Lecture Eight_习题
专八2018年真题和答案解析
10. [A] Problems in the electoral process.
[B] Formation of a new government.
[C] Premature announcement of results.
[D] Democracy in Afghanistan.
PART Ⅱ READING COMPREHENSION（45 MIN）
[C] Slowness in ballots counting.
2.[A] Other voices within Afghanistan wanted so.
[C] All the ballots had been counted.
3. [A] To calm the voters.
[C] To stick to the election rules.
mini-lecture, please complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable. You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.
You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task. Now listen to the mini-lecture. When it is over, you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.
2015年专八真题及答案
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2015)GRADE EIGHTTIME LIMIT：195 MIN PART I LISTENING COMPREHENSION (35 MIN) SECTION A MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture．Y ou will hear the lecture ONCE ONLY. While listening, take notes on the important points．Y our notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a gap-filling task after the mini-lecture．When the lecture is over, you will be given two minutes to check your notes, and another ten minutes to complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE, using no more than three words in each gap．Make sure the word(s) you fill in is (are)both grammatically and semantically acceptable．Y ou may refer to your notes while completing the task．Use the blank sheet for note-taking．Now, listen to the mini-lecture．Understanding Academic LecturesListening to academic lectures is an important task for university students. Then, how can we comprehend a lecture efficiently?I.Understand all (1)A.wordsB. (2)—stress—intonation—(3)II.Adding informationA.lectures:Sharing information with audienceB.listeners: (4)C.sources of information—knowledge of (5)—(6)of the worldD.listening involving three steps:—hearing—(7)—addingIII. (8)A.reasons—overcome noise—save timeB. (9)—content—organizationIV.Evaluating while listeningA.help tp decide the (10) of notesB.help to remember informationSECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．Questions 1 to 5 are based on an interview．At the end of the interview you will be given 10 seconds to answer each of the following five questions．Now listen to the interview．1. Theresa thinks that the present government is ________.[A] doing what they have promised to schools[B] creating opportunities for leading universities[C] considering removing barriers for state school pupils[D] reducing opportunities for state school pupils2. What does Theresa see as a problem in secondary schools now?[A] Universities are not working hard to accept state school pupils.[B] The number of state pupils applying to Oxford fails to increase.[C] The government has lowered state pupils’ expectations.[D] Leading universities are rejecting state school pupils.3. In Theresa’s view, school freedom means that schools should ____.[A] be given more funding from education authorities[B] be given all the money and decide how to spend it[C] be granted greater power to run themselves[D] be given more opportunities and choices4. According to Theresa, who decides or decide money for schools at the present?[A] Local education authorities and the central government.[B] Local education authorities and secondary schools together.[C] Local education authorities only.[D] The central government only.5. Throughout the talk, the interviewer does all the following EXCEPT ____.[A] asking for clarification[B] challenging the interviewee[C] supporting the interviewee[D] initiating topicsSECTION C NEWS BROADCASTIn this section you will hear everything ONCE ONLY．Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow．Mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．Questions 6 and 7 are based on thefollowing news,At the end ofthe news item,you will be given 20 seconds to answer the questions．Now listen to the news．News Item 16. What is the main idea of the news item?[A] Fewer people watch TV once a week.[B] Smartphones and tablets have replaced TV.[C] New technology has led to more family time.[D] Bigger TV sets have attracted more people.News Item 27. How many lawmakers voted for the marijuana legalization bill?[A] 50. [B] 12.[C] 46. [D] 18.8. The passing of the bill means that marijuana can be________.[A] bought by people under 18[B] made available to drug addicts[C] provided by the government[D] bought in drug storesNews Item 39. What did the review of global data reveal?[A]Diarrhea is a common disease.[B]Good sanitation led to increase in height.[C]There were many problems of poor sanitation.[D] African children live in worse sanitary conditions.10. The purpose of Dr. Alan Dangour’s study was most likely to ________.[A] examine links between sanitation and death from illness[B] look into factors affecting the growth of children[C] investigate how to tackle symptoms like diarrhea[D] review and compare conditions in different countriesPART II READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN)In this section there arefourreadingpassagesfollowedby a totalof20 multiple-choice questions. Read the passages and then mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO．TEXT AIn 2011, many shoppers chose to avoid the frantic crowds and do their holiday shopping from the comfort of their computer. Sales at online retailers gained by more than 15%, making it the biggest season ever. But people are also returning those purchases at record rates, up 8% from last year.What went wrong? Is the lingering shadow of the global financial crisis making it harder to accept extravagant indulgences? Or that people shop more impulsively - and therefore make bad decisions - when online? Both arguments are plausible. However, there is a third factor: a question of touch. We can love the look but, in an online environment, we cannot feel the quality of a texture, the shape of the fit, the fall of a fold or, for that matter, the weight of an earring. Andphysically interacting with an object makes you more committed .When my most recent book Brandwashed was released, I teamed up with a local bookstore to conduct an experiment about the differences between the online and offline shopping experience. I carefully instructed a group of volunteers to promote my book in two different ways. The first was a fairly hands-off approach. Whenever a customer would inquire about my book, the volunteer would take them over to the shelf and point to it. Out of 20 such requests, six customers proceeded with the purchase.The second option also involved going over to the shelf but, this time, removing the book and then subtly holding onto it for just an extra moment before placing it in the customer's hands. Of the 20 people who were handed the book. 13 ended up buying it. Just physically passing the book showed a big difference in sales. Why? We feel something similar to a sense of ownership when we hold things in our hand. That's why we establish or reestablish connection by greeting strangers and friends with a handshake. In this case, having to then let go of the book after holding it might generate a subtle sense of loss, and motivate us to make the purchase even more.A recent study also revealed the power of touch, in this case when it came to conventional mail. A deeper and longer-lasting impression of a message was formed when delivered in a letter, as opposed to receiving the same message online. Brain imaging showed that, on touching the paper, the emotional center of the brain was activated, thus forming a stronger bond. The study also indicated that once touch becomes part of the process, it could translate into a sense of possession. This sense of ownership is simply not part of the equation in the online shopping experience.As the rituals of purchase in the lead-up to Christmas change, not only do we give less thought to the type of gifts we buy for our loved ones but, through our own digital w ish lists, we increasingly control what they buy for us. The reality, however, is that no matter how convinced we all are that digital is the way to go, finding real satisfaction will probably take more than a few simple clicks.11. According to the author, shoppers are returning their purchases for all the following reasons EXCEPT that ____.[A] they are unsatisfied with the quality of the purchase[B]they eventually find the purchase too expensive[C] they change their mind out of uncertainty[D] they regret making the purchase without forethought12. What is the purpose of the experiment in the bookstore?[A] To see which promotion method is preferred by customers.[B]To find out the strengths and weaknesses of both methods.[C] To try to set up a new retailer-customer relationship.[D] To see the effect of an approach on customers' decisions.13. Why does the author cite the study by Bangor University and the Royal Mail Service?[A]To compare similar responses in different settings.[B] To provide further evidence for his own observation.[C] To offer a scientific account of the brain's functions.[D] To describe emotional responses in online shopping.14. What can be inferred from the last paragraph?[A]Real satisfaction depends on factors other than the computer.[B] Despite online shopping we still attach importance to gift buying.[C] Some people are still uncertain about the digital age.[D] Online shopping offers real satisfaction to shoppers.Text BMy professor brother and I have an argument about head and heart about whether he overvalues IQ while I learn more toward EQ. We typically have this debate about people—can we be friends with a really smart jerk（怪物）?—but there’s corollary to animals as well. I’d love it if our dog could fetch the morning paper and then read it to me over coffee, but I actually care much more about her loyal and innocent heart. There’s already enough thinking going on is our house, and we probably spend too much time in our heads, where we need some role modeling is in instinct, and that’s where a dog is a roving revelation.I did not grow up with dogs, which meant that my older daughter’s respectful but unyielding determination to get one required some adjustment on my part. I often felt she was training me: from ages of 6 to 9, she gently schooled me in various breeds and their personalities, whispered to the dogs we encountered so they would charm and persuade me, demonstrated by her self-displine that she was ready for the responsibility. And thus came our dog Twist, whom I sometimes mistake for a third daughter.At first I thought the challenge would be to train her to sit, to heel, to walk calmly beside us and not go wildly chasing the neighbourhood rabbits. But I soon discovered how much more we had to learn from her than she from us.If it is true, for example, that the secret to a child’s success is less rare genius than raw persistence, Twist’s ability to stay on task is a model for us all, especially if the task is trying to capture the sunbeam that flicks around the living room as the wind blows through the branches outside. She never succeeds, and she never gives up. This includes when she runs square into walls.Then there is her unfailing patience, which breaks down only when she senses that dinnertime was 15 minutes ago and we have somehow failed to notice. Even then she is more eager than indignant, and her refusal to whine shows a restraint of which I’m not always capable when hungry.But the lesson I value most is the one in forgiveness, and Twist first offered this when she was still very young. When she was about 7 months old, we took her to the vet to be sprayed(切除卵巢). We turned her over to a stranger, who procceeded to perform a procedure that was probably not pleasant, But when the vet returned her to us, limp and tender, there was no recrimination(反责)，no how could you do that to me? It was as though she really knew that we could not intentionally cause her pain, and while she did not understand, she forgave and curled up with her head on my daughter’s lap.I suppose we could have concluded that she was just blindly loyal and docile. But eventually we knew better. She is entirely capable of disobedience, as she has proved many times. She will ignore us when there are more interesting things to look at, rebuke us when we are careless, bark into the twilight when she has urgent messages to send. But her patience with our failings and frickleness and her willingness to give us a scond chance are a daily lesson in gratitude.My friends who grew up with dogs tell me how when they were teenagers and trusted no one in the world, they could tell their dog all their secrets. It was the one friend who would not gossip or betray, could provide in the middle of the night the soft, unbegrudging comfort and peace that adolescence conspires to disrupt. An age that is all about growth and risk needs some anchors and weigths, a model of steadfastness when all else is in flux. Sometimes I think Twist’s devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent lash, one that hangs quietly at their side as they trot along but occasionally yanks them back to safety and solid ground.We’ve weighed so many decisions so carefully in raising our daughters—what school to send them to and what church to attend, when to give them cell phones and with what precautions. Butwhen it comes to what really shapes their character and binds our family, I never would have thought we would owe so much to its smallest member.15. In the first paragraph, the author suggests that____.[A]a person can either have a high IQ or a low EQ[B]her professor brother cares too much about IQ[C]we need examples of how to follow one's heart[D]she prefers dogs that are clever and loyal16. According to the passage, all the following are Twist's characteristics EXCEPT____.[A]resignation[B]patience[C]forgiveness[D]tenacity17. According to the context, the meaning of the word "square"is closest to____.[A]fast[B]blindly[C]straight[D]stubbornly18.ThatTwist's devotion keeps my girls on a benevolent leash means that____.[A]Twist is capable of looking after the girls[B]Twist and the girls have become friends[C]Twist knows how to follow the girls[D]Twist's loyalty helps the girls grow up19. What does the author try to express in the last paragraph?[A]Difficulties in raising her children.[B]Worries about what to buy for kids.[C]Gratitude to Twist for her role.[D]Concerns about schooling and religion.Text CMost West African lorries ate not in what one would call the first flush of youth, and I had learnt by bitter experience not to expect anything very much of them. But the lorry that arrived to take me up to the mountains was worse than anything I had seen before: it tottered on the borders of senile decay. It stood there on buckled wheels, wheezing and gasping with exhaustion from having to climb up the gentle slope to the camp, and I consigned myself and my loads to it with some trepidation. The driver, who was a cheerful fellow, pointed out that he would require my assistance in two very necessary operations: first, I had to keep the hand brake pressed down when travelling downhill, for unless it was held thus almost level with the floor it sullenly refused to function. Secondly, I had to keep a stern eye on the clutch, a wilful piece of mechanism, that seized every chance to leap out of its socket with a noise like a strangling leopard. As it was obvious that not even a West African lorry driver could be successful in driving while crouched under the dashboard in a pre-natal position, I had to take over control of these instruments if I valued my life. So, while I ducked at intervals to put on the brake, amid the rich smell of burning rubber, our noble lorry jerked its way towards the mountains at a steady twenty miles per hour; sometimes, when a downward slope favoured it, it threw caution to the winds and careered along in a madcap fashion at twenty-five.For the first thirty miles the red earth road wound its way through the lowland forest, the giant trees standing in solid ranks alongside and their branches entwined in an archway of leaves above us. Flocks of hornbills flapped across the road, honking like the ghosts of ancient taxis, and on the banks, draped decoratively in the patches of sunlight, the agama lizards lay, blushing into sunset colouring with excitement and nodding their heads furiously. Slowly and almost imperceptibly the road started to climb upwards, looping its way in languid curves round the forested hills. In the back of the lorry the boys lifted up their voices in song:Home again, home again, When shall I see ma home? When shall I see ma mammy? I'll never forget ma home . . .The driver hummed the refrain softly to himself, glancing at me to see if I would object. To his surprise I joined in, and so while the lorry rolled onwards trailing a swirling tail of red dust behind it, the boys in the back maintained the chorus while the driver and I harmonized and sang complicated twiddly bits, and the driver played a staccato accompaniment on the horn.Breaks in the forest became more frequent the higher we climbed, and presently a new type of undergrowth began to appear: massive tree-ferns standing in conspiratorial groups at theroadside on their thick, squat, and hairy trunks, the fronds of leaves sprouting from the tops like delicate green fountains. These ferns were the guardians of a new world, for suddenly, as though the hills had shrugged themselves free ofcloak, the forest disappeared. It lay behind us in the valley, a thick pelt of green undulating away into the heat-shimmered distance, while above us the hillside rose majestically, covered in a coat of rippling, waist-high grass, bleached golden by the sun. The lorry crept higher and higher, the engine gasping and shuddering with this unaccustomed activity. I began to think that we should have to push the wretched thing up the last two or three hundred feet, but to everyone's surprise we made it, and the lorry crept on to the brow of the hill, trembling with fatigue, spouting steam from its radiator like a dying whale. We crawled to a standstill and the driver switched off the engine.“We must wait small-time, engine get hot, he explained, pointing to the forequarters of the lorry, which were by now completely invisible under a cloud of steam. Thankfully I descended from the red-hot inside of the cab and strolled down to where the road dipped into the next valley. From this vantage point I could see the country we had travelled through and the country we were about to enter.20. That it tottered on the borders of senile decay means that the lorry was_________.about to break downa very old vehicleunable to travel the distance[D] a dangerous vehicleWhich of the following words in the first paragraph is used literally?Flush.Borders.Operations.Gasping.We learn from the first paragraph that the author regards the inadequacies of the lorry as _________.[A] inevitable and amusing[B]. dangerous and frightening[C] novel and unexpected[D] welcome and interesting23. All the following words in the last but one paragraph describe the lorry as a human EXCEPT .tremblingspoutingshudderingcrept24. We can infer from the passage that the author was ________.bored by the appearance of the grasslands aheadreluctant to do any walking in so hot a climateunfriendly towards the local driver and boysa little surprised to have to help drive the lorry25. A suitable title for the passage would be _______.A journey that scared meA journey to rememberThe wild West African lorryA comic journey in West AfricaText DHave you ever noticed a certain similarity in public parks and back gardens in the cities of the West? A ubiquitous woodland mix of lawn grasses and trees has found its way throughout Europe and the United States, and it’s now spread to other cities around the world. As ecologist Peter Groffman has noted, it's increasingly difficult to tell one suburb apart from another, even when they're located in vastly different climates such as Phoenix, Arizona, or Boston in the much chillier north-east of the US. And why do parks in New Zealand often feature the same species of trees that grow on the other side of the world in the UK?Inspired by the English and New England countrysides, early landscape architects of the 19th Century such as Andrew Jackson Downing and Frederick Law Olmstead created an aesthetic forurban public and private open space that persists to this day. But in the 21st Century, urban green space is tasked with doing far more than simply providing aesthetic appeal. From natural systems to deal with surface water run-off and pollution to green corridors to increasing interest in urban food production, the urban parks of the future will be designed and engineered for functionality as well as for beauty.Imagine travelling among the cities of the mid-21st Century and finding a unique set of urban landscapes that capture local beauty, natural and cultural history, and the environmental context. They are tuned to their locality, and diverse within as well as across cities. There are patches that provide shade and cooling, places of local food production, and corridors that connect both residents and wildlife to the surrounding native environment. Their functions are measured and monitored to meet the unique needs of each city for food production, water use, nutrient recycling, and habitat. No two green spaces are quite the same.Planners are already starting to work towards this vision. And if this movement has a buzzword it is “hyperfunctionality” – designs which provide multiple uses in a confined space, and a term coined by Richard Pouyat of the US Forest Service. At the moment, urban landscapes are highly managed and limited in their spatial extent. Even the "green" cities of the future will contain extensive areas of buildings, roads, railways, and other built structures. These future cities are likely to contain a higher proportion of green cover than the cities of today, with an increasing focus on planting on roofs, vertical walls, and formerly impervious surfaces like car parks. But built environments will still be ever-present in dense megacities. We can greatly enhance the utility of green space through designs that provide a range of different uses in a confined space. A hyperfunctional planting, for example, might be designed to provide food, shade, wildlife habitat, and pollution removal all in the same garden with the right choice of plants, configurations, and management practices.What this means is that we have to maximise the benefits and uses of urban parks, while minimising the costs of building and maintaining them. Currently, green space and street plantings are relatively similar throughout the Western world, regardless of differences in local climate, geography, and natural history. Even desert cities feature the same sizable street trees and well-watered and well-fertilized lawns that you might see in more temperate climes. The movement to reduce the resources and water requirements of such urban landscapes in these arid areas is called "xeriscaping" – a concept that has so-far received mixed responses in terms of public acceptance. Scott Y abiku and colleagues at the Central Arizona Phoenix project showed that newcomers to the desert embrace xeriscaping more than long-time residents, who are morelikely to prefer the well-watered aesthetic. In part, this may be because xeriscaping is justified more by reducing landscaping costs – in this case water costs – than by providing desired benefits like recreation, pollution mitigation, and cultural value. From this perspective, xeriscaping can seem more like a compromise than an asset.But there are other ways to make our parks and natural spaces do more. Nan Ellin, of the Ecological Planning Center in the US, advocates an asset-based approach to urbanism. Instead of envisioning cities in terms what they can't have, ecological planners are beginning to frame the discussion of future cities in terms of what they do have - their natural and cultural assets. In Utah’s Salt Lake City, instead of couching environmental planning as an issue of resource scarcity, the future park is described as "mountain urbanism" and the strong association of local residents with the natural environment of the mountain ranges near their home. From this starting point, the local climate, vegetation, patterns of rain and snowfall, and mountain topography are all deemed natural assets that create a new perspective when it comes to creating urban green space. In Cairns, Australia, the local master plan embraces "tropical urban ism" that conveys a sense of place through landscaping features, while also providing important functions such as shading and cooling in this tropical climate.The globally homogenised landscape aesthetic – which sees parks from Boston to Brisbane looking worryingly similar – will diminish in importance as future urban green space will be attuned to local values and cultural perceptions of beauty. This will lead to a far greater diversity of urban landscape designs than are apparent today. Already, we are seeing new purposes for urban landscaping that are transforming the 20th century woodland park into bioswales – plantings designed to filter stormwater – green roofs, wildlife corridors, and urban food gardens. However, until recently we have been lacking the datasets and science-based specifications for designs that work to serve all of these purposes at once.In New Y ork City, Thomas Whitlow of Cornell University sends students through tree-lined streets with portable, backpack-mounted air quality monitors. At home in his laboratory, he places tree branches in wind tunnels to measure pollution deposition onto leaves. It turns out that currently, many street tree plantings are ineffective at removing air pollutants, and instead may trap pollutants near the ground. My students and I equipped street trees with sensors in and around the trunk in Los Angeles to monitor growth and water use in real time to help find which species provide the largest canopies for the lowest amount of water. Rather than relying on assumptions about the role of urban vegetation in improving the environment and health, future landscaping designs will be engineered based on empirical data and state of the art of simulations.New datasets on the performance of urban landscapes are changing our view of what future urban parks will look like and what it will do. With precise measurements of pollutant uptake, water use, plant growth rates, and greenhouse gas emissions, we are better and better able to design landscapes that require less intensive management and are less costly, while providing more social and environmental uses.26. According to the passage, which of the following serves as the BEST reason for the similarity in urban green space throughout the West?[A] Climate.[B] Geography.[C] Functional purposes.[D] Design principles.27. The following are all features of future urban green space EXCEPT that .[A] each city has its distinct style of urban green space[B] urban landscape will focus more on cultural history[C] urban green space will be designed to serve many uses[D] more green cover will be seen on city roofs and walls28. Why are some local residents opposed to "xeriscaping"?[A] It cannot reduce water requirements.[B] It has proved to be too costly.[C] It is not suited for the local area.[D] It does not have enough advantages.29. According to the passage, if planners adopt an asset-based approach, they will probably .[A] incorporate the area's natural and cultural heritage into their design[B] make careful estimation of the area's natural resources before designing[C] combine natural resources and practical functions in their design。
工硕英语_讲义课后习题
第1课I1.It can be inferred from the passage that the author’s parents used to suffer from hardship. 艰难;辛酸,2.The author’s first job was to clean and brighten cars.3.It may be inferred from the passage that Detroit was where the author got help from.4.All the following can be used to describe the author’s grandmother except rewarding. 报酬; 酬金;奖赏5.The word they (last sentence) refers to customers.III、A1.They made regular visits to the park on the suburbs during the weekends.2.She was promoted to division manager last year.3.We tried to walk to the park but ended up taking a taxi there.4.His handling of these important issues was highly praised.5.Thomas bought a new hat to replace the one he had lost.6.The movie received generally favorable reviews.7.Thank you for all the time and effort you have put in.8.Make sure you are home by midnight.9.He was hit by a falling tree and killed on the spot. 当场, 在现场, 立刻10.The earthquake survivors are in desperate need of help. 不顾一切的, 拚死的, 令人绝望的BOpen n. openingPersist n. persistence, 持续Succeed n. successSucceed adj. successfulImportant n. importancePromote n. promotion 促进, 发扬, 提升, 提拔, 晋升Depress n. depression 压下, 降低Value adj. invaluable 无法估价的, 无价可估的; 非常贵重的an invaluable treasure无价之宝Loyal n. loyalty 忠诚, 忠心忠诚的, 忠实的, 忠贞的Favor adj. favorable / favoriteC1.We can obtain=acquire knowledge by reading books, newspapers, and by watching TV.obtain获得, 得到; 买到acquire得, 得到, 获得; 招致2.When all her other friends deserted her, steve remained constant=loyal.deserted放弃, 遗弃, 逃跑,荒芜的, 荒废的, 为人所弃的constant稳定的，不变的loyal忠诚的, 忠实的, 忠贞的3.New York is a city famous=noted for its shopping and nightlife.4.You frightened=startled me – I thought you were in the garden.Frightened受惊的, 受恐吓的Startled震惊5.He accepted the blame=responsibility for the mistake in the government report.Blame责备, 谴责; 找...的差错6.Teaching is not very worth=rewarding doing financially.Rewarding报答的, 有益的, 值得的7.She showed sincere=genuine sorrow at the news.sincere真挚的; 真诚的genuine真实的, 诚恳的; 非伪装的8.Guess whom I encountered=bumped into today.Encountered 遭遇, 遇到bumped into 意外碰到; 偶然遇到9.Tickets must be bought=purchased two weeks in advance.10.We all hope that an agreement can be reached at the end=eventually.Eventually最后, 终于IVA、英译汉1Two noted Americans explain why it’s not what you earn –it’s what you learn. Earn赚钱, 挣得两个美国名人解释为什么不是你所挣的而是你学的更重要。
Lecture eight(11.04)
context)
Chomskian Revolution external social elements language internal structures in mind behaviorism: stimulus (elements of outside world socialinguistics) VS response (behaviors and the formulation of behaviors) mentalism (psycholinguistics) a child= a gift learner (L.A.D) using language createdly & understanding utterances which they have never heard.
field-independent
learning style in which a learner is able to
identify or focus on particular items and
not to distract other items in the
background or context.
reflectivity VS. impulsivity (introverted and extroverted) Reflectives tend to be more anxious about the quality of their performance and more capable of sustained attention than impulsives. It has been found that impulsive learners make more errors in L2 reading than reflective learners but they are faster readers.
Lecture_3
Lecture Eight Contrastive Study of Chinese and EnglishExample 1千山鸟飞绝, 万径人踪灭; 孤舟蓑笠翁，独钓寒江雪。
Over a thousand mountains thewinging birds have disappeared.Throughout ten thousand paths,no trace of humankind.In a solitary boat,Straw hat and cape,An old man fishes alone –Cold river in the snow.Example 2知己知彼，百战不殆；不知彼而知己，一胜一负；不知彼不知己，每战必殆。
◆You can fight a hundred battles without defeat if you know the enemy as wellas yourself. You will win one battle and lose another if you know yourself bu t leave yourself in the dark about the enemy. You will lose every battle if you leave both the enemy and yourself in the dark.●From Structure1. 英语有形态变化,汉语没有严格意义的形态变化.English : gender, number, case, tense, voice, mood, degree of comparison, person and parts of speech.汉语:数量助词,动态助词,结构助词比较：我给了他一本书. I gave him a book.他给了我两本书. He has given me two books.他爸爸常常给他一些书. His father often gives him booksHe is a professional.She is a professional.He is a loose man.She is a loose woman.He served as a call boy when he was 19.She served as a call girl when she was 19.2.英语经常使用定冠词和不定冠词out of question take a chair a hundred and oneout of the question take the chair one hundred and oneShe was with a child.She was with child.They are students of our school.They are the students of our school.I have lived here for more than a year.I have lived here fore more than one year.2.汉语有丰富多彩的助词.吧今天不会下雨吧?你好好想想吧!明天就明天吧.咱们走吧.打吧,打不下去;跑吧,跑不了,敌人只好投降3.英语常用介词,汉语则少用介词.✦What is he at? 他正在干什么?✦John voted with the Tories. John 投票支持保守党.✦He is a man above vulgar interests. 他是一个脱离了低级趣味的人✦It looks as if we are in for a storm.看来我们免不了要碰上一场暴风雨了.✦If a man couldn‟t walk into a room and tell who was for him and who was against him, then he wasn‟t much of a politician.要是一个人不能一上任就看出谁支持他,谁反对他,那他就不配搞政治●From Intonation1.英语是语调语言,语音表意手段主要是语调和重音.Y ou may ˊnot go.你不可以去.Y ou ˊmay not go.你可以不去.Y ou said he would COME.YOU said he would come.Y ou said HE would come.Y ou SAID he would come.Y ou SAID he would COME2. 汉语是声调语言,语音表意手段主要是声调.✦我的衣服／我的姨夫✦我爱马／我挨骂✦我叫他去。
译林版高考英语选修八课堂讲义Unit 1 单元加餐练(一_二)含答案
Unit 1 单元加餐练（一~二）加餐练(一)完形阅读组合练Ⅰ.完形填空“Paul must have been trying to carry his waste paper to the garbage can and dropped a few pieces.” I __1__，picking them up. __2__ later I found more pieces. No quiet sighing this time. I __3__，“Who is throwing garbage？” No answer. Instead, I saw more bits of paper silently floating __4__ from upstairs. Looking up, I saw my seven-year-old son, Paul.“Stop making a mess.” “It's not a mess. They're __5__.” “Sorry, what did you say？” I hadn't heard him clearly.He didn't answer me. Paul has autism (自闭症) and __6__ answers a question, especially when he's __7__ attentively on something else. He ran down the stairs. “Where are my other butterflies？” he asked, __8__ around. Every time Paul __9__ five or more words together, my heart says a __10__ of thanks. But lately he seems to __11__ that the benefits of forming complete sentences when communicating are __12__ of the effort.Butterflies. Of course. I rushed to __13__ them from the garbage, __14__ them off and handed them to my young artist. “Want to see them __15__ again？” he asked with a shy smile. “Oh, yes! They're beautiful，” I whispered. He ran back upstairs to float his __16__ down again. They really did look like beautiful butterflies.That day Paul __17__ me to look up at __18__ instead of down at garbage. How many other masterpieces do I miss because I'm too caught up in my __19__ to take time to appreciate what's right in front of me? Life is not what happens to us. It's __20__ we look at it. Now, I look up.错误!1．ughed B．sighedC．amazed D．shouted解析：选B根据下文的“No quiet sighing this time.”可知，“我”叹了口气，把掉在地上的几张废纸捡起来。
Lecture Ten (Contest)
Contest
• 1. During the Spring and Autumn Period, the number of cities increased up to_______. • A. 100 B. 200 C. 300 D. 150
• 2. Which province is Fenghuang Ancient city located in? • A. Shan’xi Province B. Zhejiang • C. Hunan Province D. Yunnan Province
Su Dongpo, 题西林壁
• 1. Name the seas stretching from north to south of China:
(Bohai, Yellow Sea, East China Sea, and South China Sea)
• 2. What is the special feature of Chinese architectural culture?
put special emphasis on the harmonious relationship between the city and natural environment. In other word, the idea of nature-man integrity
• 3. What are the four wonderful mountain scenes of Mount Huang?
(Qufu)
10. The Elephant Trunk Hill is located along the river cruise of Lijiang River.
专业英语八级真题附答案详解
专业英语八级真题附答案详解TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS (1999)—GRADE EIGHTPAPER ONEPART ⅠLISTENING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN. )In Sections A, B and C you will hear everything once only. Listen carefully and then answer the questions that follow.SECTION A TALKQuestions 1 to 5 refer to the talk in this section. At the end of the talk you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the talk.1. The technology to make machines quieterA. has been in use since the 1930's.B. has accelerated industrial production.C. has just been in commercial use.D. has been invented to remove all noises.2. The modern electronic anti-noise devicesA. are an update version of the traditional methods.B. share similarities with the traditional methods.C. are as inefficient as the traditional methods.D. are based on an entirely new working principle.3. The French company is working on anti-noise techniques to be used in all EXCEPTA. streets.B. factories.C. aircraft.D. cars.4. According to the talk, workers in "zones of quiet" canA. be more affected by noise.B. hear talk from outside the zone.C. work more efficiently.D. be heard outside the zone.5. The main theme of the talk is aboutA. noise-control technology.B. noise in factories.C. noise-control regulations.D. noise-related effects.SECTION B INTERVIEWQuestions 6 to 10 are based on an interview. At the end of the interview you will be given 15 seconds to answer each of the following five questions. Now listen to the interview.6. Employees in the US are paid for their time. This means that they are supposed toA. work hard while their boss is around.B. come to work when there is work to be done.C. work with initiative and willingness.D. work through their lunch break.7. One of the advantages of flexible working hours is thatA. pressure from work can be reduced.B. working women can have more time at home.C. traffic and commuting problems can be solved.D. personal relationships in offices can be improved.8. On the issue of working contracts in the US, which statement is NOT correct?A. Performance at work matters more than anything else.B. There are laws protecting employees' working rights.C. Good reasons must be provided in order to fire workers.D. Working contracts in the US are mostly short-term ones.9. It can be assumed from the interview that an informalatmosphere might be found inA. small firms.B. major banks.C. big corporations.D. law offices.10. The interview is mainly about __________ in the USA.A. office hierarchiesB. office conditionsC. office rules.D. office life.SECTION C NEWS BROADCASTQuestion 11 is based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given15 seconds to answer the question. Now listen to the news.11. Senator Bob Dole's attitude towards Clinton's anti-crime policy is that ofA. opposition.B. support.C. ambiguity.D. indifference.Questions 12 and 13 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.12. Japan and the United States are nowA. negotiating about photographic material.B. negotiating an automobile agreement.C. facing serious problems in trade.D. on the verge of a large-scale trade war.13. The news item seems to indicate that the agreementA. will end all other related trade conflicts.B. is unlikely to solve the dispute once and for all.C. is linked to other trade agreements.D. is the last of its kind to be reached.Question 14 and 15 are based on the following news. At the end of the news item, you will be given 30 seconds to answer the questions. Now listen to the news.14. According to the news, the ice from Greenland provides information aboutA. oxygen.B. ancient weather.C. carbon dioxide.D. temperature.15. Which of the following statement is CORRECT?A. Drastic changes in the weather have been common since ancient times.B. The change in weather from very cold to very hot lasted over a century.C. The scientists have been studying ice to forecast weather in the future.D. The past 10,000 years have seen minor changes in the weather.SECTION D NOTE-TAKING AND GAP-FILLINGIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture. You will hear the lecture once only. While listening to the lecture, take notes on the important points. Y our notes will not be marked, but you will need them to complete a 15-minute gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET after the mini-lecture. Use the blank sheet for note-taking ANSWER SHEETAt present companies and industries like to sponsor sports events. Two reasons are put forward to explain this phenomenon.The first reason is that they get (1) throughout the world.The second reason is that companies and industries (2) money as they get reductions in the tax they owe if they sponsor sports or arts activities.As sponsorship is (3) careful thinking is required in deciding which events to sponsor.It is important that the event to be sponsored (4) the product(s) to be promoted. That is, the right (5) and maximum product coverage must be guaranteed in the event.Points to be considered in sports sponsorship.Popularity of the eventInternational sports events are big (6) events, which get extensive coverage on TV and in press.Smaller events attract fewer people.Identification of the potential audienceAiming at the right audience is most important for smaller events.The right audience would attract manufacturers of related products like (7) , etc.Advantages of sponsorshipAdvantages are longer-term.People are expected to respond 8 to the products promoted and be more likely to buy them.Advertising is 9 the mind.Sponsorship is better than straight advertising:a) less 10b) tax-freePART ⅡPROOFREADING AND ERROR CORRECTION (15 MIN. )Proofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET asinstructed.The hunter-gatherer tribes that today live as our prehistoric (1) __________human ancestors consume primarily a vegetable diet supplementing (2) __________with animal foods. An analysis of 58 societies of modern hunter-gatherers, including the Kung of southern Africa, revealed thatone-half emphasize gathering plant foods, one-third concentrate onfishing, and only one-sixth are primarily hunters. Overall, two-thirds and (3) __________more of the hunter-gatherer's calories come from plants. Detailed studiesof the Kung by the food scientists at the University of London, showedthat gathering is a more productive source of food than is hunting. Anhour of hunting yields in average about 100 edible calories, (4) __________as an hour of gathering produces 240. (5) __________ Plant foods provide for 60 percent to 80 percent of the Kung diet, (6) __________and no one goes hungry when the hunt fails, interestingly, if they escapefatal infections or accidents, these contemporary aborigines live to oldages despite of the absence of medical care. They experience no obesity, (7) __________and no middle-aged spread, little dental decay, no high blood pressure, noheart disease, and their blood cholesterol level are very low (about half of (8) __________the average American adult. ) If no one is suggesting that we return to (9) __________an aboriginal life, we certainly could use their eating habits as a model for healthier diet. (10) __________ PART ⅢREADING COMPREHENSION (40 MIN. )SECTION A READING COMPREHENSION (30 MIN. )In this section there are four reading passages followed by a total of fifteen multiple- choice questions. Read the passages carefully and then answer the questions.TEXT ARicci's "Operation Columbus"1 Ricci, 45, is now striking out on perhaps his boldest venture yet. He plans to market an English-language edition of his elegant monthly art magazine, FMR, in the United States. Once again the skeptics are murmuring that the successful Ricci has headed for a big fall. And once again Ricci intends to prove them wrong.2 Ricci is so confident that he has christen quest "Operation Columbus" and has set his sights on discovering an American readership of 300,000. That goal may not be too far- fetched. The Italian edition of FMR —the initials, of course, stand for Franco Maria Ricci— is only 18 months old. But it is already the second largest artmagazine in the world, with a circulation of 65,000 and a profit margin of US $ 500,000. The American edition will be patterned after the Italian version, with each 160-page issuecarrying only 40 pages of ads and no more than five articles. But the contents will often differ. The English-language edition will include more American works, Ricci says, to help Americans get over "an inferiority complex about their art". He also hopes that the magazine will become a vehicle for a two-way cultural exchange —what he likes to think of as a marriage of brains, culture and taste from both sides of the Atlantic.3 To realize this version, Ricci is mounting one of the most lavish, enterprising — and expensive promotional campaigns in magazine-publishing history. Between November and January, eight jumbo jets will fly 8 million copies of a sample 16-page edition of FMR across the Atlantic. From a warehouse in Michigan, 6.5 million copies will be mailed to American subscribers of various cultural, art and business magazines. Some of the remaining copies will circulate as a special Sunday supplement in the New York Times. The cost of launching Operation Columbus is a staggering US $ 5 million, but Ricci is hoping that 600% of the price tag will be financed by Italian corporations. "To land in America Columbus had to use Spanish sponsors," reads one sentence in his promotional pamphlet. "We would like Italians."4 Like Columbus, Ricci cannot know what his reception, will be on foreign shores. In Italy he gambled —and won —on a simple concept: it is more important to show art than to write about it. Hence, one issue of FMR might feature 32 full-colour pages of 17th-century tapestries, followed by 14 pages of outrageous eyeglasses. He is gambling that the concept is exportable. "I don't expect that more than 30% of my readers.., will actually read FMR," he says. "The magazine is such a visual delight that they don't have to. "Still, he is lining up an impressive stable of writers and professors for the American edition,including Noam Chomsky, Anthony Burgess, Eric Jong and Norman Mailer. In addition, he seems to be pursuing his own eclectic vision without giving a moment's thought to such established competitors as Connosisseur and Horizon. "The Americans can do almost everything better than we can, "says Ricci," But we (the Italians) have a 2,000 year edge on them in art."16. Ricci intends his American edition of FMR to carry more American art works in order toA. boost Americans' confidence in their art.B. follow the pattern set by his Italian edition.C. help Italians understand American art better.D. expand the readership of his magazine.17. Ricci is compared to Columbus in the passage mainly becauseA. they both benefited from Italian sponsors.B. they were explorers in their own ways.C. they obtained overseas sponsorship.D. they got a warm reception in America.18. We get the impression that the American edition of FMR will probablyA. carry many academic articles of high standard.B. follow the style of some famous existing magazines.C. be read by one third of American magazine readers.D. pursue a distinctive editorial style of its own.TEXT BUncle Geoff1 My mother's relations were very different form the Mitfords. Her brother, Uncle Geoff, who often came to stay at Swinbrook, was a small, spare man with thoughtful blue eyes and a rathersilent manner. Compared to Uncle T ommy, he was an intellectual of the highest order, and indeed his satirical pen belied his mild demeanor. He spent most of his waking hours composing letters to The Times and other publications in which he outlined his own particular theory of the development of English history. In Uncle Geoff's view, the greatness of England had risen and waned over the centuries in direct proportion to the use of natural manure in fertilizing the soil. TheBlack Death of 1348 was caused by gradual loss of the humus fertility found under forest trees. The rise of the Elizabethans two centuries later was attributable to the widespread use of sheep manure.2 Many of Uncle Geoff's letters-to-the-editor have fortunately been preserved in a privately printed volume called Writings of A Rebel. Of the collection, one letter best sums up his views on the relationship between manure and freedom. He wrote:3 Collating old records shows that our greatness rises and falls with the living fertility of our soil. And now, many years of exhausted and chemically murdered soil, and of devitalized food from it, has softened our bodies and still worse, softened our national character. It is an actual fact that character is largely a product of the soil. Many years of murdered food from deadened soil has made us too tame. Chemicals have had their poisonous day. It is now the worm's turn to reform the manhood of England. The only way to regain our punch, our character, our lost virtues, and with them the freedom natural to islanders, is to compost our land so as to allow moulds, bacteria and earthworms to remake living soil to nourish Englishmen's bodies and spirits.4 The law requiring pasteurization of milk in England was aparticular target of Uncle Geoff's. Fond of alliteration, he dubbed it "Murdered Milk Measure," and established the Liberty Restoration League, with headquarters at his house in London, for the specific purpose of organizing a counteroffensive. "Freedom not Doctordom" was the League's proud slogan. A subsidiary, but nevertheless important, activity of the League was advocacy of a return to the " unsplit, slowly smoked fish" and bread made with "English stone-ground flour, yeast, milk, sea salt and raw cane-sugar."19. According to Uncle Geoff, national strength could only be regained byA. reforming the manhood of England.B. using natural manure as fertilizer.C. eating more bacteria-free food.D. granting more freedom to Englishmen.20. The tone of the passage can most probably be described asA. facetious.B. serious.C. nostalgic.D. factual.TEXT CInterview1 So what have they taught you at college about interviews? Some courses go to town on it, others do very little. You may get conflicting advice. Only one thing is certain: the key to success is preparation.2 There follow some useful suggestions from a teacher training course co-ordinator, a head of department anda headteacher. As they appear to be in complete harmonywith one another despite never having met, we may take their advice seriously.3 Oxford Brookes University's approach to the business of application and interview focuses on research and rehearsal. Training course co-ordinator Brenda Stevens speaks of the value of getting students "to deconstruct the advertisement, see what they can offer to that school, and that situation, and then write the letter, do their CVs and criticize each other's ". Finally, they role play interviewer and interviewee.4 This is sterling stuff, and Brookes students spend a couple of weeks on it. "The better prepared students won't be thrown by nerves on the day," says Ms. Stevens. "They'll have their strategies and questions worked out. "She also says, a trifle disconcertingly, "the better the student, the worse the interviewee. ' She believes the most capable students are less able to put themselves forward. Even if this were true, says Ms. Stevens, you must still make your own case.5 "Beware of informality," she advises. One aspirant teacher, now a head of department at a smart secondary school, failed his first job interview because he took his jacket off while waiting for his appointment. It was hot and everyone in the staffroom was in shirtsleeves but at the end of the day they criticized his casual attitude, which they had deduced from the fact that he took his jacket off in the staffroom, even though he put it back on for the interview.6 Incidentally, men really do have to wear a suit to the interview and women really cannot wear jeans, even if men never wear the suit again and women teach most days in jeans. Panels respond instantly to these indicators. But beware: it will not please them any better if you are too smart.7 Find out about the peope who will talk to you. In the early meetings they are likely to be heads of departments or heads of year. Often they may be concerned with pastoral matters. It makes sense to know their priorities and let them hear the things about you that they want to hear.8 During preliminary meetings you may be seen in groups with two or three other applicants and you must demonstrate that you know your stuff without putting your companions down. The interviewers will be watching how you work with a team.9 But remember the warning about informality: however friendly and co-operative the other participants are, do not give way to the idea that you are there just to be friends.10 Routine questions can be rehearsed, but "don't go on too long", advises the department head. They may well ask: "what have been your worst/best moments when teaching?" , or want you to "talk about some good teaching you have done". The experts agree you should recognize your weaknesses and offer a strategy for overcoming them. "I know I've got to work on classroom management. I would hope for some help," perhaps. No one expects a new teacher to know it all, but they hope for an objective appraisal of capabilities.11 Be warned against inexpert questioning. You may be asked questions in such a way that it seems impossible to present your best features. Some questions may be plain silly, asked perhaps by people on the panel who are from outside the situation. Do not be thrown, have ways of circumnavigating it, and never, ever let them see that you think they have said something foolish.12 You will almost certainly be asked how you see the future and it is important to have a good answer prepared. Some peopleare put off by being asked what they expect to be doing in five or ten year's time. On your preliminary visit, says the department head, be sure to give them a bit of an interview of your own, to see the direction the department is going and what you could contribute to it.13 The headteacher offers his thoughts in a eight-point plan.1. Iron the application form! Then it stands out from everyone else's, which have been folded and battered in the post. It gives an initial impression which may get your application to the top of the pile.2. Ensure that your application is tailored to the particular school. Make the head feel you are writing directly to him or her.3. Put yourself at ease before you meet the interviewing panel, if you are nervous, you will talk too quickly. Before you enter the room remember that the people are human beings too; take away the mystique of their roles.4. Listen. There is danger of not hearing accurately what is being said. Make eye contact with the speakers, and with everyone in the room.5. Allow your warmth and humanity to be seen. A sense of humour is very important.6. Have a portfolio of your work that can link theory to practice. Many schools want you to show work. Fora primary appointment, give examples from the range of the curriculum, not just art. (For this reason, taking pictures on your teaching practice is important. )7. Prepare yourself in case you are asked to give a talk. Have prompt cards ready, and don't waffle.8. Your speech must be clear and articulate, with correct grammar. This is important: they want to hear you and they wantto hear how well you can communicate with children. Believe in yourself and have confidence. Some of the people asking the questions don't know much about what you do. Be ready to help them.14 Thus armed, you should have no difficulty at all. Good luck, and keep your jacket on!21. Ms Brenda Stevens suggests that before applying job applicants shouldA. go through each other's CVs.B. rehearse their answers to questions.C. understand thoroughly the situations.D. go to town to attend training courses.22. Is it wise to admit some of your weaknesses relating to work?A. Yes, but you should have ideas for improvement in the future.B. Yes, because it is natural to be weak in certain aspects.C. No, admitting weaknesses may put you at a disadvantage.D. No, it will only prompt the interviewers to reject you.23. The best way to deal with odd questions from the interviewers is toA. remain smiling and kindly point out the inaccuracies.B. keep calm and try to be tactful in your answers.C. say frankly what you think about the issues raised.D. suggest something else to get over your nervousness.24. The suggestions offered by the head teacher areA. original.B. ambiguous.C. practical.D. controversial.TEXT DFamily Matters1 This month Singapore passed a bill that would give legal teeth to the moral obligation to support one's parents. Called the Maintenance of Parents Bill, it received the backing of the Singapore Government.2 That does not mean it hasn't generated discussion. Several members of the Parliament opposed the measure as un-Asian. Others who acknowledged the problem of the elderly poor believed it a disproportionate response. Still others believe it will subvert relations within the family: cynics dubbed it the "Sue Your Son" law.3 Those who say that the bill does not promote filial responsibility, of course, are right. It has nothing to do with filial responsibility. It kicks in where filial responsibility fails. The law cannot legislate filial responsibility any more than it can legislate love. All the law can do is to provide a safety net where this morality provide insufficient. Singapore needs this bill not to replace morality, but to provide incentives to shore it up.4 Like many other developed nations, Singapore faces the problems of an increasing proportion of people over 60 years of age. Demography is inexorable. In 1980, 7.2% of the population was in this bracket. By the turn of the century, that figure will grow to 11%. By 2030, the proportion is projected to be 260%. The problem is not old age per se. It is that the ratio of economically active people to economically inactive people will decline.5 But no amount of government exhortation or paternalism will completely eliminate the problem of old people who have insufficient means to make ends meet. Some people will fallthrough the holes in any safety net.6 Traditionally, a person's insurance against poverty in his old age was his family. This is not a revolutionary concept. Nor is it uniquely Asian. Care and support for one's parents is a universal value shared by all civilized societies.7 The problem in Singapore is that the moral obligation to look after one's parents is unenforceable. A father can be compelled by law to maintain his children. A husband can be forced to support his wife. But, until now, a son or daughter had no legal obligation to support his or her parents.8 In 1989, an Advisory Council was set up to look into the problems of the aged. Its report stated with a tinge of complacency that 95% of those who did not have their own income were receiving cash contributions from relations. But what about the 5% who aren't getting relatives' support? They have several options: (a) get a job and work until they die; (b) apply for public assistance (you have to be destitute to apply); or (c) starve quietly.None of these options is socially acceptable. And what if this 5% figure grows, as it is likely to do, as society ages?9 The Maintenance of Parents Bill was put forth to encourage the traditional virtues that have so far kept Asian nations from some of the breakdowns encountered in other affluent societies. This legislation will allow a person to apply to the court for maintenance from any or all of his children. The court would have the discretion to refuse to make an order if it is unjust.10 Those who deride the proposal for opening up the courts to family lawsuits miss the point. Only in extreme cases would any parent take his child to court. If it does indeed become law, the bill's effect would be far more subtle.11 First, it will reaffirm the notion that it is each individual's —not society's —responsibility to look after his parents. Singapore is still conservative enough that most people will not object to this idea. It reinforces the traditional values and it doesn't hurt a society now and then to remind itself of its core values.12 Second, and more important, it will make those who are inclined to shirk their responsibilities think twice. Until now, if a person asked family elders, clergymen or the Ministry of Community Development to help get financial support from his children, the most they could do was to mediate. But mediators have no teeth, and a child could simply ignore their pleas.13 But to be sued by one's parents would be a massive loss of face. It would be a public disgrace. Few people would be so thick-skinned as to say." Sue and be damned. "The hand of the conciliator would be immeasurably strengthened. It is far more likely that some sort of amicable settlement would be reached if the recalcitrant Son or daughter knows that the alternative is a public trial.14 It would be nice to think that Singapore doesn't need this kind of law. But that belief ignores the clear demographic trends and the effect of affluence itself on traditional bonds. Those of us who pushed for the bill will consider ourselves most successful if it acts as an incentive not to have it invoked in the first place.25. The Maintenance of Parents BillA. received unanimous support in the Singapore Parliament.B. was believed to solve all the problems of the elderly poor.C. was intended to substitute for traditional values in Singapore.D. was passed to make the young more responsible to theold.26. By quoting the growing percentage points of the aged in the population, the author seems to imply thatA. the country will face mounting problems of the old in future.B. the social welfare system would be under great pressure.C. young people should be given more moral education.D. the old should be provided with means of livelihood.27. Which of the following statements is CORRECT?A. Filial responsibility in Singapore is enforced by law.B. Fathers have legal obligations to look after their children.C. It is an acceptable practice for the old to continue working.D. The Advisory Council was dissatisfied with the problems of the old.28. The author seems to suggest that traditional valuesA. play an insignificant role in solving social problems.B. are helpful to the elderly when they sue their children.C. are very important in preserving Asian uniqueness.D. are significant in helping the Bill get approved.29. The author thinks that if the Bill becomes law, its effect would beA. indirect.B. unnoticed.C. apparent.D. straightforward.30. At the end of the passage, the author seems to imply that success of the Bill depends uponA. strict enforcement.B. public support.C. government assurance.。
LEC8-设备管理_2008
• 两个问题
–首先，程序被挂起，等待相对比较慢的I/O完成。
–第二个问题是这种I/O方法干扰了操作系统的交换决策。
在数据块传送期间，从1000到1511的虚地址单元必须保
留在主存中，否则，某些数据就有可能丢失。如果使用
了分页机制，那么至少需要将包括目标地址单元的页锁
定在主存中。
24
I/O Buffering
2
I/O Management
• I/O Devices • Organization of the I/O Function • Operating System Design Issues • I/O Buffering • Disk Scheduling • RAID • Disk Cache • Design I/O Management System • Windows I/O
8
Techniques for Performing I/O
可编程I/O： 处理器代表进程给I/O模块发送一个I/O命令，该 进程进入忙等待，等待操作的完成，然后才可以继续执行。
中断驱动I/O: 处理器代表进程向I/O模块发出一个命令，然后 继续执行后续指令，当I/O模块完成工作后，处理器被该模块 中断。如果该进程不需要等待I/O完成，则后续指令可以仍是 该进程中的指令，否则，该进程在这个中断上被挂起，处理器 执行其他工作。
I/O Management
• I/O Devices • Organization of the I/O Function • Operating System Design Issues • I/O Buffering • Disk Scheduling • RAID • Disk Cache • Design I/O Management System • Windows I/O
Lecture 8
• 他们同意分工干，每人翻译全书的三分之 一。They agreed on a division of labor, each to translate one third of the book. • 村上的人三三两两来访问工作队，有的是 来求教的，有的是来讨消息的。 • The villagers came in twos and threes to visit the working team, some to seek advice, some to get news.
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她一只手提个篮子，内中有个破碗，空的， 另一只手拿着一根比他自己还高的竹竿， 下端开了裂。 In one hand she carried a basket in which was broken bowl, empty. In the other she held a bamboo pole, longer than herself, split at the bottom.
• To tell you the truth, I drank so much wine that I remember nothing. 老实告诉你，我 喝酒太多了，以至于什么都记不清了。 • To begin with, we must consider the problem all-sided. 首先，我们必须全面考 虑这个问题。
• 他是一位天才的语言学家，他对德、法、 英等语言同样精通。 • A gifted linguist, he was equally at home in French, German, and English.
第三类：独立不定式：表示让步，条件，结 果，以及插入成分
• 尽管活上一千年，一个人也学不够。To live a thousand years, one may not learn enough. • 即使走遍天涯海角，也找不到像这样的东西。To go to the world’s end, you could not find another like it. • To hear him speak English, one would take him for an Englishman. • 他扑通一声掉到海里，再也没有起来。He fell plop into the sea, never to rise again. • 他一去不复返。He is gone, never to return. • to say nothing of, not to speak of, not to mention.
EXERCISES OF THE LECTURE-8
Exercise IVDirections: Fill in blanks by choosing a proper answer from the four alternatives given after the passage.Beer is nearly as old as recorded history. Man is believed 1 brewing beer at about the same time he learned 2 bread. Archaeological evidence indicates that beer was produced in Mesopotamia around 6,000 B.C. In the earliest 3 civilization, ancient Summer in the Near East, about forty percent of the grain crop went 4 beer, and beer was apparently also used as a kind of currency by the local nobility.Beer, bread, and onions probably formed the basic diet of the ancient Egyptian people, and some of their beer had an alcoholic content of up to twelve percent. The Greeks carried the art of 5 from Egypt into Europe, and the Romans learned about beer 6 during their conquest of Greece. Brewing rapidly took hold in northern and western Europe where 7 was impractical because of the weather.1. a. to start b. to have started c. started d. having started2. a. making b. how to have made c. how to make d. how to have made3. a. known b. know c. to be known d. knowing4. a. making beer b. make c. to make d. to making5. a. brewing b. to brew c. brew d. how to brew6. a. drink b. drinking c. to drink d. drunk7. a. grape-growth b. grape-grow c. grape-growing d. grow-grapeKeys:1. a2. c3. a4. c5. a6. c7. cExercise VDirections: Translate the following sentences.1. 我最喜欢的运动是游泳。
1 Syntax_II
Wang Xiang
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Noam Chomsky
Chomsky, born in 1928, published a book in 1957 called Syntactic Structures in which he first outlined his ideas about “generative grammar”. This foundation stone brought about a whole new way of thinking in linguistics last century. His ideas shifted radically from those of structuralism and behaviorism. Transformational-generative grammar(TG grammar) is now the most influential linguistic theory.
Focus Methodology Languagelearning
Morphemes Inductive Em(行为主义)
Sentences Deductive(generate infinite sentences from the finite rules) Rationalism(理性主义 ), 3 mentalism(心灵主义)
Language is somewhat innate. Human babies are somehow predisposed to acquire a language.
There are aspects of linguistic organization that are basic to human brain and that it makes it possible for human infants to acquire linguistic competence in all its complexity with little or no instruction from others. 8
Lecture 8
• The Vanity of Human Wishes: a 1749 poem by Samuel Johnson. It was completed while Johnson was busy writing A Dictionary of the English Language. • The poem focuses on human futility but concludes that Christian values are important to living properly. The Vanity of Human Wishes emphasizes philosophy over politics. The poem was not a financial success, but later critics considered it to be Johnson's greatest poem.
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Seven years, my Lord, have now passed, since I waited in your outward rooms, or was repulsed from your door; during which time I have been pushing on my work through difficulties, of which it is useless to complain, and have brought it, at last, to the verge of publication, without one act of assistance, one word of encouragement, or one smile of favour. Such treatment I did not expect, for I never had a patron before. The Shepherd in Virgil grew at last acquainted with Love, and found him a native of the rocks. Is not a Patron my Lord, one who looks with unconcern on a man struggling for life in the water, and, when he has reached ground, encumbers him with help? The notice which you have been pleased to take of my labours, had it been early, had been kind; but it has been delayed till I am indifferent, and cannot enjoy it: till I am solitary, and cannot impart it; till I am known, and do not want it. I hope it is no very cynical asperity not to confess obligations where no benefit has been received, or to be unwilling that the public should consider me as owing that to a Patron, which providence has enabled me to do for myself. Having carried on my work thus far with so little obligation to any favourer of learning, I shall not be disappointed though I should conclude it, if less be possible, with less; for I have been long wakened from that dream of hope, in which I once boasted myself with so much exultation,
2023年中考英语复习之数词
2023年中考英语复习之数词一．选择题（共25小题）1．（2022•东营）Dentist：Madam，twenty﹣five dollars for pulling your son's tooth，please.Madam：Twenty﹣five dollars!But you told me five dollars each patient.Dentist：Yes.But your son cried so loud.He scared away （吓跑）______ other patients.（）A．four B．five C．twenty D．twenty﹣five 2．（2022•西藏）The______day of October is National Day.（）A．one B．two C．first D．second 3．（2022•鞍山）—Did you watch the second "Tiangong lecture" （天宫课堂）on March 23，2022？—Yes，about two______students in our school watched it.（）A．thousand B．thousands of C．million D．millions of 4．（2022•济南）The couple have two kids.They are happy that they'll have the______one soon.（）A．first B．second C．third D．fourth 5．（2022•河池）Nowadays，_____birds fly to the warm south in winter.（）A．million B．millions C．two millions D．millions of 6．（2022•朝阳）﹣It is Mom's birthday next Wednesday.What should we do？﹣What about buying her flowers to show our love？（）A．forty；forty B．forty；fortieth C．fortieth；forty D．fortieth；fortieth 7．（2022•营口）Lily was angry because Jerry ate of her twelve apples secretly.Now she has only four left.（）A．a quarter B．one third C．a half D．two thirds 8．（2022•郴州）About of my classmates help their parents do housework on weekends.（）A．two fifths B．second five C．second fifths9．（2022•百色）There are people in the picture，and the one from the left is me.（）A．eight；third B．eight；three C．eighth；third D．eighth；three10．（2022•黑龙江）The Great Wall is a symbol of China.It attracts _____ travelers from all over the world to visit it.（）A．millions of B．ten million of C．ten millions11．（2022•铜仁市）﹣I have been to Mount Fanjing three times.What about you？﹣I have been there three times，too.And I would like to visit it a_____time.（）A．three B．third C．four D．fourth 12．（2022•绥化）There are paintings on exhibition（展览）. works were created by young artists.（）A．two hundred；Two hundreds B．two hundreds；Hundreds ofC．hundreds of；Two hundred13．（2022•黔东南州）一is the population of Guizhou？一It has more than people.（）A．How much；thirty﹣eight millions of B．How many；thirty﹣eight million ofC．What；thirty﹣eight million D．How large；thirty﹣eight millions 14．（2022•宿迁）—People in our town planted ________ trees on Tree Planting Day.—Good job!Everyone can do something to make our town greener.（）A．hundred B．hundred of C．hundreds D．hundreds of 15．（2022•齐齐哈尔）In our city museum，there are many old things from two years ago on show.（）A．thousands B．thousands of C．thousand16．（2022•武威）﹣This will be my______visit to the Great Wall.I'm really excited.﹣Really？I can't believe you've never been there yet.You arrived in Beijing almost a year ago!（）A．first B．second C．third D．fourth 17．（2022•定西）﹣This will be my visit to the Great Wall.I'm really excited.﹣Really？I can't believe you've never been there yet.You arrived in Beijing almost a year ago!（）A．first B．second C．third D．fourth18．（2022•鼓楼区校级二模）—What do you think of the community here？—Wonderful!__________of the land__________covered with trees and grass.（）A．Two fifths；is B．One fifth；areC．Two fifths；are19．（2022•四平模拟）It is reported that____ people lose their lives because of the COVID﹣19 every day.（）A．thousand of B．thousands ofC．five thousand of20．（2022•香坊区模拟）E﹣waste is the world' s fastest﹣growing type of waste.The world's e ﹣waste will reach _____tons by 2030.We should do something to reduce it.（）A．74.7 million B．74.7 millionsC．74.7 millions of21．（2022•广陵区校级一模）The students in my school sent books to a mountain village school last month.（）A．two thousands of B．two thousandC．two thousand of D．two thousands22．（2022•前进区二模）We will celebrate the birthday of the Chinese Communist Party （中国共产党）July 1st，2022.（）A．100th ，in B．101th，at C．101st，on 23．（2022•咸宁模拟）The number of the cars in our neighbourhood about eight .（）A．is；hundred B．are；hundredC．is；hundreds D．are；hundreds24．（2022•道里区一模）Today is my birthday.I want to get a good grade as my birthday present.（）A．forty B．fifteenth C．fifteen25．（2022•钟山县一模）Nowadays，about of adults like HUAWEI phones better.（）A．two thirds B．two thirdC．second thirds D．second threes2023年中考英语复习之数词参考答案与试题解析一．选择题（共25小题）1．（2022•东营）Dentist：Madam，twenty﹣five dollars for pulling your son's tooth，please.Madam：Twenty﹣five dollars!But you told me five dollars each patient.Dentist：Yes.But your son cried so loud.He scared away （吓跑）______ other patients.（）A．four B．five C．twenty D．twenty﹣five【考点】基数词．【分析】牙医：女士，你儿子拔牙25美元。
lecture8语法词汇--虚拟语气
Lecture Eight Subjunctive Mood 虚拟语气
课程：英语语言测试（英语专业四级考试辅导）
English Language Testing (A Training Course for TEM4)
LOGO
题型：
注意：suggest 当表示“暗示、表明“讲时，insist 表示”坚 持认为“之意时，应用陈述语气。
The smile on his face suggested that he __our work. （satisfied) 答案： was satisfied with
他脸上的表情表明他对我们的工作很满意．
3.含蓄条件句
假设情况并不用条件从句表示，而是用介词
短语、上下文或其他方式来表示，其谓语动 词常用虚拟语气。 But for the English examination, I would have gone to the concert last Sunday. Under another social system, such floods would have caused terrible disasters. I was ill that day. Otherwise I would have taken part in the parade.
My idea is that we (should ) think it over before accepting it. My suggestion that we (should) have a meeting has been accepted by others. We all agree to that suggestion that the meeting (should) be put off.
Lecture 8 (1)
April 28, 2011 Lecture 8Education（1）Education is very important to any culture in the world. Generally speaking, systems of formal and informal education seek to meet the perceived （认知上的）needs of societies. Thus, in every culture, schools serve multiple functions.First, it helps fashion the individual, or helps the formation of characters（性格）.Second, schools are places where a culture’s history and traditions are passed from generation to generation.In another words, education is the transmission of civilization.Third, education equips students with conventional and modern knowledge and skill, so that they may make a living upon leaving school.Finally, schools play a big role in teaching the informal knowledge of a culture, such as basic values and beliefs, rules of correct conduct (formal behavior) and the like.I. Education in the United StatesPre-school, sometimes called kindergarten, is available privately, but public schools don’t always provide this. Most pre-school aged children stay at private day care or go to kindergarten while their parents are working.When children are six years old, they enter the first year of public school. In general, local property taxes pay for the publicschools from the 1st through the 12th grades. This means that in rich neighborhoods the schools are very nice, and in poor neighborhoods schools are poor.The system of elementary and high school in U.S.A.Notes:Freshman, sophomore, junior, and senior areused to describe years 1, 2, 3, and 4 of high school, respectively. The same four terms are used also at the college or university level. The statement, “John is a freshman”, does not clarify if he is in college or high school.Higher Education in the U.S.Definition:Any education that is above education of senior high school belongs to higher education.School, college, and universityWhat do the terms of “college”and “school” mean?What is the difference between a college and a university?“School”is a general term. School may refer to different level educational institutions. It’s real meaning all depends.“College” is also a general term.In general conversation, the term “college”is used to describe any educational institution above high school level.UniversityA university usually consists of several colleges. Canadian, English, and Australians are more likely to use the word “university”than Americans.Any person may enter college anytime. It is said that schools are “easy to get into, but hard to get out of”. Many people change careers by returning to school to get an education in a different field than they work in, or get additional education in the field they currently work in. Anyone may change his/hermajor at any time.“College”includes vocational schools and academic schools. A vocational school is a school that trains its students in blue- collar trades, such as automobile mechanics, welding, hair styling, electronic technician, and many others. Sometimes vocational colleges are referred to as “technical” schools.The tuitions.Most states charge higher tuition to people who have recently moved into a state, or have a permanent residence in another state. As most of the money college level schools get comes from state taxes, and foreigners and out-of-state residents don’t pay these taxes, they must pay higher tuition.Trade / Technical school and community collegeTrade/Technical schools belong to the field of vocational education. Practice is more stressed in such kinds of schools. For instance, in a mechanic trade (technical) school about 30% of the time is spent in classroom and the rest is hands on training. The teacher and student have a true journeyman –apprentice relationship（师徒关系）.Generally speaking, student requires about two years of technical training to become an automobile mechanic.Community collegesCommunity colleges provide not only special technical training, but also the first two years of academic courses required to complete a bachelor degree at a university. People choose to do this because it is cheaper. In the U.S. most communities have those colleges. These schools have two functions:First, they allow students to obtain technical degrees.Second, by completing the first two years of an academic degree, the students can transfer to a university.Community colleges, technical school, and vocational schools have programs that are centered on the needs of industry. These kinds of schools allow you to earn two-year technical degrees or specialized training certificates needed for a blue collar careers. Positions such as,electronic technician,computer repair technician,x-ray technician,computer network engineer,beautician,machinist,and other skilled labor jobs.Learning to be a network engineer, computer repairman, or other “hands on”computer professional only requires about eight months of training. Private schools throughout the U.S. provide the necessary training to obtain a network engineering certifications from all of the major computer companies. As with most computer fields, experience weighs as heavily as formal education when looking for a job.Computer programmers are self-learners, most are working with computer languages they picked up on the job, not in school. Due to the fast changing nature of the business, skill is more important than education level in most computer programming jobs. New languages are being introduced all the time; if computer programmers do not continually study new languages, they will fall behind very quickly.II. Cultural influences on educationAs cultures vary in what they emphasize, there is cultural diversity in educational concepts and practices. For example, there are different ways of performing teaching.Basically, two ways, which can be seen from the Chinese proverb: “Give a man a fish and you feed him for a day. Teach a man to fish and you feed him for a lifetime.”There are differences inhow students participate in the learning process,what role teachers play,how much authority is vested in the teacher, and so on.Now let us deal with some of the educational differences between Chinese and American cultures.Some differences in the way teaching and learning1.Most American educators assume that student participation in classroom discussion has vital values.Because of this belief, American and other Western teachers generally hope to encourage informal discussions and debates in their classes or seminars.But Chinese students are not used to making comments or asking questions in class.Some of them even view this kind of discussion as a waste of precious time that ought to be used by the teacher to deliver intellectual treasures to the students. The most important reason may be that Chinese tradition does not value self-expression. There are also some practical reasons given by some students for their reluctance to speak.Poor students in a certain subject usually say they are afraid of losing face if they speak since they may say something stupid.Outstanding / top students usually say that they fear being looked upon as showoffs by their classmates (also creating loss of face) if they speak too often or say something that are obviously brilliant.Average students seem to have the least reluctance to speak; they say, however, that there is no point in their speaking unless they have something really valuable to contribute.2. In China,the transmission of knowledge is oriented more toward theory than toward practice or application, so memorization of details and facts is important.In contrast, in the United States theemphasis is on knowing where to find facts and how to use them creatively.3. American teachers tend to use books merely as sources of opinions or interpretations.Whereas, books in China have been traditionally taken as the sources of authority.4. In American classrooms, experimental learning, problem solving, case studies, and participatory teaching methods are practiced.In Chinese classroom teaching should be clearly structured, and information-packed.5. In America. Tests are more used to gauge (judge/measure) a student’s progress.In China tests are extremely important because they are viewed as the absolutedeterminants of a student’s future.6. A typical strategy of American university teachers is to lecture on some aspects of their course subject but expect other aspects to be covered by the assigned readings. Chinese students are not used to this kind of assignment.7. American professors often give essay tests on which they expect their students to discuss an issue from several points of view; typically, such tests are graded not on the basis of right and wrong answers but rather of command of information and quality of reasoning.American professors hate plagiarism. This attitude may lead to misunderstanding with Chinese students who may repeat on a test verbatim (一字不差的)，repeating the actual words exactly something previouslyread and memorized in the belief that this is a widely approved way to attain a high mark.Discussion:As things are changing rapidly in the education sector in China, some of the differences may have been changed. Please talk about the changes if there’s any.。
2024年英语专八真题及参考答案
TEST FOR ENGLISH MAJORS(2024)-GRADE EIGHT-TIME LIMIT: 150MINLISTENING COMPREHENSION PART ISECTION A (25MIN)MINI-LECTUREIn this section you will hear a mini-lecture.You will hear the mini-lecture ONCE ONLY.While listening to the mini-lecture,complete the gap-filling task on ANSWER SHEET ONE and write NO MORE THAN THREE WORDS for each gap. Make sure what you fill in is both grammatically and semantically acceptable.You may use the blank sheet for note-taking.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the gap-filling task.Now,listen to the mini-lecture.When it is over,you will be given THREE minutes to check your work.SECTION B INTERVIEWIn this section you will hear TWO interviews.At the end of each interview,five questions will be asked about what was said.Both the interviews and the questions will be read ONCE ONLY.After each question there will be a ten-second pause. During the pause,you should read the four choices of A,B,C and D,and mark the best answer to each question on ANSWER SHEET TWO.You have THIRTY seconds to preview the choices.Now,listen to the first interview.Questions1to5are based on the first interview1. A.It is more demanding.C.It is too theoretical.2. A.It is more memorable.C.It is limited to the time of writing.3. A.Readership. B.It is quite relaxing.D.It is more aesthetic.B.It focuses on aesthetic issues.D.It has different themes and subjects.B.Viewpoint.D.Theme.B.Minor novels.D.Novels of CentralC.Purpose.4. A.Gothic novels.Europe.C.Science fiction.5. A.There will still be a few options.B.Confusion will continue among readers.C.Novels will certainly become a rarity.D.People will go on buying literary books.Now,listen to the second interview.Questions6to10are based on the second interview.6. A.Three feet.C.Six inches.7. A.Number of satellites. B.Eight inches.D.Six feetB.Height of ice surface.D.Gravity in Antarctica.B.Changes in height. D.Increase inC.Amount of snowfall.8. A.Decrease in ice sheet.snowfall.C.Changes in gravitational pull.9. A.Eliminating carbon in the atmosphere.B.Reducing climate pollution emissions.C.Continuing height measurement.D.Producing more accurate predictions.10.A.Climate change and its consequences.B.Effects of climate change on coastal areas.C.New findings from satellite data.D.Proposals to slow down climate change.PART II READING COMPREHENSION(45MIN) SECTION A MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONSIn this section there are three passages followed by fourteen multiple choice questions.For each multiple choice question,there are four suggested answers marked A,B,C and D.Choose the one that you think is the best answer and mark your answers on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE(1)If the properties of human language make it such a unique communication system,quite different from the communication systems of other creatures,then it would seem extremely unlikely that other creatures would be able to understand it.Some humans,however,do not behave as if this is the case.There is,after all,a lot of spoken language directed by humans to animals,apparently under the impression that the animal follows what is being said. Riders can say Whoa to horses and they stop.Should we treat these examples as evidence that non-humans can understand human language?Probably not.The standard explanation is that the animal produces a particular behavior in response to a particular sound-stimulus or noise,but does not actually“understand”what the words in the noise mean.(2)In an early attempt to teach a chimpanzee to use human language,in the1930s,two scientists(Luella and Winthrop Kellogg)raised an infant chimpanzee together with their baby son.The chimpanzee,called Gua,was reported to be able to understand about a hundred words,but did not“say”any of them.In the1940s,a chimpanzee named Viki was reared by another scientist couple(Catherine and Keith Hayes)in their own home,exactly as if she were a human child.These foster parents spent five years attempting to get Viki to“say”English words by trying to shape her mouth as she produced sounds.Viki eventually managed to produce some words,rather poorly articulated versions of“mama”,“papa”and“cup”.In retrospect,this was a remarkable achievement since it has become clear that non-human primates do not actually have a physically structured vocal tract which is suitable for articulating the sounds used in speech.(3)Recognizing that a chimpanzee was a poor candidate for spoken language learning,another scientist couple (Beatrix and Allen Gardner)set out to teach a female chimpanzee called Washoe to use a version of American Sign Language.This sign language has all the essential properties of human language and is learned by many congenitally deaf children as their natural first language.From the beginning,the Gardner’s and their research assistants raised Washoe like a human child in a comfortable domestic environment.Sign language was always used when Washoe was around and she was encouraged to use signs.In a period of three and a half years,Washoe came to use signs for more than a hundred words.Even more impressive was Washoe’s ability to take these forms and combine them to produce“sentences”of the type“gimme tickle”,“more fruit”and“open food drink”.Some of the forms appear to have been inventions by Washoe,as in her novel sign for“bib”and in the combination“water bird”(referring to a swan),which would seem to indicate that her communication system had the potential for productivity.(4)At the same time as Washoe was learning sign language,another chimpanzee named Sarah was being taught (by Ann and David Premack)to use a set of plastic shapes for the purpose of communicating with humans.These plastic shapes represented“words”that could be arranged in sequence to build“sentences”.The basic approach was quite different from that of the Gardner’s.Sarah was systematically trained to associate these shapes with objects or actions.She remained an animal in a cage,being trained with food rewards to manipulate a set of symbols.Once she had learned to use a large number of these plastic shapes,Sarah was capable of getting an apple by selecting the correct plastic shape(a blue triangle)from a large array.Sarah was also capable of producing“sentences”such as “Mary give chocolate Sarah”and had the impressive capacity to understand complex structures such as“If Sarah put red on green,Mary give Sarah chocolate”.(5)A psychologist Herbert Terrace argued that chimpanzees simply produce signs in response to the demands of people and tend to repeat signs those people use,yet they are treated as if they are taking part in a“conversation”.As in many critical studies of animal learning,the chimpanzees’behavior is viewed as a type of conditioned response to cues provided by human trainers.(6)Important lessons have been learned from attempts to teach chimpanzees how to use forms of language.We have answered some questions.Were Washoe and Sarah capable of taking part in interaction with humans by using asymbol system chosen by humans and not chimpanzees?The answer is clearly“Yes.”Could Washoe and Sarah go on to perform linguistically on a level comparable to a two-year-old child?The answer is just as clearly“No.”In arriving at these answers,we have also had to face the fact that,even with our list of key properties,we still don’t seem to have a non-controversial definition of what counts as“using language”.It has to be fair to say that,in both cases,we observe the participants“using language”.However,there is a difference.Underlying the two-year-old’s communicative activity is the capacity to develop a highly complex system of sounds and structures,plus a set of computational procedures,which will allow the child to produce extended discourse containing a potentially infinite number of novel utterances.No other creature has been observed“using language”in this sense.It is in this more fundamental or abstract sense that we say that language is uniquely human.11.What can we learn from the two attempts in Para.2?A.Being raised with a human child is essential.B.Mouth shaping is crucial in language learning.C.Time length is an important factor in experiments.D.Non-human creatures are different in vocal tracts.12.Which of the following statements about Washoe and Sarah is INCORRECT?A.They were taught in different approaches.B.They were raised in similar environments.C.They were somewhat innovative in expression.D.They were non-human primates for experiments.13.Which of the following is a conditioned response to human cues?A.“Mama”and“cup”(Viki).C.“Water bird”(Washoe).14.What is the topic of the B.“Open food drink”(Washoe).D.“Mary give chocolate Sarah”(Sarah).passage?A.Animal behavior and language.C.Animals and human language.B.Animal communication system.D.Animals and human behavior. PASSAGE TWO(1)It was well past midnight this past July and the round-the-clock Arctic sun was shining on Mercy Bay. Exhausted Parks Canada archaeologist Ryan Harris was experiencing a rare moment of rest on the rocky beach, looking out over the bay’s dark,ice-studded water.Around him,a dozen red-and-yellow tents lined the shoreline—the only signs of life.Every day for the previous two weeks,work had started by mid-morning and continued nonstop for16hours.Night and day had little relevance in the murky,near-freezing waters.Along with Parks Canada’s chief of underwater archaeology,Marc-Andre Bernier,Harris has overseen more than100dives at this remote inlet of Banks Island in Aulavik National Park,exploring the wreck of HMS Investigator,a British vessel that has sat on the bottom of the bay for more than160years.(2)Harris and a small team of archaeologists had discovered Investigator in2010and returned in2011with a larger team to dive,study,and document the wreck,which holds a critical place in the history of Arctic exploration. Twenty-five feet below the surface,Investigator sits upright,intact,and remarkably well preserved.Silt covers everything below the main deck,entombing the officers’cabins,the ship’s galley,and a full library.The archaeologists had intended to leave the wreck and its artifacts where they had lain since the polar ship was abandoned, trapped in ice,on June3,1853.Artifact recovery was not part of their original plan,but that plan changed after their first few dives.(3)The team was instantly surprised by the number of artifacts they saw—muskets(火枪),shoes,and hunks of copper sheathing rested on Investigator’s upper deck,dangled off the hull,or lay haphazardly on the sediment. Leaving these artifacts behind in Mercy Bay would have made them vulnerable to the icebergs that regularly scour the bay’s floor,including the ones the six-man dive team had been dodging since their arrival.(4)Each piece fished from the water was a clue to life at sea aboard a ship during a period of British fervor for Arctic exploration.The captain of Investigator,Robert McClure,was originally sent to find and rescue two ships, HIMS Erebus and HMS Terror,that Sir John Franklin had led into the Arctic in1845to discover the long-sought Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.Investigator’s voyage ended,without sight or word of Franklin’s ships or crew,when it was set upon by ice in Mercy Bay.After39months at sea,the listing ship sat,slowly being crushed on all sides,for three frigid years—with no Inuit encounters,no British search parties,and no relief. For much of that time,McClure and his crew of60were desperate and under constant threat of starvation,until a surprising rescue in the spring of1853.Fifty-five men survived the ordeal.(5)In July2010,after months of study to pinpoint Investigator’s resting place,the actual discovery of the wreck took just a few minutes.Harris was in the bay in an inflatable boat testing sonar equipment when the wreck came into range.The four hours of video gathered on that trip showed that the ship was,in essence,frozen in time,protected by the cold water and opaque,light-blocking ice cover.It would be a year before they could return with cold-water diving equipment to have a closer,more detailed look.Over that year,the Parks Canada team pored over photographs and examined glowing gold ultrasound images that showed timber from the wreck scattered across the upper deck like matchsticks.They sought and received the blessing for a more intensive exploration of the wreck site from the136 residents of Sachs Harbour,an Inuvialuit(Inuit from the western Arctic)community on the southwestern tip of Banks Island,the closest permanent community,some125miles away.In addition to the underwater work to document the wreck,archaeologist Henry Cary led a land-based survey and excavation team of Inuvialuit archaeologists, conservation officers,and park staff.It fell upon Cary to shuttle the8,820pounds of equipment up to the74th parallel, including tents,a three-week supply of food,two boats,diving gear,compressors,recording equipment,surveying tools,and20barrels for collecting fresh drinking water.(6)The archaeologists came prepared for delays,nasty weather,and polar bears—but they weren’t prepared for the number of artifacts that needed recovery.Harris,Bernier,Cary,and their crews had packed cameras,lasers,and measuring tapes to document the sites but fewer items to help them retrieve,excavate,or transfer artifacts.Recovering the wreck’s finds quickly used up their small toolkit for stabilizing artifacts:foam padding,tongue depressors,and gauze bandages.(7)“We had not really envisioned the number of artifacts that were visible and exposed on the deck.So,basically, we had to improvise,”says Bernier.(8)Someone ripped the lid of a large black storage case off its hinges to use as a cradle to lift a bent and corroded musket from the frigid waters.A large food cooler was loaded with a shredded,twisted,oxidized sample of the copper sheathing used by the British navy to reinforce their Arctic fleet for contact with icebergs.To protect a fragile rectangle of encrusted felt—a novel addition to Investigator that was intended to keep the ship watertight—Harris fashioned a cover out of absorbent chamois(鹿皮),ripped up an old black T-shirt to place underneath it,and sandwiched the artifact between floorboards taken from the boat that had shuttled them between land and the wreck. The artifacts then made a more than4,000-mile journey,by helicopter and commercial airliner,to the Parks Canada conservation lab in Ottawa,where they are being conserved and studied today.15.Which of the following details about the underwater exploration is CORRECT?A.Work started on the ship wreck during the team’s second trip.B.The original plan was to explore the ship and retrieve the artifacts.C.The team spent their nights near a local residents’community.D.The team began exploring the ship wreck soon after its discovery.16.What can we learn about Investigator?A.It was sent to discover a new sea passage.B.Its actual discovery was time-consuming.C.It got in touch with Erebus and Terror.D.It got stuck in ice and was later abandoned.17.Why did Bernier say that they had to improvise(Para.7)?A.They had to fight against the treacherous weather.B.They had little time to pack and stabilize those artifacts.C.They did not have proper tools to excavate so many artifacts.D.They had no idea what those artifacts were used for on board.18.Which of the following words best describes the archaeologists’way of protecting the retrieved artifacts?A.Incredible.B.Innovative.C.Imaginable.D.Inefficient.19.The last paragraph mentions all the following EXCEPT______A.who made the artifacts.C.what artifacts were recovered.B.where the artifacts were sent.D.how the artifacts were protected. PASSAGE THREE(1)My father was,I am sure,intended by nature to be a cheerful,kindly man.Until he was thirty-four years oldhe worked as a farmhand for a man named Thomas Butterworth whose place lay near the town of Bidwell.He had then a horse of his own and on Saturday evenings drove into town to spend a few hours in social intercourse with other farmhands.In town he drank several glasses of beer and stood about in Ben Head’s saloon—crowded on Saturday evenings with visiting farmhands.Songs were sung and glasses thumped on the bar.At ten o’clock father drove home along a lonely country road,made his horse comfortable for the night and himself went to bed,quite happy in his position in life.He had at that time no notion of trying to rise in the world.(2)It was in the spring of his thirty-fifth year that father married my mother,then a country school teacher,and inthe following spring I came wriggling and crying into the world.Something happened to the two people.They became ambitious.The passion for getting up in the world took possession of them.(3)It may have been that mother was responsible.Being a school teacher she had no doubt read books andmagazines.She had,I presume,read of how some people rose from poverty to fame and greatness and as I lay beside her—in the days of her lying-in—she may have dreamed that I would someday rule men and cities.At any rate she induced father to give up his place as a farmhand,sell his horse and embark on an independent enterprise of his own.She was a tall silent woman with a long nose and troubled grey eyes.For herself she wanted nothing.For father and myself she was incurably ambitious.(4)The first venture into which the two people went turned out badly.They rented ten acres of poor stony landon Griggs’s Road,eight miles from Bidwell,and launched into chicken raising.I grew into boyhood on the place and got my first impressions of life there.From the beginning they were impressions of disaster and if,in my turn,I am a gloomy man inclined to see the darker side of life,I attribute it to the fact that what should have been for me the happy joyous days of childhood were spent on a chicken farm.(5)One unversed in such matters can have no notion of the many and tragic things that can happen to a chicken.It is born out of an egg,lives for a few weeks as a tiny fluffy thing such as you will see pictured on Easter cards,then becomes hideously naked,eats quantities of corn and meal bought by the sweat of your father’s brow,gets diseases called pip,cholera,and other names,stands looking with stupid eyes at the sun,becomes sick and dies.A few hens and now and then a rooster,intended to serve God’s mysterious ends,struggle through to maturity.The hens lay eggs out of which come other chickens and the dreadful cycle is thus made complete.It is all unbelievably complex.Most philosophers must have been raised on chicken farms.One hopes for so much from a chicken and is so dreadfully disillusioned.Small chickens,just setting out on the journey of life,look so bright and alert and they are in fact so dreadfully stupid.They are so much like people they mix one up in one’s judgments of life.If disease does not kill them they wait until your expectations are thoroughly aroused and then walk under the wheels of a wagon—to go squashed and dead back to their maker.Vermin infest their youth,and fortunes must be spent for curative powders.(6)For ten years my father and mother struggled to make our chicken farm pay and then they gave up thatstruggle and began another.They decided to move into the town of Bidwell,and embarked in the restaurant business. 5After ten years of worry with incubators that did not hatch,and with tiny—and in their own way lovely—balls of fluff that passed on into semi-naked pullethood and from that into dead henhood,we threw all aside,packed our belongings on a wagon and drove down Griggs’s Road toward Bidwell,a tiny caravan of hope looking for a new place from which to start on our upward journey through life.(7)We must have been a sad looking lot,not,I fancy,unlike refugees fleeing from a battlefield.Mother and I walked in the road.The wagon that contained our goods had been borrowed for the day from Mr.Albert Griggs,a neighbor.Out of its sides stuck the legs of cheap chairs and at the back of the pile of beds,tables,and boxes filled with kitchen utensils was a crate of live chickens,and on top of that the baby carriage in which I had been wheeled about in my infancy.Why we stuck to the baby carriage I don’t know.It was unlikely other children would be born and the wheels were broken.People who have few possessions cling tightly to those they have.That is one of the facts that make life so discouraging.(8)Father rode on top of the wagon.He was then a bald-headed man of forty-five,a little fat and from long association with mother and the chickens he had become habitually silent and discouraged.All during our ten years on the chicken farm he had worked as a laborer on neighboring farms and most of the money he had earned had been spent for remedies to cure chicken diseases.There were two little patches of hair on father’s head just above his ears.I remember that as a child I used to sit looking at him when he had gone to sleep in a chair before the stove on Sunday afternoons in the winter.I had at that time already begun to read books and have notions of my own and the bald path that led over the top of his head was,I fancied,something like a broad road,such a road as Caesar might have made on which to lead his legions out of Rome and into the wonders of an unknown world.(9)One might write a book concerning our flight from the chicken farm into town.Mother and I walked the entire eight miles—she to be sure that nothing fell from the wagon and I to see the wonders of the world.20.The author describes his mother as______A.knowledgeable.B.responsible.C.imaginative.D.aspiring.21.What is Para.5intended to show?A.The specific steps of chicken raising.B.The difficulties of chicken raising.C.The excitement of the family.D.The expectations of the family.22.What does“our upward journey”in Para.6indicate?A.Their worries.B.Their struggle.C.Their ambition.D.Their resourcefulness.23.What is the relation between the two italicized sentences in Para.7?A.Temporal.B.Causal.C.Illustrative.D.Additive.24.Which of the following sentences in Paras.8and9indicates the author’s sense of hope?A.“...I to see the wonders of the world”.B.“I had at that time already begun to read books...”.C.“I walked the entire eight miles...”.D.“...a book concerning our flight from the chicken farm into town”.SECTION B SHORT ANSWER QUESTIONSIn this section there are eight short answer questions based on the passages in Section A.Answer each question in NO MORE THAN TEN WORDS in the space provided on ANSWER SHEET TWO.PASSAGE ONE25.What does“this”in Para.1refer to?26.How did Washoe demonstrate the potential of productivity(Para.3)?PASSAGE TWO27.What does the word “ones”in Para.3refer to?28.What was Sir John Franklin’s mission?29.List two preparations the team made for their trip (Para.5). PASSAGE THREE30.Describe in your own words the personality of the author’s father before marriage (Para.1).31.Describe in your own words the author’s childhood on a chicken farm (Para.4).32.What does the chickens’fate imply about the author’s family?PART IIILANGUAGE USAGE (15MIN) The passage contains TEN errors.Each indicated line contains a maximum of ONE error.In each cas e,onlyONE word is involved.You shouldproofread the passage and correct it in thefollowing way:For a wrong word,underline the wrong word and write the correct one in the blank provided at the end of the line. mark the position of the missing word with a “/\”sign and write the word you believe to be missing in the blank provided at the end ofthe For a missingword,line.For an unnecessary word, cross the unnecessary word with a slash “/”and put the wordin the blank provided at the end of the line.EXAMPLE When /\art museum wants a new exhibit, (1)it never an buys things in finished form and hangs (2)neverthem on the wall.When a natural history museum wants an exhibition,it must often build it. (3)exhibitProofread the given passage on ANSWER SHEET THREE as instructed.PART IV TRANSLATION(20MIN) Translate the underlined part of the following text from Chinese into English.Write your translation onANSWER SHEET THREE.中国科幻小说在国际上越来越受欢迎，已成为一种新的国际交流方式。
Lecture Eight_习题.
U r Asin kxxsin ky ysin kz z.
1
式中
kx
nx
d
,
ky
ny
d
,
kz
nz
d
,
nx , ny , nz 1, 2,3,
.
因此，对应每一组 nx , ny , nz ，都有确定的波数矢量k kx , ky , kz ,
最终有确定的一个本征解或场模U r 1。
光束，已知该光束的功率为1W,光束发散角为0 0.5 mrad。
试确定该光束的腰束半径、最大峰强度、以及距离束腰
100cm处的束轴上的强度。
解: 1）如下图所示，我们有
0
w0 z0
w0
w0
0
1.06 106
0.5103
0.675103 m
w0 0.675mm, 此即腰束半径的大小。
2）由于高斯光束的功率与距离z无关，且与最大峰强度的
dt
tsp
tsp
tsp
式中，模平均光子数为n
exp
1
h kT
1
.
当自发辐射速率和受激辐射速率相等时，即有
N2 tsp
nN2 tsp
n 1 exp h 0
kT 2
T
h 0
ln 2k
hc
ln 2 0k
.
代入0 1m，空腔温度为
T
6.626 1034 3108
ln 2 1106 1.381023
N2
N1
1
p
N2 tsp
.
题3: 现有一处于热平衡的黑体空腔(其壁面由原子组成)，
辐射的谱能量密度为 。试确定：若原子的自发辐射
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题2: 有一个单位体积的谐振腔，内有许多二能级原子(用2和1 分别表示高低能级，对应跃迁谐振频率 0，线宽 )，此高低 能级占有的原子个数分别为N 2和N1。已知在包含 0的宽频带中 每个光场模的平均光子数为n 光子简并度。若该谐振腔墙壁 n的速率方程(不考虑原子能级间的非辐射跃迁) 。 反射不完美，导致光子同时以1 p 的速率泄漏掉，试写出N 2和
解 : 在黑体空腔内能级2上单位体积原子数N 2的速率方程为 dN 2 N2 nN 2 nN1 自发 受激 吸收 。 dt tsp tsp tsp 式中，模平均光子数为n exp h k T 1 1 .
当自发辐射速率和受激辐射速率相等时，即有 N 2 nN 2 n 1 exp h 0 k T 2 tsp tsp h 0 hc T . ln 2 k ln 2 0k 代入0 1 m，空腔温度为 6.626 1034 3 108 T 20781 K . 6 23 ln 2 110 1.38 10
解: 如图所示，由于存在宽带辐射光，因此能级2上的原子会 n 遭受到受激辐射，原子数会减小，速率为Wi N2 , 这里Wi ; tsp
另一方面，能级1上的原子会吸收光子，跃迁到能级2上去，因 此，能级2上的原子会增加，其速率为Wi N1。
最后，不管有无辐射场，能级2上的原子会发生自发辐射，导 致原子数减小，速率为 N 2 tsp 注：这里不考虑非辐射跃迁 。
题5: 现有一Nd : YAG激光器, 能发出波长为1.06 m的高斯 光束，已知该光束的功率为1W, 光束发散角为0 0.5 mrad。 试确定该光束的腰束半径、最大峰强度、以及距离束腰 100cm处的束轴上的强度。
解: 1 ）如下图所示，我们有 w0 1.06 106 3 0 w0 0.675 10 m 3 z0 w0 0 0.5 10 w0 0.675mm, 此即腰束半径的大小。
解: a)对于一维黑体辐射腔，其场模由波数k n
L 这里L为辐射腔长度, n 1, 2,3 。在一维k空间内，每个特 定点n均表示一个特定的场模, 点与点之间的距离为k
因此，在长度为k的线段内含有的总模数为 2 L 4 L nt 2 k k 2 . c c 对频率 进行微分，得 dnt 4 L . d c 4 M . c
现已知psp1为该原子自发辐射光子到场模 2， 1， 1中 的几率密度，psp 2表示该原子自发辐射光子频率为367THz 的几率密度，而频率367THz对应的场模有3个，分别为 1， 1， 2 1， 1， 2 。因此，psp 2应是psp1的三倍大，即 2， 1，， 1， psp 2 psp1 3.
解 a)在正方体空腔中，电场u r , t Re U r exp it 必须满
1
x y z
式中 k x nx
d
, k y ny
d
, k z nz
d
,
n , n , n
1。
2
1, 2,3,
.
因此，对应每一组 nx , ny , nz ，都有确定的波数矢量k k x , k y , k z , 最终有确定的一个本征解或场模U r
Thank You
祝元旦快乐！
2 x 2 y 2 z
d
260THz.
次最低频率的场模有 2,1,1， 1, 2,1， 1,1, 2 , 其频率均为 2 2 2 2 nx ny nz 6 367THz. c d d
b)由于初始时，此空腔仅含有一个受激发原子，不含有 光子，因此该原子会发生自发辐射，不存在受激辐射或 吸收。
因此，N2的速率方程可以写为： dN 2 Wi N 2 Wi N1 N 2 tsp dt N2 n N1 N 2 . tsp tsp
2
h
N2
Wi 1
1
tsp
h
Ato腔内含有宽带光 其频宽远大于 ， 8 2 中心频率为 0 . 由于三维谐振腔的模密度为M 3 ,因此在 c 包含 0的频宽内，该宽带光的有效模数为M 0 V , 而每个场 模均含有n 个光子数, 因此单位体积内,有效宽带光的总光子数为 nt M 0 n .
T 300 K
高斯光束例题补充
知识要点回顾
1 ）2 E+ k 2 E 0
Helmholtz方程
2 ）E x, y, z ψ x, y, z exp ikz
k k 2 慢变包络近似 z 2 4） 2ik 0 z 2 2 2 5） t 2 z 2 6）t 2ik 0 旁轴Helmholtz方程 z 2 1 7） 2ik 0 圆柱坐标系 2 z
n 1 N2 N 2 N1 . 2 8 0 p tsp tsp c3
题3: 现有一处于热平衡的黑体空腔(其壁面由原子组成)， 辐射的谱能量密度为 。试确定：若原子的自发辐射 和受激辐射速率在谐振波长0 1 m处刚好相等时，此 时的空腔温度T 为几何。
对于总光子数nt 而言，由于被能级1上的原子吸收，其数目会减 小，速率等于Wi N1；另一方面，由于受激辐射，能级2上的原子 会辐射光子，导致光子数增加，其速率为Wi N 2。
N2 另外，能级2上的原子会向所有场模自发辐射光子，速率为 。 tsp 最后，由于反射壁的不完美，导致光子流失速率为 1
p
题4 : 现有一假想的一维黑体辐射腔，长度为L,处于热 平衡温度T 下。 a) 试计算该一维辐射腔的模密度M (即单位长度单位 带宽所含的模数)。 b)已知频率 处所在场模的平均能量为E，试计算该黑体 辐射的谱能量密度 (即单位长度单位带宽所含的能 量)，并绘制 的曲线。
2 3） 2 z
高斯解汇总
ik 2 z w0 2 E E0 exp 2 i arctan ikz exp w z z0 w z 2R z
2 w0
2 z0 z0 k
另外，波数k与频率 的关系为注意k k ： 2 2 2 2 2 k kx k y kz . c c
2
2
c0 在本问中，可知 d 1 m, 介质中的光速c c0 3 108 m/s。 n 由 2 式知，最低频率的场模为1,1,1，其频率为 2 2 2 2 kx k y kz c d n n n 3
2）由于高斯光束的功率与距离z无关，且与最大峰强度的 2 P0 关系为 I 0 ，因此最大峰强度为 2 w0 2 P0 2 1 6 2 2 I0 1.4 10 W/m 140W/cm . 2 2 w0 0.675 103
3）根据束轴上的强度I 0, z 公式
单位：s ，p
-1
sp 2
表示该原子自发辐射频率367THz的光子的几
率密度，试求 psp 2 psp1 的大小。
足Maxwell方程，或要求其复振幅U r 满足Helmholtz方程 2U k 2U 0。
在边界条件U 0 U d 0下，该方程的解为 U r A sin k x x sin k y y sin k z z .
2 0 2
腰束半径 ,
2 w z w0 1 z 2 z0 光束宽度 ,
R z z 1 z
2 P0 z 曲率半径 , I 0 最大峰强度与功率关系 , 2 w0
0
w0 2 P0 I0 发 散角 , I 0, z 束轴强度 , 2 2 2 z0 w0 w z 1 z z0
。
于是，总光子数nt的速率方程为 dnt N2 1 n 1 N2 Wi N1 Wi N 2 N 2 N1 . dt tsp p tsp p tsp dnt dn 而 M 0 ，因此模平均光子数n的速率方程为 dt dt n dn 1 1 N2 N 2 N1 dt M 0 p tsp tsp
习题讲解之四
东南大学物理系
题1: a) 给定一个体积为1 m3的正方体空腔，其内所含介质的 折射率为n 1,试确定最低频率和次最低频率的场模【用数对 ,并指出最低频率和次最低频率分别为多少。 n , n , n 表示】
x y z
b)初始时，此空腔仅含有一个受激发原子，不含有光子。 现设psp1表示该原子自发辐射光子到场模 2， 1， 1中的几率密度
确定，
L
.
因此单位长度单位带宽的模数 即模密度 为
L
k 2 c
k
0
b)已知频率 处所在场模的平均能量为 E nh exp h k T 1 h ，
4 且频率 处的模密度为 M , c
则该一维黑体辐射腔的谱能量密度为 4h 1 M E . c exp h k T 1 其随频率 的变化如下图所示。
2 2 P0 I0 w0 w0 I 0, z , 和瑞利长度z0 , 2 2 2 w z 1 z z0 0
可知100cm处的束轴强度为 I0 1.4 106 6 2 I 0,1 0.9 10 W/m . 2 2 2 2 12 z 1 1.06 10 1 2 4 1 2 3 4 w0 0.675 10