词汇学 期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末复习
Lecture OneA General Survey of English vocabulary1.The definition of a wordA fundamental unit of speech and a minimum free form; with a unity of sound and meaning (both lexical and grammatical meaning), capable of performing a given syntactic function2. Classification of English Words•(1). By origin: native words and loan wordsNative words: Anglo-Saxon origin/old Englishe.g. sun, rain, moon/head, hand, foot/night, morning, here, there/horse, dog, tree, flower/big, small, red, white, etc.•Loan/borrowed words: words borrowed from other languagese.g. fault-French; aikido-Japanese; individual-Latin tofu/litchi/chaa/chinchin-Chinese, etc.•(2). By level of usage: common words, literary words, colloquial words, slang words, technical words(3). By notion: function words and content words•Function/grammatical words: not have much (some of them have no) lexical meaning of their own; and just serve grammatically• e.g. The (article) friend of (preposition)mine will(auxiliary) come to my house to (infinitive) take his book.•Content/lexical words: have lexical meanings; refers to substance, quality, action, such as ns, vs, advs, advsLecture TwoMorphological Structure of English Words• 2.1 Morphemes• 2.2 Types of Morphemes• 2.3 Allomorphs• 2.1. Morpheme(词素,形位)(1) The definition of a morphemeA morpheme(词素) is the smallest meaningful linguistic unit of language, notdivisible or analyzable into smaller forms.•Examples•One morpheme: nation•Two morphemes: nation-al•Three morphemes: nation-al-ize•Four morphemes: de-nation-al-ize2.2 Types of Morphemes• 1. Free & bound Morphemes2. Roots and affixes•(1)Free morphemes•Morphemes which are independent of other morphemes are considered to be free. They have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units insentences.•Eg: man, faith, read, write, red•(2)Bound morphemes•Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words are bound. They are so named because they are bound to other morphemes to form words. Unlike free morphemes, they do not have independent semantic meaning; instead, they have attached meaning (un-kind, hope-ful) or grammatical meaning (cat-s, slow-ly, walk-ing, call-ed). They are also called grammatical morphemes. Most of them are derived from Latin or Greek2. Roots and affixes•(1) Roots (root morphemes): a root is the basic unchangeable part of a word, and it conveys the main lexical meaning of the word.•Take for example, the following set of semantically related words: (to) work, workable, worker, worked,and working: in each word the root is work, which is the basic unchangeable part, carrying the main lexical meaning.•Roots are either free or bound:• A. free roots:•In English, many roots are free morphemes, such as boy, moon, walk, black. (i.e. they can stand alone as words). A word consisting of one free root (or one morpheme) is a simple word.• B. bound rootsQuite a number of roots derived from foreign sources, especially from Greek and Latin, belong to the class of bound morphemes.e.g. tain in contain/ detain/sustain/retain,ceive in conceive/deceive/receive.in Latin: tain-to hold; ceive-to take .Yet in Modern English, they are not words, and so are not free morphemes; they cannot exist on their own.• A root, whether it is free or bound, generally carries the main component of meaning ina word. Notice what the following words have in common:•(2) Affixes•Affixes(词缀): Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function.• e.g.: workable, worker, and workingwork-root-able, -er, -ing---affixesAccording to the functions of affixes, we can put them into two groups: inflectional and derivational affixes.A. Inflectional affixes/ morphemes•Inflectional ~:affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationship .• e.g. the regular plural suffix –s (-es), books,horses;•the form –’s indicates the possessive case of nouns; Tom’s, Mary’s;•suffixes –er, -est show comparative or superlative degrees of adj. or adv. Slower, slowest;•past tense, walked; -ing form, walking, etc• B. Derivational affixes/morphemesDerivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new words. They can be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.• e.g. Prefixes: dis-(disable, disagree); in-(inability, incomplete);non-(nonsmoker);post-(postwar); over- ( overwork, overjoyed, overweight).•Suffixes: -er(teacher); -age(postage,baggage); -dom (freedom,wisdom)The Relationship Between the Two Classifications of Morphemes见书.3. The major processes of word formation• 3.1 compounding• 1. definition : also called composition, is the process of word formation by joining two or more stems/separated words to produce a new one. Word formed in this way are called compounds /compound words. They can be written in three ways:•solid ( bedroom, greenhouse);•hyphenated ( reading-room, word-formation);•open ( reading material; dining room)•Flowerpot /flower-pot/flower pot• 3.2 Derivation• 1 definition: Derivation or affixation is a process of forming new words by adding derivational affixes to stems. The words formed in this way are called derivatives.•According to the positions which affixes occupy in words, affixes fall into 2 subclasses: prefixation and suffixation.• A. prefixation: Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding a prefix or combining form to the base.B. Suffixationdefinition: Suffixation is the formation of a new word by adding a suffix or a combining form to the base, and usually changing the word-class of the base. e.g. boy---boyish.But there are exceptions: e.g. boy---boyhood.• 3.3 conversion:•definition: Conversion is the formation of new word by converting word of one class to another class. It is also called ‘functional shift or transmutation’ or ‘d erivation by zero suffix’（零位后缀派生法）, ‘zero-derivation’.• e.g. He was knocked out in the first round. (n.)•Round the number off to the nearest tenth. (v.)•The neighbors gathered round our barbecue. (prep.)•The moon was right and round. (adj.)•People came from all over the country round. (adv.)Lecture FourWords Meaning and Semantic Features• 1. The Relationship between Meaning and the Object•According to the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure thelinguistic sign consists of a signifier and a signified, that is,a sound image and a concept. This is called the sign theoryof de Saussure.•According to Ogden & Richards the symbol is thelinguistic element, that is, the word, and the referent is the object,etc, in the world of experience, while thought or reference isconcept. This is called the semiotic triangle.Thought or Reference (Concept)意义（概念）形式，符号Symbol --- - - - - - - - - - - - - - Referent (Object)(Word) 所指对象Sense : 1. ‘sense’denotes the relationships inside the language. ‘The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationships with other expressions in the language.’2. Since the sense of an expression is not a thing, it is often difficult to say what sort of identity it is. It is also an abstraction.*3. Every word that has meaning has sense (not every word has reference)•Reference means what a linguistic form refers to in the real world; it deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.• E.g. the dog is barking, we must talk about a certain dog know to both speaker and hear.•Concept, which is beyond language, is the result of human cognition, reflecting the objective world in the human mind .3. Concept is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and so on. 2．Motivation•Motivation refers to the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Most words are non-motivated.• 2.1．Phonetic motivation• 2.2 Morphological motivation• 2.3 Semantic motivation• 2.4 Etymological motivation3. Main Types of Words Meaning• 2. Classification of Lexical Meaning•Lexical meaning is composed of conceptual meaning and associative meaning.• A. Conceptual/denotative meaning•Conceptual meaning is often described as dictionary meaning or literal meaning of a word. It is the core of the meaning of a word. It is relatively constant and stable, because it is the meaning agreed upon by all the members of the same speech community.• e.g. computer: an electronic machine that stores information and uses programs to helpyou find, organize, or change the information• B. Associative meaning•Associative meaning is that part of meaning which has been supplemented to the conceptual meaning. It is the meaning which arises of the associations a word acquires. It is open-ended, unstable and in’determinate, because it varies with culture, time, place, class, individual experiences, etc. Associative meaning includes connotative, stylistic, affective and collocative meanings•1).Connotative meaning•~ refers to the emotional association which a word suggests in one’s mind. It is the supplementary value which is added to the purely denotative meaning of a word.• e.g. woman: frail, prone to tears, emotional, sympathetic, lack of ration, timid, sensitive, diligent•mother: love, care, tenderness, tolerant•home: family, friends, warmth, cozy, comfortable, safety, love, free, convenience •2). Stylistic meaning•Many words have stylistic features, which make them appropriate for different contexts.These distinctive features form the stylistic meanings of word.• e.g. domicile (very formal, official) / residence (formal)• 3. Affective meaning•~ indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing. It can be appreciative and pejorative.• e.g. famous, determined; notorious, pigheaded•4) Collocative meaning(搭配意义):•collocative meaning consists of associations a word gets from those words that are often used together with it.•eg. *“pretty”vs. “handsome”: both meaning nice looking. But ‘pretty’is often used together with ‘girl’, ‘woman’, ‘flower’, ‘garden’, ‘color’, or ‘village’, etc., words that suggest feminity,•while ‘handsome’frequently appears together with ‘boy’, ‘man’, ‘car’, ‘vessel’, ‘overcoat’, ‘airliner’ or ‘typewriter’ etc. words suggesting masculinity.•*“handsome woman”and “beautiful man”are both acceptable, but they suggest different kinds of attractiveness because of the collocative association of these two adjective, and hence should be translated respectively into ‘端庄的女性’ and ‘了不起的男子’。
词汇学复习资料
词汇学复习资料词汇学复习资料词汇学是语言学的一个重要分支，研究词汇的构成、分类和使用规律。
对于学习一门语言来说，掌握丰富的词汇是非常重要的。
在这篇文章中，我们将提供一些词汇学的复习资料，帮助读者巩固和扩展词汇量。
一、词汇的构成词汇是语言的基本单位，是由一个或多个音素组成的。
在不同的语言中，词汇的构成方式也有所不同。
例如，英语中的词汇主要由字母组成，而汉语中的词汇则由汉字组成。
1. 字母构词法英语中的词汇通常由字母组成，可以通过添加前缀、后缀和词根来构成新的词汇。
例如，单词“unhappiness”由前缀“un-”（表示否定）和词根“happy”组成。
2. 字形构词法汉语中的词汇由汉字组成，可以通过添加偏旁部首、衍生字和合成字来构成新的词汇。
例如，汉字“学”可以通过添加偏旁部首“子”来构成“字”，表示学习。
二、词汇的分类词汇可以按照不同的分类标准进行分类，例如按照词性、语义和用途等。
下面是一些常见的词汇分类。
1. 词性分类词汇可以分为名词、动词、形容词、副词、代词、介词、连词和感叹词等不同的词性。
名词用来表示人、事物或概念，动词用来表示动作或状态，形容词用来描述人或事物的特征，副词用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，代词用来代替名词，介词用来表示位置、时间或方式，连词用来连接词语或句子，感叹词用来表示强烈的情感。
2. 语义分类词汇可以按照词义的相似性进行分类。
例如，可以将名词按照人、动物、植物、物体、抽象概念等进行分类；将动词按照行为、状态、感觉、思维等进行分类；将形容词按照颜色、大小、形状、性质等进行分类。
3. 用途分类词汇可以按照在句子中的作用进行分类。
例如，可以将词汇分为实词和虚词。
实词包括名词、动词、形容词和副词，它们在句子中起到实际的意义；虚词包括代词、介词、连词和感叹词，它们在句子中起到连接或修饰的作用。
三、词汇的使用规律词汇的使用规律是指在特定语境中使用词汇的约束条件。
不同的语言和不同的语境中，词汇的使用规律也有所不同。
词汇学期末复习材料
词汇学复习材料I. Define the following terms.1.free morphemeA morpheme that can stand alone. They have complete meanings in themselves and can be used as free grammatical units in sentences.2.connotative meaningConnotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.3. allomorphOne of the variants that realize a morpheme.4. polysemyWords that have two or more than two meanings.5. conversionThe formation of new words by converting words of one class to another class.6.onomatopoeic motivationIndicates the relationship between sound and meaning of a word. Its sound suggests its meaning.7.extensionA process by which a word which originally had a specialized meaning has now become generalized.8.Affective meaningAffective meaning indicates the speaker’s attitude towards the person or thing in question.II. Answer the following questions. Your answers should be clear and short.1.What are the causes of more new words appearing today?要点：1）The rapid development of modern science and technology.2) Social economic and political changes.3) The influence of other cultures and languages.2.English has the most synonyms of any language in the world. Why are there so many synonyms in English?要点：1）The primary reason for this has to do with the heavy borrowing from other languages, especially from French and Latin. 2）The second reason: Dialects and regional English 3）The third reason: Figurative and euphemistic of words 4）The forth reason: Coincidence with idiomatic expressions.3.What are the functions of context?要点：Context has three major functions: elimination of ambiguity; indication of referents; provision of clues for inferring word-meaning.4.A ball rolled into the ball suddenly.Explain two “ball”meaning in this sentence. Which kind of sense relation do they belong to? Give the explanation of their origins.要点：（1）The first “ball” means an round object to play with. The second “ball”means a dancing party. (2) They belong to homonym. (3) The former is borrowed from “beallu” in old English. The latter is borrowed from “baller” in old French.。
英语词汇学期末复习资料
1、选择题（2 ×15=30）2、填空题（2×5=10 ）3、搭配题(1×10=10)4、名词解释题(4×5=20)5、问题回答(5×3=15)6、论述题(第39题7分，第40题8分)选择题：1. Which of the following is an initialism ? D. UN2. The following are all nominal suffixes EXCEPT A. –ful .3．Both English and B. Danish belong to the Germantic branch of the Indo-European language family.4.Affixes added to the end of words to indicate grammatik relationships are known as C. inflectional morphemes.5.Motiation accounts for the connection between word-form and C.its meaning.6.Ambiguity often arises due to polysemy and C.homonymy.7.Affixes attached to other morphemes to create new words are known as B .derivational affixes.8.The semantic unity of idioms is reflected in the A.illogical relationship between the literal meaning of each word and the meaning of the idiom as in rain cats and dogs.ually a small number of languages have been designated official languages for an organization’s activities ,for example, the UN was established with five official languages English, French, A.Spanish Russian, and Chinese.中英俄法西填空题Ⅱ.Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions1.affixation Is the formation of new words by adding prefixes tobases.2.Back-formation Is considered to br opposite process suffixation it isthe method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. 3.Isolating language is a language in which each word form consiststypically of a singe morpheme .4.When a word with more than one meaning is used in unclearcontext.it creates ambiguity .5.Almost all affixes are bound morphemes because few as independentwords.搭配题Ⅲ. Match the terms in Column A with definitions in Column B.A B1. geomorphic earthlike2. zooid resembling an animal3. geochronology time measurements from earth data4.technocracy government by craftsmen5.petrographic caring on a rock6.polymorph having many shapes7.phonography recording of sound8.phytogenesis development of plants9.synergy working together10.geocentric earth-centered11.magnanimous宽宏大量的12.penology刑罚学13.inculpable无辜的；无可非议的14.revitalize bring to the life15.cosmonaut sailor of the universe16.enervate reduce mental vigor17.herbicide plant killer18subterranean地下的;秘密的;隐蔽的;地下工作者19.deviate move from the road20.semilunar crescent -shaped名词解释题Ⅳ. Define the following terms.unity;a unit of meaning;a form that can function in a sentenceis the minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.functioning both grammatically ad semantically as a single word. Semantic motivation: refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word.Extra-linguistic context: may extend to embrace the entire cultural background, which may also affect the meaning of words. Prefixation: the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases Affixation: the formation of new words by adding word-forming affixes to bases.Sematic change: means an old form, which takes on a new meaning to met the new need.Conceptual meaning: is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word meaning.Acronymy: is the process of forming new words by pointing the initial letters of names of social and political organizations or special noun phrases and technical terms.Homonymy: are generally defined as words different in meaning but either identical both in sound and spelling or identical only in sound or spelling.Dictionary: a book which presents in alphabetic order the words of the language ,with information as to its spelling, pronunciation , meaning and its etymology.问题回答Ⅴ. Answer the following questions，write your answers on the answer sheet.2. How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation? Give examples to illustrate your point?Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation,it’s the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes.Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example:Inform-imforant donation-donate enthusiasm-enthuse3.What are the three types of antonyms ,give examples to illustrate them respectively?Complementary: dead-alive present-absent male-female Contrary: poor-rich good-bad cold-hotConverse: parent-child husband-wife employer-employee5.What are three areas to account for the difference between synonyms? illustrate your points?Different in denotation符号,connotation含义,application应用6.What are the major differences between basic word stock基本词汇and nonbasic非基本vocabulary?(1)basic word stock possesses five obvious characteristics,butnonbasic vocabulary doesn’t(2)basic word stock forms the common,core核心of thelanguage,however,nonbasic vocabulary doesn’t belong to the common ore of the language.7.How many means of word formation and what they are?3 Major processesAffixation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）8 Minor processes :Acronym(首字母缩略词）Blending（混合）Clipping（截短法）Words from proper names(专有名词来源）Back formation（逆构法）Reduplication（复制）Neo-classical Formation （新古典词构成法）Miscellaneous（混杂法）8.what are the difference between word and vocabulary?(1)word can be defined as a meaningful group of letters printed orwritten horizontally across水平穿越a piece of paper.(2)vocabulary is most commonly used to refer to the sum total of总计all the words of a language.9.What is collocative meaning? give one example to illustrate your po int? Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation.In other words,it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or fter the word in discussion.For example,Handsome(boy/car/man )论述题Ⅵ. Analyze and comment on the following questions，write your answers on the answer .1.Analyze the morphological structures of the following words and point out the types of the morphemes.1Destructive 2antibiotic 3composition 4unbearable 5international 6ex-prisoner1 de+struct+tive2 anti+bio+tic3 com+po+si+tion4 un+bear+able5 inter+bation+nal6 ex+prison+erment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of superordinate and subordinates.a.the man said he would come to our school next week.b.the visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.3.Collocation can affect the meaning of words .Comment on the statement with your own words.Collocation refers to the words before or after the word in discussion, and collocative meaning consists of the associations the word acquires in its collocation.4.the ‘pen ‘ is mightier than the ‘sword’ .explain what ‘pen’ and ‘sword’mean respectively using the theory of motivation.‘pen’reminds one of the tool to write with,thus suggesting writing;‘sword’ reminds one of the weapon to fight with,thus suggestion war.Chapter 11、It is generally known that The Anglo-Saxon invasion ,the Scandinavian invasion and the Norman Conquest were three of the most important landmarks in the history of the English people as well as in the history of the English language.2、The English vocabulary can be classified by different criteria, according to the level of notion, English can be classified as full word实词and form word虚词.3、What are the four points does the definition of a word cover? minimal free form of a languagea sound unitya unit of meaninga form that can function alone in a sentencechapter2----It is estimated that there are about _5000___ languages all over the world, which can be grouped into about __25__ language families, such as Sino-Tibetan Family, Indo-European Family, Altaic Family阿尔泰语系(包括土耳其语、维吾尔语、蒙古语、满语等语言) and so on.---Q：What languages does Indo-European family host？The Indo-European Family hosts most languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.----How many groups can Indo-European family be divided into according to the linguists？Linguists have divided the Indo-European languages into Eastern sets （groups）and Western sets（groups）.-----Q：Generally，How many stages can the development of English vocabulary be divided into？What are they？Old EnglishMiddle EnglishModern EnglishEarly modern EnglishLate modern EnglishThe period from 450 to 1100 is known as the Old English period or the Anglo-Saxon period.West Germanic dialects spoken by the invaders, as the original inhabitants (the Celts) were killed, were relocated, or adopted the language of the now dominant society.----Roughly speaking, the tribes that settled in Britain comprise three groups:the Angles, the Saxons, and the Jutes.---Norman conquest resulted in a massive borrowing of French words into English vocabulary.--What is the second result of Norman conquest?The Norman dialect of French became the language of the upper class, while English completely lost its scholarly and literary importance, and was used only by the peasants and people of the working class.---Q：What languages contributed to the vocabulary of modern English？What characteristics do those languages have？Latin and Greek，the former language were mostly connected with science and abstract ideas，while the latter were mostly literary，technical and scientific words.---Q：What are the reasons for the frequent appearance of neologisms?1、The rapid development of modern science and technology.2 、Social，economic，and political changes.3、The influence of other cultures and languages.1、The Angles lent their name to the language—English, and to the land —England.Chapter3Q1：What is the morpheme according to Engene Nida？The minimal meaningful units of which the language is composed.In other words，the morpheme is the smallest functioning unit in the composition of words.Can you figure out three basic elements of morphemes？1、the smallest meaningful unit2、not divisible nor analyzable3、sound and meaningIs it a root, a stem, or base?desirable (adj.):不是词根(可再分解);不是词干(不可以加屈折词缀),是词基(既可以加词缀,又能再分解下去).一、Fill in the missing words.1. A minimum meaningful unit of a language is morpheme.2. The part carrying the basic meaning of a word is called root.二、What do the following words have in common? Can you guess out what the meaning of them is respectively?vitamin, vital, vivid, survive, revive.Chapter4Types of Motivation:1）Phonetic motivation（onomatopoeic）拟声，hiss by snakes2）Morphological motivation(derivation, compounding, conversion)形态学3）Semantic motivation（Metaphor，Metonymy，Synecdoche，Analogy）语义，a stony heart铁石心肠4）Etymological motivation词源Main types of word meaning1）Grammatical meaning2）Lexical meaning3）Conceptual meaning (Denotative meaning)4）Associative meaning（1）Connotative meaning（2）Stylistic meaning（3）Affective meaning（4）Collocative meaningWord-formation:Affixation/Derivation（派生）Compounding（合成）Conversion（转化）Chapte4.22、Besides conventionality, As for motivation, how many types of motivation are there, and what are they?Onomatopoeic motivationMorphological motivationSemantic motivationEtymological motivationChapter 61.Types of changes: Extension /Narrowing / Elevation / DegradationChapter7Meaning and context1. Two types of contexts: Linguistic context / Extra-linguistic context2. The vital role of context in determination of word meaning?Eliminating ambiguities /Conveying emotional overtonesChapter 8English Dictionary1) According to James Root Hulbert, English dictionary-making began in Anglo-Saxon times.2) The first dictionaries in England were printed in Latin.3) Cockeram’s book was the first in English to use the word dictionary in the titleFirst English dictionaries published:1) Robert Caswdrey’s Table Alphabetical of Hard Words(1604)2) John Bollokar’s An English Expositor(1616)3) Henry Cockeram’s The English Dictionary(1623)。
词汇学期末考试题及答案
词汇学期末考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究的核心对象是（）。
A. 语音B. 语法C. 词汇D. 语义答案：C2. 词义的最小单位是（）。
A. 语素B. 词C. 短语D. 句子答案：A3. 以下哪个词属于多义词？（）A. 桌子B. 苹果C. 跑D. 笔答案：C4. 词义的演变通常不包括（）。
A. 词义扩大B. 词义缩小C. 词义转移D. 词义创新答案：D5. 以下哪个词属于外来词？（）A. 沙发B. 电脑C. 汽车D. 火车答案：A6. 词义的引申通常是基于（）。
A. 词的本义B. 词的引申义C. 词的转用义D. 词的比喻义答案：A7. 以下哪个词属于同义词？（）A. 快速和迅速B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A8. 以下哪个词属于反义词？（）A. 高和矮B. 桌子和椅子C. 红色和蓝色D. 学习和平息答案：A9. 以下哪个词属于成语？（）A. 马到成功B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A10. 以下哪个词属于专业术语？（）A. 电脑B. 桌子C. 红色D. 学习答案：A二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律的学科。
2. 词义的演变包括词义扩大、词义缩小和词义转移。
3. 多义词是指一个词具有两个或两个以上相关或不相关的意义。
4. 外来词是指从其他语言借用过来的词。
5. 词义的引申通常是基于词的本义。
6. 同义词是指意义相同或相近的词。
7. 反义词是指意义相反或相对的词。
8. 成语是指由四个或四个以上汉字组成的固定短语，具有特定的意义和用法。
9. 专业术语是指在特定领域内使用的具有特定意义的词。
10. 词汇的创新是指根据语言发展的需要，创造出新的词汇。
三、简答题（每题10分，共40分）1. 简述词汇学的研究内容。
词汇学主要研究语言中的词汇及其变化规律，包括词的构成、词义的演变、词的分类、词的用法等方面。
2. 简述词义演变的类型。
词汇学考试题及答案
词汇学考试题及答案一、选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言词汇的科学，它主要研究词汇的哪些方面？A. 词汇的起源和发展B. 词汇的结构和功能C. 词汇的规范和使用D. 所有选项答案：D2. 以下哪个词属于基本词汇？A. 电脑B. 鼠标C. 键盘D. 鼠标垫答案：A3. 词汇的语义关系包括哪些？A. 同义关系B. 反义关系C. 同音关系D. 所有选项答案：D4. 词汇的构成单位是什么？A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词尾D. 所有选项答案：D5. 词汇的演变通常包括哪些过程？A. 词义的扩大B. 词义的缩小C. 词义的转移D. 所有选项答案：D6. 词汇的借用通常发生在哪些语言之间？A. 亲属语言B. 非亲属语言C. 任何语言D. 所有选项答案：C7. 以下哪个词属于外来词？A. 沙发B. 苹果C. 桌子D. 椅子答案：A8. 词汇的标准化通常由哪个机构进行？A. 教育部门B. 语言委员会C. 出版社D. 所有选项答案：B9. 词汇的语义变化通常受到哪些因素的影响？A. 社会文化B. 科技发展C. 语言接触D. 所有选项答案：D10. 词汇的创新通常发生在哪些领域？A. 文学创作B. 科技发明C. 日常生活D. 所有选项答案：D二、填空题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究词汇的______、______、______和______。
答案：起源、发展、结构、功能2. 基本词汇通常包括______、______、______等。
答案：自然现象、人体部位、基本动作3. 词汇的语义关系包括______、______、______等。
答案：同义、反义、上下义4. 词汇的构成单位主要有______、______和______。
答案：词根、词缀、词尾5. 词汇的演变过程包括______、______和______。
答案：词义扩大、词义缩小、词义转移6. 词汇的借用通常发生在______和______之间。
最新词汇学期末复习题及答案
Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 1Part I Multiple choices.1.The definition of a word includes ___________.A. a minimal free form that can function aloneB. a unit of meaningC. a sound unityD. all of the above2. A word is _______ of a language that has a given sound and meaning andsyntactic function.A. a minimal free formB. a smallest meaningful unitC. an element which can not be further analyzedD. a grammatically minimal form3.The Indo-European language family consist of________.A. all the languages in Europe and IndiaB. all the languages in India and some languages in Europe.C. most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.D. Some of the languages of Europe and all the languages of the Near East4.The symbolic connection of a word to a particular thing is almost always ______.A. logicalB. arbitraryC. inherentD. automatic5.The prehistoric Indo-European parent language is thought to be ______.A. A highly inflected language.B. A highly developed language.C. A very difficult language.D. A language of leveled endings.6.More than one variant, which can realize some morphemes according to theposition in a word, are termed .A. phonemesB. allomorphsC. morphsD. phones7.Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships areknown as .A. morphemesB. derivational morphemesC. inflectional morphemesD. suffixes8.is defined as the formation of words by adding word-forming orderivational affixes to stem. This process is also known as .A. derivation, affixationB. affixation, derivationC. derivative, affixationD. affixation, derivative9.Sometimes, the meaning of a compound can be inferred from its separateelements, for example, .A. hot dogB. red meatC. flower potD. fat head10.is universal to all men alike regardless of culture, race, language and soon while belongs to language, so is restricted to language use.A. meaning, conceptB. concept, meaningC. sense, referenceD. reference, sense11.When readers come across the word “home” in reading, they may be reminded oftheir family, friends, warmth, safety, love. That is because of the “home” has _______.A. collocationsB. connotationsC. denotationsD. perorations12.Which of the following belongs to a semantic field?A. steed, charger, palfrey, plug, nagB. pony, mustang, mule, stud, mareC. policeman, constable, bobby, copD. domicile, residence, abode, home13.Which group of the following are perfect homonyms?A. dear (a loved person)—deer (a kind of animal)B. bow (bending the head as a greeting)—bow(the device used for shooting)C. bank (the edge of the river)—bank (an establishment for money business)D. right (correct)—write (put down on paper with a pen)14.The part of a piece of writing or speech which surrounds a word and helps toexplain its meaning is called _______.A. Linguistic contextB. Grammatical contextC. Extra-linguistic contextD. Para-linguistic context15.means through all difficulties and troubles.A. through high and lowB. through thick and thinC .from head to foot D. from start to finishPart II True or false questions.1. A rule of word-formation is usually identical with a syntactic rule.2.Word-formation rules themselves are not fixed but undergo changes to a certainextent.3.Affixes like “-th” are very productive in current English.4.The chief function of prefixes is to change the word class of the stems.5.The primary function of suffixes is to change the meaning of the stem.pounds are words formed by combining affixes and stems.7.“-age, -al, -ance, -ation, -ence”in “linkage, dismissal, attendance, protection,existence” can produce largely concrete nouns by being added to verb stems.8.The meaning of a compound is usually the combination of stems.9.The free phrase has the primary stress on the first element and the secondarystress, if any, on the second.10.In both compounds and free phrases the adjective element can take inflectionalsuffixes.11.Conversion is only a change of grammatical function of a lexical item with noloss of its different range of meaning originally conveyed.12.A fully converted noun from an adjective has all the features of nouns excepttaking an indefinite article or, -(e)s to indicate singular or plural number.13.Generally, conjunctions, modals, finite verbs, prepositions can’t be converted tonouns.14.Although blends and backformed words have already achieved popularity inEnglish, they are not advisable to be used frequently in formal writing.15.Quite a number of derivational affixes have more than one meaning.16.Simple words in English are usually non-motivated.17.Lexical meaning is dominant in content words.ponential analysis has no disadvantages.19.Polysemic and homonymous words are stylistically useful to achieving humor orirony, or to heighten dramatic effect.20.In most cases, the native term is more literary than the foreign one.Part III Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Morphemes are a bstract______ units, which are realized in speech by discreteunits known as m orph_______. The morpheme is to the morph what a phoneme _____ is to a phone. Some morphemes are realized by more than one morph.Such alternative morphs are known as a llomorphs___________.2. A word is a minimal f ree_______ form of a language that has a given sound andmeaning and syntactic function.3.Functional words do not have notions of their own. Therefore, they are also called_empty_____ words.4.According to semantics, a word is a unit of m eaning.5.Bound morphemes include b ound roots and a ffixes.6.The most productive means of word formation are a ffixation,c ompounding and c onversion.7.Only when a connection has been, established between the linguistic sign and ar eferent, does the sign become meaningful.8.Most morphemes are realized by single words like "bird, tree, green", etc, Wordsof these kinds are called m onomorphemic words.9.With N orse invasion____, many Scandinavian words came into the Englishlanguage.10.Antonyms are classified on the basis of s emantic opposition.Part IV Explain the following terms with proper examples.1.Explain with examples morpheme, morph and allomorph2.Semantic fieldPart V Answer the following questions.1.What is collocative meaning? Give at least one example to illustrate your point.2.Study the following sentence, paying special attention to the words in italics. Ifyou find anything wrong, please explain why and then improve the sentence.The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.3.Analyzes the morphological structures of the following words and point out thetypes of the morphemes.unbearable, international, ex-prisonerAnswers for Exercise 1Part I Multiple choices.1-5 DACBA 6-10 BCBCB 11-15 BBCABPart II True or false questions.1.F2.T3.F4.F5.F6.F7.F8.F9.F 10.F 11.F 12.F 13.F 14.T 15.T 16. T 17. T 18. F 19. T 20. FPart III Fill in the blanks.1. abstract, morph, phoneme, allomorphs2. free3. empty4. meaning5. bound, affixes6. affixation, compounding, conversion7. referent8. monomorphemic9. Norse invasion 10. semantic oppositionPart IV Explain the following terms1. In morpheme-based morphology, a morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone, or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme.Morphs are the actual phonetic representations of the same morpheme.An allomorph is a variant form of the same morpheme, and all the morphs of the same morpheme are grouped as being the allomorphs of a morpheme. The concept occurs when a unit of meaning can vary in sound (phonologically) without changingmeaning.English example:The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is a suffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes.The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s", /s/, in cats (/kæts/), but "-es", /ɨz/, in dishes (/dɪʃɨz/), and even the voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dɒgz/). "-s". These are allomorphs of the same morpheme plural -s.2. The concept is from the concept of “field” in physics, referring to the clustering of a number of semantically related words. A semantic field is a set of lexemes in a named conceptual area that interrelate and define each other in specific ways. A general description is that words in a semantic field are not synonymous, but are all used to talk about the same general phenomenon. For example, the semantic field of “bugs” may include bees, spiders, moths, wasps, flies etc. According to semantic field theory a meaning of a word is dependent partly on its relation to other words in the same conceptual area. The kinds of semantic fields vary from culture to culture.Part V Answer the following questions.1. Collocative meaning consists of the associations a word acquires in its collocation. In other words, it is that part of the word-meaning suggested by words before or after the word in discussion. For example, 'pretty' and 'handsome' share the conceptual meaning of 'good looking', but are distinguished by the range of nouns they collocate with: pretty handsome.2. The police were ordered to stop drinking about midnight.（1）it is ambiguous（2）ambiguity caused by the structure（3）stop drinking can be understood as1）police stop drinking by themselves2）police stop people drinking（4）improvement1）The police were ordered to stop people drinking about midnight.2）The police were ordered to stop drinking by themselves about midnight.3. Morpheme is the smallest linguistic unit that has semantic meaning. The morphological analysis of the three words are as follows:1) Each of the three words consists of three morphemes unbearable (un+bear+able), international (inter+nation+al), ex-prisoner(er+prison+er).2) Of the nine morphemes, only bear, nation and prison are free morphemes as they can exist by themselves.3) All the rest un-,-able, inter-,-al, ex-and-er are bound as none of them can stand alone as words.Supplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 2Part I Multiple choices.1.From the phrase “ a white paper”, we know that the meaning of the word “paper”here is “document”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational2.The use of one name for that of another associated with it is rhetorically called_____.A. synecdocheB. metonymyC. substitutionD. metaphor3.Homophones are often employed to create puns for desired effectsA. humorB. sarcasmC. ridiculeD. all the above4.Which of the following statements is Not correct?A. A word can be formed by two free morphemesB. A word can be formed by a free morpheme and a bound morphemeC. A word can be formed by two bound morphemesD. A word can be formed by any two affixes.5.In different languages, the same concepts can be represented by different sounds,which shows __________.A. the relationship between sound and meaning can not be established.B. there are different logical relations between sound and meaningC. the relation between sound and meaning is a matter of conventionD. the concepts are not really the same6.The two major factors that cause changes in meaning are ______.A. historical reason and class reasonB. historical reason an psychological reasonC. class &psychological reasonD. extra-linguistic factors &linguistic factors7.Old English vocabulary was in essence ________ with a small quantity of wordsborrowed from Latin and Scandinavian.A. CelticB. GermanicC. RomanD. Irish8.is the basic form of a word, which can't be further analyzed without totalloss of identity.A. StemB. RootC. MorphemeD. Affix9.is that part of the word that carries the fundamental meaning but has to beused in combination with other morphemes to make words.A. Free rootB. Bound rootC. MorphemeD. Bound morpheme10.The most productive means of word-formation in modern English are thefollowing except .A. compoundingB. affixationC. acronymD. conversion11.The meanings of many compounds and derivatives are the total of thecombined.A. morphsB. allomorphsC. rootsD. morphemes12.The relationship between the word-form and meaning is ____. Most words can besaid to be___.A. prescriptive, motivatedB. prescriptive, non-motivatedC. arbitrary, motivatedD. arbitrary, non-motivated13.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning14.“parent/child, husband/wife, predecessor/successor” are ______ .A. contrary termsB. contradictory termsC. relative termsD. complementary terms15.“au revoir and Bye”is a pair of synonyms resu lting from____.A. borrowingB. dialects and regional EnglishC. figurative &euphemistic use of wordsD. with idiomatic expressions16.From the phrase “examination paper”, we know that the meaning of the word“paper” here is “a set of questions at the end of the term”. This shows that the _______ context can define the meaning of a word.A. extra-linguisticB. grammaticalC. lexicalD. situational17.means damage from continuous use.A. fair and spareB. toil and moilC. wear and tearD. kith and kin18.More often than not, functional words only have .A. lexical meaningB. associative meaningC. collocative meaningD. grammatical meaning19.It is estimated that English borrowings constitute ______of the modern Englishvocabulary.A. 50 percentB. 50 percentC. 80 percentD. 65 percent20.Functional words do _______ work of expression in English on average thancontent words.A. far moreB. lessC. equalD. similarPart II True or false questions.1.Differences can be found between American and British English in pronunciation,spelling, grammar and vocabulary.2.When a prefix is added to a word, its word-class is usually changed.3. A special dictionary deals with one sector of the lexicon of the language.4.Words in the same semantic field do not have a number of collocations incommon.5. A word is a unity of sound and meaning, capable of performing a givensyntactical function.6.Most loan words are borrowed from foreign languages without any change insound and spelling.7.An allomorph is one of the variant forms of a morpheme.8.Conversion means the transfer of a word from one class to another.9.The relation between a word symbol and its meaning is mostly arbitrary andconventional.ponential analysis is to break down the conceptual sense of a word into itsminimal distinctive components.11.Psychological research found that vocabulary is stored redundantly only asindividual morphemes.12.In the following 2 sentences, “How long is he?”“How young are you?” , the twowords long and young are both marked.13.Idioms are not readily understandable from their literal meanings of individualconstituents.14.“Diamond cut diamond.” is syntactically wrong, and should be revised into“Diamond cuts diamond.”15.Fortuitous formerly denoted “happening by chance”, and later took on themeaning “fortunate” by analogy, because the two words look similar in shape. Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Explain with examples root, stem and base.2. Semantic motivation3. Sense and reference4. Idiom5. MetonymyPart IV Answer the following questions.1.The ‘pen' is mightier than the ‘sword'. Explain what 'pen' and 'sword' meanrespectively using the theory of motivation.2.How would you explain the difference between back formation and suffixation?Give examples to illustrate your point.ment on the following pairs of sentences in terms of hyponymy.a. The man said he would come to our school next week.b. The visiting scholar said he would visit our university next Monday.Answers for Exercise 2Part I Multiple choices.1-5 CBDCC 6-10 DBBBC 11-15 DDBCA 16-20 CCDCAPart II True or false questions.1. T 2 . F 3. T 4. F 5. T 6. F 7. T 8. T 9. T 10. T 11. F 12. F 13. T 14. F 15. TPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. A root is that part of a word form that remains when all inflectional and derivational affixes have been removed.Thus it cannot be reduced into smaller constituents. Root is the primary lexical unit of a word, which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content. For example, the lexical root of “chatter” is chat.A stem is that part of a word which remains when all inflectional affixes have been removed. For example, photographer: photographer; destabilized: destabilizeA base refers to a form to which affixes of any kind (both derivational and inflectional) can be added. It can be a root or a stem. For example,The base of “undesirable” is “desirable”; and that of “desired” is “desire”.2. Semantic Motivation refers to the mental associations suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example, when we say the mouth of a river, we associate the opening part of the river with the mouth of a human being or an animal. There are basically 4 types of semantic motivation, and they are: oonomatopoeic motivation, morphological motivation, semantic motivation and etymological motivation.3. The distinction was first made by Gottlob Frege between abstract ideas and concrete objects of sensation. Sense is concerned with the inherent meaning of the linguistic form. It is objectified by not considering particular situations and the real intentions of speakers and writers. The sense of an expression is its place in a system of semantic relationship with other expressions in the language. Reference refers to what a linguistic form refers to in the real physical world. It deals with the relationship between the linguistic element and the non-linguistic world of experience.4. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definitionof the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms are semantically united and structurally stable. For example, Kick the bucket is an idiom, meaning “to die”. Structurally, we can not say “The bucket is kick by John” while still keep its meaning stable.5. Metonymy refers to the rhetorical device in which the name of one thing is used for that of another associated with it. For example, the expression in the cradle means to be in one’s childhood, because cradle is used for the young babies and closely related to the young age of one.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. Motivation accounts for the connection between the linguistic symbol and its meaning. Semantic motivation, one of the four major types of motivation, explains the connection between the literal sense and figurative sense of the word. In this sentence, 'pen' reminds one of the tool to write with, thus suggesting writing; 'sword' reminds one of the weapon to fight with, thus suggesting war.2. (1) Suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to bases. For example, movement is f ormed by add a suffix “-ment” to the root “move”.(2) Back-formation is considered to be the opposite process of suffixation; it's the method of creating words by removing the supposed suffixes. For example, “edit” is created out of “editor” on the mistake n assumption that the agentive suffix.3. Hyponymy refers to the semantic relationship of inclusion, in which the meaning of more specific word is included in that of another more general word. For example, tulip and rose are hyponyms of flower. The more specific words tulip and rose are called hyponyms or subordinate terms of the more general word flower. And flower is named hypernym or superordinate terms of tulip and rose. In the following 2 sentences, such a relation is indicated as follows:Superordinate Subordinate1) man scholar2) come visit3) school university4) week MondaySupplementary Exercises for ME. Lexicology 3Part I Multiple choices.1. A may consist of a single morpheme as in "iron" or of twomorphemes as in a compound like "handcuff".A. stem, root, rootB. root, stem, stemC. stem, stem, rootD. root, root, stem2.Degradation of meaning is the opposite of .A. semantic transferB. semantic pejorationC. semantic elevationD. semantic narrowing3.Which group of the following are acronyms?A. VOA, AIDS, BASIC, D-DayB. CORE, Laser, TEFL, NATOC. G-man, BBC, BASIC, NATOD. TV, ID, TB, UFO4.Which of the following statements is false?A. Conversion refers to the use of words of one class as that of a different class.B. Words mainly involved in conversion are nouns, verbs and adverbs.C. Partial conversion and full conversion are concerned with adjectives when converted to nouns.D. The conversion between nouns and verbs may involve a change of stress.5.Which of the following is incorrect?A. “airmail” means “mail by air”B. “reading-lamp” means “lamp for reading”C. “green horn” is the horn green in colorD. “hopeless” is “without hope”6.____ is the meaning given in the dictionary and forms the core of word-meaning.A. Grammatical meaningB. Denotative meaningC. Associative meaningD. Connotative meaning7.Antonyms can be classified into three major groups except______ .A. evaluative termsB. contrary termsC. contradictory termsD. relative terms8.“win” and “gain the upper hand”，“hesitate” and“ be in two minds” are two pairsof synonyms resulting from ____.A. coincidence with idiomatic expressionsB. figurative &euphemistic use of words.C. dialects and regional EnglishD. borrowing9.The meanings of a word may be influenced by the structure in which it occurs.The structure in which the word in question appears can be called ________ context.A. situationalB. morphologicalC. lexicalD. grammatical10.means something useless and unwanted but big and costly.A. white elephantB. dark elephantC. white horseD. dark horse11.Linguistic context is also known as context.A. socialB. verbalC. LexicalD. physical12.The pronunciation of a language has changed more ______ than spelling over theyears.A. systematicallyB. arbitrarilyC. logicallyD. rapidly13.The English alphabet was adopted from _______.A. Anglo-SaxonB. the RomansC. GreekD. Sanskrit14.The first peoples known to inhabit what is now England are ________.A. Anglo-SaxonsB. French speaking NormansC. CeltsD. Jutes15.English is more closely related to ____________.A. German than French.B. French to GermanC. Welsh than GermanD. Irish than Dutch16.In the words "recollection, idealistic, and ex-prisoner", "re-, -ion, -ist, -ic, ex-, and-er" are .A. prefixesB. suffixesC. free morphemesD. bound morphemes Part II Complete the following statements with proper words or expressions according to the course book.1.Words taken over from foreign languages are known as l oan_________ words.2.One of the variants realizing a morpheme is called a llomorph.3.C ompounding is the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.4.The word meaning is made up of g rammatical meaning andl exical meaning, which itself has two components:c onceptual meaning and associative meaning.5.When a word was created, it was endowed with p rimary meaning. With theadvance of time and the development of language it took on more and mored erived meanings.6.A rgot__ refers to the jargon of criminals. Its use is confined to the sub-culturalgroups, and outsiders can hardly understand it.7.In the early period of Modern English, Europe saw a new upsurge of learningancient Greek and roman classics, which is known in history as the R enascence_________.8.Affixes can be grouped into d erivational and i nflectional affixes.9.Words do not change in morphological structure but in function, which is knownas f unctional shift.10.Synonyms can be grouped into absolute synonyms andr elative synonyms.11.The Indo-European Language Family is made up of most of the languages ofEurope, the Near East, and I ndia______.12.Old English was a highly i nflectional________ language just like modernGerman.13.The allomorphs of the plural morpheme can be realized by z ero morphas in "deer—deer", "fish—fish".14.A melioration_______ refers to the process by which words rise from humblebeginnings to position of more importance.15.Some words which are used to denote one thing but later changed to denotesomething else have experienced the process of semantic transfer/transference _____.16.Opposite to d enotative____ meaning, connotative meaning refers to the overtonesor associations suggested by the conceptual meaning.17.Martin Joos (1962) in his The Five ClocksI suggests five degrees of formality:f rozen___, formal, consultative, casual, and initimate.18.Homonyms are classified into perfect homonyms, homographs andh omophones______.19.“parent –child” is a pair of r elational______ opposites.20.Words like now/then, here/there, tomorrow/yesterday are used to refer directly tothe personal temporal or locational characteristics of a situation. They are called deictic ____ words.Part III Explain the following terms with proper examples.ponential analysis2.Explain the term connotative meaning, with examples.3.schemataPart IV Answer the following questions.1.What are the stylistic features of idioms?2.Perfect homonyms and polysemants are fully identical with regard to spelling andpronunciation. This creates the problem of differentiation. Please design a way to distinguish the two concepts?Answers for Exercise 3Part I Multiple choices.1-5 ACBBC 6-10 BAADA 11-15 BABCA 16 DPart II Fill in the blanks.1. loan2. allomorph3. compounding4. grammatical, lexical, conceptual, associative5. primary, derived6. argot7. Renascence8. derivational, inflectional9. functional 10. absolute, relative 11. India 12. inflectional/inflected 13. zero 14. amelioration 15. transfer/transference 16. denotative 17. frozen 18. homophone 19. relational 20. deicticPart III Explain the following terms with proper examples.1. Componential analysis also called feature analysis or contrast analysis. It is a method typical of structural semantics which analyzes the structure of a word's meaning by breaking down the sense of a word into its minimal components, which are known as semantic features. Conventionally, these minimal components can be symbolized in terms of /binary opposition, using “+” and “-” to express the existence or non-existence of semantic properties by using plus and minus signs. It can reveal the culturally important features by which speakers of the language distinguish different words in the domain. Examples are:Man is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [+ADULT]Woman is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [+ADULT]Boy is [+HUMAN], [+MALE], [-ADULT]Girl is [+HUMAN], [-MALE], [-ADULT]2. Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, traditionally known as connotations. It is not an essential part of the word-meaning, but associations that might occur in the mind of a particular user of the language. For example, mother, denoting a ‘female parent’, is often associated with ‘love’, ‘care’, etc.3. Schemata or schematic knowledge refers to the mental representation of the linked, structured arrangements of facts. The formation of certain type of schemata is considered to be grounded in the present and based on past experiences. Schemata are an effective tool for understanding the world, which provides us with a frame of reference. For example, self-schemata, a schemata of a deal, of a university, etc.Part IV Answer the following questions.1. An idiom is a phrase whose meaning cannot be determined by the literal definition of the phrase itself, but refers instead to a figurative meaning that is known only through common use. Idioms have some stylistic features as stated as follows.(1) Many idioms were created in different professions, so they were trade-or profession-related, colloquial and informal.(2)Now most become a part of the common core, neither formal nor informal.(3)There are still many colloquialisms, slang expressions, literary expressions comparatively small in number.2. The fundamental difference between homonyms and polysemants lies in the fact that the former refers to different words which happen to share the same form and the latter is the one and same word which has several distinguishable meanings. One important criterion is to see their etymology, i.e. homonyms are from different sources whereas a polysemant is from the same source which has acquired different meanings in the course of development. For example, the native English word “ball” meaning。
词汇学期末考试复习资料
词汇学期末考试复习资料第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words byorigin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
词汇学期末复习资料
1.Words Motivation言语理据：deals with the connection between name (word-symbol) and its sense (meaning). It is the relationship between the word structure and its meaning. There are four types of motivation, which are Onomatopoeic motivation,Morphologic motivation, Semantic motivation and etymologic motivation.(1) Onomatopoeic motivation:拟声理据Onomatopoeic motivation means defining the principle of motivation by sound. For example, bow-wow, bang, ping-pong, miaow, tick-tuck ,haha and the like are Onomatopoeic words. Knowing the sounds means understanding the meaning of a word.(2) Morphologic motivation:形态理据It means that we observe the connection between morphemic structure of the word and its meaning. For example,if one knows the meaning of the affix and the base, say –able and learn, then one can immediately tell that the meaning of the word learnable is “that can be learned”. (3)Semantic motivation:语义理据Semantic motivation refers to the mental association suggested by the conceptual meaning of a word. For example: When we speak of a stony heart we are comparing the heart with a stone.(4) etymologic motivation: 词源理据It explains the words whose meanings are closely associated with their origins, i.e. the meanings of the words. For example, now people use pen for any writing tool though it originally denotes “feather” because before modern pens were created, feathers were commonly used as writing tool.2.Meanings of meaning: There are seven types of meaning which is proposed by G. Leech.(1)conceptual meaning:概念意义it is the literal meaning. It is concerned with the relationship between a word and the thing refers to. eg: the word "desk" is explained as a piece of furniture in the dictionary. (2)connotative meaning:内涵意义it refers to the meaning implied. eg: woman is a tiger and in this sentence, the word "woman" is connotative meaning.（3）social meaning: if refers to social circumstances. eg: the meaning of the word black differs in the two collcations of black hair and black tea.(4)affective meaning: 情感意义it refers to emotion or the feeling expressed by the speaker or writer. For example, the woman is cute. In this sentence, the word "cute" expresses the author's favor to woman..(5)reflective meaning:联想意义it refers to meaning undetected in communication. Take the word "table" as an example. It is a very common word in English. If we look it up in any dictionary, we will find that it has at least the following three meanings: a piece of furniture, all the people seated at a table, the food that is put on a table.(6)collocativemeaning:搭配意义it is communicated through association with words which tend to occur in the environment of other word..For instance, the phrase "see a film" is ofen used in everyday life but not "read a film".(7)thematic meaning: it is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of other and emphasis. For example, "It is until the midnight that my father worked in the lab", this sentence emphasis time adverbial and it's theme is that my father worked hard "until the midnight". However, in this sentence "It is my father that worked until the midnight in the lab", it emphasis the subject "my father"3.词义关系(1)Synonymy:同义关系refers to the sameness or close similarity of meaning. Words that are close in meaning are called synonyms. ①Dialectal synonyms—synonyms used in different regional dialects. Eg. British English: autumn. American English: fall.②S tylistic synonyms---Synonyms differing in style. Eg. Start, begin, commence ③Synonyms that different in their emotive or evaluative meaning. Eg. The two words collaborator and accomplice are synonymous inthat they share the meaning of “a person who helps another”, but they differ in that a collaborator helps another in doing something good, while an accomplice helps another ina criminal act. ④S emantically different synonyms. Eg. The two words amaze and astound are very close in meaning to the word surprise, but have very subtle differences. While amaze suggests confusion and bewilderment, astound suggests difficulty in believing. ⑤Collocational s ynonyms. Eg. charge…. With, rebuke….for, sour milk (2).Polysemy:多义现象It refers to different words may have the same or similar meaning, the same one word may have more than one meaning. Eg. If we look up he word “table” in any dictionary, we will find the following meanings: 1)a piece of furniture, 2)all the people seated at table, 3)the food that is put on the table, 4)a thin flat piece of stone, metal, wood, etc, and so on(3).Homonymy同音异义refers to the phenomenon that words having different meanings have the same form. 1)Homophones同音异义—when two words are identical in sound. Eg. Meet/meat; son/sun; night/knight; Homonymy Homographs同形异义—when two words are identical in spelling. Eg. minute n/minute adj; tear v./ tear n ; lead v./lead n. Complete homonyms—when two words are identical in both spelling and sound. Eg. Fast adj./ fast v. scale n./scale v.(4).Hyponymy下义关系It refers to the sense relation between a more general, moreinclusive word and a more specific word. the word which is more general in meaning is called superordinate上义词, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms下义词. Eg. Superordinate: animal, hyponyms: dog, cat, tiger, lion, fox, bear.(5)Antonymy 反义关系It’s the term used for oppositeness of meaning. ①Gradable antonyms分级反义词(a matter of degree). Eg.Old—middle-aged—young; hot-warm-cold .②Complementary antonyms互补反义词(the denial of one member of pair implies the assertion of the other) . Eg. Alive—dead; male—female; ③Relational opposites关系反义词(Pairs of words that exhibit the reversal of a relationship between the two items are called relational opposites)Eg. father-son; teacher-pupil; doctor-patient; buy-sell; above-below; north-south(6)Taxonomy:分类关系it is a classified structure formed by different level of types of lexicon. The relation between different types of lexicon is taxonomy. The lexicon contains a narrow type which is called taxonyms. While the lexicon contains a wide type on a superior level is superordinate. The lexicons in the same level are co-taxonyms. For example: plant can be divided into lichen, creeper, tree and so on, tree can be divided into conifer and deciduous. Conifer can be divided into pine and spruce. From the relations, pine is a kind of conifer which is a kind of tree, which is a kind of plant, so pine is a kind of plant.(7)Partonomy (Meronymy)部分整体关系:it involves part-whole relation between words. For example: wheel, engine, window and door are parts of car. Car is called the superordinate in the relationship. wheel, engine, window and door are called the meronyms in the relationship.4.Derivation:派生it is generally defined as a word formation process by which new words are created by odding prefix, suffix or both to the base form. For example: unhappy is the derivation of happy. Proposal is the derivation of propose. Dishonest is the derivation of honest.pounding :复合法is a process of word formation by which two or more stems are put together to make one word. For example: baby-sitter, housekeeper, speed-reading, overwork are all compound words.6.Conversion :转化is a word formation process by which a word of a certain word class is shifted into a word of another word class without the addition of an affix. For example: wateris a noun and it can convert into a verb which means to pour water on. Wealthy is an adjective and it can convert into a noun “the wealthy” which means rich people.7.Back formation:逆构词法it refers to a type of word formation by which a shorter word is coin by deletion of a supposed affix from a longer form already existing in the language. For example: daydreamer is a noun. We can remove the suffix-er. Then the word daydreamer turns into a verb. The meaning of them are still same.8.Abbreviation(Clipping): 缩略法it refers to the abbreviation of longer words or phrases. For example: quake is the abbreviation of earthquake. Fridge is the abbreviation of refrigerator.9.Hyponymy:下义词it refers to the sense relation between a more general, more inclusive word and a more specific word. The word which is more general in meaning is called the superordinate, and the more specific words are called its hyponyms. Hyponyms of the same superordinate are co-hyponyms to each other. For example: fruit, meat, vegetable are hyponyms of the superordinate term food. Beef , pork. Mutton are hyponyms of the superordinate term meat.10.Context:generally speaking, context is consist of two aspects: one is “linguistic context” referring to the linguistic unit preceding and/or following a particular linguistic unit in a text and refer to the words, clause and sentences in which a word appears. The other is “extra-linguistic” context or “non-linguistic” context refers to those situations and features which are not directly a part of the language in use but which either contribute in conveying a message or have an influence on language use. It contains situational context referring to time , place, human characteristic and social status; common sense and some certain information in a certain situation.修辞：1.metaphor,隐喻:两个事物存在某一类似之处，而用一个事物的词来指另一个事物。
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料Chapter 11.What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2.What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1.Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2.Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages oflanguage change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3.Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite anumber of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31.What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such asderivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth, sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;derivation派生法; is the process by which new words areformed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless, self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation.A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destructionconversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as”zero derivation,”which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→t o bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→vblending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog, spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder, blog→web+log, brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+ estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care, newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.clipping 截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement, cable→cablegram, dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline, gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram, memo→ memorandum, ?acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71.How do your understand sense relations? What are the majorsense relations discussed in this chapter?2.What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematicpolysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, the relations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rulesthat would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by whichnon-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes, The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes, Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station. “That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.。
词汇学期末考试题及答案
词汇学期末考试题及答案一、单项选择题（每题2分，共20分）1. 词汇学研究的核心对象是（）。
A. 语法结构B. 词汇系统C. 语音系统D. 语义关系答案：B2. 以下哪个选项不是词汇学的研究内容？（）A. 词义的演变B. 词汇的构成C. 句法结构D. 词汇的分类答案：C3. 词汇学中的“语义场”指的是（）。
A. 词与词之间的语义关系B. 词与句之间的语义关系C. 词与语境之间的语义关系D. 词与词义之间的语义关系答案：A4. “苹果”和“梨”在词汇学中属于（）。
A. 同义关系B. 反义关系C. 同源关系D. 同义关系5. 词汇学中，词义的最小单位是（）。
A. 词根B. 词缀C. 词素D. 词组答案：C6. 以下哪个词不是通过合成法构成的？（）A. 计算机B. 电视机C. 电冰箱D. 电答案：D7. 词汇学中，词义的扩大是指（）。
A. 词义范围缩小B. 词义范围扩大C. 词义范围不变D. 词义范围模糊答案：B8. “老师”和“教授”在词汇学中属于（）。
A. 同义关系B. 反义关系C. 包含关系D. 交叉关系答案：D9. 以下哪个词是通过转喻构成的？（）B. 笔杆子C. 铁饭碗D. 纸老虎答案：B10. 词汇学中，词义的转移是指（）。
A. 词义的增加B. 词义的减少C. 词义的不变D. 词义的转变答案：D二、填空题（每空1分，共20分）1. 词汇学是研究语言中的词汇现象和词汇系统的_________学科。
答案：语言学2. 词义的最小意义单位是_________。
答案：义素3. 词汇学中的“同义关系”指的是两个或多个词在_________上具有相同或相近的意义。
答案：语义4. 词义的引申是指词义从_________向_________的转移。
答案：具体；抽象5. 词汇学中的“反义关系”指的是两个词在_________上具有相反的意义。
答案：语义6. 词汇学中的“同源关系”指的是两个词在_________上具有共同的来源。
英语词汇学期末考试复习资料(精品文档).docx
1.A word will cover the following points:1) A minimal free form of a language2) A word is minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function.(A sound unity, A unit of meaning, A form that can function alone in a sentence);3) A word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing.2.Classification of words:1) Basic and non-basic word stock or vocabulary2) Content/ lexical /open class words and function/grammatical/closed class words3.What is involved in knowing a word?1) Form;/ structure;/2) meanings and semantic features associated with that word;3) grammatical or syntactic behavior associated with that word;4) network of associations between that word and other words;/ collocations;/ 5) limitations imposed on the use of word according to variations of function and situation;6)the degree of probability of encountering that word in speech or print.4.Morpheme can be classified as following:5.English word-formation英语构词法6.Derivation / Affixation派生法/词缀negative: a- dis- non- un-privative: de-dis-un-pejorative: mal- mis- pseudo-prefixation and suffixation.前缀和后缀Prefixation is the formation of new words by adding prefixes to bases. A prefix is a letter or group of letters placed at the beginning of a word to change its meaning. Prefixes are frequently used to form new words.7.Conversion转类法Conversion may be defined as a process by which a word belonging to one word class is transferred to another word class without any concomitant（伴随的）change of form. This process is also known as functional shift or zero-derivation. (零位派生)eg: bookstore was a must(v-n) for me. He downed(adv-v) his tools for a rest. He is a native(a-n)Functions of conversion: to achieve compactness and efficiency, accuracy and specificity, vividness and expressiveness, novelty and balance.8.Backformation逆生法Backformation refers to an abnormal type of word-formation where a short word is derived by deleting an imagined affix from a long form already present in the language. This process is considered to be the opposite process of affixation. eg:bookkeeper<bookkeeping babysit<babysitting burgle<burglar lase<laser9.Abbreviation:缩略法Abbreviation refers to word formation through clipping, initialism and acronym. These short forms are quicker and more convenient in use and for this reason they are becoming more and more popular.Clipping截短法Word formation by clipping part of a word, leaving only a piece of the old word. The shortening may occur at the beginning of the word, at the end of the word and at both ends of the word. The clipped form is normally regarded as informal.eg:phone(telephone),copter(helicopter),quake(earthquake) taxi(taxicab) appx.(appendix)Initialism首字母缩略词Words formed from the initial letters of words and pronounced as letters. VOA(Voice of America), p.c.(post card), VIP(very important person), BP(beautiful people)Acronym首字母拼音词ROM(read only memory), NATO(North Atlantic Treaty Organization), OPEC(Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries )10.Blending混词法Blending is the formation of new words by combining parts of two words or a word plus a part of another word. Words formed as such are called blends. Blends tend to be more frequent in informal style in the registers of journalism, advertising and technical field. Eg: head+tail：flaunt:flout+vaunt, blunt:blind+stunt,H-bomb:hydrogen+bomb,squash:squeeze+crash, hifi:high+fidelity/head+word:medicare:medical+care,/telequiz:telephone+quiz,//word+tail:workfare:work+welfare,bookmobile: book+automobile11.Imitation基本拟声Zap! Crunch! Swoosh! The world is Whoa!12.Borrowing外来语Coinage新生词Invention创造法poundingis a phenomenon where two or more existing words are combined to construct a new word. Compounding are useful to express the same meaning shortly and briefly and it can help writer to avoid repeating. E.g. The boy who catches attention is my son. The eye-catching boy is my son. The latter one expresses the same meaning more briefly and avoid repeating when we want to mention the boy afterwards.14.Kinds of meaningConceptual meaning refers to the meaning of a word or lexical item that relates it to phenomena in the real world or in a fictional or possible world.Associative meaning Reflected meaning and collocative meaning, affective meaning and social meaning: all these have more in common with connotative meaning than with conceptual meaning, they all have the same open-ended, variable character. They can all be brought together under the heading of associative meaning.Connotative meaning refers to the overtones or associations suggested by the conceptual meaning, or the mental content attached to the core meaning. These associations show people’s emotions and attitudes towards what the word refers to.Stylistic meaning Many words have stylistic features, which form the variation in meaning from casual to formal according to the type of situation, the addresser or person addressed, the location, the topic discussed, etc. These distinctive features form the stylistic meaning of words. In some dictionaries, these stylistic features are clearly marked as formal, informal, literary, archaic, slang and so on.Affective meaning reflects the speaker’s emotions, feelings and attitudes towards the person or thing in question. This meaning is often expressed in terms of the conceptual, connotative or stylistic content of the right word or by using proper intonation, tone of voice, and interjections.15.types of affective meaning:pejorative/derogatory; appreciative/commendatory16.How to express affective meaning? Explain with examples.The reflected meaning of a word is the total of all the other meanings a person thinks when hearing the word. The word has its suggestive power.Collocative meaning: Words may share the same meanings, but may be distinguished by the range of lexical terms they collocate with.Thematic meaning It is about what is communicated by the way in which the message is organized in terms of order and emphasis.Analyzing meaning Meanings of words can be analyzed into a number of features or components, such approach is called componential analysis or semantic features analysis.17.English euphemisms formation1)Compounding, Clipping, Acronym: gents (gentlemen’s room)2) .backslang, respelling of initials, phonetic distortion: elly-bay (belly)3) . Borrowing, substitution of synonyms, use of fuzzy word: nude (naked)4) . Metaphor, understatement, periphrases, etc.: to sleep forever, adjustment downward, landscape architect, smelly18.Five major mechanisms in semantic changes语义转化Broadening/widening/extending/generalization of meaningNarrowing/restriction/reduction/specializationAmelioration/elevationPejoration/degradationTransfer of meaning19.The polysemy of the word一词多义 a word having two or more closely related meanings.20.Semantic relations语义关系Words do not exist in isolation. Their meanings are defined through their relations to other word, and it is through understanding these connections that we arrive at our understanding of words.A. Synonymy Words which have the same or nearly the same meanings as other words are called synonyms and the relationship between them is one of synonymy. Absolute and relative synonyms绝对同义词和相对同义词B. Antonyms Words opposite in meaning are generally called antonyms. Gradable antonyms层级反义词Complementary or contradictory antonym互补反义词Converse antonyms逆行Three types of antonyms: gradable antonyms, complementary or contradictory antonyms, and converses.C. Hyponymy and meronymy上下义关系和部分整体关系Hyponymy--the kind of’ relation The relation of hyponymy serves to structure large parts of a language’s vocabulary. The organization of a work like Roget’s Thesaurus suggests that it is perhaps an all-pervasive structuring relation.meronymy --the part of relation can similarly be represented by a hierarchy of superordinate and subordinate termsD. Homonymy同形同音异义词Homonyms refer to words which are written in the same way and sound alike but which have different meanings. They can be classifiedinto two categories: homographs and homophones.a. Homographs:同形异义词words that have the same spelling but differ in sound and meaning.b. Homophones:同音异义词words that have the same phonological form but differ in spelling and meaning.20.Semantic/lexical field:It is the organization of related words and expressions into a system which shows their relationship to one another. The semantic field arrangement brings together words that share the same semantic space. It is a record of the vocabulary resources available for an area of meaning, and it enables a user of the language to appreciate often elusive meaning differences between words.21.The major features of idioms1)Compositeness:复合性idioms consist of more than one word; They are multiword lexical items as in bread and butter, spill the beans, let the cat out the bag, etc.2)Structural stability:稳定性idioms are fixed collocations by long usage. Unlike free phrases, idioms are frozen and conventionalized collocations whose components cannot be varied or varied only within definable limits. 3)Semantic unity:统一性idioms are semantically opaque. Unlike free phrase, the meaning of an idiom is not the sum of its constituents. In other words, the meaning of idiom is not transparent in most cases.Transformation/creativity in idiom:Replacement/substitution,addition, permutation, deletionThe application of idioms: Idioms from the speech of soldiers, every-day life of Englishmen, health, illness and death, business and the stock exchange, popular sports and games, books and stories22.Cohesive device衔接手段(links in meaning) conjunction连词,substitution替代, ellipsis省略, reference指代, lexical cohesion词汇衔接Discourse is any passage spoken or written of whatever length that forms a unified corn. It may be a product of a single writer, speaker or several persons.23.词汇衔接手段reiteration（复现）and collocation(共现)Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Under this heading includes a variety of kinds of semantic relationshipthat can exist between lexical items. Halliday and Hasan cluster them into two broadsub-classes: reiteration and collocation, which contribute to the creation and organization of discourse.Reiteration复现or repetition is the occurrence of one or more items in a sentencethat by themselves tell the reader or listener nothing new but reinstate some element(s) from the earlier sentences so that something new can be said about. As aform of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym ornear-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym, Equivalence等价Naming命名Semblance/Analogy同义词/类比Metonymy借喻etc. They serve to show the relatedness of ideas in the discourse.Collocation搭配is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment.24.General approaches to lexical learning in EFL1.) guessing/inferring from context2.)using mnemonic techniques3.) using word parts4.) learning from word cards5.) using dictionary25.Kinds of Context Clue Linguistic clues:cues based on knowledge of English language. e.g. synonyms, antonyms, hyponyms, grammar, punctuations, word parts, pronunciation, intonation, stress, etc.Logical clues: cues based on relationships among the various parts of the information. e.g. cause and effect, comparison and contrast, generalization and examples, restatements, definitions, etc.World knowledge clues: cues based on the informant’s experience and knowledge of the topic.Non-verbal clues: cues based on tables, images, diagrams, etc.ing mnemonic techniques1) Repeating (verbal and oral): Repetition is the key to learning. Only by saying, writing, listening and using words again and again can one make them part of his active vocabulary.2) Linking with prior knowledge: Integrating the new word with the familiar one, connecting the new word with already known words through associating, semantic mapping and charting semantic features, etc.3) Forming word association: Getting words together on account of their semantic relations or logical connections. e.g. grass – green, school – students, hit – ball, swim – pool, apple – fruit, irritated – annoyed, dead – alive, baby – mother, etc.4) Building up semantic mapping: Brainstorming associations a word has with other words and then diagramming the results.27.What is lexical cohesion? What are the general features of it?Lexical cohesion refers to lexical items which work on the organization of coherent discourse. Cohesion means formal links between element links in form. There are 2 types of lexical cohesion,reiteration and collocation. As a form of lexical cohesion, reiteration involves the repetition of an identical lexical item, the use of a general word to refer to a lexical item, the use of a synonym or near-synonym, the use of superordinate, the use of hyponym. Collocation reflects rules of the conventions and co-occurence tendency in the use of word in discourse. Collocation is a cover term for the cohesion that results from the co-occurrence of lexical items that are in some way or other associated with one another, because they tend to occur in similar environment. For example, in a talk about football game, words like shoot, goalkeeper, penalty and kick are more likely to appear than other words in the talk.28.Learning from word cardsStep 1 Choosing words to learnSept 2 Making word cardsStep 3 Using the cardsing DictionariesWhat are the major purposes for dictionary use?Comprehension/ Look up unknown words met while listening, reading, or translating./ Confirm the meanings of partly known words./ Confirm guess from context./ Production/ Look up unknown words needed to speak, write, or translate. / Look up the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, grammar, constraints on use, collocations, inflections and derived forms of partly known words needed to speak, write or translate. /Confirm the spelling, pronunciation, meaning, etc. of known words. /Check that a word exists./Find a different word to use instead of a known one./Correct an error./Learning /Choose unknown words to learn./Enrich knowledge of partly known words, including etymology.。
词汇学期末复习题（附参考答案）
名词解释（10选5，一个4分）词=The minimal free form of a language, which has a given sound, meaning and syntactic function. 词根=The basic unchangeable part of a word, and covers the main lexical meaning of the word. 词缀=Affixes are forms that are attached to words or word elements to modify meaning or function. 一词多义=Polysemy =Polysemy means means means that that that one one one single single single word word word has has has two two two or or or more more senses at the same time. 同形异义=Homonyms =Homonyms are are are different different words words with with with the the the same same same form form (spelling or pronunciation) 完全同形异义=Perfect homonyms are different words identical both in sound and spelling, though different in meaning. 同音异形异义=Homophones are different words identical in sound but different in spelling and meaning. 同形异音异义=Homographs are different words identical in spelling, but different in sound or meaning. 同义关系=Synonymy Synonymy is is is a a a relationship relationship relationship of of of “sameness “sameness “sameness of of of meaning” meaning” that may hold between two words. 反义关系=Antonymy is a relationship of “meaning opposition” that may hold between two words. 上下义关系=Hyponymy is the sense relationship that relates words hierarchically. The underlying observation is that some words have a more general meaning, while others have a more specific meaning, while referring to the same entity. 问答题（6选3，一题10分）分）1. (1)What does onomatopoetic motivation mean?(2)What does semantic motivation mean?(3)Dose it contradict the statement that there is no natural connection between sound and meaning?Answer: (1)Onomatopoeic motivation means means defining defining defining the the the principle principle principle of of motivation by sound. (2)Semantic motivation means that motivation is based on semantic factors. (3)Facts (3)Facts have have have proved proved proved this this this argument argument to to be be be valid. valid. valid. W W ords ords that that convey convey the the the same same same meaning meaning meaning have have have different different different phonological phonological phonological forms forms forms in in different languages – (for example, English meat / mi:t /,Chinese ròròu. u. u. Alternatively, Alternatively, the the same same same phonological phonological phonological forms forms forms may may may convey convey different meanings - for example, sight, site, cite.) 2. How many kinds of meaning are there in English?Answer: Answer: There There There are are are 8 8 8 kinds kinds kinds of of of meaning meaning meaning in in in English, English, English, including including grammatical meaning, lexical meaning, denotative meaning, associative meaning, connotative meaning, social (stylistic) meaning, affective meaning, collocative meaning. 3. (1)What is context?(2)What role dose context play in linguistic communication? （以下答案摘自网络，回答稍冗长，请适当精简）Answer: (1)Context in its traditional sense refers to the lexical items that precede or follow a given word. And there is linguistic context, refers refers to to to the the the words, words, words, clauses, clauses, clauses, sentences, sentences, sentences, paragraphs, paragraphs, paragraphs, or or or whole whole books books in in in which which which a a a word word word appears. appears. appears. And And And extra-linguistic extra-linguistic extra-linguistic context, context, which which refers refers refers to to to a a a particular particular particular time, time, time, space, space, space, or or or culture culture culture in in in which which which a a word word appears. appears. appears. There There There also also also is is is lexical lexical lexical context: context: context: the the the lexemes lexemes lexemes that that co-occur with the word in question. The meaning of the word is affected or determined by the neighboring lexemes. (2)Context can function as followed: eliminating ambiguity; conveying emotional overtones; indicating referents and the range of the meaning of a word. 4.5. (1)What are the major types of synonymy?(2)(3)Explain those types with examples.Answer: (1)In (1)In general, general, general, English English English synonyms synonyms synonyms can can can be be be divided into divided into two two types: types: complete synonyms and relative synonyms. (2)Absolute synonyms are words whose meaning is fully identical in any context so that one can always be substituted for the other without t he slightest change in the slightest change in meaning. For example: （例子自己找）（例子自己找）(3)Relative synonyms refers to which denote different shades of meaning meaning or or or different different different degrees degrees degrees of of of a a a given given given quality. quality. quality. This This This kinds kinds kinds of of synonyms are the same in some degree such as （例子自己找）（例子自己找）6. (1)What are the major types of antonymy?(2)(3)(4)(5)Explain those types with examples.Answer: (1)There are four types of antonymy, including complementaries, gradable antonyms, relational opposites and semantic incompatibles (2)Complementaries (2)Complementaries refer refer refer to to to pairs pairs pairs of of of words words words that that that represent represent represent an an either/or relation. （例子找书去）（例子找书去）(3) Antonyms Antonyms of of of this this this type type type are are are best best best viewed viewed viewed in in in terms terms terms of of of a a a scale scale running running between between between two two two poles poles poles or or or extremes. extremes. extremes. The The The two two two opposites opposites opposites are are gradable. （例子找书去）（例子找书去）(4)The substitution of one member for the other does not change the the meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of meaning of a sentence if it is accompanied by the change of subject and object. （例子找书去）（例子找书去）（例子找书去） (5) (5) The The The words words words in in in a a a group group group of of semantic semantic incompatibles incompatibles incompatibles are are are in in contrast to the other members of the group, showing a contrastingness relationship between word and word （例子找书去）去）7. What are the possible causes of language change?(由于网上答案太泛，思路混乱，因此直接将课本原话翻译过来作为答案。
词汇学期末复习参考资料
UNIT1 A SHORT HISTORY OF ENGLISH重点在于各阶段英语对现代英语的影响，历史部分不再赘述。
另：由于语音部分过于复杂，贴上传送门，有兴趣的同学自己研究。
按这里进入。
OLD ENGLISH发音和德语相近词汇复合法是重要的构词方法。
复合词在古英语词汇中占有显著的地位。
据统计，在史诗《贝奥武夫》3183行诗句中，竟有1069个复合词。
有些复合词中不重读部分，渐渐失去了独立地位，而演变成了词缀，如for-, in-, -ful 等派生法在古英语中也广泛使用。
共有二十四个名词后缀、十五个形容词后缀，-dom, -hood, -ship, -ness, -the, -ful,- ish 等词缀都可溯源到古英语时期。
古英语时期的诗歌有一种特殊的修辞手法，即头韵(alliteration)，由此产生的许多短语一直保留到现在，如night and main, friend or foe, a labour of love。
一批来自拉丁语和斯堪的纳维亚语的词汇进入英语。
语法古英语的名词有数和格的分别。
数分为单数、复数；格分为主格、所有格、与格、宾格。
因此一个名词加起来共有8种变化形式。
此外，名词还分阳性、中性和阴性。
但是比较奇怪的是，这些性的区分并不是以性别来判断的，而且没有性别的事物也未必是中性。
例如妇女就是阳性的。
形容词的形态变化分为强、弱两种，它的数和格也共有8种变化。
动词只有现在式和过去式两种时态变化。
MIDDLE ENGLISH发音依然和德语相近词汇中古英语吸收了大量法语的词汇，数目有几千之多。
此外，中古英语还吸收了拉丁语、佛兰芒语、荷兰语、低地德语的一些词汇。
同时，大量古英语的词汇由于不再使用而被淘汰。
语法中古英语的语法在形态变化方面发生了简化。
名词逐渐失去了古英语复杂的数和格的变化，简化成了单数和复数两种形式，复数以词尾-s表示。
形容词则简化成了没有任何变化的词类。
词在句子中的关系不再通过性、数、格的变化来表示，而是由词在句子中的位置来表示。
词汇学考试复习资料
词汇学考试复习资料说明：本次期末考试复习的重点仍然是书本以及书后的练习，请大家千万不要本末倒置，专门复习这份资料，那必将后悔。
书是重中之重，请大家务必切记第五、六、七、八章课后的练习大家要仔细做，最好全部梳理一遍第一次和第二次的模拟考试题大家要认真复习一遍，祝大家考试顺利。
以下是最后几章的模拟题（不提供答案，请大家查阅词典完成练习），出现在以下题卷中的就是需要复习的课外内容，没有出现的就是课内内容以及上课提醒过大家需要复习的填空或问答之类的部分，即需要大家自己认真复习的部分。
关于上次模拟题的答案将会附在最后。
1.Longman Lexicon of Contemporary English has divided English words into the 14 semanticfields as followed, please check the list of words and to recognize which field do they belong to?A: Life and Living ThingsB: The Body: its Funcyion and WelfareC: People and the FamilyD: Buildings, Houses, the Home, Clothes, Belongings, and Personal CareE: Food, Drink, and FarmingF: Feelings, Emotions, Attitudes, and SenstionsG: Thought and Communications, Language and Grammar H: Substances, Materials, Objects, and EquipmentI: Arts and Crafes, Science and Technology, Industry and EducationJ: Numbers, Measurement, Money and CommercecK: Entertainment, Sports, and CommerceL: Space and TimeM: Movement, Location, Travel and TransportN: General and Abstract Terms1.liking and not liking ( )2.travel and visiting ( )/doc/419388375.html,cation ( )4.disease and ailments ( )5.death and burial ( )6.fullness, heaviness, thickness, stiffness, roughness, etc ( )7.light and colour ( )8.animals / mammals ( )9.clothes and persomnal belongings ( )10.knowing and related activities ( )11.weapons ( )12.music and related activities ( )13.drinks ( )14.money ( )15.geography ( )16.shipping ( )17.fish, and other water creatures ( )18.fear and courage ( )19.farming ( )/doc/419388375.html,merce ( )2.将下列表示“闪光”的词填入句子Coruscate, dazzle, flash, gleam, glint, glisten, glow, scintillate, shine, twinle1. The torch_____________2. the labtern _____________________3. the wet road ___________4. the gun-barrel ___________________5. the headlights __________6. the sparks ___________________________7. the gems _______________ 8. the sun _________________________9. Embers ________________ 10. stars ______________________3.将下列二十个词分成十组反义词Accept, ebb, famous, defeat, forbid, frugal, guilty, innocent, maximum, merit, minimum, motion,. Obscure, permit, reject, rest, violate, wasteful1._______________________________2.____________________________________3._______________________________4.____________________________________5._______________________________6.______________________________________7._______________________________8._______________________________________9._______________________________10._______________________________________4.将下列矛盾修饰语译成汉语1. old news2. student teacher3. light heavyweight4. standard deviation5. civil war6. peace offensive7. growing small 8. conspicuously absent 9. negative growth10. mobile home 11. half naked 12. open secret13. loose tights 14. tight slacks 15. awful good16. spendthrift 17. proud humility 18. same difference19. sight unseen 20. darkness visible5.请熟悉以下缩略词的相关翻译，全称等信息IOC CIS EEC OAU UN OPEC ISBNGA TT GEM GMT CD CAD MTV IDDTB H-Bomb DNA AP UPI AFP DPAUSIS ANSA MENA ABC NBC SHAPE VeraHB WBD NHK NANA BAR AIM BADGECAR DOP CORE MAP NATO SALTUFO MOUSE TOFEL GRE MOSS SEATO等等，缩略词请大家多留意，多搜集，多复习！附：模拟测试答案用够定前缀in-（及其变体），non-,un-构成下列单词的反义词10%1. mature2. regular3. considerence4. noble5. contentious6. legitimate7. metal8. passive9. ferrous 10. accuracy11.endurable 12. variance 13. inductive 14. legible 15. resonable16.national 17. scrupulous 18.staple 19. balance 20. legalize答案略写出下列单词中前缀的意义（用英语解释）10%1. ante cedent2. by product3. a pocope4. en close5. en dobiotic6. epi taph7. ex pire8. fore tell9. hypo crite 10. in clude11. over work 12. intra mutual 13. pro ceed 14. sub scribe 15. pre cede16. post graduate 17. trans mit 18. super man 19. out bid 20. inter cede答案：1. before2. near3. off4. in5. inside6. outside7. out8. before9. beneath 10. in11. beyond 12. within 13.forward 14. below 15. before16. after 17. across 18. above 19. exceeding 20. between找出下列句子中由形容词转化的动词10%1.Calming down, I convinced myself this was something that had to happen once in a lifetime.2.Such was Ponpeii on its last day. And so it is to-day, now that the volcanic ash has beencleared away.3.Houses and clothes must be cleaned more frequetly.4.In the 19th and 20th centuries, the chemical industry turned out many new products which,saysLucky Kavaler in her book Dangerous Air, “helped raise the standard of living and lower the standard of air.”5.Born in 1857, in Uln, Germany, Einstein was two years old when his parents moved toMunich. There his father opened a business in electrical supplies.6.The Acadamy of Science was closed to him; his house was searched for weapons; he lostprofessorship; all his property was seized; and finally his German citizenship was taken awar.7.When the ooil is heated, the first vapours to rise are cooled and become the finest petrol.8.He emptied out all his pockets onto the table.9.Part of the old wall fell on the workman, and it took half of an hour to free him.10.The wet clothes will soon dry in the sun.答案：1. calm2. clear3. clean4. lower5. open6. close7. cool 8. empty 9. free 10. dry写出下列报刊标题中使用的截短词的全称10%/doc/419388375.html, auto workers end strike.2.Soviet sub off Japen.3.Palestinian demos mark massacres./doc/419388375.html,: first use of nuke weapons not unlawful.5.Viet troops suffer setback in Kampuchea.6.Iran asks for info on stolen gems.7.Petrochemical Corp builds 42 banks.8.Rural-credit co-ops to get more autonomy.9.W Europe acts to meet high-tech challenge.10.Setback for governing parties in Euro vote.答案：1. automobile2. submarine3. demonstrations4. nuclear5. Vietnamese6. information7. corporation8. cooperatives9. high-technology 10. European写出下列拼缀词是由什么连接而成10%1. screamager2. bus-napper3. keytainer4. needcessity5. alphamerical6. automania7. chunnel8. daymare9. Medicare 10. spam答案：1. screaming teenager2. bus kidnapper3. key contqainer4. need-necessity5. alphabetic-numerical6. automobile mania7. channel tunnel8. day nightmare9. medical care 10. spiced ham。
词汇学期末复习各章知识点
Chapter one The basic concepts of words and vocabulary1.1 The definition of a word（1）一个最小的自由形态（2）一个发音的集合体（3）一个意义单位（4）能独自影响句子的形式因此，我们能说“词语是语言最小的自由形式，拥有固定的声音和意义以及句法作用。
”1.2 vocabularyAll the words in a language make up its vocabulary. The general estimate of the English vocabulary is over one million words.1.3Sound and meaning词语是一个符号，代表着世界上其他的事物。
每种世界文化已经赞成一定的读音将代表一定的人，事，地方，特性，过程，行动，当然是在语言系统之外。
这种象征性的联系几乎总是主观的，并且“在代表事物和思想的声音和实际的事物和思想之间没有法定关系。
”1.4 sound and form在古英语中，口语比今天更忠实地代表书面语，但随着语言的发展，越来越多的不同出现在口语和书面语之间。
有以下几点原因：1.内因是因为英语字母表采用罗马字母，罗马字母没有独立的字母代表每个读音，因此一些字母代表两个读音或者组合在一起发音。
2.另一个原因是发音比拼写的变化快，在一些时候还拉开了距离。
在最近五百年里，尽管口语发音已经出现了显著的变化，却没有相应的拼写变化。
Another reason for this is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3.第三个原因是一些早期的书写员发明了一些不同Those scribes had made some change to the word spelling4.到1500年年末，印刷已经变得非常普及。
(完整word版)英语词汇学复习(word文档良心出品)
英语词汇学复习的内容：一、考试题形式分为：Ⅰ.选择题(20分)：完全是考书中的理论与例子的结合,即知识点等。
1-9cahptersⅡ.填空（30分）：考定义概念。
1-10chaptersⅢ.（20分）习语英译汉：教材中汉语部分idioms: 习语的特点Ⅳ.(10分) 论述题：第三章为主Ⅴ. 树形图（依据上下义关系作图）(20分)：第二、六章二、教材内容简介三、复习内容Introduction 部分Lexicology 这门课算哪一种学科的分支: Lexicology is a branch of linguistics. Lexicology和那些重要的学科建立了联系: 1)Morphology 2) Semantics 3) Stylistics 4) Etymology 5) Lexicography研究lexicology 的两大方法:1) Diachronic approach : 历时语言学2) Synchronic approach : 共时语言学e.g. wife 纵观历时语言学的方法论，woman 词义的变化算是词义变化的哪一种模式？Woman 的词义的变化是Narrowing or specialization第一章词的概述；1.识记：词的定义2.声音与意义3.声音与拼写4.词汇5.词汇的分类What is word ?词具有哪些特点？词的特点也就是对词的名词解释。
1) A word is a minimal free form of a language;2) A sound unity or a given sound ;3) a unit of meaning;4) a form that can function alone in a sentence.以上词的四个特点也就是词的名词解释词的分类（classification of a word）词根据发音可以分为哪两种词？或者说词根据拼写可以分为哪两类词？1) simple words 2) complex words单音节词例子：e.g. Man and fine are simple多音节词例子：e.g. Management, misfortune, blackmailmanagement 可以次划分为manage 和-mentmisfortune 可以次划分为mis- 和fortuneblackmail 次划分为black 和mailWhat is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and actual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds. What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form, such as English language.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stage i.e. Old English3)With the development of the language, more and more differences occur between the two.What are the great changes that causes illogical relationship or irregularity between sound and form?1) The internal reason for this is that the English alphabet was adopted from the Romans, which does not have a separate letter to represent each sound in the language so that some letters must do double duty or work together in combination.2) Another reason is that the pronunciation has changed more rapidly than spelling over the years, and in some cases the two have drawn far apart.3) A third reason is that some of the differences were created by the early scribes.4) Finally comes the borrowing, which is an important channel of enriching the English vocabulary.要记住以上四句话中的关键词：1) influenced by Romans2) Pronunciation changed3) early scribes4) borrowing你能不能举出外来语对英语发音,拼写造成不一致的例子有哪些？e.g. stimulus (L) ,fiesta (Sp) ,eureka (Gr), kimono (Jap)外来语对英语造成的最大的影响就是‘sound and form ’不一致。
菏泽学院词汇学期末复习题
英语专业《词汇学》（本科复习资料II. Define the following terms. （每题六分，共三十分；平均每个概念三分）1．morpheme: a minimal meaningful unit of a language.allomorph: one of the variants that realize a morpheme.2．bound morpheme: a morpheme that occurs with at least one other morpheme.free morpheme: a morpheme that can stand alone.3．root: what remains of a word after the removal of all affixes.stem: a form to which affixes of any kind can be added.4．compounding : the formation of new words by joining two or more stems.conversion: the formation of new words by converting words of one class to another. 5．Synonyms: words different in sound and spelling but most nearly alike or exactly the same in meaning.Antonyms: words opposite in meaning.III. Answer the following, questions. （每题五分，共十分）1. Grammatical meanings refer to that part of the meaning of the world which indicates grammatical concept or relationships such as part of speech of words, singular and plural meaning of nouns, tense meaning of verbs and their inflectional forms.（1分）Grammatical meaning of a word becomes important only when it is used in actual context.（1分）Different lexical items, which have different lexical meanings, may have the same grammatical meaning, on the other hand, the same word may have different grammatical meanings.（1分）Lexical meaning and grammatical meaning make up the word meaning. （1分）It is known that grammatical meaning surfaces only in use.But lexical meaning is constant in all the content words within or without context as it is related to the notion that a word conveys.（1分）1．2. There are many causes of semantic change. （1分）The main causes include extra-linguistic factors and linguistic factors. In extra- linguistic factors, here are historical reasons, class reasons, and psychological reasons. （3分）In linguistic factors, there are shortening of phrases, influx of borrowings and analogy.（1分）IV.Write down what the following acronyms stand for. （每题两分，共十分；每题错一个单词扣一分，错两个或两个以上不得分）2．British Broadcasting Corporation3．International Standard Book Number4．the United Nations Education, Science and Culture Organization5．International Olympics CommitteeInformation technologyV. Translate the following English proverb into Chinese. （每题两分，共二十分；意义相近者亦可算为正确。
根据老师的要求整理的词汇学期末复习资料-推荐下载
Chapter 11. What is the scope of lexicology? How is lexicology related to lexicography and etymology?2. What are diachronic approach历时性研究and synchronic approach共识性研究in lexicological study?lexicology, a branch of linguistics, deals with the nature, history, use , and meaning of words and the relationships between elements of words. Lexicology mainly covers the origin, development, structure, meaning, and application of words.Linguists usually define a word as the smallest unit of a language1. Lexicology includes phonetics语音学phonology音韵学semantics 语义学etymology词源学lexicography词典学morphology形态学Etymology, which can be regarded as a subfield of lexicology, mainly focuses on the study of the origin and history of words. Lexicography, another related branch to lexicology, is mainly concerned with inclusion of words and the science of compiling dictionaries. Lexicography is about the application of lexicology--the science of dictionaries.Translation;coal abounds in this province.Crystal water wells out of the spring.2. Two major approaches are employed in lexicological studies;diachronic approach and synchronic approach. They are also two principal approaches to the study of language. all languages exist in a state of constant change and development. In language studies, linguists may investigate the history and stages of language change(diachronic) in a course of time. It is historical lexicology. At the same time, they can study the language use, features and variation within a certain stage of its development(synchronic). Then it is descriptive lexicology.3. Chapter 21, what are the major foreign influences upon the development of the English vocabulary? Are there any other sources of influence that are not discussed in this chapter? Could you find some and add with examples?2, what factors do you think might influence the development of the English language? In your opinion, what will be English language be like in 50 years?The English vocabulary sprang from three major root sources; Germanic, Latin, and Greek.① Germanic tribes; anglo-Saxons, form AD450 to 1150; old English period, they contributed about 50. 000 very basic words in today’s English.②Latin; Roman Occupation, 55BC-AD410. The status of Englandwas re-enhanced as the Latin-speaking missionaries brought Christianity to England.Greek; Roman conquerors turned to learn Greek, and the English nobles began to learn Latin.French; in 1066, the Norman French conquered Britain and brought the French style of life to England.Italy; the European Renaissance, which originated from Italy in the late 14th century and began in large scale in Western Europe throughout the 15th century, signified a new epoch of scientific revolution, religious reforms, artistic transformations, and literary revival.as a result of this cultural movement, quite a number of Italian words become a permanent part of the English vocabulary.In the 17th century, British conquered the place we call United State, mixed English with their language.In conclusion, Roman, Anglo-Saxon, Jute, Viking, Norman.Chapter31. What is morpheme? What are the major types of morphemes? What is allomorph词素变体?A morpheme词素is the smallest part of a word that has grammatical function or meaning. For example, walks, walked, and walking can be analyzed into the morphemes(walk). None of these morphemes can be further divided into meaningful units.Morpheme;▪free morpheme自由词素it does not have to be attached to another morpheme.▪bound morpheme粘着词素they must be attached to some other unit(s).▪inflectional morpheme\屈折词素such as -s, -ed, -ing，the addition of inflectional morphemes merely changes word form. Such as▪derivational morpheme派生词素.re-, un-, -ness, -ful . The addition of derivational morphemes creates new words. Such as possible→impossibleWhen a morpheme has variant forms, these variant forms are called allomorphs. Allomorphs are different realizations of the same morpheme. Such as tooth→teeth,sheep→sheep(different pronunciation.)Chapter4The formation of English Words;▪ derivation派生法; is the process by which new words are formed form existing words or roots by adding affixes词缀( prefix, suffix).Such as; self+less→selfless,self+less+ly→selflessly, un+self+ish→unselfish.▪compounding复合法；is a direct process of word formation. A compound word is usually formed of two or more independent words that can be used alone as individual words.Eg; database, weblog, webpage, customer service, data retrieval, mass-destruction▪conversion转类法；is a process in which the part of speech of a word changes while its form is maintained. Conversion is also defined as” zero derivation,” which means that a word can play a new role without deriving anything or making any changes.Such as; water n, v. bottle→to bottle, closet, fool, knife, name, pocket, ship, can, e-mail, heat, microwave, nurse, shape, tutor. n→v▪blending拼缀法；is a word formation process in which parts of words are put together to get a new word. Such as; smoke+ fog→smog,spread+crawl爬行→sprawl伸开四肢坐或卧, camcorder→camera+recorder,blog→web+log,brunch→breakfast+lunch, comcast→communication+broadcast, guestimate→guest+estimate, intercom →internal+ communication, laundromat→laundry+automat, medicaid→medical+care+aid, medicare→medical + care,newscast→news+ broadcast, nightscape→night + landscape, paratroops→ parachute+ troops伞兵,▪back formation逆构法；is a process of creating a new word out of an existing word which is mistakenly assumed to be in derivative; a supposed suffix of a longer word is removed. Such as; babysit from babysitting, nominate推荐from nomination提名.▪clipping截短法；is another word formation process from which a new word is formed by dropping one or more syllables from a polysyllable word and the remaining will mean essentially the same thing as the original word.. Such as; fax from facsimile, and phone from telephone, ad→advertisement,cable→cablegram,dorm→dormitory, gas→gasoline,gym→gymnastics, kilo→kilogram,memo→memorandum,▪acronyms缩略法；Acronymy and Initialism首字母缩略法；are word formation practices in which the first letters of the individual words of a phrase are put together to form a new word. Such as; DOB for date of birth.▪ from proper noun to common noun从专有名词到普通名词Chapter71. How do your understand sense relations? What are the major sense relations discussed in this chapter?2. What is polysemy? What is homonymy? How are they related? How are they different?The meaning of a word in usually related in important ways to the meanings of other words. The relations in meaning are known collectively as sense relations. The major kinds of sense relations include; synonymy同义关系antonymy反义关系hyponymy上下义关系（such as flower and rose）polysemy一词多义homonymy同形或同音异义关系（bank bear）Polysemy; refers to the capacity of a word to have multiple meanings.A polyseme is a word or a phrase with different but related meanings. There are two kinds of polysemy; regular/systematic polysemy and irregular/nonsystematic polysemy. Regular polysemy refers to the situation where different interpretations of one word have parallel sets of meanings among one another. For example, bottle can refer both to a container( of liquids)-as in this bottle is full of water-and to a quantity( of liquids)-as in i would like to buy a bottle of wine. Irregular polysemy is different. For example, glass can refer to a certain material, or to a certain kind of container, or to a certain optical aid which is often made of this material. Although these three meanings of the word are, to some extent, related to each other, therelations among them are not systematic, since we cannot give rules that would account for these three meanings of glass.Homonymy is , in the strict sense in linguistics, a sense relation in which words share the same spelling and/or the same pronunciation but have different meanings. One example of homonym is left( opposite of right) and left( past tense of leave). This is an example of perfect homonyms-they are the same in spelling as well as pronunciation, but different n meaning. Besides true homonyms, there are two other types; words that are same in spelling, but not in pronunciation, are called homographs; words that are the same in pronunciation, but different in spelling, are called homophones. Bear;忍受；生育(一词多义)，bear 忍受；熊（同形异义）Chapter8▪Metaphor隐喻；a metaphor is an implied analogy that suggestively identified one thing with another.Eg; the city is a jungle, where the strong survive and the weak perish. The jail is a zoo, where many” animals” are caged.Life is the morning dew, which vapors away in a mere glimpse.The world is a stage.▪Personification拟人化; is a figurative technique by which non-living objects such as things and ideas are endowed with the traits, feelings, actions, characteristics, and even languages of human beings.The yellow fog that rubs its back upon the window-panes,The yellow smoke that rubs its muzzle on the window-panes,Licked its tongue into the corners of the evening,Lingered upon the pools that stand in drains,Let fall upon its back the soot that falls from chimneys,slipped by the terrace, made a sudden leap,And seeing that it was a soft October night,Curled once about the house, and fell asleep.Hyperbole夸张; or exaggeration, is a figurative technique used to emphasize a point. Writers or speakers use this technique to be impressive or to emphasize a point.The fish is as small as a shrimp.To heaven or to hell, I will to with you.He feels as if he could crumb the earth into pieces.Allusion暗指;allusion is another kind of metaphor. It is used to refer to something that is well-known in literature or history to express your point.This story is actually a new version of King Lear’s tragedy.Many Americans were worried that the war in Iraq would become a second Vietnam War.After getting tired of the Tom-and-Jerry games in a high school, he quit his teaching job.Want to make a million dollars overnight? Have you got the Aladdin’s lamp yet?Paradox悖论refers to seemingly self-contradictory statement that actually is true.it may appear totally senseless on the surface but is really valid.Rewards are not always proportionate to efforts.You achieve your goal only to find out that it’s not what you want. Ignorance is joy.Onomatopoeia 拟声; means to take advantage of the words whose sounds are associated with the objects or actions they represent. Onomatopoeia generates sounds.“We won!” my boss chortled in joy.The ghost chortled as it was getting closer to him in the nightmare howl.One of the war phots recorded a mother howling over the dead body of her child.Better wind howled through the naked trees.The horses snorted when pulling the wagon up the mountain road. That old steam-engine train snorted as it left the train station.“That is my father.” she whispered to him.Leaves were whispering in the autumn wind.A little boy was wailing for a toy train.An ambulance wailed down the street.A dog barked at the stranger.“Hold it! Or I’ll shoot,” the farmer barked at the intruder.The roar of a lion echoed in the valley.“Get out!” he roared, “I don’t want to see your face again!”Several young sparrows were twittering in their nest.He could not sleep because several little girls were twittering outside the window.11。
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第一章A word is a minimal free form of a language that has a given sound, meaning and syntactic functionWord ，Vocabulary的关系All the words in a language make up what is generally known as its vocabulary.The relationship between sound and meaning is almost always arbitrary and conventional, and there is no logical relationship between sound and meaning.Word-form and meaning: arbitrary and conventional.What is the relationship between sound and meaning?1)There is ‘no logical relationship between the sound and act ual thing.e.g. dog. cat2)The relationship between them is conventional.3) In different languages the same concept can be represented by different sounds.What is relationship between sound and form?1)The written form of a natural language is the written record of the oral form. Naturally the written form should agree with the oral form.2)This is fairly true of English in its earliest stageOld English3)With the development of the language, more and more diff erences occur between the two.What is the classification of words? How to classify words i n linguistics?Words may fall into the basic word stock and nonbasic vocabulary by use frequency, into content words and functional words by notion, and into native words and borrowed words by origin.According to Stuart Robertson the nine functional words , namely ,and , be , have , it , of , the , to , will ,youWhat are the characteristics of basic word stock?1) All national character 2) Stability 3) Productivity 4) Polyse my 5) CollocabilityNone basic vocabulary1) Terminology e.g. sonata, algebra 专业术语2) Jargon e.g. Bottom line ( Jargon ) 行话3) Slang e.g. smoky, bear ( Slang ) 俚语4) Argot e.g. persuader 黑话，隐语5) Dialectal words e.g. station ( AusE = ranch ) bluid ( ScotE = blood)方言6) Archaisms e.g. wilt (will) 古语词7) Neologisms e.g. email ( Neologisms ) 新语词第二章语系Three Phases of the Historical DevelopmentThe first peoples who inhabited the land were Celts.The second language known in English was Latin of the Roman Legions.Celtic对英语的影响小，主要是place，river name。
The Indo-European is made up of most of the languages of Europe, the Near East, and India.‘Indo-European’两大分支：Eastern set: Balto-Slavic, Indo-Iranian, Armenian and Albani anWestern set : Celtic, Italic , Hellenic, Germanic.Balto-Slavic///Prussian, Lithuanian , Polish ,Czech, Bulgaria n ,Slovenian and Russian.In the western Set, Greek is the modern language derived fro m Hellenic.Celtic：Scottish, Irish, Welsh, BretonThe Italic family The five Romance languages, Portuguese, Spanish, French, Italian , Romanian 。
The Germanic family consists of the four Northern Europea n Languages: Norwegian ,Icelandic, Danish and Swedish ,wh ich are generally known as Scandinavian languages. Then t here is German, Dutch ,Flemish and English.With Vikings’ invasion, many Scandinavian words came int o the English language.In the Indo-Iranian we have Persian. Bengali, Hindi, Romany.Old English450-1150 middle eng1150-1500modern1500 up to nowAnglo-Saxon as Old English.Although there were borrowings from Latin, the influence onEnglish was mainly Germanic.Early modern English appeared in the Renaissance . ancient Greek and Roman classics.Modern English：Early (1500-1700) and Late (1700-up to the present) Modern EnglishOld English was a highly inflected language. It was a synthetic language（综合性语言）.（Modern English is an analytic language）Modern English period 外来语The Latin words swarmed into English in early modernThe richness of Modern English in vocabulary also arises fro m (Colonization )Three main sources of new words :1)The rapid development of modern science and technology2)Social, economic and political changes;3)The influence of other cultures and languageModes of Vocabulary Development1)creation 2) semantic change 3) borrowing英语从synthetic language 发展到present analytical language 答案：Modern English period 三语鼎立French, Latin, English in Middle English period文艺复兴时期，Greek , Roman culture主要是Latin, Greek某些希腊词被引入到了英语是在什么阶段?答案：Modern EnglishBorrow最多从Latin, Greek, French, Scandinavian第三章The smallest unit in the English language (morphemes)The minimal free form in the English language (word)In the plural form changing, some of the words will take inter nal vowel change , this internal vowel change is allomorph s A morpheme attached to a base, stem or root (affix) Morphemes : The minimal meaningful units in a language，’the smallest functioning unit in composition of words Allomorphs : The alternative morphs that are realized by more than one morph according to their position in a word. Morph（形素）—— the phonetic语言学的or orthographic 拼写法的segments部分which realize morfhemes. Allomorph (词素变体）--- refers to the variants of the same morpheme.types of morphemes：Free and boundFree morphemes : independent of other morphemes are considered to be free.free morphemes are free roots.bound morphemes: cannot occur as separate words are bound.1) Morphemes which cannot occur as separate words2) They are bound to other morphemes to form words.3) Bound morphemes include two types: bound root and affixaffix 分为两类: inflectional and derivational affixes. Inflectional affixes : Affixes attached to the end of words to indicate grammatical relationships are inflectional, thus know n as inflectional morphemes.The number of inflectional affixes is small and stable.Derivational affixes:derivational affixes are affixes added to other morphemes to create new wordscan be further divided into prefixes and suffixes.stem : a form to which affixes of any kind can be added. 1) a stem may consist of a single root morpheme as in iron or of two root morphemes as in a compound like handcuff.2) 可以加inflectional affixes 的，不改变意思。