自考英美文学选读_第二章_新古典主义时期(英国)(课文翻译)
自考英美文学选读 教材翻译
自考《英美文学选读》教材的中文翻译第一部分：英国文学上古及中世纪英国文学简介自从有人类历史记载以来,英伦三岛遭遇过三次外族入侵。
岛上最早的居民是凯尔特人,此后古罗马人、盎格鲁一萨克森人及法国诺曼底公爵纷至沓来,在英伦三岛各领风骚若干年。
古罗马人的入侵没有在这片土地上留下深远的影响,而后两者则不同了。
盎格鲁一萨克森人将日尔曼族语言及文化根植在岛上,而诺曼底人则带来了地中海文明的清新浪潮,所谓地中海文明包括希腊文化,罗马的法律,以及基督教。
正是这两次外族入侵所附带的文化影响为日后英国文学的兴起与发展提供了富足的源泉。
英国文学史的上古时期起于大约公元450年,止于1066年,即诺曼征服的那一年。
这一时期定盎格鲁一萨克森文明兴盛的时期。
这些日尔曼族部落来自北欧,带来了盎格鲁一萨克森语言,也就是现代英语的原形基础,除此之外,还带来了特别的诗歌传统。
他们的诗歌神韵中集合了粗狂豪勇的气度及悲情哀挽的风格。
总体来讲,流传至今的英国上古诗歌可分为两大类:宗教诗和世俗诗。
宗教诗的主题大多以《圣经》为基础。
比如《创世纪甲本》与《创世纪乙本》以及《出埃及记》都源于《圣经》的《旧约全书》;而《十字架之梦》则以《新约全书》为典故。
在《十字架之梦》这首诗中,耶稣基督被刻画成一位青年战士,勇往直前,拥抱死亡与胜利,而那善良的十字架自身则承受起基督所有的苦难与重负。
除了这些宗教诗歌,上古的英格兰诗人还创作了伟大的民族史诗《贝尔武夫》以及其它众多的短篇抒情诗。
这些世俗诗歌中虽然没有基督教教义,但它们唤起了盎格鲁一萨克森人对环境的严酷及人类命运的不幸的感知。
其中《流浪者,狄奥尔》、《航海者》和《妻子的抱怨》是当时世俗诗中的佼佼者。
诗文中的语气和基调深受北海恶劣气候的影响,生活惨淡无望,诗人的口气中带出大量宿命论的成份,尽管同时也显得勇敢而坚定。
《贝尔武夫》,英国上古诗歌的典型,在今天被誉为盎格鲁一萨克森的民族史诗。
尽管如此,诗中主人公及背景都与英国无关,这首叙事诗讲述的故事发生在北欧斯堪狄那维亚半岛。
02英美文学-新古典主义时期
《时尚婚姻》《现代婚姻》
Comments
1. Dryden made his prose precise, concise and flexible, and raised English literary criticism to a new level. 2. Following the standards of classicism, he established the heroic couplet. John Dryden was the forerunner of the English classical school of literature in the 18th century.
John Dryden (1631—1700)
约翰· 德莱顿
John Dryden
1. An English poet, dramatist, and critic. 2. He first came to notice: Heroic Stanzas, which memorized the death of Oliver Cromwell. 3.He later sang for the Royalists and became an Anglican(英国圣公会教 徒)being a Cavalier poet. 4. He became a poet laureate(桂冠诗 人).
John Dryden’s Works:
3. tragedy and blank-verse masterpiece: “All for Love” “一切为了爱情” 4. critical works: “Essay of Dramatic Poesy” “论戏剧诗”
自考《英美文学选读》（英）浪漫主义时期（2）
⼆该时期的重要作家 I. William Blake 1.⼀般识记： His life English poet， artist， & philosopher， born in London England， Nov 28， 1757， and died in London， Aug12，1827. Blake made distinguished contributions to both Literature & art. He ranks with great poets in the English language & may be considered the earliest of the major English Romantic poets. His poems range from lyrics of childlike simplicity to mystical or prophetic works of great complexity. As an artist he is best known for his engravings， which are among the masterpieces of graphic art. 2. 识记 His political， religious & literary views Blake never tried to fit into the world； he was a rebel innocently & completely all his life. He was politically of the permanent left & mixed a good deal with the radicals like Thomas Paine& William Godwin. Like Shelley， Blake strongly criticized the capitalists'' cruel exploitation， saying that the "dark satanic mills left men unemployed， killed children & forced prostitution." Meanwhile he cherished great expectations & enthusiasm for the French Revolution， & regarded it as a necessary stage leading to the millennium predicted by the biblical prophets. Literarily Blake was the first important Romantic poet， showing contempt for the rule of reason， opposing the classical tradition of the 18th century & treasuring the individual''s imagination. 3. 领会 His poems （1） Early works The Songs of Innocence （1809） is a lovely volume of poems， presenting a happy & innocent world， though not without its evils & sufferings. For instance， " Holy Thursday" with its vision of charity children lit " with a radiance all their own" reminds us terribly of a world of loss & institutional cruelty. The wretched child described in " The Chimney Sweeper，" orphaned， exploited， yet touched by visionary rapture， evokes unbearable poignancy when he finally puts his trust in the order of the universe as he knows it. His Songs of Experience （1794） paints a different world， a world of misery，poverty， disease， war & repression with a melancholy tone. The benighted England becomes the world of the dark wood & of the weeping prophet. The orphans of " Holy Thursday" are now "fed with cold & usurious hand." The little chimneysweeper sings "notes of woe" while his parents go to church & praise "God & his Priest & King"——the very instruments of their repression. In "London"， the city is no longer a paradise， but becomes the seat of poverty & despair，of man alienated from his true self. Blake''s Marriageof Heaven & Hell （1790） marks his entry into maturity. The poem was composed during the climax of the French Revolution & it plays the double role both as a satire & a revolutionary prophecy. In this poem， Blake explores the relationship of the contraries. Attraction & repulsion， reason & energy， love & hate，are necessary to human existence. Life is a continual conflict of give & take， a pairing of opposites， of good & evil， of innocence & experience， of body & soul. "Without contraries，" Blake states， "there is no progression." The "marriage，" to Blake， means the reconciliation of the contraries， not the subordination of the one to the other. （2） Later works In his later period， Blake wrote quite a few prophetic books， which reveal him as the prophet of universal political & spiritual freedom and show the poet himself as the spokesman of revolt. The major ones are： The Book ofUrizen（1794），The Book of Los（1795）。
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过
新大纲自考《英美文学选读》笔记总结-背完必过(总65页)--本页仅作为文档封面，使用时请直接删除即可----内页可以根据需求调整合适字体及大小--《英美文学选读》笔记背完必过Part One: English LiteratureAn Introduction to Old and Medieval English LiteratureI Understanding and application: (理解应用)1. England’s inhabitants are Celts. And it is conquered by Romans, Anglo Saxons and Normans. The Anglo-Saxons brought the Germanic language and culture to England, while Normans brought the Mediterranean civilization, including Greek culture, Rome law and the Christian religion. It is the cultural influence of these two conquests that provided the source for the rise and growth of English literature.2. The old English literature extends from about 450 to 1066, the year of the Norman conquest of England.3. The old English poetry that has survived can be divided into two groups: The religious group and the secular one4. Beowulf: a typical example of Old English poetry is regarded as the national epic of the Anglo-Saxons. It is an example of the mingling of nature myths and heroic legends.5. After the Norman’s conquest, three languages co-existed in England. French is the official language that is used by king and the Norman lords. Latin is the principal tongue of church affairs and in universities. Old English was spoken only by the common English people.6. In the second half of 14th century, English literature started to flourish with the appearance of writers like Geoffrey Chaucer, William Langland, John Gower, and othersII Recite: (识记再现)1. Romance:①It uses narrative verse or prose to sing knightly adventures or other heroic deeds is a popular literary form in the medieval period.②It has developed the characteristic medieval motifs of the quest, the test, the meeting with the evil giant and the encounter with the beautiful beloved.③The hero is usually the knight, who sets out on a journey to accomplish some missions. There are often mysteries and fantasies in romance.④Romantic love is an important part of the plot in romance.Characterization is standardized, While the structure is loose and episodic, the language is simple and straightforward.⑤The importance of the romance itself can be seen as a means of showing medieval aristocratic men and women in relation to their idealized view of the world.2. Heroic couplet:Heroic couplet is a rhymed couplet of iambic pentameter. It is Chaucer who used it for the first time in English in his work The Legend of Good Woman.3. The theme of Beowulf:The poem presents a vivid picture of how the primitive people wage heroic struggles against the hostile forces of the natural world under a wise and mighty leader. The poem is an example of the mingling of the nature myths and heroic legends.4. The Wife of Bath in The Canterbury Tales:The Wife of Bath is depicted as the new bourgeois wife asserting her independence. Chaucer develops his characterization to a higher artistic level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.5. Chaucer’s achievement:①He presented a comprehensive realistic picture of his age and created a whole gallery of vivid characters in his works, especially in The Canterbury Tales.②He anticipated a new ear, the Renaissance, to come under the influence of the Italian writers.③He developed his characterization to a higher level by presenting characters with both typical qualities and individual dispositions.④He greatly contributed to the maturing of English poetry. Today, Chaucer’s reputation has beensecurely established as one of the best English poets for his wisdom, humor and humanity.6. “The F ather of English poetry”:Originally, Old English poems are mainly alliterative verses with few variations.①Chaucer introduced from France the rhymed stanzas of various types to English poetry to replace it.②In The Romaunt of the Rose (玫瑰传奇), he first introduced to the English the octosyllabic couplet (八音节对偶句).③In The Legend of Good Women, he used for the first time in English heroic couplet.④And in his masterpiece, The Canterbury Tales, he employed heroic couplet with true ease and charmfor the first time in the history of English literature.⑤His art made him one of the greatest poets in English; John Dryden called him “the father of Englishpoetry”.【例题】The work that presented, for the first time in English literature, a comprehensive realistic picture of the medieval English society and created a whole gallery of vivid characters from all walks of life is most likely ______________. (0704)A. William Langland’s Piers PlowmanB. Geoffrey Chaucer’s The Canterbury TalesC. John Gower’s Confession AmantisD. Sir Gawain and the Green Knight【答案】B【解析】本题考查的是中世纪时期几位诗人作品的创作主题和创作范围。
英国文学2
6. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden， Alexander Pope， Joseph Addison and Sir Richard Steele， the two pioneers of familiar essays， Jonathan Swift， Daniel Defoe， Richard Brinsley Sheridan， Henry Fielding and Samuel Johnson.英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰.德莱顿，亚历山大.蒲柏，约瑟夫.艾迪森与理查.斯蒂尔（这两位是现代散文的先驱），乔纳森.斯威夫特，丹尼尔.迪福，理查.B.谢立丹，亨利.费尔丁和塞缪尔.约翰逊。
8. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order， logic， restrained emotion and accuracy， and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.他们认为理想的艺术应基于秩序，逻辑，确切及情感控制的基础上，而文学作品的价值评判标准应该看它是否为人文主义服务。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas.运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
英美文学选读英国部分第二章新古典主义时期
英美文学选读中文翻译及重点习题答案英国文学(AMERICAN LITERATURE) 第二章新古典主义时期（The Neoclassical Period）一、背景知识（Background knowledge）1、历史背景（Historical background）新古典主义时期的英国社会矛盾交织。
王室与议会、不同的教派之间、统治阶级与贫苦的劳动大众之间冲突不断，托利党与辉格党也为对议会和政府的控制而争斗不已。
概言之，那是一个充满了多种矛盾和多种价值观的时代。
18世纪的英国发展迅速，到世纪中叶，英国已成为世界上的头号资本主义强国。
随着经济的迅速发展，中产阶级也随之壮大了起来。
2、文化背景（Cultural background）（1）随着资本主义的发展，中产阶级的社会价值观和道德观占据了主宰地位。
中产阶级崇尚自制、自立和勤劳。
对他们而言，生活的意义就在于工作、节俭和积累财富。
（2）这一时期，启蒙运动在英国全面展开。
该运动的目的是用现代哲学和艺术观启迪社会。
启蒙主义者们宣扬理性、平等与科学，宣称理性是人类的一切思想和行动唯一的、终极的目标。
（3）启蒙者们相信当理性作为衡量一切人类行为和关系的标尺之时，一切迷信、压迫和不公正将让位于“终极真理”、“终极正义”和“终极平等”（4）启蒙者们鼓吹全民教育。
他们认为，大众受到教育才更有可能建成民主社会。
3、新古典主义文学的特征（Features of the neo-classic literature）（1）新古典主义文学奉古希腊、罗马的经典作品和当代法国作品为创作之圭臬。
（2）新古典主义作家自觉地追求均衡、统一与和谐表达的优雅，从而形成了雍容、雅致、诙谐、睿智的文风。
（3）这一时期的文学说教意味浓厚，成为流行一时的大众教育的手段。
（4）各种文学体裁均遵循某些固定的条律和规则。
（5）包括当时流行的模拟史诗、传奇、讽刺诗、讽刺短诗在内的各体诗歌结构工整，遣词雅致、语气庄严、注重说教。
自学考试英美文学选读要点中英文概要
1234代价,与敌人同归于尽。
51. In his life, Milton shows himself a real revolutionary, a master poet and a great prose writer. 弥尔顿毕生都展现了真正的革命精神和非凡的诗歌才华。
52. Paradise Lost:人类由于理性不强,意志薄弱,经不起考验,暗示英国自产主义革命失败的原因。
Chapter2 The Neoclassical Period(1660-1798新古典主义1. In short, it was an age full of conflicts and divergence of values. 总之, 这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
2. The eighteenth-century England is also known as the Age of Enlighte nment or the Age of Reason. 英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代, 或曰理性时代。
3. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. 运动的主旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
4. Enlighteners held that rationality or reason should be the only, the fin al cause of any human thought and activities. They called for a referenc e to order, reason and rules. 启蒙者主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们大力提倡秩序,理性及法律。
5. As a matter of fact, literature at the time, heavily didactic and moralizi ng, becamea very popular means of public education. 其实, 当时的文学作品种充满了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(1)
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（1）Chapter II The Neoclassical Period一。
新古典主义时期概述1. 识记：(1)新古典主义时期的界定(2)政治经济背景(3)启蒙运动的意义与影响2. 领会：(1)启蒙运动的主张与文学的特点(2)新古典主义时期文学的艺术特点3. 应用：启蒙运动，新古典主义，英雄双行诗，英国现实主义小说等名词的解释1. 识记Definitions of literary terms1) The Enlightenment MovementThe 18th-century England is known as the Age of Enlightenment or the Age of Reason. The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France & swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the 15th & 16th centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modem philosophical & artistic ideas. The enlighteners celebrated reason or rationality，equality & science. They called for a reference to order，reason & rules & advocated universal education. Famous among the great enlighteners in England were those great writers like John Dryden，Alexander pope & so on.2) NeoclassicismIn the field of literature，the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，& so on)& those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order，logic，restrained emotion & accuracy，& that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. This belief led them to seek proportion，unity，harmony & grace in literary expressions，in an effort to delight，instruct & correct human beings，primarily as social animals. Thus，a polite，urbane，witty，& intellectual art developed.3) The heroic coupletIt means a pair of lines of a type once common in English poetry，which rhyme & are written with five beats each……4) the Realistic NovelThe mid-century was，however，predominated by a newly rising literary form，the modern English novel，which，contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats，gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. This-the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century - is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution & a symbol of the growing importance & strength of the English of the growing importance & strength of the English middle class，Among the pioneers were Daniel Defoe ，Samuel Richardson，Henry Fielding，Laurence Sterne，Tobias Creorge Smollott，& Oliver Goldsmith.2. 领会Characteristics of Neoclassical LiteratureAccording to the neoclassicists，all forms of literature were to be modeled after theclassical works of the ancient Greek & Roman writers (Homer，Virgil，Horace，Ovid，etc，)& those of the contemporary French ones. Neoclassicists had some fixed laws &rules for almost every genre of literature，prose should be precise，direct，smooth & flexible. Poetry should be lyrical，epical，didactic，satiric or dramatic，& each class should be guided by its own principles. Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets (iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time，space & action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. [Nextpage]二。
自考《英美文学选读》(英)新古典主义时期(3)-2
自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（3）-2Samuel Johnson，commonly called Dr. Johnson，was one of the greatest figures of 18th-century English literature. He was an energetic & versatile writer. He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities. He was a poet，dramatist，prose romancer，biographer，essayist，critic，lexicographer & publicist.2. 识记：His major worksHis major works include poems：“London”(1738)，& “The vanity of Human Wishes”(1749); a romance：The History of Rasselas，Prince of Abyssinia (1759); a tragedy：Irene (1749); several hundred essays which appeared in the two periodicals under his editorship-The Rambler & The Idler; & literary criticism as found in the preface to his edition of Shakespeare & in his comments on 52 poet in Lives of the Poets (1779-1781)。
As a lexicographer，Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman-A Dictionary of the English Language (1755)，a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly & finished in over seven years.3. 领会：His neoclassical literary outlook &styleSamuel Johnson was the last great neoclassicist enlightener in the late 18th century. He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity bear this theme. He tried to warn men against this folly & hoped to care then of it through his writings. In literary creation & criticism，be was rather conservative，openly showing his dislike for some newly rising form of literature &his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & his appreciation for those writings which carried a lot of moralizing & philosophizing. He held that a writer must adhere to universal truth & experience，i.e. Nature; he must please，but he must also instruct; he must not offend against religion or promote immorality; & he must let himself be guided by old principles. Like Pope，he was particularly fond of moralizing & didacticism.Samuel Johnson’s language is characteristically general，often Latinate & polysyllabic. His sentences are long & well structured with parallel words & phrases. However，no matter how complex his sentences are，his idea is always clearly expressed; & though he tends to use “learned words，” they are always accurately used Reading his works gives the reader the impression that he is talking with a very learned man.4. 领会：His contribution to English language-A Dictionary of the English LanguageIn 1746，a group of booksellers commissioned Johnson to prepare a dictionary. Published in 1755，A dictionary of the English Language was the first real attempt at a systematic & interestingly written survey of English usage & the first dictionary to quote from poets & other writers to illustrate definitions. On the whole，the work showed great scholarship，although it contained humor & reflected a number of Johnson’s prejudices.5. 应用：Selected ReadingTo the Right Honorable the Earl of chesterfieldThe letter is written in a refined & very polite language，with a bitter undertone of defiance & anger. The seemingly peaceful retrospection，reasoning & questioning express，to the best satiric effect，the author’s strong indignation at the lord’s fame-fishing & his firm resolution not to be reconciled to the hypocritical l ord. It expresses explicitly the author’s assertion of his independence，signifying the opening of a new era in the development of literature.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridan1. 一般识记：His dramatic careerRichard B. Sheridan，British dramatist & statesman，born in Dublin，Ireland，Oct. 30，1751，and died in London，England，July 7，1816.Sheridan is ranked among the important comic playwrights of the English drama. His masterpiece. The School for Scandal (1777) is considered one of the finest English comedies of manners. A satire on gossip，hypocrisy，& the corrupting influence of fashionable city life，it is also admired for its ingenious plot construction & witty dissection of character. Sheridan’s other outstanding comedy. The Rivals (1775)，is famous for the character Mrs. Malaprop，whose misuse of words has made her one of the great comic creation of the English theater. Both plays，in their attack on false sentimentalism & moralizing，represent a rebirth of the type of polished，sophisticated comedy written during the Restoration(1660-1700)2.识记The theme of his playsMorality is the constant theme of Richard B. Sheridan’s plays. He is much concerned with the current moral issues & lashes harshly at the social vices of the day.3.领会：His writing techniquesSheridan’s greatness also lies in his theatrical art. He seems to have inherited from his parents a natural ability &inborn knowledge about the theatre. His plays are the product of a dramatic genius as well as of a well-versed theatrical man. Though his dramatic techniques are largely conventional. They are exploited to the best advantage. His plots are well organized，his characters，either major or miner. Are all sharply drawn，& his manipulation of such devices as disguise，mistaken identity & dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues & neat &decent language also make a characteristic of his plays.。
《英美文学选读》辅导(4) 第二章 新古典主义时期1(BunyanPopeDefoe and S
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自考《英美文学选读》（英）新古典主义时期（2）
II. Alexander pope 1. ⼀般识记His life & career English poet & satirist， born in London， England， May 21， 1688， died in Twickenham， England May 30， 1744. Pope is one of the fore-most satirists in world literature as well as a great poet. He wrote witty & polished verses ridiculing the behavior of his day. Pope's mock-heroic poem The Rape of the Lock is one of the finest examples of English comic verse. He made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. His Dunciad is a scathing attack on dullness & pedantry in literature. He also composed verse essays on philosophy， literature， & criticism. In An Essay on Man， he brilliantly expressed the philosophical trends & concepts of his age. 2. 识记Pope's literally outlook As a representative of the Enlightenment， Pope was one of the first to introduce rationalism to England. He was the greatest poet of his time. He strongly advocated neoclassicism， emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order， reason， logic， restrained emotion， good taste & decorum. According to Pope， almost every genre of literature should have some fixed laws & rules. Prose should be precise， direct， smooth & flexible， Poetry should be lyrical， epical， didactic， satiric or dramatic， & drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets （iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines）； the three unities of time， space & action should be strictly observed； regularity in construction should be adhered to， & type characters rather than individuals should be represented. 3. 识记His major works 1） The Rape of the Lock A delightful burlesque of epic poetry， it ridicules the manners of the English nobility. The poem is based on an actual incident in which a young nobleman stole a lock of a lady's hair. 2） An Essay on Criticism His first important work， An Essay on Criticism was a long didactic poem in heroic couplets. In this work， he reflected the neo-classical spirit of the times by advocating good taste， common sense & the adherence to classical rules in writing & criticism. The whole poem is written in a plain style， hardly containing any imagery or eloquence &therefore makes easy reading. 3） The Dunciad Generally considered Pope's best satiric work， The Dunciad goes deep in meaning & works at many levels. Its satire is directed at Dullness in general， & in the course of it all the literary men of the age. Poets mainly who had made Pope's enemies， are held up to ridicule. But the poem is not confined to personal attack. Dullness as reflected in the corruptness of government， social morals， education & even religion， is expertly exposed & satirized. 4. 领会His language style Pope's works are still enjoyed for their sparkling wit， good sense & charm of expression. After Shakespeare， he is the most widely quoted poet in English literature. He worked painstakingly on his poems， developed a satiric， concise，smooth， graceful &well-balanced style. 5. 应⽤Selected Readings An Excerpt from Part 2 of An Essay on Criticism. An Essay on Criticism is a didactic poem written in heroic couplets. It consists of 744 lines &is divided into three parts. It sums up the art of poetry as up held & practiced by the ancients like Aristotle， Horace， Boileau， etc. & the eighteenth century European classicists. In Part 2， Pope advises the critics not to stress too much the artificial use of conceit or the external beauty of language but to pay special attention to True wit which is best set in a plain style. III. Daniel Defoe 1. ⼀般识记His life English novelist & journalist， born in London， England， 1660， and died in London， Apr. 26，1731. Like Pope， he never went to university， but he received a good education in one of the best Dissenting academies. He started as a small merchant & all his life his business underwent many ups & downs & yet he was never beaten. Defoe also had a zest for politics. He wrote quite a number of pamphlets on the current political issues. 2. 识记His social outlook As a member of the middle class， Defoe spoke for & to the members of his class & his novels enjoyed great popularity among the less cultivated readers. In most of his works， he gave his praise to the hard-working， sturdy middle class & showed his sympathy for the downtrodden， unfortunate poor. 3. 识记His major works Defoe is generally considered the first great realistic novelist in English fiction. He based his stories on current events & materials， such as the maps & logs of actual sea voyages， personal memoirs& historical or eyewitness reports. Perhaps his most popular novel is Robinson Crusoe （1719）， an adventure story based partly on the actual experience of a man who had been trapped on a deserted island. A Journal of the Plague Year （1722）， sometimes considered his best work， has such a colorful & detailed account of the London plague of 1664 & 1665 that it seems to have been written by an observer on the scene. Defoe's third masterpiece， Moll Flanders （1722）， is a lively novel tracing the adventures of a female rogue. Told in the form of "confessions"， the narrative includes vivid descriptions of the courts，prisons， & other social institutions of Defoe's era. 4. 领会Characteristics of his works Defoe was a very good story-teller. He had a gift for organizing minute details in such a vivid way that his stories could be both credible& fascinating. His sentences are sometimes short， crisp & plain， & sometimes long & rambling， which leave on the reader on impression of casual narration. His language is smooth， easy， colloquial & mostly vernacular. There is nothing artificial in his language： it is common English at its best. 5. 应⽤Selected Reading An Excerpt from chapter IV of Robinson Crouse. Robinson Crouse， an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time， is universally considered his masterpiece. In the novel， Defoe traces the growth of Robinson from a na？ve & simple youth into a mature & hardened man， tempered by numerous trials in his eventful life. The realistic presentation of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature proves the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero： a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man with a great capacity for work， inexhaustible energy， courage， patience & persistence in overcoming obstacles， in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype of the empire builder，the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island， Defoe glorifies human labor &the puritan fortitude， which save Robinson from despair & are a source of pride &happiness .He toils for the sake of subsistence， & get his reward. VI. Jonathan Swift 1. ⼀般识记His life English author， born in Dublin， Ireland， Nov. 30， 1667， and died in Dublin， Oct. 19， 1745. Swift is generally considered the greatest prose satirist in English literature. Through fables， allegories， & pamphlets he savagely exposed the vices &follies of mankind &championed common sense. 2. 识记Swift's humanist view Swift was a man of great moral integrity & social charm. A man with bitter life experience， he had a deep hatred for all the rich oppressors & a deep sympathy for all the poor & oppressed. His understanding of human nature is profound. In his opinion， human nature is seriously & permanently flawed. To better human life， enlightenment is needed， but to redress it is very hard. So， in his writings， although he intends not to condemn but to reform & improve human nature &human institutions. There is often an Under-or over tone of helplessness & indignation. 3. 领会His style Swift is a master satirist. His satire is usually masked by an out word gravity &an apparent earnestness which renders his satire all the more powerful. Swift is one of the greatest masters of English prose. He is almost unsurpassed in the writing of simple， direct，precise prose. He defined a good style as "proper words in proper places." Clear， simple， concrete diction，uncomplicated sentence structure， economy & conciseness of language mark all his writings-essays， poems & novels. 4. 应⽤Selected reading An Excerpt from Chapter III， Part I of Gulliver's Travels. Gulliver's Travels， Jonathan Swift's best fictional work， contains four parts， each about one particular voyage during which Gulliver has extraordinary adventures on some remote island after he has met with shipwreck or piracy or some other misfortune. As a whole the book is one of the most effective & devastating criticisms & satires of all aspects in the then English & satires of all aspects in the then English & European life - socially， politically， religiously， philosophically，scientifically， & morally. Its social significance is great & its exploration into human nature profound. Gulliver's Travels is also an artistic masterpiece. Here we find its author at his best as a master of prose. In structure，the four parts make an organic whole， with each contrived upon an independent structure， & yet complementing the others & contributing to the central concern of study of human nature & life. The first two parts are generally considered smallness in Part I words just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. The similarities between human beings & the Lilliputians & the contrast between the Brobdingnagians & human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3 furthers the criticism of the western civilization & deals with different malpractices & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & false illusions about science， philosophy， history & even immortality. The lost part，where comparison is made through both similarities &。
自考本科英语-00604 英国新古典主义时期
5
★Henry Fielding亨利·菲尔丁P118
1707-1754
The Coffee-House Politician《咖啡屋的政治家》（1730）
现实主义，幽默讽刺/ “英国小说之父”
The Dunciad《群愚史记》(1728)
An Essay on Man《人论》(1733-1734)
He was one of the first to introduce rationalism(理性主义) to English.
Selected Reading: An Excerpt from part 2of An Essay on Critism
novelist and dramatist小说家，戏剧家
The History of Janathan Wild the Great《大伟人乔纳森.菲尔德传》（1743）
The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling《汤姆·琼斯》（1749）☆“Prose Homer”这部作品为菲尔丁赢得了“散文荷马”的美誉。
2
★Alexander Pope亚历山大·蒲柏P90
1688-1744
An Essay on Criticism《批评论》(1711)
推动英国新古典主义文学发展
poet and satirist诗人，文学批评家
The Rape of the Lock《夺发记》(first version 1712)
The Vanity of Human Wishes《人类欲望的虚幻》（1749）
自考英美文学选读(00604)
应用必背单元Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period (2)Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period (6)Chapter3 The Romantic Period (9)Chapter 4 The Victorian Period (14)Chapter 5 The Modern Period (18)Chapter 1 The Renaissance Period1.文艺复兴的主要作家及其作品1)Edmund Spenser: The Faerie Queene2)Christopher Marlowe: Dr Faustus Tamburlaine3)William Shakespeare: Henry IV; The Merchant of Venice; Hamlet; Othello;King Lear; Macbeth; Romeo and Juliet.4)John Donne: The Songs and Sonnets; The Sun Rising; Death, Be Not Proud5)John Milton: Paradise Lost; Paradise Regained; Samson Agonisttes2.文艺复兴The Renaissance is a historical period in which the European humanist thinkers and scholars made attempts to get rid of those old feudalist ideas in medieval Europe, to introduce new ideas that expressed the interests of the rising bourgeoisie, and to recover the purity of the early church form the corruption of the Roman Catholic Church.3.人文主义Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance. It sprang from the endeavor to restore a medieval reverence for the antique authors and is frequently taken as the beginning of the Renaissance on its conscious, intellectual side, for the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things. Thus, by emphasizing the dignity of human beings and the importance of the present life, they voiced their beliefs that man did not only have the right to enjoy the beauty of this life, but had the ability to perfect himself and to perform wonders.4.玄学诗The term “metaphysical poetry” is commonly used to name the work of the 17th-century writers who wrote under the influence of John Donne. With a rebellious spirit the metaphysical poets tried to break away from the conventional fashion of the Elizabethan love poetry. The diction is simple as compared with that of the Elizabethan or the Neoclassic periods, and echoes the words and cadences of common speech. The imagery is drawn from the actual life. The form is frequently that of an argument with the poet’s beloved, with God, or with himself.5.莎士比亚的诗歌的主题、意向Shakespeare, as a humanist of the time, is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money. In his plays, he does not hesitate to describe the cruelty and anti-natural character of the civil wars, but he did not go all the way against the feudal rule. Shakespeare is against religious persecution and racial discrimination, against social inequality and the corrupting influence of gold and money.Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality.A.Shakespeare’s views on literature:Shakespeare has accepted the Renaissance views on literature. He holds that literature should be a combination of beauty, kindness and truth, and should reflect nature and reality. Shakespeare also states that literary works which have truly reflected nature and reality can reach immortality.B.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s characters:Shakespeare’s major characters are neither merely individual ones nor type ones; they are individuals representing certain types. Each character has his or her own personalities; meanwhile, they may share features with others.C.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s plot:Shakespeare’s plays are well-known for their adroit plot construction. Shakespeare seldom invents his own plots; instead, he borrows them from some old plays or storybooks, or from ancient Greek and Roman sources.D.The characteristics of Shakespeare’s language:It is necessary to study the subtlest of his instruments—the language. Shakespeare can write skillfully in different poetic form, like the sonnet, the blank verse, and the rhymed couplet. He has an amazing wealth of vocabulary and idiom. His coinage of new words and distortion of the meaning of the old ones also create striking effects on the reader.3. 莎士比亚的四大悲剧：Shakespeare’s greatest tragedies are: Hamlet, Othello, King Lear, and Macbeth. They have some characteristics in common. Each portrays some noble hero, who faces the injustice of human life and is caught in a difficult situation and whose fate is closely connected with the fate of the whole action. Each hero has his weakness of nature. With the concentration on the tragic hero, we see the sharp conflicts between the individual and the evil force in the society, which shows that Shakespeare is a great realist in the true sense. Hamlet the melancholic scholar; Othello’s inner weakness is made use of by the outside evil force; the old King Lear who is unwilling to totally give up his power; and Macbeth’s lust for power stirs up his ambition and leads him to incessant crimes.4. 邓恩诗歌的主题、意向<The Songs and Sonnets>. Love is the basic theme. Donne holds that the nature of love is the union of soul and body. The perfection of human lovers will not be made with souls alone. This thought is quite contrary to the medieval love idea which merely put stress on spiritual love. Donne’s interest lies in dramatizing and illustrating the state of being in love.5.戏剧《威尼斯商人》的主题和主要人物的性格分析In his romantic comedies, Shakespeare takes an optimistic attitude toward love and youth, and the romantic elements are brought into full play. The most important play among the comedies is The Merchant of Venice. The sophistication derives in part from the play between high, outgoing romance and dark forces of negativity and hate. The traditional theme of this play is to praise the friendship between Antonio and Bassanio, to idealize Portia as a heroine of great beauty, wit and loyalty, and to expose the insatiable greed and brutality of the Jew.Compared with the idealism of other plays, The Merchant of Venice takes a step forward in its realistic presentation of human nature and human conflict. Though there is a ridiculous touch on the part of the characters restrained by their limitations, Shakespeare’s youthful Renaissance spirit of jollity can be fully seen in contrast to the medieval emphasis on future life in the next world.6.哈姆雷特的性格分析Hamlet has none of the single-minded blood lust of the earlier revenger. It is not because he is incapable of action, but because the cast of his mind is so speculative, so questioning, and so contemplative that action, when it finally comes, seems almost like defeat, diminishing rather than adding to the stature of the here. Trapped in a night mare world of spying, testing and plotting, and apparently bearing the intolerable burden of the duty to revenge his father’s death, Hamlet is obliged to inhabit a shadow world, to live suspended between fact and fiction, language and action. His life is one of constant role-playing, examining the nature of action only to deny its possibility, for he is too sophisticated to degrade his nature to the conventional role of a stage revenger.The hero Hamlet in Shakespeare’s play Hamlet is noted for his hesitation to take his revenge, his melancholy nature of action only to deny possibilities to do anything. He came to know that his father was murdered by his uncle who became king. He hated him so deeply that he wanted to kill him. But he loved his widowed mother who later married his uncle, and he was afraid to hurt his mother. And also, when everything was ready for him to kill his uncle, he forgave him for his uncle was praying to God for his crime. Thus he lost the good chance. Hamlet represented humanism of his time.7.诗歌《失乐园》的结构、人物性格、语言特点的分析Working through the tradition of a Christian humanism, Milton wrote Paradise Lost, intending to expose the ways of Satan and to “justify the ways of God to men.”At the center of the conflict between human love and spiritual duty lies Milton’s fundamental concern with freedom and choice; the freedom to submit to God’s prohibition on eating the apple and the choice of disobedience made for love.Eve, seduced by Satan’s rhetoric and her own confused ambition-as well as the mere prompting of hunger- falls into sin through innocent credulity. Adam falls by consciously choosing human love rather than obeying God. In the fall of man Adam discovered his full humanity. But man’s fall is the sequel to another and more stupendous tragedy, the fall of the angels.The freedom of the will is the keystone of Milton’s creed. His poem attempts to convince us that the unquestionable truth of Biblical revelation means that an all-knowing God was just in allowing Adam and Eve to be tempted and, of their free will, to choose sin and its inevitable punishment. And, thereby, it opens the way for the voluntary sacrifice of Christ which showed the mercy of God in bringing good out of evil.Chapter 2 The Neoclassical Period1.新古典时期的作家及其作品1)John Bunyan ：<The Pilgrim's Progress>2)Alexander Pope：<An Essay on Criticism> <The Dunciad> <TheRape of the Lock> <An Essay on Man>3)Daniel Defoe：<Robinson Crusoe>4)Jonathan Swift：<A Tale of a Tub> <The Battle of the Books> <TheDrapier's Letters> <Gulliver's Travels> <A Modest Proposal>5)Henry Fielding：<The History of Jonathan Wild the Great> <The History ofTom Jones a Foundling> <The History of Amelia>6)Samuel Johnson：<To the Right Honorable the Earl of Chester field>7)Richard Brinsley Sheridan：<The School for Scandal>8)Thomas Gray ：<Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard>2.启蒙运动The Enlightenment Movement was a progressive intellectual movement which flourished in France and swept through the whole Western Europe at the time. The movement was a furtherance of the Renaissance of the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. Its purpose was to enlighten the whole world with the light of modern philosophical and artistic ideas. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity. They seek proportion, unity, harmony and grace in literary expressions, in an effort to delight, instruct and correct human beings. Thus a polite, elegant, witty, and intellectual art developed.3.新古典主义In the field of literature, the Enlightenment Movement brought about a revival of interest in the old classical works. This tendency is known as neoclassicism. According to neoclassical period, all forms of literature were to be modeled after the classical works of the ancient Greek and Roman writers(Homer etc) and those of the contemporary French ones. They believed that the artistic ideals should be order, logic, restrained emotion and accuracy, and that literature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity.4.英雄双行诗Prose should be precise, direct, smooth and flexible; Poetry should be lyrical(抒情的), epical（叙事诗的, 英雄的, 有重大历史意义的）,didactic, satiric or dramatic, and each class should be guided by its own principles; Drama should be written in the Heroic Couplets(iambic pentameter rhymed in two lines); the three unities of time,space and action should be strictly observed; regularity in construction should be adhered to, and type characters rather than individuals should be represented.5.英国现实主义小说The modern English novel, which, contrary to the traditional romance of aristocrats, gives a realistic presentation of life of the common English people. Thus —the most significant phenomenon in the history of the development of English literature in the eighteenth century —is a natural product of the Industrial Revolution and a symbol of the growing importance and strength of the English middle class.6.《天国历程》中“名利场”的寓意The Pilgrim's Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide(v.遵守，坚持) by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weaknesses and all kinds of social evils. It is not only about something spiritual but also bears much relevance to the time. Its predominant metaphor(n寓意，隐喻)—life as a journey—is simple and familiar.7.蒲伯的文学(诗歌)批评观点及其诗歌特色An Essay on Criticism, the poem, as a comprehensive study of the theories of literary criticism, exert great influence upon Pope's contemporary writers in advocating the classical rules and popularizing the neoclassicist tradition in England. The whole poem is written in a plain style, hardly containing any imagery or eloquence and therefore makes easy reading. Pope satirized all sorts of false learning and pedantry in literature, philosophy, science and other branches of knowledge.8.鲁滨逊漂流记的特点The all-powerful influence of material circumstances or social environment upon the thoughts and actions of the hero or the heroine is highlighted. The struggle of the poor unfortunate for mere existence, mixed with their desire for great wealth, comes into conflict with the social environment which prevents them from obtaining the goal under normal circumstances and thus forces them into criminal actions or bold adventures.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, with a great capacity for work, inexhaustible energy, courage, patience and persistence in overcoming obstacles, in struggling against the hostile natural environment. He is the very prototype(n雏形，范例，原型)of the empire builder, the pioneer colonist. In describing Robinson's life on the island, Defoe glorifies(v赞美，美化) human labor and the Puritan(n清教徒) fortitude(n刚/坚毅，不屈不挠), which save Robinson from despair and are a source of pride and happiness9.《格列佛游记》的社会讽刺As a whole, the book is one of the most effective and devastating criticisms and satires of all aspects in the then English and European life-socially, politically, religiously, philosophically, scientifically, and morally. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.The exaggerated smallness in Part1 works just as effectively as the exaggerated largeness in Part 2. the similarities between human beings and the Lilliputians and the contrast between the Brobdingnagians and human beings both bear reference to the possibilities of human state. Part 3, though seemingly a bit random, furthers the criticism of the western civilization and deals with different malpractices and false illusions about science philosophy, history and even immortality. The last part, where comparison is made through both similarities and differences, leads the reader to fundamental question: What on earth is a human being、10.菲尔丁“散文体史诗Fielding was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a "comic epic in prose". He adopted" the third—person narration," in which the author becomes the "all—knowing God." He "thinks the thought " of all his characters, so he is able to present not only their external behaviours but also the internal workings of their minds. In planning his stories, he tries to retain the grand epical form of the classical works but at the same time keeps faithful to his realistic presentation of common life as it is.11.格雷诗歌的主题与意象It is more or less(或多或少) connected with the melancholy event of death of Richard West, Gray's intimate friend. In this poem, Gray reflects on death, the sorrows of life, and the mysteries of human life with a touch of his personal melancholy. The poet compares the common folk with the great ones, wondering what the commons could have achieved if they had had the chance. Here he reveals his sympathy for the poor and the unknown, but mocks the great ones who despise the poor and bring havoc(n/v破坏，混乱) on them.His poems, as a whole, are mostly devoted to a sentimental lamentation or meditation on life, past and present. His poems are characterized by an exquisite sense of form. His style is sophisticated and allusive. His poems are often marked with the trait (n特征，特点)of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.Chapter3 The Romantic Period1.浪漫主义时期的作家及其作品1)William Blake: Songs of Experience Songs of Innocence2)Marriage of Heaven and Hell3)William Wordsworth: The Prelude Composed upon Westminster Bridge4)Lyrical Ballads I Wondered Lonely as a Cloud5)The Solitary Reaper6)Samuel Taylor Coleridge: Kubla Khan The Rime of the Ancient Mariner7)George Gordon Byron: Don Juan Childe Harold’s Pilgrimage8)Song for the Ludites9)Percy Bysshe Shelley: To a Skylark Men of England10)Ode to the West Wind11)John Keats: Ode to a Nightingale Ode on a Grecian Urn12)Jane Austen: Pride and Prejudice2.浪漫主义Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer world of social civilization to the inner world of the human spirit. In essence it designates a literary and philosophical theory which tends to see the individual as the very center of all life and all experience. It also places the individual at center of art, making literature most valuable as an expression of his or her unique feelings and particular attitudes, and valuing its accuracy in portraying the individual’s experiences.3.浪漫主义时期文学特点的分析A.In poetry writing, the romanticists employed new theories and innovated newtechniques, for example, the preface to the second edition of the Lyrical Ballads acts as a manifesto for the new school.B.The romanticists not only extol the faculty off imagination, but also elevate theconcepts of spontaneity and inspiration.C.They regarded nature as the major source of poetic imagery and the dominantsubject.D.Romantics also tend to be nationalistic.4.浪漫主义（所选作品）的主题、意象分析A. To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative and intellectual engagement with the development of embodied human beings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strength and knowledge full of peace.Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literary interest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. His sympathy always goes to the suffering poor.B. Byron puts into Don Juan his rich knowledge of the world and the wisdom gained from experience. It presents brilliant pictures of life in its various stages of love, joy, suffering, hatred and fear. The unifying principle in Don Juan is the basic ironic theme of appearance and reality, ie. what things seem to be and what they actually are. Byron’s satire on the English society in the later part of the poem can be compared with Pope’s; and his satire is much less personal than that of Pope’s, for Byron is here attacking not a personal enemy but the whole hypocritical society. And the diverse materials and the clash of emotions gathered in the poem are harmonized by Byron’s insight into the difference between life’s appearance and its actuality.5. a. The Romantic MovementIt expressed a more or less negative attitude towards the existing social & political conditions that came with industrialization & the growing importance of the bourgeoisie. The Romantics felt that the existing society denied people their essential human needs, so they demonstrated a strong reaction against the dominant modes of thinking of the 18th-century writers & philosophers. Where their predecessors saw man as a social animal, the Romantics saw him essentially as an individual in the solitary state & emphasized the special qualities of each individual's mind. Romanticism actually constitutes a change of direction from attention to the outer.b. The Gothic novelIt is a type of romantic fiction that predominated in the late 18th century & was one phase of the Romantic movement, its principal elements are violence, horror & the supernatural, which strongly appeal to the reader's emotion. With its descriptions of the dark, irrational side of human nature, the Gothic form has exerted a great influence over the writer of the Romantic period. Works like The Mysteries of Udolpho (1794) by Ann Radcliffe & Frankenstein (1818) by Mary Shelley are typical Gothic romance.(2) Characteristics of Romantic literature in English history.The Romantic period is an age of poetry Blake, Wordsworth, Coleridge, Byron, Shelley & Keats are the major Romantic poets. They started a rebellion against the neoclassical literature, which was later regarded as the poetic revolution. Wordsworth & Coleridge were the major representatives of this movement. They explored new theories & innovated new techniques in poetry writing. They saw poetry as a healing energy: they believed that poetry could purify both individual souls & the society. The Romantics not only extol the faculty of imagination, but also stress the concept of spontaneity & inspiration, regarding them as something crucial for true poetry. The natural world comes to the forefront of the poetic imagination. Nature is not only the major source of poetic imagery, but also provides the dominant subject matter.Wordsworth is the closest to nature.To escape from a world that had became excessively rational, as well as excessively materialistic & ugly, the Romantics would turn to other times & places, where the qualities they valued could be convincingly depicted. Romantics also tend to be nationalistic, defending the great poets & dramatists of their own national heritage against the advocates of classical rules who tended to glorify Rome & rational Italian & French neoclassical art as superior to the native traditions. To the Romantics, poetry should be free from all rules. They would turn to the humble people & their everyday life for subjects, Romantic writers are always seeking for the Absolute, the Ideal through the transcendence of the actual. They have also made bold experiments in poetic language, versification & design, & constructed a variety of forms on original principles of structure & style.6.小说《傲慢与偏见》的主题和主要人物的性格分析Austen's main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. Because of this, her novels have a universal significance. She is particularly preoccupied with the relationship between men & women in love. Stories of love & marriage provide the major themes in all her novels.1) Structure, characterization & language styleThe structure of the novel is exquisitely deft, the characterization in the highest degree memorable, while the irony has a radiant shrewdness unmatched elsewhere. At the heart of the novelist's exploration of the marriage, property & intrigue lies the exhilarating suspense of the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet & Darcy, & Jane Austen's delicate probing of the values of the gentry. The moments of high comedy in the novel are always related to deeper issues. Elizabeth's rejection of the odious Mr. Collins suggests her independence & self-esteem, but when Collins is accepted by her friend Charlotte Lucas, we see the reality of marriage as a necessary step if a woman is to a void the wretchedness of aging spinsterhood. Conversely, in the elopement of Lydia & Wickham, we are shown the dangers of feckless relationships unsupported by money. The comic characters in Pride & Prejudice are: Mr. & Mrs. Bennet, Mr. Collins & that monstrous snob Lady Catherine de Burgh, who make us laugh even as they parody erroneous views of marriage & class.5. 应用Characteristics of Jane Austen's novels1) Austen's novels describe a narrow range of society & events: a quiet, prosperous, middle class circle in provincial surroundings, which she knew well from her own experience2) Her subject matter is also limited, for most of her novels deal with the subject of getting married, which was in fact the central problem for the young leisure-class lady of that age, who had no other choice in her life but to find a good husband.3) Austen's interest was in human nature; in her depiction of human nature, instead of being fascinated by great waves of elevated emotion, by passion or heroic experience, she focused on the trivial & petty details of everyday living, which became very interesting through her truthful & lively description.4) Austen's novels are brightened by their witty conversation & omnipresent humor. Her language shines with an exquisite touch of lively gracefulness, elegant & refined, but never showy.6. 简奥斯丁对英国文学的伟大贡献：A．J ane Austen is one of the most important Romantic novelists in English literature. She creates six influential novels.B．H er main literary concern is about human beings in their personal relationships. She makes trivial daily life as important as the concerns abouthuman belief career and salient social events. This is what makes herimportant in English literature.C．J ane Austen has brought the English novel, as an art of for, to its maturity because of her sensitivity to universal patterns of human behavior and heraccurate portrayal of human individuals.D．S he describes the world from a woman’s point of view, and depicts a group of authentic and common women.7.Wordsworth的写作风格1)The Lyrical Ballads differs in marked ways from his early poetry,notably the uncompromising simplicity of much of the language, thestrong sympathy not merely with the poor in general but with particular,dramatized examples of them, and the fusion of natural description withexpressions of inward states of mind.2)According to subjects, Wordsworth’s short poems can be classified intotwo groups: poems about nature and poems about human life.3)To Wordsworth, nature acts as a substitute for imaginative andintellectual engagement with the development of embodied humanbeings in their diverse circumstances. It’s nature that gives him “strengthand knowledge full of peace.4)Wordsworth thinks that common life is the only subject of literaryinterest. The joys and sorrows of the common people are his themes. Hissympathy always goes to the suffering poor.5)Wordsworth’s deliberate simplicity ad refusal to decorate the truth ofexperience produced a kind of pure and profound poetry which no otherpoet has ever equaled.8.Romantic poets 与Romantic Age 的不同处：The poetic ideals announced by Words worth and Coleridge provided a major inspiration for the brilliant young writers who made p the second generation of English Romantic poets. Wordsworth and Coleridge both became more conservative politically after the democratic idealism. The second generation of Romantic poets are revolutionary in thinking. They set themselves against the bourgeois society and the ruling class.9.Songs of innocence 与Songs of ExperienceA.Songs of Innocence is a lovely volume of poems, presenting a happy andinnocent world, though not without its evils.B.Songs of Experience paints a different world, a world of misery, disease, warand repression with melancholy tone.C.The two books hold the similar subject-matter, but the tone, emphasis andconclusion differ.Chapter 4 The Victorian Period1．维多利亚时期的主要作家与作品1）Charles Dickens: Oliver Twist; The Pickwick Paper; David Copper field.;Dombey and Son; A Tale of Two Cities; Bleak House; Hard Times;Great Expectation; Our Mutual Friend.2）Emily Bronte: Wuthering Heights.Charlotte Bronte: Jane Eyre3）Alfred Tennyson: Ulysses; In Memoriam; Break, Break, Break;Dora; Crossing the Bar; Morte d’Arthur; The Gardener’s Daughter; The Princess4）Robert Browning: The Ring and the Book; My Last Duchess5）George Eliot: The Mill on the Floss: Middlemarch: Daniel Deronda;Romola6）Thomas Hardy: Under the Greenwood Tree; Far From the Madding Crowd: The Return of the Native; The Mayor of Casterbridge: Tess of the D’Urbervilles1.宪章运动The worsening living and working conditions, the mass unemployment finally gave rise to the Chartist Movement. The English workers got themselves organized in big cities and brought forth the People's charter, in which they demanded basic rights and better living and working conditions. They, for three times, made appeals to the government, with hundreds of thousands of people's signatures. The movement swept over most of the cities in the country. Although the movement declined to an end in 1848, it did bring some improvement to the welfare of the working class. This was the first mass movement of the English working class & the early sign of the awakening of the poor, oppressed people.2.功利主义Almost everything was put to the test by the criterion of utility, that is, the extent to which it could promote the material happiness. This theory held a special appeal to the middle-class industrialists, whose greed drove them to exploiting workers to the utmost and brought greater suffering and poverty to the working mass.。
自考英美文学选读_第一章_文艺复兴时期(英国)(课文翻译)
英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）第一部分：英国文学第一章文艺复兴时期文艺复兴标志着一个过渡时期,即中世纪的结束和现代社会的开始。
一般来说,文艺复兴时期是从十四世纪到十七世纪中叶。
它从意大利兴起,伴随着绘画、雕塑和文学领域的百花齐放,而后文艺复兴浪潮席卷了整个欧洲。
文艺复兴,顾名思义即重生、复苏,是由一系列历史事件激发推动的,其中包括对古希腊罗马文化的重新发现。
地理天文领域的新发现,宗教改革及经济发展。
因此,文艺复兴从本质上是欧洲人文主义者竭力摒弃中世纪欧洲的封建主义,推行代表新兴城市资产阶级利益的新思想,并恢复早期宗教的纯洁性,远离腐败的罗马天主教廷的一场运动。
文艺复兴浪潮影响到英国的速度比较慢,不仅因为英国远离欧洲大陆,而且还因为其国内的动荡不安。
乔叟去世后的一个半世纪是英国历史上最动荡不安的时期。
好战的贵族篡取了王位,使英国走上自我毁灭之路。
著名的玫瑰之战就是极好的例子。
后来理查三世的恐怖统治标志着内战的结束,在都铎王朝的统治下英国的民族情感又成长起来。
然而直到亨利八世统治期间(1509-1547),文艺复兴的春风才吹入英国。
在亨利八世的鼓励下,牛津的改革派学者和人文主义者们将古典文学引入英国。
基于古典文学作品及《圣经》的教育重获生机,而十五世纪就被广泛传阅的文学作品则更加流行了。
自此,英国的文艺复兴开始了。
英国,尤其是英国文学进入了黄金时代。
这个时期涌现出莎士比亚、斯宾塞、约翰逊、锡德尼、马洛、培根及邓恩等一大批文学巨匠。
但英国的文艺复兴并未使新文学与旧时代彻底决裂,带有十四、十五世纪特点的创作态度与情感依然贯穿在人文主义与改革时代。
人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
它源于努力恢复中世纪产生的对古希腊罗马文化的尊崇。
人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以"人"为中心,人是万物之灵。
通过这些对古代文化崭新的研究,人文主义者不仅看到了光彩夺目的艺术启明星,还在那古典作品中寻求到了人的价值。
湖北自考《英美文学选读》重点总结
上古及中世纪英国文学Old and Medieval English literature上古：450 to 1066 中世纪;1066-14世纪中叶CeltsOld English poetry: the religious group and the secular oneBeowulf: national epic poem Chaucer introduced from F rance the rhymed s tanzas of various types to English poetry to replace the Old English alliterative verse.<The Canterbur y Tales >The father of English poetry English Homer In the medieval period ：use narrative verse of prose to tell stori es of knightly adventures or other heroic deeds.第一章文艺复兴时期the RenaissancePeriod 14th andmid-17th centuries Humanism is the essence of theRenaissance. Golden AgeIt started in ItalyHenry VIII Defender of the FaithBible in English ancient Romanand Greekculture classstruggle Petrarchpoetry and poetic dramaElizabethan dra madramatists: Christopher Marlowe ,Willia m Shakespeare andBen Jonson3威廉莎士比亚William Shak espeare 1564-1616Playwrights , dramatist, poets 1591-1611was i n t he prime of his dramati c career.38plays 戏剧154sonnets 十四行诗 2 long poems叙事诗Stratford-on-A von“University w i ts”“an upstart crow”Sonnet18 : meditation eter nal beauty origin:Italy<Hamlet>“to be,or not t o be-that is the question”<the merchant of V eni ce> against Christians /Jews.Tw o narrative poems <venus and Adonis> <the rape of lucrece> Tragedies: <hamlet> <Othello> <k ing lear> <Macbeth><re meo and Juliet> <Julius casear>Six comedies:<a midsummer night‟s dream> <the merchant of Venice> <much ado about nothing> <sa you like it> <twelfth night> <the merry wives of Windsor><all‟s well that ends well> <measure for measure e>Romantic tragicomedi es: <[eroc;es> <Cymbeline> <The Winter‟s T ale> <the T e mpest>Romantic tragedy <Romeo and Juliet> tragedy but optimistic 乐观spirit.1 a play in t he play2 borrow plots from other stories such sa Roman,Greekand ancient myth.3 several threads running through the play4 combination of tragic and comic elements.Writing style:1 trimendous vocabulary(16,000words,invent words) 2literary devices(allit erat eion头韵，simile明喻，metaphor暗喻)3 use poetry in his playThe theme of the sonnet:1 express love and praise to a young man2 immortali ze beauty through verses3friendship or betrayal of friendship6约翰弥尔顿John Milton 1608-1674A Catholic family天主教Latin blind .<P Lost>失乐园masterpiece.a story taken from “the old Testament” ,a long epic divided into 12 book s ,taken from the Bible.the theme is “fall of man”The main idea:to beg for me rcy and worship his power were more shamefull and disgrace full than this downfall.<Samson Agonists>the most powerfull dramatic poem on the Gree k model.Three group: A the early poeticworks B the middle prosepamphletsC the last great poemsThe fre edom of the will is thek e ystone of Milton‟s creed.<Paradise Regained>第二章新古典主义时期the NeoclassicalPeriod1660-1798(18t hcentury)人社会动物industrial revolution工业革命the RestorationGothic Novel:1 content: magic, supernaturallelements, ghost s, monsters.2setting: old castle, graveyard, dardforest3atomsphere:horribleThe enlightenmen t movement（theage of reason ）：启蒙运动It was a progressive in telle ctuall进步知道份子movement which flourishedin F ranc e a nd swept the w holewestern Europe at the time. Itsenlighten the wholeworld with the light of modernphilosophical and artistic ideas.哲学和艺术思想The enlightenerscelebrated reason or rationality,equality and scienc e,理性平等科学and they also advocated universaleducation.全民普及教育1约翰班杨John Bunyan 1628-168818年坐牢，Christianity基督教<the pilgrim’s progress>”the vani tyfair”is the most successfulreligious allegory 宗教寓言i n theEnglish langua ge.Me taphor暗喻-life as a journeysearch for spiritual salvationStyle: Moded after the Bible,language:e asy to read,colloquial,concrete and concise form:allegorian form,reallystic,true to life.3丹尼尔笛福Daniel defoe1660-1731butcher‟s fa mily 卖肉家庭Englishmiddle –class<Robinson Crusoe>masterpiece,Robinson is the empire builder,thepioneer colonist.The theme:A man‟s strugglees against natureB glorifyication of the bourgeois menwho has the courage and will to facehardship and determineation toimprove his livelihood.C glorifyication of labor(Robinsonlives on hi s own hands)笛福的创作特点：Defoe w as a ver ygood story-telle r.he had a gift fororganizing minute details in such avivid w a y that his stories could beboth credible可信and fascinating神奇.his sentences ar e sometimesshort,crisp 短小干脆and pl ain,andsometimes long and rambling,w hichleave on the reader an impression ofcasual narration.his language issmooth,easy,colloquial口语andmostly vernacula r方言.there isnothing artificeial in his language: itis common English at its best.4乔纳森斯威夫特Jonathan Sw ift1667-1745<a tale of a tub><the battle of the books><Gulli ver’s travels>th e greatestsatiric w or k<a modest proposal>a greatest andbitter est satire.Lilliput yahoos bitter satire5亨利菲尔丁Henry F ield ing1707-1754Born of an old aristocratic family.老贵族家庭“father of the Englishnovel”“the third-person nar ration”第三人称叙述<the histor y of TomJones ,afoundling> “prose homer”散文荷马”comic epic in prose”散文体喜剧史诗:1 the descryiption in a grand style ofclassic epic.”classic epic”has:A a great hero Bcalls on Muses Cgive a list of na mes of gods Dcompare s mall fights to great wars.2 use verifyied language t o narrate asmall fight3 different figure of speech .esp,irony讽刺,hyperbole夸张<the histor y of Amelia>费尔丁的语言特色：Fielding‟slanguage is easy, unlaboured andfamil iar,自然流畅通俗易懂butextremely vivid and vigorous. Hissentences are always distinguished bylogic逻辑性and rhythm,韵律性andhis structure carefully planed towardsan inevitable ending. His works arealso noted for lively,dramatic dialogues戏剧性对话and other theat ricaldevices such as suspendse,悬念coincidence巧合and unexpectedness.出人意料第三章浪漫主义时期theRomantic Periodis an age ofpoetry.1798-1832人的孤单状态P assi ve , old and conservative :“lak e poets”William Wordsw or th Rober t South eySamuel Taylor ColeridgeActi ve , young and revolutionar y:Byron Shelly Keats1威廉布莱克William Blak e1757-1827候看见过天使，他父亲死后他弟弟也死了，神秘主义。
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握
自考英语本科《英美文学选读》英国古典主义一天全掌握Neoclassical period：The Neoclassical period is about 1660-1798,also known as "the Age of Enlightenment" or "the age of Reason".新古典主义英国1688年的“光荣革命”推翻复辟王朝，确定了君主立宪制，建立起资产阶级和新贵族领导的政权，英国从此进入一个相对安定的发展时期。
18世纪初，新古典主义成为时尚。
新古典主义推崇理性，强调明晰、对称、节制、优雅，追求艺术形式的完美与和谐。
18世纪被认为是启蒙运动时期.现实主义小说笛福(英国实现主义小说的奠基人、英国小说之父、现代新闻报道之父)：主要作品：《鲁滨逊漂流记》标志着英国现实主义小说的诞生。
鲁滨逊是欧洲文学史上第一个资产阶级的正面形象(第一人称自述方式)。
斯威夫特(激进的民主派，开创了英国文学中的讽刺传统)：主要作品：《格列佛游记》(儿童幻想剧小说)通过幻想的环境，虚构的情节，夸张的手法对英国政治、法律、议会、党争和哲学进行讽刺和抨击)。
菲尔丁：(18世纪英国最杰出的小说家)《汤姆琼斯》(欧洲文学中的一流小说)：代表了18世纪英国现实主义小说的最高成就，被誉为“18世纪英国社会的散文史诗”。
哥特式小说哥特小说，属于英语文学派别，一般被认为随着贺瑞斯·华尔波尔的《奥特朗图堡》而产生。
哥特小说可以说是恐怖电影的鼻祖，更重要的是，它使我们今天习惯地将哥特式与黑暗、恐怖联系在一起。
显著的哥特小说元素包括恐怖，神秘，超自然，厄运，死亡，颓废，住着幽灵的老房子，癫狂，家族诅咒等。
“哥特”被用于文学流派主要因为这种流派的主题探讨这种极端感情及一些黑色话题,并且哥特小说的背景通常是哥特式的：废弃的摇摇欲坠的城堡, 修道院。
他们关注哥特式的相关建筑，艺术，诗歌 (见墓园诗人)甚至园艺．Gothic novels – mostly stories of mystery and horror which take place in some haunted闹鬼的or dilapidated摇摇欲坠的 Middle Age castles – were turned out profusely by both male and female writers.背景：It was an age full of conflicts and difference of values;It was an age of fast development for English to become the first powerful capitalist country in the world; It was an age of economic development, in which bourgeois/middle class grew rapidly.特点：In essence, the Neoclassical Period was a progressive intellectual movement. a revival of interest in the old classical workskeep to order,logic,restrained emotion,accuracya furderance of the renaissencethe enlightenment movement,advocated the universal educationhad specificrules for almost every gener of literatureliterature should be judged in terms of its service to humanity启蒙运动：he enlightenment movementin 18th-century of england is know as the age of enlightenment or the age of reason was a progressive intellectual movement which florished in french and swept through the whole western europe at the timethe moevment was a furderance of renaissance of the 15th and16th-centuryits purpose was to enlighten the word with the light of morden philosophical and artistic ideasthe enlighteners celebrated reason for reasonlity,equality and sciencethey called for a reference of order,reason,rules,advocated universal education 代表:john dryden alexander pope班扬天路历程 The Pilgrim's Progress蒲伯论批评 An Essay on Criticism笛福鲁宾逊漂流记 Robinson Crusoe斯威夫特格列佛游记 Gulliver's Travels菲尔丁汤姆·琼斯 Tom Jones约翰逊英语大词典 A Dictionary of the English Language谢里丹造谣学校 The School for Scandal格雷墓园挽歌 Elegy Written in a Country Churchyard班阳 John Bunyan语言具体生动，情节鲜明现实，通俗易懂让没受过教育的人也能得到阅读他作品的乐趣其它作品：罪人头目的赦免败德门先生生死录圣战天路历程2 as a stout puritan ,he had made a conscientiosuly study of the bible and firmly believed in salvation through spirtual struggle语言特色：concrete and living language,carefully observed,vividly presented detail选读作品： from the pilgrim's progress a religious aellgory pursue the turththe most sucessful religious allegory in the history of english literaturethe theme is to urge people to abide by christian doctrinesand seak salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and all kinds ofsocial evil应用：The allegorical meaning of “The Vanity Fair”名利场的寓言意义 The Vanity Fair refers to the real world where people have become so degeneratedthat all they are concerned is to buy and sell everything they can. It allegorically represents vanity both in the society and in people‟s heart, so people are spiritually lost.However, the pilgrims refuse to buy any of the things in the Vanity Fair. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggle with their own weakness and social evils. Christians' refusal shows that they are one step nearer the Celestial City.蒲柏Alexander Pope是个很敏感sensitive的人,当然要用笔墨来反击，发展了犀利biting的讽刺文体satire。
自考英美文学选读教材2
Along with the fast economic development, the British bourgeois of middle class also grew rapidly. It was the major force of the Revolution and was mainly composed of city people: traders, merchants, manufactures, and other adventures such as slave traders and colonists. As the Industrial Revolution went on, more and more people joined the rank of this class. Marx once pointed out that the bourgeois class of the eighteenth-century England was a revolutionary class then and quite different from the feudal aristocratic class. They were people who had known poverty and hardship, and most of them had obtained their present social status through hard work. They believed in self-restraint, self-reliance and hard work. To work, to economize and to accumulate wealth constituted the whole meaning of their life. This aspect of social life is best found in the realistic novels of the century.
英美文学选读要点中英文对照
Chapter1 The Renaissance period（14世纪至十七世纪中叶）文艺复兴1. Humanism is the essence of the Renaissance.人文主义是文艺复兴的核心。
2. the Greek and Roman civilization was based on such a conception that man is the measure of all things.人文主义作为文艺复兴的起源是因为古希腊罗马文明的基础是以“人”为中心，人是万物之灵。
3. Renaissance humanists found in then classics a justification to exalt human nature and came to see that human beings were glorious creatures capable of individual development in the direction of perfection, and that the world they inhabited was theirs not to despise but to question, explore, and enjoy.人文主义者们却从古代文化遗产中找到充足的论据，来赞美人性，并开始注意到人类是崇高的生命，人可以不断发展完善自己，而且世界是属于他们的，供他们怀疑，探索以及享受。
4. Thomas More, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare are the best representatives of the English humanists.托马斯.摩尔，克利斯朵夫.马洛和威廉.莎士比亚是英国人文主义的代表。
5. Wyatt introduced the Petrarchan sonnet into England.怀亚特将彼特拉克的十四行诗引进英国。
英国文学第二章新古典主义时期
英国文学第二章新古典主义时期The Neoclassical PeriodI. John Bunyannovelist.His masterpiece is The pilgrim’s Progress. As a stout Puritan , he had made a conscientious study of the Bible and firmly believe in salvation through spiritual struggle.The Pilgrim’s Progress is the most successful religious allegory in the English language. Its purpose is to urge people to abide by Christian doctrines and seek salvation through constant struggles with their own weakness and kinds of social evils.II. Alexander Popepoet.Pope made his name as a great poet with the publication of An Essay on Criticism in 1711. The next year, he published The Rape of the Lock, a finest mock epic.For him the supreme value was order---cosmic order , political order, social order, aesthetic order , and this emphasis on order found expression in all of his works.He strongly advocated neoclassicism, emphasizing that literary works should be judged by classical rules of order, reason, logic, restrained emotion, good taste and decorum.III. Daniel Defoea novelist.Robinson Crusoe, an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time, is universally considered his masterpiece. He wrote four other novels:Captain Singleton , Moll Flanders,Colonel Jack and Roxana, those novels deal with the personal history of some hero or heroine, usually a whore, a pirate, a pickpocket, a rogueor some other criminal.In most of his works, he gave his praise to the hard-working, sturdy middle class and showed his sympathy for the downtrodden, unfortunate poor.Defoe was a very good story-teller.The realistic account of the successful struggle of Robinson single-handedly against the hostile nature forms the best part of the novel. Robinson is here a real hero: a typical eighteenth-century English middle-class man, the pioneer colonist.IV. Jonathan Swifta prose writer and a master satirist.A Tale of a Tub and Battle of the Books established his name as a satirist.His A Modest Proposal is generally taken as a perfect model.His other works are: The Drapier’s Letters , Gulliver’s TravelsGulliver’s Travels: Swift’s best fictional work, the book contains four parts. Its social significance is great and its exploration into human nature profound.In his writings, although he intends not to condemn but to reform and improve humannature and human institutions.He defined a good style as “proper words in proper places.”Clear, simple, concrete diction, uncomplicated sentence structure, economy and conciseness of language mark all his writings----essays, poems and novels.V. Henry Fieldinga novelist.Fielding has been regarded by some as “Father of the English novel”, for his contribution to the establishment of theform of the modern novel.His masterpiece is The History of Tom Jones, a Foundling.During his career as a dramatist Fielding had attempted a considerable number of forms of play.Of all his plays, the best known are The Coffee-House Politician, The Tragedy of Tragedies, Pasquin, and The Historical Register for the year 1736.Tom Jones brings its author the name of the “Prose Home”. The panoramic view it provides of the 18th-century English country.Tome Jones, the novel consist of 18 books. Tom, the titular hero of the story, he became a national hero, he---honest, kind-hearted, high-spirited, loyal and brave, but impulsive, wanting prudence and full of animal spirits.He was the first to set out, both in theory and practice, to write specifically a “comic epic in prose,” the first to give the modern novel its structure and style.VI. Samuel Johnsona poet, lexicographer.Johnson was an energetic and versatile writer, He had a hand in all the different branches of literary activities.As a lexicographer, Johnson distinguished himself as the author of the first English dictionary by an Englishman---A Dictionary of the English language, a gigantic task which Johnson undertook single-handedly and finished in over seven years.He was very much concerned with the theme of the vanity of human wishes. He was the last great neoclassical enlightener in the later eighteenth century.VII. Richard Brinsley Sheridana playwright.His masterpiece : The School for Scandal and The Rivals.In his plays, morality is the constant theme.In the Rivals, a comedy of manners, he is satirizing the traditional practice of the parents to arrange marriages for their children without considering the latter’s opinion.In The School for Scandal, the satire becomes even sharper as the characters are exposed scene by scene to their defenseless nakedness.His plots are well organized, his characters, either major or minor, are all sharply drawn, and his manipulation of such devices as disguise, mistaken identity and dramatic irony is masterly. Witty dialogues and neat and language also make acharacteristic of his plays.VII. Tomas Graya poet.His masterpiece: Elegy Written in a County Churchyard, this poem established his fame as the leader of sentimental poetry of the day. Especially “the Graveyard school.His style is sophisticated ad allusive. His poem marked with the trait of a highly artificial diction and a distorted word order.。
自考英美文学选读_The Neoclassical Period
Picture
The book is worth to read
Robinson Crusoe
• Robinson Crusoe ,an adventure story very much in the spirit of the time is university considered his masterpiece. Robinson Crusoe , supposedly based on the real adventure of an Alexander Selkirk who once stayed alone on the uninhabited island Juan Fernandez for five years , is in fact , a work of sheer imagination.
The Daniel Defoe’s works
• “The Shortest Way with the Dissenters” in1702, “The True-born Englishman” in 1701.In 1704,he founded “The Review” , a political, literary periodical and carried it to 1713. He wrote four other novels: Captain Singleton (1720), Moll Flanders(1722), Colonel Jack(1722)and Roxana(1724), apart from the second and the third part of Robinson Crusoe .A Journal of the Plague Year.
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英美文学选读翻译（英语专业自考）
第一部分：英国文学
第二章新古典主义时期
这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
英国社会在新古典主义时期充满了动荡与变革,其中1660年英皇查理二世复辟,1665年一场瘟疫,仅在伦敦就夺去了七万人的生命,而伦敦一场火灾摧毁了大片城区,三分之二的市民无家可归,1689年英国发生了"光荣革命",清教徒玛丽公主与她荷兰裔的丈夫奥兰治公爵威廉取代了英皇詹姆士二世登上王位,从此确立了君主立宪制正体。
在这一时期,议会与专制君主不断斗争,而当时凌驾于议会与政府之上的两大党派,托利党与辉格党之间的矛盾也层出不穷,此外不同的宗教教派,辟如罗马天主教廷与英国国教及不信奉国教者,还有统治阶级与劳动人民之间,也都存在着尖锐的冲突。
总之,这一时期是矛盾与价值观分歧的时期。
而18世纪,英国的国力又得到长足发展。
在海外,英国殖民地扩展到北美、印度和西印度群岛,由此产生的不断增长的殖民地财富与贸易为英国开辟了广阔市场,原先那种小规模的家庭手工业生产方式便远远不够了。
市场不仅需要英国产品,更需要英国标准化的产品。
在国内,"圈地运动"使大片土地都集中到越来越少的大地主手中,成千上万的小农场主与雇农都被赶出家园,成为城市里的雇佣工人。
英国工业革命因此得到了雄厚的基础一一本国劳动力从家庭中解放出来,以及从殖民地掠夺来的资本积累。
到18世纪中期,英国已成为世界上第一个最强大的资本主义国家,号称"世界工厂",它的产品涌入全球各地的市场。
随着经济迅速发展,英国资产阶段或曰中产阶级也发展壮大了,成为革命的主力军,多由城市人口组成,比如商人、产业主及贩奴者、殖民者等其它人员。
工业革命的方兴未艾使越来越多的人口加人这一行列。
这个阶级在当时是进步的,是区别于封建贵族的新生力量。
城市资产阶级通过自己的奋斗获取社会地位,因此他们理解劳动人民的穷困与艰苦。
他们信奉自强自立,劳动致富。
他们人生的意义就在于勤奋工作、积累财产。
这一切特征都在当时现实主义小说中有所体现。
英国的十八世纪也同时是启蒙主义时代,或曰理性时代。
启蒙运动是进步的知识分子运动,兴盛于法国,后席卷整个欧洲。
这次是15、16世纪文艺复兴的延续与发展。
运动的宗旨便是用当代哲学与艺术思想的晨光启迪整个世界。
启蒙主义者赞颂理性、平等与科学。
他们主张理性是任何人思想与行动的唯一缘由。
他们相信一旦理性成为衡量人类行为与关系的尺度,所有的迷信、不公与压迫便都会让位给"永久的真理"、"永久的公正"及"天赋的平等"。
为此,他们大力提倡秩序、理性及法律。
这种思想意识为1789年法国资产阶级革命及1776
年美国独立战争打下了理论基础。
与此同时,启蒙主义者们还倡导全民普及教育。
他们认为人有着局限性、两面性及不完美性,但人也有能力通过教育来使自己臻于理智,臻于完美,如果人民群众得到良好的教育,建立民主平等的人类社会则大有希望。
其实,当时的文学作品中充满; 了说教与道德理念,就已经成为大众教育的良好工具。
英国著名的启蒙主义文学家有约翰·德莱顿、亚历山大,蒲柏、约瑟夫·艾迪森与理查·斯蒂尔(这两位是现代散文的先驱〉、乔纳森·挪威夫特、丹尼尔·笛福、理查·B·谢立丹、亨利·费尔丁和塞缪尔·约翰逊。
在文学领域,启蒙主义运动还使人们重新对古典时代的著作产生兴趣。
这股思潮便是新古典主义。
新古典主义者们认为所有文学作品都应效仿古希腊罗马的著作(如荷马、维吉尔、霍拉斯、奥维德等大家的作品)以及当时法国的经典著作,并且理想的艺术应基于秩序、逻辑、确切及情感控制的基础上,而文学作品的价值应视是否为人文主义服务来定。
这就使该时期的作家在创作时寻求表达与措辞上的协调、统一、和谐与典雅,努力使作品喜闻乐见并富于教义。
由此一种温文尔雅、充满灵性的知识阶层文学艺术发展起来。
在几乎所有的文学形式中,新古典主义者们都设定了创作的规矩与条框:散文必须简洁、直白、通顺、有灵活性;诗歌必须抒情、壮美、有教义、讽喻、富于戏剧性,每一种诗体都有自己的一套创作原则;戏剧则必须用英雄体偶句(抑扬格五音步的押韵双行诗)写就;时间、地点、事件三要素必须要遵循;写作的规矩必须要遵守,而作品中的人物要代表一类人,而不是个性化。
到了18世纪最后几十年,新古典主义又侧重于理性与智慧,文学形式出现叛逆,感伤主义崛起,并在一定的时期逐渐被浪漫主义替代。
但新古典主义对英国文学史产生过持久的全面的影响。
在这一时期出现的诗歌技巧与古典气质,如秩序、良好的格式、统一的结构、简明的语言都成为永恒的文学传统。
新古典主义时期,或从王朝复辟到十八世纪下半叶,英国诗歌的古典风格得以兴盛,并在德莱顿、蒲泊及词典编篡家塞缪尔·约翰逊的时代达到巅峰。
诗歌的灵性、形式及艺术风格得到重视。
嘲弄式英雄史诗、骑士抒情诗、讽喻诗及讽刺短诗是当时流行的形式。
除了形式与措辞上的优雅,新古典主义诗歌还富有严肃及真诚的语调和不断的说教。
十八世纪中叶,还兴起一种崭新的文学形式一—英国现代小说,这种文学与传统贵族的骑士文学相反,着重描写英国普通百姓的生活。
这个文学史上巨大的变化是工业革命及英国中产阶级不断发展的结果。
英国现代小说的先驱有丹尼尔·笛福,塞缪尔·理查森,亨利·费尔丁,劳伦斯·斯泰思,托比亚斯·斯摩莱特以及奥立佛·哥尔斯密。
.从十八世纪中叶至十八世纪末,还出现了古典文学传统向独创性与丰富联想性的转移,社会描写向个性描写的转移,说教向忏悔、鼓励及预示的转移。
其中哥特式小说一一主要讲述了恐怖神秘的故事,背景多为阴森的中世纪教堂一一受到许多男女作家的青睐,比如脍炙人口的有霍拉斯·沃尔浦尔的《奥特朗托堡》〈1765)、安妮拉德克利夫人的《尤道夫之谜》、《意大利人》、克拉拉·里弗的《美德冠军,一个歌特式的故事》(1777)、以及M·G·刘易斯的《僧
侣》。
同时流行的还有詹姆斯·汤姆森,威廉·考林斯和威廉·柯柏等自然诗人以及感伤诗
人或曰"墓地诗人"们创作的颂扬或哀悼的抒情诗。
此外还有苏格兰农民诗人罗伯特·彭斯与威康·布莱克创作的浪漫主义诗歌,这些作品为十九世纪初浪漫主义文学的兴盛开辟了道路。
在戏剧界,最有名的要数理查·谢立丹。
而那些充满智慧与讽刺的散文中,乔纳森·斯
威夫特的作品则最值得一读。
他的《一个温和的建议》被公认为英国文学史上的经典。
17世纪资产阶级革命时期的内容简介
17世纪的重大历史事件是英国革命，这个时期的作家或多或少地与革命相连。
大诗人弥尔顿和寓言作家班扬自始至终支持革命，保皇派诗人则坚定地支持英国王室。
玄学派诗人倾向于置身事外，其代表人物多恩的诗歌以晦涩著称，深的20世纪大诗人艾略特的赏识，所以能在20世纪死而复生。
18世纪英国启蒙运动时期
18世纪以理性和大众教育为关键词的启蒙运动发展。
启蒙运动在文学上表现为新古典主义，其代表人物为诗人浦珀和词典编纂家约翰逊。
18世纪英国文学的盛事是小说的兴起，以笛福，菲尔丁，斯威夫特为代表的现实主义小说独领风骚。
此外，理查德森的书信体小说也赢的了广泛的赞誉。
伤感主义代表作家斯特恩的作品系意识流小说的先驱，晦涩难懂，令人望而却步，但由于其对现代派作品的影响巨大，所以在文学史上也有重大意义。
除了感伤主义小说之外，感伤主义诗歌也留下《墓园挽歌》等千古传颂的佳作。
18世纪末，浪漫主义诗歌兴起，其代表人物为布莱克和彭斯。
18世纪的戏剧门庭冷落，谢里丹成为该时期唯一的重要剧作家。
这里我们所称的新古典主义时期是指介于1660年英国斯图亚特王朝复辟与以华滋华斯和科勒律治1798年合作出版的《抒情歌谣集》为创始标志的浪漫主义时期之间的英国文学时代。
约翰•班扬乔纳森•斯威夫特。