Lecture11,12
lecture 11(物称与人称)
the conference room at 2 P· Friday. M. (All faculty and staff are requested to meet in the conference room at 2 P· Friday.) M.
三、物称与人称的翻译策略 (一)有灵主语与无灵主语的转换 汉语句子多为有灵主语;而英语善用无灵主语。 在翻译中,为了符合英汉各自的思维方式,在叙述 方式上必须注意主语的转换。请看下例英汉互译 中的转换: (12)Business took him to the town. 他因事进城去了。 (13)A great elation overcame them. 他们欣喜若狂。
她独处时便感到一种特殊的安宁。
2.非人称代词“it”和there be句型的使用。
王力先生曾对英语形式主语做过精辟的论述:就 句子结构而言,西洋语言(英语)是法治的,中国语 言是人治的,法治的不管主语用得着用不着,总要 呆板地求句子形式的一律;人治的用得着就用,用 不着的就不用,只要能使对话人听懂说话人的意 思,就算了。这也为英汉互译中“it”形式主语和 零位主语的处理提供了依据。
与此形成对比的是,中国人相信“天人合一 (oneness between man and nature)”。 而且, 这种“天人合一”儒家的代表人物孟子认为“万 物皆备于我” 。因此,从“我”就可以掌握“万 物”的本质,而“万物”的特征也显现在“我” 之中。这即是中国文化传统意义上的人本文化。 这种人本文化的长期积淀,形成了汉民族主体型 的思维方式,即以人文为中心来观察、分析、推 理和研究事物的思维
（英文中出现了七个动词被动式，而中文里却 一个“被”字也没有，翻译时还添加了多个“我 们”“你们”等人称词。英汉语民族思维习惯之
lecture的意思用法大全
lecture的意思用法大全lecture有演讲,训斥，教训的意思。
那你们想知道lecture的用法吗?今天给大家带来了lecture的用法,希望能够帮助到大家，一起来学习吧。
lecture的意思n. 演讲,训斥，教训vi. 作演讲vt. 给…作演讲,教训(通常是长篇大论的)变形：过去式: lectured; 现在分词：lecturing; 过去分词：lectured;lecture用法lecture可以用作名词lecture主要指教育性或学术性“演讲”,引申可指“冗长的训斥或谴责”。
lecture是可数名词,其后接介词on或about ,意为“关于…的演讲”“就…做演讲”“因…训斥或谴责某人”。
lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture用作名词的用法例句She ran over her notes before giving the lecture.她讲课前把讲稿匆匆看了一遍。
His lecture covered various aspects of language.他的讲课涉及到语言诸方面的问题。
They could not follow the lecture.他们听不懂这次演讲。
lecture可以用作动词lecture作“讲演,讲课”解时,是不及物动词。
说“讲授某课程”时常与介词on连用,说“在某地讲演”时常与介词at〔in〕连用。
lecture也可用作及物动词,意思是“向…讲演,给…讲课”,接名词或代词作宾语。
lecture还可作“责备”“教训”“训斥”解,用作及物动词,接名词或代词作宾语。
“因…而受到训斥”可说lecture sb for n./v -ing。
lecture用作动词的用法例句It was a shame for me to be lectured in front of the whole class.当着整个班级的面被训斥了一顿，真让我感到羞辱。
Lecture 11英文修辞学课件排比、重复、对比
A． repetition of the words in reverse order One should eat to live, not to live to eat. For my thoughts are not your thoughts, neither are your ways my ways. Live Simply---So That Others May Simply Live (newspaper heading)
• Injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere.
a series of words 单词平行排列 Women were running out to the line of march, crying and laughing and kissing the men goodbye. The mail-coach lumbered, jolted, rattled and bumped upon its tedious way. a group of phrases Studies serve for delight, for ornament, and for ability.
Einstein was a fair amateur violinist, a great mathematician, and a deeply philosophical man.
a row of clauses …they vanish from a world where they were of no consequence; where they achieved nothing; where they were a mistake and failure and a foolishness; where they have left no sign that they had existed. a successive of sentences We shall fight him(Hitler) by land; we shall fight him by sea; we shall fight him in the air, until, with God’s help, we have rid the earth of his shadow and liberated its peoples from his yoke.
哈佛大学高等有机化学讲义Lecture11
(2) CYCLOADDITION REACTIONS/CYCLOREVERSION REACTIONS:
A cycloaddition reaction is the union of two smaller, independent pi systems. Sigma bonds are created at the expense of pi bonds. A cycloaddition can occur in an intramolecular sense, but it must be between two independent pi systems. Cycloaddition reactions are referred to as [m + n] additions when a system of m conjugated atoms combines with a system of n conjugated atoms. A cycloreversion is simply the reverse of a cycloaddition. Examples:
s Woodward-Hoffmann Theory R. B. Woodward and R. Hoffmann, The Conservation of Orbital Symmetry, Verlag Chemie, Weinheim, 1970. s Frontier Molecular Orbital Theory I. Fleming, Frontier Orbitals and Organic Chemical Reactions, John-Wiley and Sons, New York, 1976. s Dewar-Zimmerman Theory T. H. Lowry and K. S. Richardson, Mechanism and Theory in Organic Chemistry, 3rd Ed., Harper & Row, New York, 1987. s General Reference R. E. Lehr and A. P. Marchand, Orbital Symmetry: A Problem Solving Approach, Academic Press, New York, 1972.
Lecture11
HOW R IS DETERMINED
Interest rate r1 Eq’m interest rate MS MS curve is vertical: Changes in r do not affect MS, which is fixed by the Fed. MD curve is downward sloping: A fall in r increases money demand.
ANSWER
B. Suppose P rises, but Y and r are unchanged. What
happens to money demand? If Y is unchanged, people will want to buy the same amount of goods & services. Since P is higher, they will need more money to do so. Hence, an increase in P causes an increase in money demand, other things equal.
FISCAL POLICY AND AGGREGATE DEMAND
Fiscal policy: the setting of the level of government spending and taxation by government policymakers Expansionary fiscal policy
More precisely, the federal funds rate – which banks charge each other on short-term loans
Lecture 11
Saussure’s ideas on language
• Saussure believed that language is a system of signs. To communicate ideas, they must be part of a system of conventions, part of a system of signs. This sign is the union of a form and an idea, which Saussure called the signifier and the signified. Some important distinctions Saussure made in linguistics include langue vs. parole, syntagmatic vs. paradigmatic, and synchronic vs. diachronic.
Important concepts
• Theme – the point of departure of a sentence, which is equally present to the speaker and hearer; • Rheme -- the goal of discourse which presents the very information that is to be imparted to the hearer; • Known/ given information -- information that is not new to the reader or hearer; • New information -- what is to be transmitted to the reader or hearer.
新概念英语Lesson11-12(共21页)课件
开口双元音
• • Ear: ear dear hear clear beard • Ea: idea theatre • Ere: here • Eer: beer queer engineer • The engineer’s idea is very queer. • Dear, come here and let’s drink beer. • I can’t hear the actors clearly in the theatre. • My house is near the theatre.
review
I是主语，位于句首，如I love you. My是形容词性物主代词，用于名词前，如It is my book. Me是宾格，位于动词后，如Do you love me? Mine是名词性物主代词，相当于my+名词的意义 如：It is mine=It is my book.
• 1. She is a student， _____ name is Julia. 2. Could you help _____ with _______ English， please. 3. A friend of _____ came here yesterday.
对比下列读音
hare dare bare air chair
• Ur: tour sure tourist cure pure • I’m sure the tourist will like it. • The tourist is drinking pure water.
澳大利亚商法Lecture 11 (Wk 12) - Employment Law
Control Test: Does the employer have the legal
right to control how the employee works?
Zuijs v Wirth Bros (1955)
6
Determining the Employment Relationship
2
The Commonwealth’s Industrial Powers - Constitution
Originally, the Commonwealth‟s industrial powers were constrained by section 51(xxxv) of the Constitution – Industrial Relations Power (and minor use of powers such as the External Affairs Power) But, as a result of the WorkChoices and Fair Work Australia Amendments to the Workplace Relations Act 1996 (Cth) and the consequential High Court decision, the Commonwealth‟s industrial powers have been broadened by the use of Section 51(xx) of the Constitution – the Corporations Power It is important to distinguish between Federal and State legislation because in the event of any clash, Commonwealth law prevails to the extent of any inconsistency – Section 109 Constitution See NSW v Commonwealth [2006] (Text 792)
Lecture12-ppt
News4
• • • • pseudo pseudo-science pseudo-experts pseudonym
Listening1
Listening 1 Answer Key
• Numbers 40 3480 ·
15 20a 115 30b 380 14d
Telephone Numbers • 482634 721506 • 697224 564380
New2
• The interpreter accused of miming nonsense defended himself as a "champion" signer, but said he suffered a schizophrenic episode during the event.
10:45 3:15
Abbreviation of Addresses
• • • • • • • • • • blvd. Ave. Rd. St. Dr. Ln. Ally. Apt. Dept. PO.box
Listening 1 Answer Key
• Abbreviations Dr. Smith Bond St. Eton Ave.
1. 前后缀法
解除好友关系 unfriend 隐婚族 pseudo-singles 代排bowl seeker
The Translation of buzzwords
2. 合成法 秒杀 蚁族 seckill antizen 角色扮演 cosplay If you are a Chinese girl or Chinese boy and you did not “seckill anything” this summer, you are really out of date. （People’s Daily Online, September 14, 2009）
Tense and Aspect Lecture11,12
(3) to denote a future happening according to a definite plan or arrangeanings
4. Uses of past progressive (1) to denote an action in progress at a definite point or period of past time (2) to denote a past habitual action (3) to denote futurity in the past
(1) present perfective (2) present perfective progressive
6. Uses of past perfective (progressive)
(1) past perfective (2) past perfective progressive (3) past perfective in sentence with when-/before-/after-/untilclauses (4) imaginary use of past perfective
7. More on the use of perfective aspect
(1) perfective aspect and since- clause (2) perfective aspect vs. have got / have got to
(3) perfective aspect in “It is the first time + that- clause
(4) to make polite requests and express hypothetical meanings (5) contrast between past progressive and simple past
英美报刊PPTLecture 11
– build a welfare state
Para 1-4
• What achievements have the big giants of Asia accomplished? (Para 3)
1. Indonesia’s government promised to provide all its citizens with health insurance by 2014 2. In just two years China has extended pension coverage to an additional 240 million rural folks 3. In India some 40 million households benefit from a government scheme to provide up to 100 days’ work a year at the minimum wage 4. India has extended health insurance to some 110 million poor people
Para 1-4
• Single-payer health care is a system in which the government pays for all health care costs. Singlepayer systems may contract for healthcare services from private organizations (as is the case in Canada) or may own and employ healthcare resources and personnel (as is the case in the kingdom). The term "single-payer" thus only describes the funding mechanism—referring to health care financed by a single public body from a single fund.
学术英语lecture11翻译
RISKS OF NUCLEAR POWER 核能的风险Bernard L. Cohen, Sc.D. 贝尔纳Sc.D Cohen l。
Professor at the University of Pittsburgh 匹兹堡大学的教授Radiation 辐射1The principal risks associated with nuclear power arise from health effects of radiation. This radiation consists of subatomic particles traveling at or near the velocity of light---186,000 miles per second. They can penetrate deep inside the human body where they can damage biological cells and thereby initiate a cancer. If they strike sex cells, they can cause genetic diseases in progeny. 1与核电相关的主要风险来自于辐射对健康的影响。
这种辐射由亚原子粒子处于或接近光速旅行——每秒-186000英里。
他们可以穿透人体深处,在那里他们可以破坏生物细胞,从而启动癌症。
如果他们罢工生殖细胞,它们可以导致后代基因疾病。
2 Radiation occurs naturally in our environment; a typical person is, and always has been struck by 15,000 particles of radiation every second from natural sources, and an average medical X-ray involves being struck by 100 billion. While this may seem to be very dangerous, it is not, because the probability for a particle of radiation entering a human body to cause a cancer or a genetic disease is only one chance in 30 million billion (30 quintillion). 2自然辐射发生在我们的环境中,一个典型的人,总是被15000的辐射粒子每秒钟从天然来源,和平均医用x射线是被1000亿年。
数理经济学lecture11
function can be written as ln f =
the sum is concave. But f is then a monotonic transformation of a concave function and hence quasi-concave.
3
3.1
Economic Applications I - Consumer Theory
2
Concave Programing
With concave functions, we can conclude from the FOC that we have a global maximum.
Theorem 3 Let U ⊂ Rn be convex and open. Let f : U → R be C 1 and concave. Suppose that g1 , .., gm are convex functions U → R. max f (x) st g (x) ≤ 0. (note that constrained set is convex). ¯ st: Suppose you can find x ¯ ∈ U and λ ∇f (¯ x) =
Lecture XII: Concave Programming
Markus M. Mobius November 5, 2002
1
Second Order Conditions
We ask two further questions: (1)( How can we know if a local extremum is a maximizer or minimizer? This raises the question of second order conditions. (2) How can we ensure that a local maximizer/ minimizer is a global maximizer/ minimizer? • In the unconstrained case, we simply look at the Hessian matrix of the objective function. • In the constrained case, we can only move along the constrained surface. As a result, the SOC only has to be true along the tangent subspace. The tangent subspace is the set of points orthogonal to the vectors ∇gk (¯ x), k = 1, .., m. We say that a matrix A is negative definite on a subspace V of Rn iff v Av ≤ 0 for all v ∈ V.
章振邦《新编英语语法》Lecture11&12课件
Simple present referring to the past
This use of the simple present is usually found with “communication verbs” such as tell, say, hear, learn, gather, to express the present effect of information received in the past, e.g.: Alice tells (= told / has told) me you’re entering college next year. I hear (=heard / have heard) poor old Mrs Smith has lost her son. Historical / dramatic present: It is so-called because the simple present is used as a device of story-telling and news reporting to add vividness to the description, e.g.: …I was just dozing off in front of the television when my wife rushes in shouting that the kitchen is on fire.
Simple present referring to the future
That-clauses following “I hope,”, “I bet,” etc. e.g.: I hope you have a good time. I bet it rains tomorrow. That-clauses following such constructions as “see to it,” “make sure,” “make certain,” etc. e.g.: I’ll see (to it) / make sure / make certain (that) you don’t get lost. Conditional / temporal clauses introduced by if / when, e.g.: Will you go and help to get in the crops when the harvest time comes? If it is fine tomorrow, we will go to the countryside.
Lecture 11篇章翻译
2. 中华民族历来珍惜各民族大团结和祖国 统一。中国的56个民族，从古代开始就在 华夏大地上劳动和繁衍，经过长期的相互 帮助、相互学习，形成了统一的多民族国 家。维护中华民族的团结统一， 是中华民
族伟大复兴的根本基础，是全国各族人民 的根本利益所在。新中国成立以后，中国 在少数民族聚居的地方实行区域自治，各 民族的权益受到宪法保障，民族地区的社 会和经济不断发展，各民族之间的平等、 团结、互助关系不断加强。
3. 中华民族历来坚持独立自主的民族精神 和发展道路。中国人民把独立自主当作立 国之本，在5000多年的不懈奋斗中创造了 灿烂的中华文明，并在近代反抗外来侵略、 实现民族解放的斗争中自立自强，最终掌 握了自己的命运。独立自主、自力更生， 同学习外国、吸取世界文明的成果，是相 互结合、相辅相成的。中华民族的先人们 早就懂得这个道理。中国的汉唐时代，都 曾在这方面留下了宝贵的历史经验，当时 既是中国自强不息发展自己的昌盛时期， 也是积极开展对外交流，广泛吸收外来进 步文化的时期。
还需要一些刺激吗？想想看，这里有一幢独立的两层楼运 动馆，面积为3,000平方米，有一个1,300平方米的户外草 坪，有一片750平方米的海滩草地，有宽敞豪华的舞厅， 还有11间多功能房子，在这儿可进行各种团队活动，所有 这些完美地融合为一体，形成一座座修剪装点得非常美丽 的花园，四边是750米的海滩和中国最大的环礁湖式游泳 池。工作之余，打打高尔夫球，钓钓鱼，搞搞潜水运动， 或者打打网球，或在我们的矿泉胜地休养，缓解紧张的心 态。在这里开会真是心旷神怡不过了。
The Chinese nation has persistently pursued an independent national spirit and road to development. We regard independence as the foundation on which to build the country. We have created a splendid Chinese civilization by making unremitting endeavor over 5,000 years. We grew stronger by relying on our own efforts in the struggle to resist foreign aggression and to gain national liberation in modern times and finally became masters of our own destiny. Independence and selfreliance should not rule out learning from other countries and drawing upon the fruits of world civilization. The two are complementary to each other. Our ancestors came to know this a long time ago. In this respect, we have valuable historical experience from the Han and Tang Dynasties. Those were periods of prosperity when China strove to develop itself on its own, and also periods when it learned extensively from foreign advanced cultures in the process of actively conducting external exchanges.
lecture 11-13 古希腊罗马神话 英文版 教学课件
英语词Odyssey还指任何路途漫长 、充满风险的旅行 。
• Instead of leaving the place , they sat eating and drinking t i l l dawn . By then the Thracians had gathered and began to attack the men of Odysseus .
ClassicalGreekandRoman Mythology
Lecture 11- 13
Part IV : The Adventures of Odysseus
•11.. TThhee BBeeggiinnnniinngg VVooyyaaggee
•22.. TThhee LLoottuuss--EEaatteerrss
•The winds escaped from the bag and blew them back to the island of Aeolus aga in , who refused to provide any favourable winds .
5. Circe
•Circe was a beautiful goddess , who lived on an island in the Mediterranean Sea .
• lotus land : 常指梦幻般的地点或环境 ， 俚语里指好莱坞
3. One-Eyed Giant
Lecture 11英文修辞学课件排比、重复、对比
Chiasmus
Chiasmus is a device that consists of two balanced statements, the second of which reverses the order of the words in the first, with or without a repetition of words. The word “chiasmas” comes from Greek word “chiasmos”, meaning “cross-wide”. Chiasmas serves diferent purposes in different contexts. On many occasions it serves the purpose of being serious or solemn, witty or humorous. It often achieves aphoristic effect. It is a construction involving the repetition of words or syntactic elements in reverse order.
A figure of balance identified by a similarity in the syntactical structure of a set of words in successive phrases, clauses, sentences. It helps make a sentence brief, smooth and coherent and give it rhythm, balance and force. In parallel construction it is necessary to balance word for word , phrase with phrase, clause with clause, sentence with sentence. Parallel constructions are also introduced by correlative conjunctions such as either… or, neither… nor, both… and, not only… but also, whether… or, and rather… than.
(lecture_11)组合博弈入门
定理一也适用于更多堆的情况～ 定理一也适用于更多堆的情况～
2011-3-15
19
定理一的证明…… 定理一的证明
2011-3-15
20
思考（1）： 思考（ ）：
有了定理一， 有了定理一，如果判断某个游戏 的先手是输还是赢？ 的先手是输还是赢？
2011-3-15
21
思考（2）： 思考（ ）：
对于必胜点， 对于必胜点，如何判断有几种可 行的操作方案？ 行的操作方案？
2011-3-15 27
Use of the Sprague-Grundy Function:
P-positions: Positions x for which g(x) = 0 N-positions: Positions x for which g(x) > 0
2011-3-15
28
Exercise:
35
课后练习
2008《 Programming》Exercise(12)_ )_博弈入门 2008《ACM Programming》Exercise(12)_博弈入门 1517 A Multiplication Game 1079 Calendar Game 2147 kiki's game 1404 Digital Deletions 1536 S-Nim 1729 Stone Game 1730 Northcott Game 1760 A New Tetris Game 1809 A New Tetris Game(2) 1524 A Chess Game
2011-3-15 25
Example about graph game:
5,7,9
……
2,0,0 1,0,0 0,1,0 0,0,0
学术英语-理工-lecture11-原文
学术英语-理⼯-lecture11-原⽂学术英语-理⼯-lecture11-原⽂Lecture 11 Four lessons about climate crisisI’m really scared. I don’t think we’re gonna make it. Probably by now most of you have seen Al Gore’s amazing talk. Shortly after I saw that, we had some friends over for dinner with the family. The conversation turned to global warming, and everybody agreed, there’s a real problem. We’ve got a climate crisis. So, we went around the table to talk about what we should do. The conversation came to my 15-year-old daughter, Mary. She said, “I agree with everything that’s been said. I’m scared and I’m angry.” And then she turned to me and said, “Dad, your generation created this problem, you’d better fix it.”Wow. All the conversation stopped. All the eyes turned to me. (Laughter) I didn’t know what to say. Kleiner’s second law is,“There is a time when panic is the appropriate response.” (Laughter) And we’ve reached that time. We cannot afford to underest imate this problem. If we face irreversible and catastrophic consequences, we must act, and we must act decisively. I’ve got to tell you, for me, everything changed that evening.And so, my partners and I, we set off on this mission to learn more, to try to do much more. So, we mobilized. We got on airplanes. We went to Brazil. We went to China and to India, to Bentonville, Arkansas, and to Washington, D.C. and to Sacramento. And so, what I’d like to do now is to tell you about what we’ve learned in thosejourneys. Because the more we learned, the more concerned we grew. You know, my partners at Kleiner and I were compulsive networkers, and so when we see a big problem or an opportunity like avian flu or personalized medicine, we just get together the smartest people we know. For this climate crisis, we assembled a network, really, of superstars, from policy activists to scientists and entrepreneurs and business leaders. Fifty or so of them. And so, I want to tell you about what we’ve learned in doing that and four lessons I’ve learned in the last year.The first lesson is that companies are really powerful, and that matters a lot. This is a story about how Wal-Mart went green, and what that means. Two years ago, the CEO, Lee Scott, believed that green is the next big thing, and so Wal-Mart made going green a top priority. They committed that they’re gonna take their existing stores and reduce their energy consumption by 20 percent, and their new stores by 30 percent, and do all that in seven years. The three biggest uses of energy in a store are heating and air conditioning, then lighting, and then refrigeration. So, look what they did. They painted the roofs of all their stores white. They put smart skylights through their stores so they could harvest the daylight and reduce the lighting demands. And third, they put the refrigerated goods behind closed doors with LED lighting. I mean, why would you try to refrigerate awhole store? These are really simple, smart solutions based on existing technology.Why does Wal-Mart matter? Well, it’s massive. They’re the largest private employer in America. They’re the largest private user of electricity. They have the second-largest vehicle fleet on the road. And they have one of the world’s most amazing supply chains, 60,000 suppliers. If Wal-Mart were a country, it would be the sixth-largest trading partner with China. And maybe most important, they have a big effect on other companies.When Wal-Mart declares it’s gonna go green and be profitable, it has a powerful impact on other great institutions. So, I tell you this: When Wal-Mart achieves 20 percent energy reductions, that’s gonna be a very big deal. But I’m afraid it’s not enough. We need Wal-Mart and every other company to do the same.The second thing that we learned is that individuals matter, and they matter enormously. I’ve got another Wal-Mart story for you, OK? Wal-Mart has over 125 million U.S. customers. That’s a third of the U.S. population. Sixty-five million compact fluorescent light bulbs were sold last year.And Wal-Mart has committed they’re gonna sell another 100 million light bulbs in the coming year. But it’s not easy. Consumers don’t really like these light bulbs. The light’s kind of funny, theywon’t dim, takes a while for them to start up. But the p ay-off is really enormous. A hundred million compact fluorescent light bulb means that we’ll save 600 million dollars in energy bills, and 20 million tons of CO2 every year, year in and year out. It does seem really hard to get consumers to do the right thing. It is stupid that we use two tons of steel, glass, and plastic to haul our sorry selves to the shopping mall. It’s stupid that we put water in plastic bottles in Fiji and ship it here. (Laughter) It’s hard to change consumer behavior, because consumers don’t know how much this stuff costs. Do you know? Do you know how much CO2 you generated to drive here or fly here? I don’t know, and I should. Those of us who care about all this would act better if we knew what the real costs were. But as long as we pretend that CO2 is free, as long as these uses are nearly invisible, how can we expect change? I’m really afraid, because I think the kinds of changes we can reasonably expect from individuals are gonna be clearly not enough.The third lesson we learned is that policy matters. It really matters. In fact, policy is paramount. I’ve got a behind-the-scenes story for you about that green tech network I described. At the end of our first meeting, we got together to talk about what the action items would be, how we’d follow up. And Bob Epstein raised a hand. Hestood up. Y ou know, Bob’s that Berkeley techie type who started Sybase. Well, Bob said the most important thing we could do right now is to make it clear in Sacramento, California that we need a market-base d system of mandates that’s gonna cap and reduce greenhouse gases in California. It’s necessary and, just as important; it’s good for the California economy.So, eight of us went to Sacramento in August and we met with the seven undecided legislators and we lobbied for AB32. Y ou know what? Six of those seven voted yes in favor of the bill, so it passed, and it passed by a vote of 47 to 32. (Applause) Please don’t. Thank you. I think it’s the most important legislation of 2006. Why? Because California was the first state in this country to mandate 25 percent reduction of greenhouse gases by 2020. And the result of that is, we’re gonna generate83,000 new jobs, 4 billion dollars a year in annual income, and reduce the CO2 emissions by 174 million tons a year. California’s only 7 percent of U.S. CO2 emissions. It’s only a percent and a half of the country’s CO2 emissions. It’s a great start, but I’ve got to tell you—where I started—I’m really afraid. In fact, I’m certain California’s not enough.Here’s a story a bout national policy that we could all learn from. You know Tom Friedman says, “If you don’t go, you don’t know?” Well, we went to Brazil to meet Dr. Hussain Goldemberg. He’s thefather of the ethanol revolution. He told us that Brazil’s government mandated that every gasoline station in the country would carry ethanol. And they mandated that their new vehicles would beflex-fuel compatible, right? They’d run ethanol or ordinary gasoline. And so, here’s what’s happened in Brazil. They now have 29,000 ethanol pumps—this versus 700 in the U.S., and a paltry two in California—and in three years their new car fleet has gone from 4 percent to 85 percent flex-fuel. Compare that to the U.S., 5 percent are flex-fuel. And you know what? Most consumers who have themd on’t even know it. So, what’s happened in Brazil is, they’ve replaced40 percent of the gasoline consumed by their automotive fleet with ethanol. That’s 59 billion dollars since 1975 that they didn’t ship to the Middle East. It’s created a million jobs ins ide that country, and it’s saved 32 million tons of CO2. It’s really substantial. That’s 10 percent of the CO2 emissions across their entire country. But Brazil’s only 1.3 percent of the world’s CO2 emission. So, Brazil’s ethanol miracle I’m really afraid is not enough. In fact, I’m afraid all of the best policies we have are not gonna be enough.The fourth and final lesson we’ve learned is about the potential of radical innovation. So, I want to tell you about a tragic problem and a breakthrough technology. Every year a million and a half people die of a completely preventable disease. That’s malaria. Sixthousand people a day. All for want of two dollars worth of medications that we can buy at the corner drugstore. Well, two dollars, two dollars is too much for Africa. So, a team of Berkeley researchers with 15 million dollars from the Gates Foundation is engineering, designing a radical new way to make the key ingredient, called artemisinin, and they’re gonna make that drug 10 times cheaper. And in doing s o, they’ll save a million lives—at least a million lives, a year. A million lives. Their breakthrough technology is synthetic biology. This leverages millions of years of evolution by redesigning bugs to make really useful products. Now, what you do is, you get inside the microbe, you change its metabolic pathways, and you end up with a living chemical factory.Now, you may ask, John, what has this got to go with green and with climate crisis? Well, I’ll tell you a lot. They’ve now formed a company called Amyris, and this technology that they’re using can be used to make better biofuels. Don’t let me skip over that. Better biofuels are a really big deal. That means we can precisely engineer the molecules in the fuel chain and optimize them along the way. So, if all goes well, they’re gonna have designer bugs in warm vats that are eating and digesting sugars to excrete better biofuels. I guess that’s better living through bugs. Alan Kay is famous for saying the best way to predict the future is to invent it. And, of course, atKleiner we, kind of, apologize and say the second best way is to finance it. And that’s why we’re investing 200 million dollars in a wide range of really disruptive new technologies for innovation in green technologies. And we’re encoura ging others to do it as well. We’re talking a lot about this.In 2005, there were 600 million dollars invested in new technologies of the sort you see here. It doubled in 2006 to 1.2 billion dollars. But I’m really afraid we need much, much more. Forrefer ence, fact one: Exxon’s revenues in 2005 were a billion dollars a day. Do you know, they only invested 0.2 percent of revenues in R&D? Second fact: the President’s new budget for renewable energy is barely a billion dollars in total, less thanone day of E xxon’s revenues. Third fact: I bet you didn’t know that there’s enough energy in hot rocks under the country to supply America’s energy needs for the next thousand years. And the Federal budget calls for a measly 20 million dollars of R&D in geothermal energy. It is almost criminal that we are not investing more in energy research in this country.And I am really afraid that it’s absolutely not enough.So, in a year’s worth of learning we found a bunch of surprises. Who would have thought that a mass retailer could make money by going green? Who would have thought that a database entrepreneur could transform California with legislation? Who would havethought that the ethanol biofuel miracle would come from a developing country in South America? And who would have thought that scientists trying to cure malaria could come up with breakthroughs in biofuels? And who would have thought that all that is not enough? Not enough to stabilize the climate. Not enough to keep the ice in Greenland from crashing into the ocean. The scientists tell us—and they’re only guessing—that we’ve got to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by one half, and do it as fast as possible. Now, we may have the political will to do this in the U.S., but I’ve got to tell you, we’ve got only one atmosphere, and so somehow we’re gonna have to find the political will to do this all around the world.Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you wha t. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Well, I’ll tell you what. Green technologies—going green—is bigger than the Internet. It could be the biggest economic opportunity of the 21st century. Moreover, if we succeed it’s gonna be the most important transformation for life on the planet since, as Bill Joy says, we went from methane to oxygen in the atmosphere. Now, here’s the hardquestion, if the trajectory of all the world’s companies and individuals and policies and innovation is not gonna to be enough, what are we gonna do? I don’t know. Everyone here cares about changing the world and has made a difference in that one way or another.So, our call to action—my call to you—is for you to make going green your next big thing, your gig. What can you do? You can personally get carbon neutral. Go to /doc/5faff8aaa36925c52cc58bd63186bceb19e8edb6.html or /doc/5faff8aaa36925c52cc58bd63186bceb19e8edb6.html and buy carbon credits. You could join other leaders in mandating, lobbying for mandated cap and trade in U.S. greenhouse gas reductions. There’s six bills right now in Congress. Le t’s get one of them passed.And the most important thing you can do, I think, is to use your personal power and your Rolodex to lead your business, your institution, in going green. Do it like Wal-Mart, get it to go green for its customers and its suppliers and for itself. Really think outside the box. Can you imagine what it would be like if Amazon or eBay or Google or Microsoft or Apple really went green and you caused that to happen? It could be bigger than Wal-Mart. I can’t wait to see what we TEDsters do about this crisis. And I really, really hope that we multiply all of our energy, all of our talent, and all of our influence to solve this problem. Because if we do, I can look forward to theconversation I’m gonna have with my daughter in 20 years.。
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1 What were you doing yesterday at six p.m.? 2 From 2006 to 2009, he was teaching at Harvard. 3 The students were still talking when the teacher stepped in. 4 My younger brother was always losing money. 5 They were leaving a few days later. 6 I was hoping you could lend me some money. I am hoping you can lend me some money. I hoped you could lend me some money I hope you can lend me some money.
1 I teach English at the Teachers’ college, but I’m now teaching in a middle school. 2 He works in a foreign company. He is working in a foreign company these days. 3 She is continually finding falult with me. 4 She complains about the landlord. She is constantly complaining about the landlord.
Байду номын сангаас
1 He has turned off the light. 2 He has lived here since 2006. 3 I have been writing letters for an hour. 4 I have benn sitting in the garden. 5 I have been living here for ten years. 6 I have lived here for ten years. 7 Who’s been eating my cookies? 8 Who’s eaten my cookies?
(3) to denote a future happening according to a definite plan or arrangement (4) to denote other meanings
(4) to make polite requests and express hypothetical meanings (5) contrast between past progressive and simple past
Lecture 11 & Lecture 12
Tense and Aspect
1. Uses of simple present (1) Timeless present eg. A rolling stone gathers no moss. (2) Habitual present eg. Father doesn’t smoke.
1 It’s time we were leaving. present It’s time we went. 2 I wish they were not talking so loudly. 3 I’d rather you were going at once. 4 If they were leaving tonight, I’d like to go future with them.
4. Uses of past progressive (1) to denote an action in progress at a definite point or period of past time (2) to denote a past habitual action (3) to denote futurity in the past
1 She is leaving for Thailand in a few days. 2 I have no idea what you are talking about. 3 I’m wondering if I may have a word with you. 4 I wonder if I may have a word with you.
3. Uses of present progressive
(1) to denote an action in progress at the moment of speaking (2) to denote an action in progress at a period of time including the present
1 I was reading a novel yesterday. 2 I read a novel yesterday. 3 It snowed all night. 4 It was snowing all night. 5 When we arrived, she was making some fresh coffee. 6 When we arrived, she made some fresh coffee.
(3) Momentary and instantaneous present eg. What do you think, Jane? (4) Referring to the future eg. I hope you have a good time. (5) Referring to the past eg. I hear poor old Smith has lost her son.
(1) past perfective (2) past perfective progressive (3) past perfective in sentence with when-/before-/after-/untilclauses (4) imaginary use of past perfective If John had walked faster, everything would have been all right. If Johan walked faster, everything would be all right.
幻灯片 15
7. More on the use of perfective aspect
(1) perfective aspect and since- clause (2) perfective aspect vs. have got / have got to (3) perfective aspect in “It is the first time + that- clause
Not finished finished
duration
同时性
先后性
5. Uses of present perfective (progressive)
(1) present perfective (2) present perfective progressive
6. Uses of past perfective (progressive)
2. Uses of simple past (1) past event and past habit eg. He left ten minutes ago. (2) Attitudinal and hypothetical past eg. A: Did you want me? B: Yes, I wondered if you could give me some help.
finished Not finished
Assignment
Exercise in the Textbook
before-/after-/until-
before-/after-/until• When I reached the station, the train had already left. • I reached the station___the train had left • I didn’t reach the station__the train had left. • The train had left__I reached the station.