C、关节盘前带D、关节盘后带E、双板区上板正确答案：E26.下列关于唇的解剖层次描述哪一项是错误的A、皮肤下为浅筋膜B、最外层为皮肤，富于毛囊，皮脂腺和汗腺C、粘膜上有粘液腺开口D、肌层内侧为粘膜E、中间为肌层，主要是口轮匝肌正确答案：D27.个体下颌运动型的建立与什么无关A、牙合面形态B、神经中枢的整牙合作用C、支持组织本体感受器所受到的应力D、重复多次的下颌运动E、乳牙萌出的早晚正确答案：E28.下列牙齿部位中出现根管侧支比率较高的是A、根分叉B、根尖1/3C、根颈1/3D、根尖孔E、1/3正确答案：B29.4~6岁期间，上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面的关系是：A、上下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面彼此相齐，成一垂直平面B、以上都不对C、下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面移至上颌第二乳磨牙的远中D、下颌第二乳磨牙的远中面移至上颌第二乳磨牙的近中E、两者关系不定正确答案：D30.牙合曲线是指A、表示牙列周径的曲线；B、表示牙列近远中向倾斜的曲线；C、表示牙列唇（颊）舌向倾斜的曲线；D、表示牙列垂直向关系的曲线E、表示牙列牙合面形态的曲线；正确答案：E31.上颌切牙唇舌剖面髓腔最厚处为A、牙冠颈1／3B、颈缘附近C、牙冠中部D、牙根颈1／3E、牙冠切1／3正确答案：B32.日常咀嚼食物所需的牙合力是A、20～30kgB、10～20kgC、3～30kgD、30～40kgE、5～20kg正确答案：C33.根管口是指A、髓室的开口处B、髓腔的开口处C、髓室和根管的交界处D、根管末端的开口处E、根管的开口处正确答案：C34.咬肌浅层A、起自颞窝和颞深筋膜深面，止于喙突和下颌支前缘直至下颌第三磨牙远中的咀嚼肌B、起自上颌骨颧突和颧弓下缘的前2／3，向下后行，止于咬肌隆突和下颌支外侧面的下半部的咀嚼肌C、起于蝶骨大翼的颞下面、颞下嵴及翼外板的外侧面，止于关节囊、关节盘和关节翼肌窝的咀嚼肌D、起自颧弓深面，垂直向下止于下颌支上部和喙突的咀嚼肌E、起于翼外板的内面、腭骨锥突和上颌结节，止于下颌角内侧面和翼肌粗隆的咀嚼肌正确答案：B35.下颌第一磨牙的最小牙尖是A、远中舌尖B、近中颊尖C、远中尖D、近中舌尖E、远中颊尖正确答案：C36."长正中"所指的滑动距离是"A、由正中牙合向前滑到正中关系牙合B、由正中关系牙合向前滑动到正中牙合C、由正中关系牙合自如地直向前滑动到正中牙合D、由正中牙合自如地直向前滑动到正中关系牙合E、由正中关系牙合自如地滑到正中牙合正确答案：C37.有关正中关系的定义中不正确是：A、是一个功能性的位置B、是一个稳定可重复的位置C、下颌适居正中D、在适当的垂直距离下E、髁状突处于关节窝的后位正确答案：A38.下列上颌侧切牙与上颌中切牙的区别中哪一点是错误的A、上颌侧切牙切缘向远中舌侧的倾斜度较中切牙大B、上颌侧切牙近中切角似锐角C、上颌侧切牙舌窝窄而深D、上颌侧切牙根长与冠长相近E、上颌侧切牙唇面较窄小、圆突正确答案：D39.男，50岁，因"口内多数牙齿缺失，要求修复"，来医院治疗。
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口腔生理学术语(A)口腔生理学术语(A)口腔生理学术语(A) abductors - muscle taking a limb or the jaw away from the body.acetyl choline - aneurotransmitter substance found at all cholinergic synapses including those of motoneurones at the neuromuscular junction.acini - the secreting units of a gland. each acinus is a sack-like structure, lined by secreting cells. the sack opens outinto a tubule.acute necrotising ulcerative gingivitis -abbreviated to anug- a painful and destructive infection of the gingiva causedby a shift in the normal balance of bacteria in the gingival sulcus, in which fusobacteria and spirochaetes become dominant.adapt- to modify in response to change. when used in regard to evolution, it means that some structure or behaviourof an organism may over time, appear to change in responsetoa new threat or opportunity in the environment. the bacterium which causes tuberculosis has developed certain strains which have adapted to the antibiotics used to treat thedisease which is now becoming more difficult to treat.adductors - muscle bringing a limb or the jaw towards the body.adhesion - to form a chemical bond of attachment between two surfaces (see ligand and lectin).adrenalin - see epinephrine.aerobic respiration -a type of respiration which requiresoxygen and in which glucose is broken down to release energyin a series of steps. the end products are carbon dioxide andwater. step 1;glucose is broken down to pyruvic acid in the cellcylasm with the release of 4 hydrogen atoms. step 2; pyruvicacid is oxidised to acetylcoenzyme a (acetyl coa), with the release of 4 further hydrogen atoms. step 3; in the kreb cycle,16 atoms of hydrogen are released. at all stages the hydrogenatoms are used to form the high energy molecule adenosine triphospate (atp) via the electron transport system . see also anaerobic respiration .affected dentine - dentine which has been demineralisedby acids in advance of invading caries bacteria. a distinction ismade between affected dentine and infected dentine, because affected dentine is able to remineralise and should not be removed during cavity preparation.aggregate - clumps or collections of small particles or bacteria .alkaline phosphatase - an enzyme which removes phosphate groups from organic compounds at an alkaline ph.it is found in high concentrations in matrix vesicles which areabout to form new bone mineral. alkaline phosphatase activityis a good indicator of bone formation.alveolar bone - bone which develops around the roots ofthe teeth to hold them firmly in place. see gomphosis. if theteeth are extracted, the alveolar bone resorbs away. alveolar bone consists of both trabecula and cortical types of bone.ameloblasts- cells which differentiate from ectoderm andsecrete enamel during tooth development.amino acids - building blocks of proteins containing a carboxyl group (cooh) and an amino group(nh2) both attached to the same carbon atom . the difference between the 20 common amino acids lies in the nature of a side chainthe "r" group. each amino acid, has a code of three adjacent nucleotides on the dna molecule. amino acids are joined together by peptide bonds to form polypeptides and proteins.amorphous calcium phosphate - a non crystalline form ofapatite which may form as much as30% of bone mineral.amygdala- part of the limbic system, which seems to provide the emotional assessment of a new sensation with the memory of a similar sensation.anaerobic respiration - the first step in the production ofatp is to break down glucose. this process of glycolysis is a 10step series of reactions leading finally to the smaller molecule pyruvate. the energy derived from this process is a hydrogenion and an electron, which are both placed onto the carrier molecule as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (nadh+). as the pyruvate and nad h+ are produced they could move intothe mitochondria, for the nextstage of aerobic respiration, provided oxygen is available. if there is no oxygen, nad h h+ isused in a process of substrate phosphorylation to form atp. but the pyruvate builds up. it is then converted to lactic acidand removed to the liver. if lactic acid is not removed fast enough it causes muscle weakness and pain. anaerobic glycolysis does not produce a high yield of energy. there arestill high energy bonds remaining in the pyruvate and there isno benefit from the large yield of atp made possible by the electron transport system in the mitochondriaangiogenesis - the development of blood vessels - a keyevent in embryology and healing.ankylosis - bony fusion of the two surfaces of a joint toeach other, which prevents movement. ankylosis of the toothroot to its bony socket may causes root resorption.antibacterial - inhibiting the growth of bacteria.antibodies -are proteins called immunoglobulins which circulate in the blood and body fluids. they bind specifically toantigens that have induced them. antibodies are able to inactivate bacterial toxins, viruses and help phagocytes to engulf whole bacteria. they have a vital role to play in the bodies immune response to foreign proteins.antigens - proteins, usually foreign, which cause the bodies defense system to produce an antibody. antigens maybe food proteins, bacteria ,viruses or protozoa or cells from another individual(transplant).antrum - a hollow cave or sinus, inside the maxillary bonewhich is lined by respiratory epithelium.apatites- a family of calcium phosphate salts which are found in hard tissues like bone, teeth and shells.apoptosis - death of a cell which is programmed by a setof specific genes. apoptosis of chondrocytes allows osteoblasts to attach to their calcified matrix, and the epithelial cells forming webs between the fingers to die.articular - one of the bones which together with the quadrate bones and the dentary, made/make up a reptile's jaw.in mammals the quadrate bone is incorporated into the middle ear as the malleus.artificial mouth - a laboratory device for keeping bacteria growing in a controlled environment it allows for observing bacteria and their growth under different experimental conditions.ascorbic acid - or vitamin c is a dietary requirement forthe proper formation of collagen. deficiency causes scurvy.atp - adenosine triphosphate - atp is a convenient packetof energy used by both animals and plant cells. the energy inatp is stored in its three negatively charged phosphate groupswhich are held close together, in spite of their repulsion for each other. this energy, multiplied many hundreds of thousandof times, for each cell is able to move our muscles, transport molecules across membranes and power all the cells other energy requirements. once the energy has been used the atp molecule now only has two phosphate groups. it needs energynow from either aerobic or anaerobic respiration to charge itup again, a process known as phosphorylation. large stores ofatp are not kept as it is highly reactive. the long term storageof energy in animals is in carbon rich molecules, such as glycogen or fatty acids. in plants energy is stored as starch.attachment, see epithelial-attachmentautocrine; cell messengers which are produced by the cell itself and regulate the expression of genes .autonomic nervous system - controls routine body functions such as gut activity, respiration, blood pressure andheart rate. there are two main divisions the sympathetic nervous system and the parasympathetic system.axon - the extension of a nerve cell, as a thin tube whichmay be as long a metre or a few short microns in length. theaxon, like the cell body is able to depolarise and carry impulses along its length. the impulses from one axon to another nerve cell are transmitted at a synapse. axons may be myelinated or unmeyelinated, and they may vary in diameter.thicker, myelinated axons transmit impulses faster than thins unmeyelinated axons.口腔生理学术语(A) 相关内容:。