研究生英语教材课后习题解答上册
研究生英语精读教程(第三版_上)__课文翻译与课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人,那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈,而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时,这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题.[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目,涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功.与此相反,悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败,并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关.位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说："如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考,那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗."[ 3 ]"你的能力固然重要,"匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说,"但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功,"在某种程度上,这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望.[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例.宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察.他们发现,存工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额.机新雇用的推销员中,乐观主义者则多销了20％.[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％.[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说,乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的"解释方式".出了问题之后,悲观主义者倾向于自责.他说："我不善于做这种事,我总是失败."乐观主义者则寻找漏洞,他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人.他认为,是那个客户当时情绪不好.当一切顺利时,乐观主义者居功自傲而悲观主义者只把成功视为侥幸. [ 7 ] 克雷格·安德森让一组学生给陌生人打电话,请他们为红十字会献血¨.当他们的第、二个电话末能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."乐观主义者则对自己说："我需要试试另种方法."[ 8 ] 无论是消极还是积极,都是一种自我实现的预言.安德森说：如果人们感到没有希望,他们就不会费事去获得成功所需的技能."[ 9 ] 据安德森看来,有无控制感是成功的试金石.乐观主义者能够掌握自己的命运.如果事情不顺利,他立刻做出反应,寻找解决办法,制定新的行动计划,并且主动寻求指点.悲观者刚感到自己只能由命运摆布,行动拖拉.既然认为毫无办法．他便不去寻求指点．[10 ] 乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己——有时正是这点使他们充满生机.匹兹堡肿瘤研究所的桑德拉·利维博士对患晚期乳腺癌的妇女进行了研究.对那些通常持乐观态度的妇女来说,两次发病间隔的时间比较长,而这是生存下去的最好预兆.在一次对早期乳腺癌妇女的小规模试验性研究中,利维博士发现这一疾病在悲观病人身上复发更早. [11] 乐观态度不会使不治之症痊愈,却有可能预防疚病.在一项长期研究中,研究人员跟踪观察了一组哈佛大学毕业生的健康史.所有这些人部是班上的好学生,并且健康状况良好.他们之中有的是积极思考者,有的是消极思考者.20年后,悲观者中患有中年常见病一高血压、糖尿病、心脏病一的人数要比乐观者多.[ 12 ] 许多研究显示,悲观者的无助感会损害人体的自然防御体系,即免疫系统.密执安大学的克里斯托弗·彼德森博士发现悲观主义者不能很好地照顾自己.他消极被动,不会避开生活中的打击,无沦做什么都会担心身体不好或其他灾难将临.他大嚼不利于健康的垃圾食品,逃避体育锻炼,不听医生的劝告,还总是要再贪一杯.[ 13 ] 在多数人身上,乐观主义和悲观主义兼而有之,但总是更倾向于其中之一.塞利格曼说,这是一种所谓早在"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极的或消极的话语.过多的"不许"及危险警告会使一个孩了感到无能、恐惧,以及悲观.[ 14 ] 随着年龄的增长,儿童能体会到许多小小的成就感,如学会系鞋带等.家长可以促使这类成功转变为控制感,从而培养出乐观主义. [ 15 ] 悲观是一种很难克服的习惯,但并非不能克服.在一系列具有重大突破的研究中,伊利诺伊大学的卡罗尔·德韦克博士对小学低年级儿童做了一些工作.她帮助那些屡屡出错的学生改变对失败原因的解释——从"我准是很笨"变成"我学习还不够努力"——他们的学习成绩也随之提高了.[16 ] 匹兹堡的利维博士想知道把病人变成乐观主义者是否会延长他们的生命.在一次试验性研究中,两组结肠癌病人受到同样方式的治疗,但其中一些人还得到了鼓励乐观态度的心理帮助.试验结果表明这一作法有一定的效果.现在正计划实施一项重大研究,以确定这一心理变化是否会改变病情的发展.[17] 因此,如果你是个悲观主义者,你完全有理由乐观起来.你能改变自己.以下就是范德比尔特大学的心理学家史蒂夫·霍朗指出的方法：[18]一、当坏事发生时,仔细留意自己的想法,把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.[19] 二、然后,来做一个试验.做一件同任何消极反应相反的事.比如说,你工作XX了问题.你是这么想的吗：我讨厌我的工作,可我再也不会找到比这更好的工作了?这时你应该采取行动,就像完全不是这么回事一样：向外发寄个人简历、去参加面试、看看有没有培训项目并寻找工作门路.[20]三、继续关注事情的发展.你最初的想法是对还是错?霍朗说："如果你的想法使你裹足不前,那就改变这些想法.这是一种试错法,不能确保成功,但应给你自己一个机会."[21]积极的思维导致积极的行动以及积极的反应.如证据所表明的,你对世界抱有什么样的希望,你就很可能得到什么样的结果.4] They found that the positive-thinkers among longtime representatives sold 37-percent more insurance than did the negative-thinkers.划线部分为主谓倒装句,是比较句型常见形式.本句译文：他们发现,在工龄较长的推销员中,积极思考者比消极思考者要多推37％的保险额.参见课文第五段第二句.[5] Impressed, the company hired 100 people who had failed the standard industry test but had scored high on optimism. Impressed在此为过去分词作状语,其逻辑主语为the company.本句译文：公司受到了触动,便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人.[7] When they failed on the first call or two, pessimists said, "I can't do this."从句中they指代主句主语pessimists,划线部分意为："When the first few people they phoned refused to donate blood."本句译文：当他们的第一、二个电话未能得到对方同意时,悲观者说："我干不了这事."[10] Optimists may think they are better than the facts would justify—and sometimes that's what keeps them alive.划线部分意为："overestimate themselves; regard themselves as better than they really are".本句译文：乐观主义者也许过高地评价自己－－有时正是这一点使他们充满活力.[13] It is a pattern of thinking learned "at your mother's knee",says Seligman. It grows out of thousands of cautions orencouragements, negative statements or positive ones.at one’s mother’s knee 意为"在母亲膝下",在此指孩提时代.grow out of 有"产生于"的意思.划线部分为cautions or encouragements 的同位语.本句译文：塞利格曼说,这是一种早在所谓"母亲膝下"就开始形成的思维模式,来自千万次警告或鼓励,积极或消极的话语.[18] Write down the first thing that comes to mind, unedited and uncensored.动词censor本意为"检查并删减",uncensored即"无删减的"；unedited和uncensored在此均为过去分词,作the first thing的非限定性定语.本句译文：把你最初的想法原原本本地记下来,一字不改.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. A2. B3. B4. D5. D6. C7. B8. B9. A 10. D Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. C2. B3. D4. A5. C6. A7. A8. B9. D 10. CB.11. D 12. D 13. C 14. A 15.B 16. D 17. A 18. B 19. C 20.C Ⅲ. Cloze1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. D7. C8. A9. D 10. D 11. D 12. A 13. B 14. B 15. BⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>有没有一种"成功性格",即几乎必然使人取得成就的某些性格特征的结合？如果有的话,这一成功的秘诀究竟是什么？并且,这种性格是否能培养出来？在盖洛普公司中,我们最近集中深入研究了成功现象,探查了1500名杰出人物的态度和性格特征.他们是从《美国名人录》中随机抽取的.被收入《名人录》的主要标准不是财富或社会地位,而是一个人当前在某个领域中的成就.我们的研究确认了一些在成就最显著的人身上总是出现的性格特征,其中最重要的五点是：由生活经验得出的判断力、专业知识、自力更生的精神、总的智力水平以及把事情完成的能力.如果你培养这些性格特征,你就很可能会成功.而且,你甚至可能会发现自己的名字有一天也被收进《名人录》.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.1> What you said to him can hardly justify such conduct of yours.2> You can't justify what you did with what you told him.3> What you did cannot be justified by what you said to him.2.1> Do you think he would be immune from religious persecution by reason of his personal relation with the Bishop?2> Do you think they would not persecute him religiously onaccount of his connection with the Bishop?3> Do you think he could enjoy immunity from religious persecution because he is a friend of the Bishop?3.1> Your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist will affect whether or not your bad dream recurs.2> Whether you will have the bad dream again depends on how you respond to the advice of the psychiatrist.3> Whether your nightmare recurs depends on your attitude towards the advice of the psychiatrist.4.1> The secret to the success of optimists is that they deal with disappointments and failures in a positive way.2> The optimists' positive attitude towards disappointments and failures is the recipe for their success.3> Optimists react to disappointments and failures positively, which is the secret to their success.5.1> The reason that a pessimist tends to fail is, in part, that a person's opinion about himself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.2> Pessimists are likely to fail partly because one's perception of oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy.3> How one looks at oneself is often a self-fulfilling prophecy, which is part of the reason why a pessimist usually fails.6.1> In very young children, before traits have had much chance to develop, behavior is less consistent than it is in most adults. A child's changing behavior may show his changing concern with different features of his activity. His interest always focuses on the business at hand. The person with strong traits and interests is able to persist in what he is doing. Only a major situational change can disturb the direction or purpose of his behavior.2> Before young children have a chance to develop their personality, they do not act consistently as most grown-ups. If a child changes his behavior, it may indicate that his interest has changed because of the changed features of his activity. He is always interested in what he is doing at the time. A person with a forceful personality and intense interest is able to pursue to the end what he is doing. Only dramatic changes in the environment can alter the direction and purpose of his behavior.3> Unlike most adults, young children do not behave consistently before their personality traits are fully developed. A child's behavior change may show his changed interest brought about by a different kind of activity. He always concentrates on the activityin which he is engaged. A man of strong character and interest is able to carry to the end whatever he is doing. The direction and purpose of his behavior will not alter unless some drastic situational change takes place.Supplementary ReadingⅠ.1. B2. A3. C4. C5. A6. B7. D8. A9. D 10. DⅡ.1. 如果这些想法意味着黑暗和毁灭,那你就会走进黑暗和被毁灭,因为贬低的话语会摧毁你的信心,而不会鼓励你、支持你.2. 苏的理疗医生在初诊时告诉她,草草记录下她的思想活动,特别是夜里她不能入睡时的思想情况.3. 温森特和他的父亲感情很好,但父亲很溺爱他,灌输他满脑子的烦心事.4. 如果你害怕坐飞机,那么在飞机起飞或降落时,你就聚精会神地观看机场附近的灯光和道路吧.5. 应该养成一个习惯：即记住自己最美好的时刻,也就是记住你想做的那种人.Unit two癌症和化学物质——我们走得太远了吗?玛拉·孔恩[ 1 ] 去年,加利福尼亚州州长乔治·德米加召集本州许多优秀的科学家开会,开始执行第65号提案,即州安全饮用水和毒品实施法案.这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.有些人宣称,新法律还要求在一切可能致癌的物品上贴上警告标签.[ 2 ] 原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语,但加州大学伯克利分校生物化学系系主任布鲁斯·爱姆兹却打算使会议开得更有生气.[ 3 ] 当爱姆兹走入会议室时,他看上去完全是一个典型的科学家形象：金丝边双光眼镜,皱褶的西服,蓬乱的头发,菜色的面庞,显示出他总是呆在实验室里而很少享受加州的阳光.当某人振振有词地大谈致痛机理时,爱姆兹开始打断他,插进来陈述自己的观点.[ 4 ] "整个世界都充满了致癌物",爱姆兹宣称."啤酒中有十亿分之七百的甲醛和百分之五的乙醇,比水中的任何物质都要危险1 000倍.如果你呼出的气息中有啤酒味,那是否意味着你必须向你周围10英尺以内的所有人发出警告?"[ 5 ] 在大肆宣传最新癌症恐怖的时代里,爱姆兹带来了不同的信息：大多数人造致癌物的含量一般来说都很低.与天然致癌物含量相比其危险微乎其微.[ 6 ] 爱姆兹不是个冒充内行的人.他59岁,是全国最受人尊敬的研究致癌问题的权威之一.他的简历中尽是各种荣誉,包括通用汽车癌症研究基金会颁发的查尔斯·莫特奖<这是痛症研究中最富声誉的嘉奖之一>.他还是国家科学院的院士.甚至他的批评者们也承认,爱姆兹试验是一项突出的成就.这种试验是在实验室里进行的一种简单廉价的操作方法,它有助于检测一种物质是否能引起癌症.[ 7 ] 但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东曲.他对环境保护运动的观点提出不同看法,有些人把这一运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.例如,1987年4月,他和两位同事雷纳·玛格和露易·斯沃斯基·戈尔德,在《科学》杂志上发表了一篇报告,列举了各种各样可能引起癌症的危险.以将近1 000种化学物质作的动物试验所得到的数据表明,每日所消耗的普通花生酱XX治中含有的微量黄曲霉素<花生中天然存在的一种霉菌致癌物>比我们每同从食物中摄取DDT的危险大100倍.一杯硅谷污染最严重的井水比一杯葡萄酒或啤酒致癌的危险要小1 000倍.他并不是建议人们停止消费花生酱、葡萄酒和啤酒.他所说的是,大多数人造致癌物的危险比起日常天然物的致癌危险是微不足道的.现在不清楚它们中有多少有真正的危险.这曲种危险都转移了人们对于诸如烟草之类的巨人危险的注意力.[ 8 ] 爱姆兹的癌症研究是25年前以一袋炸薯条开始的.当时他在马里兰全国健康研究所从事研究工作.在看到袋上列出的成分时,他突然想到还没有人知道每种化学物质对人的基因有什么影响,而要了解这些还没有简易的方法.[ 9 ] 那时,科学家为了测试致癌性,不得不在老鼠身上做耗时费钱的实验室试验.细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致痛物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.爱姆兹试验被公认是一项主要的科学成果.现在在世界上已被广泛应用.[ 10 ] 1974年的一天,当时在伯克利任教的爱姆兹建议一些学生对各种各样家用产品进行检测.使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.当爱姆兹的测试结果导致对某些化学品实行新的规定和禁令时几乎一夜之间,他就成了环保界的英雄.[ 11 ] 随后10年间,公众对致癌物越来越关注.爱姆兹说"于是我开始意识到有些不对头."同样也被检测为致癌物或致突变物而呈阳性的天然物数量太多了：水果汁,芥菜,芹菜,欧芹等.实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用.[ 12 ] 起初,爱姆兹断定他的试验有问题.他的试验并没有错.他的错误在于他象很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?"[ 13 ] 支持加州65号提案的运动使爱姆兹确信他有义务向公众解释这一点."当人们说某些先天缺陷是由水中十亿分之一的某物质引起时,我认为那是不负责任的."他说, "那是拿人们的害怕心理开玩笑.你总能在水中找到十亿分之一的某种物质."[ 14 ] 在加州参议院委员会作证时,爱姆兹举出丁一个例子：由于用氯消毒,自来水含有致癌物氯仿大约十亿分之八十三．.咖啡含有两种天然致癌物,每一种都是大约[ 15 ] 有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.他不为化学公司、药品公司、食品公司或法律事务所提供咨询.他没有接受来自商界的任何好处.十亿分之四千,而由于正常的新陈代谢,人血平均含有甲醛十亿分之三干.[ 16 ] 环境保护论者反对爱姆兹的观点.他们说,我们有义务在总量上使人们尽可能少地接触致癌物."不知为什么他认为要进行选择."峰峦俱乐部的卡尔·波普这样说："如果我们不得不在饮用水中的TCE<一种可疑的致癌溶剂>和有关吸烟的公共教育之间进行选择的话,可能他是对的.但是我们不是非去选择不可."[ 17 ] 爱姆兹的回答是, "你不想让每家化学公司从后门倒掉自己的垃圾,但是你生活在现代工业社会的代价就是水里会有十亿分之几的化学物质.你能除去它,但花费巨大.如果你把你所有的时间都花在追查微不足道的东西上,你就会看不到重要的危险."[ 1 ] This new law bans industries from discharging chemical suspected of causing cancer <carcinogens> or birth defects into water supplies.划线部分为本句基本结构.过去分词短语suspected…defects作chemical的定语,cancer or birth defects是causing的宾语.本句译文：这一新法令禁止各工业部门向水源中排放被怀疑致癌和引起先天缺陷的化学物质.[ 2 ] A day of esoteric science and incomprehensible jargon waspredicted.本句可理解为：Some people predicted that on that day, the discussions would be full of esoteric scientific theories and incomprehensible jargons.本句译文：原来预计,开会那天将全是些玄妙的科学和难懂的术语. [ 7 ] But Ames slaughters sacred cows. He's taking on the environmental movement, which some have called the single most important social movement of the 20th century.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,修饰the environmental movement.single常与形容词或副词的最高级连用,表示强调.本句译文：但是爱姆兹藐视一切貌似神圣不可冒犯的东西.他正向环境保护运动的观点进行挑战,有些人把环保运动称为20世纪最重要的运动.[ 9 ]Armed with the knowledge that bacteria are sensitive to substances that cause mutation, and that carcinogens were likely to be mutagens, Ames developed a carcinogen test using bacteria. Armed with the knowledge为过去分词短语,在此作伴随状语.划线部分是两个由连词that引导的从句,作knowledge的同位语.木句译文：细菌对引起突变的物质很敏感,而致癌物很可能就是引起突变的物质.爱姆兹凭借这些知识,研究出了一种利用细菌检测致癌性的试验.[ 10 ]To his surprise, many common hair dyes tested positive, asdid a flame retardant used in children's pajamas.划线部分为倒装句,其主语为a flame retardant, used in children’s pajamas为过去分词例组,在此作定语修饰a flame retardant.did替代谓语动词及其表语tested positive.本句译义：使他惊异的是,像用于儿童睡衣中的一种阻燃剂一样,许多普通染发剂经测试都呈阳性.[11] In fact, about half of all chemicals tested by Ames—both natural and man-made—turned out to be potentially carcinogenic when given in enormous doses to rats and mice.划线部分可看作省略的状语从句,完整从句"when they are given…to rats and mice".本句译文：实际上,爱姆兹测试的大约一半的化学物,当用老鼠进行大剂量实验时,无论是天然或人造的都证明有潜在的致癌作用. [12] His error had been making the common, but naive, assumption that only man-made chemicals could be dangerous. 划线部分为had been的表语,形容词common和naive均修饰assumption.本句译文：他的错误在于他像很多人一样天真地认为只有人造化学物质是危险的.[12] "Why assume nature is benign?" he now says.划线部分为省略句,完整句为"Why do we assume nature is benign?".本句译文：他现在要问："为什么要推断天然就是无害的呢?" [15] Some people assume Ames is a stooge for the chemical industry, which he is not.划线部分为非限定性定语从句,which的先行词为a stooge for the chemical industry.本句译文：有些人想当然地认为爱姆兹是化学工业的代言人.情况却并非如此.Ⅰ. Comprehension1. B2. A3. D4. D5. C6. D7. A8. C9. B 10. A 11. C Ⅱ. VocabularyA.1. B2. A3. D4. C5. C6. C7. A8. C9. B 10. CB.11. C 12.A 13. A 14. B 15. B16. B 17.B 18. A 19. C 20. AⅢ. Cloze1. B2. A3. D4. B5. D6. C7. A8. A 9. B 10. C 11. C 12. A 13. D 14. C 15. DⅣ. Translation <English to Chinese>不论是在青年时夭折还是在老年时死去,都没有是否虚度了年华来得重要.一个人可能在18年中比另一个在80年中活得更有意义.对于生活,我们认为并不是要去不顾一切地积累大量的他人想像为有价值的经验,而是应该过好每天的时光,就好像它是唯一的一天.我们的意思是要寻找平和感和力量感去对付生活中的失意和痛苦,同时坚持不懈地努力去发现能更加增添并维持生活乐趣和喜悦的方法.Ⅴ. Translation <Chinese to English>1.The politician was armed with many facts and figures.The politician cited numerous facts and figures as his weapon. Innumerable facts and figures are used by the politician as ammunition.2.It struck me that we had really learnt a great deal there.I think we did learn much there.I feel we have indeed learned quite a lot there.3.The conditions of workers now, as compared with what they were ten years ago, have been greatly improved.Compared with 10 years ago, the conditions of the workers have improved much in every aspect.The workers are enjoying much better conditions nowadays than they did 10 years ago.4.According to the law of the People's Republic, parents areobligated to send their children to school.Parents have a legal obligation to send their children to school under the law of the People's Republic.The laws of the People's Republic stipulate that parents send their children to school.5.He erred in making his decision before he confirmed the facts. He erred in that he did not check the facts before he made the decision.His mistake lies in his making the decision without confirming the facts.6.①Scientific research continues to open up previouslyundreamed of possibilities. Fifty years ago, few people could even imagine things like computers, lasers and holography.Today, a host of newly-emerging technologies such as artificial intelligence and genetic engineering are opening up all kinds of new paths for technologists. Like it or not, our advancing technology has made us masters of the earth.6.②Scientific research continues to bring about new possibilitieswhich were unimaginable before. Few could have dreamedof such things as computers, lasers, and holography 50 years ago. Nowadays, with the emergence of new technologies including artificial intelligence and genetic engineering, new paths are opened up for technologists. No matter one likes it or not, the advancing technology has enabled us to be the masters on Planet Earth.Supplementary Reading1. T2. F3. Because in the report the EPA has put forward what amounts to the most serious government warning to date.4. F5. T6. Because the findings of the study were so unlikely that they expected the results to be negative.7. F 8. T 9. TUnit3鼠与人——"不能解决"的问题S. I. 早川[ 1 ] 密执安大学的N·R·F·麦耶教授几年前做过一系列可以以诱导鼠产生"神经官能症"的实验.首先训练鼠由平台边缘跳向两个门中的一个.如果鼠向右跳,右门是碰不开的,那么鼠就撞了鼻子并掉进了网里；如果鼠向左跳,左门就会打开,鼠就会找到一碟食物.等鼠已很熟悉这一反应时,就改变情况：把食物放在另外一扇门后,这样鼠要想得到犒赏就不能向左跳,而要向右跳了.<实验者也可采用其他变化形式,比如用不同的方式标记两个门.> 如果鼠弄不懂新规则,它每次跳时都不知是会得到食物还是会撞鼻了.最终它就会放弃,拒绝再跳.到这步,麦耶博士说,"许多鼠宁愿挨饿也不再作选择."[ 2 ] 第二步,对鼠施以强大气流或电击,赶它,强迫它做出选择."处于不能解决的难题之中而被迫做出反应的动物",麦耶博士说,"最后总是定局到一个特定的反应上<比如只向左跳>,不顾结果如何它都总是做出这一反应.……这种条件下所做出的反应便固定不变了’.……一旦出现了这种固态,动物也就无法学会应变能力了’."一旦<鼠> 向左跳的反应固定下来时,可以敞开右门,使食物呈现在它眼前.可是鼠被驱赶时却仍旧向左跳,并且每次都愈来愈惶恐不安.实验者继续迫使鼠做出选择时,鼠开始惊厥不安,四下狂奔,弄伤爪了,撞上桌椅,然后浑身剧烈颤抖,直到昏迷不醒.在这种被动状态下,鼠拒绝进食,对一切不感兴趣：你可以把它卷成一团或擒住双腿倒挂空中——无论怎样摆布它,它都无动于衷.这时的鼠已是"神经崩溃"了.[ 3 ] 鼠所面临问题的"不可解决性"导致了它的神经崩溃,而麦耶博士对心理失常的小孩和成人所做的研究报告表明,鼠和人经历的各个阶段XX小异.首先是两者都受训练,在面对某一问题时都习惯地做出某一选择；然后,发现条件已改变而原来的选择并不能产生预期的效果时,两者都大吃一惊：在此,不论出于震惊、焦虑还是受挫,两者都会执著于最初的选择,不管结果,一意孤行；接着,悻悻然拒绝采取行动；而。
研究生英语综合教程上课后答案
研究生英语综合教程上课后答案目录Unit 1 Growing Up (1)Unit 2 Friendship (5)Unit 3公众科学观 (7)Unit 4 (10)Unit 5爱情故事 (14)Unit 6 Homework (18)Unit 7 (22)unit8关于懒散少年的寓言故事 (27)Unit 1 Growing Up为自己而写——拉塞尔·贝克从孩提时代，我还住在贝尔维尔时，我的脑子里就断断续续地转着当作家的念头，但直等到我高中三年级，这一想法才有了实现的可能。
在这之前，我对所有跟英文课沾边的事都感到腻味。
我觉得英文语法枯燥难懂。
我痛恨那些长而乏味的段落写作，老师读着受累，我写着痛苦。
弗利格尔先生接我们的高三英文课时，我就准备着在这门最最单调乏味的课上再熬上沉闷的一年。
弗利格尔先生在学生中以其说话干巴和激励学生无术而出名。
据说他拘谨刻板，完全落后于时代。
我看他有六七十岁了，古板之极。
他戴着古板的毫无装饰的眼镜，微微卷曲的头发剪得笔齐，梳得纹丝不乱。
他身穿古板的套装，领带端端正正地顶着白衬衣的领扣。
他长着古板的尖下巴，古板的直鼻梁，说起话来一本正经，字斟句酌，彬彬有礼，活脱脱一个滑稽的老古董。
我作好准备，打算在弗利格尔先生的班上一无所获地混上一年，不少日子过去了，还真不出所料。
后半学期我们学写随笔小品文。
弗利格尔先生发下一张家庭作业纸，出了不少题目供我们选择。
像"暑假二三事"那样傻乎乎的题目倒是一个也没有，但绝大多数一样乏味。
我把作文题带回家，一直没写，直到要交作业的前一天晚上。
我躺在沙发上，最终不得不面对这一讨厌的功课，便从笔记本里抽出作文题目单粗粗一看。
我的目光落在"吃意大利细面条的艺术"这个题目上。
这个题目在我脑海里唤起了一连串不同寻常的图像。
贝尔维尔之夜的清晰的回忆如潮水一般涌来，当时，我们大家一起围坐在晚餐桌旁——艾伦舅舅、我母亲、查理舅舅、多丽丝、哈尔舅舅——帕特舅妈晚饭做的是意大利细面条。
研究生英语精读教程(第三版 上)--课文翻译及课后题解答
Unit one你认为自己是什么样的人，那你就是什么样的人如果你改变想法——从悲观变为乐观——你就可以改变自己的生活卡勒普-撒弗兰[ 1 ] 你看酒杯是半杯有酒而不是半杯空着的吗?你的眼睛是盯着炸面圈，而不是它中间的孔吗? 当研究者们自细观察积极思维的作用时，这些陈辞滥调突然问都成了科学问题。
[ 2 ] 迅速增多的大量研究工作——迄今已有104个研究项目，涉及大约15 000人——证明乐观的态度可以使你更快乐、更健康、更成功。
与此相反，悲观则导致无望、疾病以及失败，并与沮丧、孤独及令人苦恼的腼腆密切相关。
位于休斯敦莱斯大学的心理学家克雷格·A·安德森说：“如果我们能够教会人们更积极地思考，那就如同为他们注射了预防这些心理疾病的疫苗。
”[ 3 ]“你的能力固然重要，”匹兹堡的卡内基一梅降大学的心理学家迈克尔·F·沙伊尔说，“但你成功的信念影响到你是否真能成功，”在某种程度上，这是由于乐观者和悲观者以截然不同的方式对待同样的挑战和失望。
[ 4 ] 以你的工作为例。
宾夕法尼亚大学的心理学家马丁·E·P·塞利棉曼与同事彼得·舒尔曼在一项重要研究中对大都市人寿保险公司的推销员进行了广泛调察。
他们发现，存工龄较长的推销员中，积极思考比消极思考者要多推销37％的保险额。
机新雇用的推销员中，乐观主义者则多销了20％。
[ 5 ] 公司受到了触动，便雇用了100名虽未通过标准化企业测试但在态度乐观一项得分很高的人。
这些本来可能根本不会被雇用的人售出的保险额高出推销员的平均额10％。
[ 6 ] 他们是如何做的呢？据塞利格曼说，乐观主义者成功的秘诀就在于他的“解释方式”。
出了问题之后，悲观主义者倾向于自责。
他说：“我不善于做这种事，我总是失败。
”乐观主义者则寻找漏洞，他责怪天气、抱怨电话线路、或者甚至怪罪别人。
他认为，是那个客户当时情绪不好。
研究生英语教材课后习题解答（上册）
研究⽣英语教材课后习题解答（上册）Unit 1Text AExercises1. Reading comprehensionA. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What, according to the author, do Americans love? Cite examples to illustrate your point.Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like to make rules but refuse to follow them.2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself? What is the place according to the author?According to the author, there is a place—cyberspace, where you can go and be yourself.3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace? Why does she use such a metaphor?Real estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of different parts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people.4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace? Why or why not?Yes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cyberspace.5. What does the author think is needed in cyberspace besides government control?Self-rule.6. What are some of the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines? What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace (e.g. e-business)?E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities.7. How do cyberspace communities evolve? Give examples to illustrate your point.People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServe tend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on.8. What is unique about cyberspace rules? What authority do they have that rules in terrestrial environments don’t have?It allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don’t have.9. In what spirit are new communities formed?Communities cater to their own members’ inclination..10. What kind of government do explorers in cyberspace need?Their own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers.11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspace? Are people already doing that?We should be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them. Yes.12. Is cyberspace a perfect place? If not, why are people so excited about it?No, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom.B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.1. Analogy (⽐喻，类推) is a figure of speech (修辞⼿段) which draws a parallel between two different types of things, anduses on (usually familiar to the reader) to explain reader’s understanding of the writer’s point.Can you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace? What point does the analogysupport?2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes(明喻), the author defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that government regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author’s point. Please be reminded3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial government and those of a cyberspace community differ?Cite examples from the text to support your answer.This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, the author uses some slangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as ―you‖.II. V ocabularyA. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as:1. in the past —→formerly2. include —→embrace3. man-made —→artificial4. control systematically —→regulate5. exactly —→precisely6. undesired —→unwanted7. irrelevant —→extraneous8. having intense feeling —→passionate9. aim toward —→be targeted to10. not far away —→at hand11. be charged for —→be sued forB. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences,1. this book ____a___ all the information you need.a. containsb. embracesc. offersd. involves2. The government _____c____ the number of foreign cars that could be imported.a. refrainsb. restrainsc. restrictsd. prevents3. As a teacher you should not show _____b___ towards any of your students.a. pleasureb. favorc. preferenced. inclination4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at every intersection.a. enforcedb. imposedc. limitedd. regulated5. How much do you ____b___ for this pair of shoes?a. billb. chargec. costd. afford6. We can ______b____ now and return to work in the morning.a. leave outb. leave offc. sign awayd. sign off7. That matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting.a. onb. overc. aloned. about8. I learned that he was _____a____ sick leave from a government office.a. onb. inc. takend. spending9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes ____c_____.a. tob. inc. ond. down10. Each week he tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his salary.a. forthb. aboutc. apartd. asideIII. ClozeChoose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the formThe web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-known writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people. And (7)they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the world while adults are (12)still asking: ―Tell me again —where (13)exactly is cyberspace?‖Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which prevent (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a morepositive line. The website is a gateway (17)to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided (19)between the―information rich‖ and ―information poor‖. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world.IV. TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed —intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in: others will restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away.⼀种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。
研究生英语综合教程(上)Unit 1课后答案
_t_h_e_d_i_ff_e_r_e_n_ce__b_e_tw__e_en__s_u_c_c_es_s_a_n_d__f_ai_l_u_re________________. Supporting evidence: According to Rick Leach, __w_o_r_k_in_g__f_o_r _a_b_u_s_in_e_s_s_r_e_q_u_i_re_s___ _p_e_o_p_l_e_s_k_il_l_s._______________________________________. B. It would be a mistake to assume that _s_tr_o_n_g__p_e_o_p_le_s_k_i_ll_s_a_r_e__ _r_e_q_u_ir_e_d_o_n_l_y_f_o_r_b_u_s_i_n_e_ss__p_eo_p_l_e_______________________. Supporting evidence: _T_h_e_k_e_y__p_la_y_e_r_s_w_h_o__s_u_cc_e_e_d__in__th_e_i_r _w_o_rk __a_t _th_e__b_e_n_ch__in__i_n_d_u_st_r_y_e_n_v_ir_o_n_m__e_n_t _in__g_re_a_t_m__e_as_u_r_e_d_e_p_e_n_d_s __o_n__th_e_i_r_a_b_il_i_ty__to__w_o_r_k_w__it_h_a__b_ro_a_d__v_a_ri_e_ty__o_f_p_e_rs_o_n_a_l_it_ie_s__.
研究生英语教材第一册答案
《研究生英语阅读教程》上册课后练习答案Unit OneWestern Legal SystemPassage AThe Law and the PoorKEYS TO EXERCISESⅠ. Reading comprehension1-5 CBCAD 6-10 CBBBDⅡ. Vocabulary1. C2. A3. C4. B5. A6. D7. A8. D9. C 10. BⅢ. Word bank1. enrolment2. aggregate3. regressive4. takes issue with5. On balance6. accrue to7. enforceable8. access to9. Spelling out 10. sweepingⅣ. Cloze1. A2. C3. B4. B5. D6. C7. A8. B9. D 10. D 11. C 12. B 13. A14. A 15. BⅤ. Translation1. By this measure, emerging Asia's middle class remains relatively small.2. I would take issue with you on your statement that we know all the facts about this matter.3. Far from admitting his own mistake, he falsely accused his critic.4. Despite some failures, our firm has had quite a good year on balance.5. You could call in the twelve guys who had access to the report.6. Lawyers are less than 1% of American adults, but they are well-represented in government. Both the president and the vice-president trained as lawyers. So did 55% of senators and 100% of Supreme Court justices. There are advantages to having a bit of legal expertise among those who write and execute the nation‘s laws, or assess their constitutionality. But there is also a potential conflict of interest.课文翻译法律与穷人印度内阁于12月通过了一项名为―食品权利‖的议案，一旦通过，该法案将赋予印度三分之二的人口获得廉价食品的权利。
研究生英语综合教程上》课后练习答案
Text1：Lawyer---We work for money, but also for sanity….also in _ ways.1\ nonmonetary 2\recognizing 3\due 4\adhere 5\considered6\self-affirmation 7\impede 8\thirst 9\discharging 10\rendering11\serve 12\ceremonies 13\ a part 14\commit 15\attendText2：I love you ,bob----Married 60 years ago,my parents had been…the fought over almost 1\everything 2\throw 3\lost 4\marriage 5\fear6financial 7\alcohol 8\taking 9\where 10\explained11\anxiety 12\cry 13\approached 14\shared 15\structureText3：The bum,I had come to Vera—Due to a dock strike, I was_ in vera on my way from M 1\stuck 2\ordered 3\held 4\wretchedness 5\motionless6\watched 7\examined 8\racked 9\recall 10\importunities11\name 12\frequented 13\vanity 14\reduced 15\scrunchedText4：houseing prices have been1\pushed up 2\demand 3\appreciation 4\so as to 5\expected6\various 7\unfortunately 8\economics 9\lower 10\interest11\demand 12\flattening 13\use 14\residential 15alignedClose 1: The independence-versus-interdepende…the two worlds of scientific1.employment2.paid3.adjust4.setting5.discouraged6.credit7.cite8.demonstrate9.teamwork 10.rulesClose 2:Cuisine in china is a harmonious1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Close 3: Snow was 1) against the icy windows once more;1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbedClose 4:If we look at love in other cultures, we find many variations, In s l India 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential9) suitable 10) sufficientClose 6:The culture of newyork city..1) sheer 2) subject 3) contradictory 4) worldly 5) chaotic6) sophisticated 7) violence 8) glamorous 9) crime 10) safest Close 8:Risk compensation is the idea that individuals…if safety regulations1\wewe to 2\inefficient 3\paved with 4\obliged 5\evidence6\substantial decrease 7\potential 8\consumed 9\possible 10\the same Close 8er:Intelligent Transport Systems is the name given to the1\application 2\rapidly 3\management 4\collection 5\course6\until 7\include 8\private 9\system 10\congestion Close 9:Northern Canada,including the Northwest Territoy, is an1\expensive 2\than 3\higher 4\imported 5\due to6\Commuities 7\remote 8\wages 9\subsidized 10\allowance Close 10:The moral imperative begins by…value of education which is much1) deeper 2) contribute 3) explore 4) potential 5) how6) productive 7) likely 8) produce 9) Nationally 10) dedicateddue to you as a bonus (是你应得的奖金)in recognition of his contributions to psychology以表彰他为心理学作的贡献serves a purpose达到一种目的; attended to in due course 在适当的时候得到处理takes precedence over all the others比其他问题重要thirsted for a few new books渴望一些新书with reference to the job opening in your department有关你们部门工作的机会Mary has a great diversity of interests玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好committed themselves to boosting profits 承诺增加利润took painting up for a while一时兴起喜欢上了画画A stroll round the garden在花园里转转)tucked into the whole pizza quickly狼吞虎咽地吃掉了一整个比萨饼stumbled across/on/upon an extremely simple but very exact method偶然发现了一种极为简单但准确的方法with unprecedented zeal以空前的热情the intrinsic value of every person 个人的内在价值as if it were no different from chess好像和国际象棋没有什么两样in any event we’ll telephone you不管怎样，我都会给你打电话is packed with tourists 游人如织He’s mulling over the proposals他正在仔细考量这些提议my world just fell apart我的世界就跨了so I just had to make the best of it所以我只好做得尽量好settled down over there在那里安家了they lead completely separated lives他们过着完全分开的生活I was steeling myself to call round我正准备打电话过去People often feel a sense of frustration人们常常会感到沮丧With the benefit of hindsight有了后见之明的好处We are here today to honor the men and women我们今天在这里向⋯的男男女女致敬She consoled herself with the fact她自我安慰说That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年that you have a smattering of superficial knowledge on a subject对任何问题一知半解that a liquid has no definite shape, but it has a definite volume液体没有形状，但有一定的体积but on TV everything is much more living, much more real但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实).that this is precisely where the danger lies这恰恰是危险所在that I was determined to carry out the plan决心去执行这个计划).because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations因为致力于变革现实的人们常常受到许多限制that the territorial sovereignty doesn’t admit infringement国家领土主权不容侵犯that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind为了我们和全人类的共同利益，我们必须共同发展that maybe the enemy had fled the city敌人可能已经逃出城了It took him more or less a whole day他差不多花一天的时间.Whether the Internet can replace newspapers网络是否可以替代报纸The more stock prices go up, the more people want to buy股票越涨，人们越买If you really wanted to buy a house如果你当初真想买房子.His teacher has played an important role他的老师起到了重要的作用regardless of whether they need all that space不管他们是否需要那么大空间what is the answer to该如何解决;The last thing he wants to see他最不愿意看到了so far as I’m concerned 在我看来should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved应该尽量评测既定目标是否已经到达has been engrossed in conversation with all night整完一直专注的和他交谈draw conclusions from the results of a single survey仅凭一次调查结果就得出结论He had no friends nor acquaintances他既没有朋友，也没有熟人did she tell him about the attack她才告诉我他袭击的事as we had seen正如我们所见that he had had a family himself他自己才成家the problems you mention are inherent in the system你谈到的这些问题都是体制固有的young people conscientious in their work工作认真的年轻人deviated from her custom与以往不同at the peril of your own life/at your own peril冒着丧失自己生命的危险taken on a new dimension呈现出一片新面貌capable of looking after myself能够照顾我自己in much the same way as it was 200 years ago和200年前几乎一样的样式rescue the sailors from the sinking ship拯救沉船上的海员Portugal participated in the war葡萄牙参加了战争due to our ignorance由于我们的无知造成的Translation Practice1“一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
(完整word版)研究生英语综合教程上》课后练习答案(word文档良心出品)
Text1：Lawyer---We work for money, but also for sanity….also in _ ways.1\ nonmonetary 2\recognizing 3\due 4\adhere 5\considered6\self-affirmation 7\impede 8\thirst 9\discharging 10\rendering11\serve 12\ceremonies 13\ a part 14\commit 15\attendText2：I love you ,bob----Married 60 years ago,my parents had been…the fought over almost 1\everything 2\throw 3\lost 4\marriage 5\fear6financial 7\alcohol 8\taking 9\where 10\explained11\anxiety 12\cry 13\approached 14\shared 15\structureText3：The bum,I had come to Vera—Due to a dock strike, I was_ in vera on my way from M 1\stuck 2\ordered 3\held 4\wretchedness 5\motionless6\watched 7\examined 8\racked 9\recall 10\importunities11\name 12\frequented 13\vanity 14\reduced 15\scrunchedText4：houseing prices have been1\pushed up 2\demand 3\appreciation 4\so as to 5\expected6\various 7\unfortunately 8\economics 9\lower 10\interest11\demand 12\flattening 13\use 14\residential 15alignedClose 1: The independence-versus-interdepende…the two worlds of scientific1.employment2.paid3.adjust4.setting5.discouraged6.credit7.cite8.demonstrate9.teamwork 10.rulesClose 2:Cuisine in china is a harmonious1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Close 3: Snow was 1) against the icy windows once more;1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbedClose 4:If we look at love in other cultures, we find many variations, In s l India 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential9) suitable 10) sufficientClose 6:The culture of newyork city..1) sheer 2) subject 3) contradictory 4) worldly 5) chaotic6) sophisticated 7) violence 8) glamorous 9) crime 10) safest Close 8:Risk compensation is the idea that individuals…if safety regulations1\wewe to 2\inefficient 3\paved with 4\obliged 5\evidence6\substantial decrease 7\potential 8\consumed 9\possible 10\the same Close 8er:Intelligent Transport Systems is the name given to the1\application 2\rapidly 3\management 4\collection 5\course6\until 7\include 8\private 9\system 10\congestion Close 9:Northern Canada,including the Northwest Territoy, is an1\expensive 2\than 3\higher 4\imported 5\due to6\Commuities 7\remote 8\wages 9\subsidized 10\allowance Close 10:The moral imperative begins by…value of education which is much1) deeper 2) contribute 3) explore 4) potential 5) how6) productive 7) likely 8) produce 9) Nationally 10) dedicateddue to you as a bonus (是你应得的奖金)in recognition of his contributions to psychology以表彰他为心理学作的贡献serves a purpose达到一种目的; attended to in due course 在适当的时候得到处理takes precedence over all the others比其他问题重要thirsted for a few new books渴望一些新书with reference to the job opening in your department有关你们部门工作的机会Mary has a great diversity of interests玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好committed themselves to boosting profits 承诺增加利润took painting up for a while一时兴起喜欢上了画画A stroll round the garden在花园里转转)tucked into the whole pizza quickly狼吞虎咽地吃掉了一整个比萨饼stumbled across/on/upon an extremely simple but very exact method偶然发现了一种极为简单但准确的方法with unprecedented zeal以空前的热情the intrinsic value of every person 个人的内在价值as if it were no different from chess好像和国际象棋没有什么两样in any event we’ll telephone you不管怎样，我都会给你打电话is packed with tourists 游人如织He’s mulling over the proposals他正在仔细考量这些提议my world just fell apart我的世界就跨了so I just had to make the best of it所以我只好做得尽量好settled down over there在那里安家了they lead completely separated lives他们过着完全分开的生活I was steeling myself to call round我正准备打电话过去People often feel a sense of frustration人们常常会感到沮丧With the benefit of hindsight有了后见之明的好处We are here today to honor the men and women我们今天在这里向⋯的男男女女致敬She consoled herself with the fact她自我安慰说That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年that you have a smattering of superficial knowledge on a subject对任何问题一知半解that a liquid has no definite shape, but it has a definite volume液体没有形状，但有一定的体积but on TV everything is much more living, much more real但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实).that this is precisely where the danger lies这恰恰是危险所在that I was determined to carry out the plan决心去执行这个计划).because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations因为致力于变革现实的人们常常受到许多限制that the territorial sovereignty doesn’t admit infringement国家领土主权不容侵犯that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind为了我们和全人类的共同利益，我们必须共同发展that maybe the enemy had fled the city敌人可能已经逃出城了It took him more or less a whole day他差不多花一天的时间.Whether the Internet can replace newspapers网络是否可以替代报纸The more stock prices go up, the more people want to buy股票越涨，人们越买If you really wanted to buy a house如果你当初真想买房子.His teacher has played an important role他的老师起到了重要的作用regardless of whether they need all that space不管他们是否需要那么大空间what is the answer to该如何解决;The last thing he wants to see他最不愿意看到了so far as I’m concerned 在我看来should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved应该尽量评测既定目标是否已经到达has been engrossed in conversation with all night整完一直专注的和他交谈draw conclusions from the results of a single survey仅凭一次调查结果就得出结论He had no friends nor acquaintances他既没有朋友，也没有熟人did she tell him about the attack她才告诉我他袭击的事as we had seen正如我们所见that he had had a family himself他自己才成家the problems you mention are inherent in the system你谈到的这些问题都是体制固有的young people conscientious in their work工作认真的年轻人deviated from her custom与以往不同at the peril of your own life/at your own peril冒着丧失自己生命的危险taken on a new dimension呈现出一片新面貌capable of looking after myself能够照顾我自己in much the same way as it was 200 years ago和200年前几乎一样的样式rescue the sailors from the sinking ship拯救沉船上的海员Portugal participated in the war葡萄牙参加了战争due to our ignorance由于我们的无知造成的Translation Practice1“一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
研究生英语综合教程上》课后练习答案
Text1：Lawyer---We work for money, but also for sanity….also in _ ways.1\ nonmonetary 2\recognizing 3\due 4\adhere 5\considered6\self-affirmation 7\impede 8\thirst 9\discharging 10\rendering11\serve 12\ceremonies 13\ a part 14\commit 15\attendText2：I love you ,bob----Married 60 years ago,my parents had been…the fought over almost 1\everything 2\throw 3\lost 4\marriage 5\fear6financial 7\alcohol 8\taking 9\where 10\explained11\anxiety 12\cry 13\approached 14\shared 15\structureText3：The bum,I had come to Vera—Due to a dock strike, I was_ in vera on my way from M 1\stuck 2\ordered 3\held 4\wretchedness 5\motionless6\watched 7\examined 8\racked 9\recall 10\importunities11\name 12\frequented 13\vanity 14\reduced 15\scrunchedText4：houseing prices have been1\pushed up 2\demand 3\appreciation 4\so as to 5\expected6\various 7\unfortunately 8\economics 9\lower 10\interest11\demand 12\flattening 13\use 14\residential 15alignedClose 1: The independence-versus-interdepende…the two worlds of scientific1.employment2.paid3.adjust4.setting5.discouraged6.credit7.cite8.demonstrate9.teamwork 10.rulesClose 2:Cuisine in china is a harmonious1) integration 2) choice 3) handed 4) aspiring 5) steaming6) masterpieces 7) pleasure 8) partake 9) amazing 10) presented Close 3: Snow was 1) against the icy windows once more;1) swirling 2) delivered 3) glowed 4) intervals 5) converge6) wanderings 7) navigate 8) jealousy 9) presence 10) absorbedClose 4:If we look at love in other cultures, we find many variations, In s l India 1) prerequisite 2) date 3) Respect 4) important5) whomever 6) candidates 7) highly 8) essential9) suitable 10) sufficientClose 6:The culture of newyork city..1) sheer 2) subject 3) contradictory 4) worldly 5) chaotic6) sophisticated 7) violence 8) glamorous 9) crime 10) safest Close 8:Risk compensation is the idea that individuals…if safety regulations1\wewe to 2\inefficient 3\paved with 4\obliged 5\evidence6\substantial decrease 7\potential 8\consumed 9\possible 10\the same Close 8er:Intelligent Transport Systems is the name given to the1\application 2\rapidly 3\management 4\collection 5\course6\until 7\include 8\private 9\system 10\congestion Close 9:Northern Canada,including the Northwest Territoy, is an1\expensive 2\than 3\higher 4\imported 5\due to6\Commuities 7\remote 8\wages 9\subsidized 10\allowance Close 10:The moral imperative begins by…value of education which is much1) deeper 2) contribute 3) explore 4) potential 5) how6) productive 7) likely 8) produce 9) Nationally 10) dedicateddue to you as a bonus (是你应得的奖金)in recognition of his contributions to psychology以表彰他为心理学作的贡献serves a purpose达到一种目的; attended to in due course 在适当的时候得到处理takes precedence over all the others比其他问题重要thirsted for a few new books渴望一些新书with reference to the job opening in your department有关你们部门工作的机会Mary has a great diversity of interests玛丽有广泛的兴趣爱好committed themselves to boosting profits 承诺增加利润took painting up for a while一时兴起喜欢上了画画A stroll round the garden在花园里转转)tucked into the whole pizza quickly狼吞虎咽地吃掉了一整个比萨饼stumbled across/on/upon an extremely simple but very exact method偶然发现了一种极为简单但准确的方法with unprecedented zeal以空前的热情the intrinsic value of every person 个人的内在价值as if it were no different from chess好像和国际象棋没有什么两样in any event we’ll telephone you不管怎样，我都会给你打电话is packed with tourists 游人如织He’s mulling over the proposals他正在仔细考量这些提议my world just fell apart我的世界就跨了so I just had to make the best of it所以我只好做得尽量好settled down over there在那里安家了they lead completely separated lives他们过着完全分开的生活I was steeling myself to call round我正准备打电话过去People often feel a sense of frustration人们常常会感到沮丧With the benefit of hindsight有了后见之明的好处We are here today to honor the men and women我们今天在这里向⋯的男男女女致敬She consoled herself with the fact她自我安慰说That a man could live for so many years alone in the mountains一个人能够单独在山里生活这么多年that you have a smattering of superficial knowledge on a subject对任何问题一知半解that a liquid has no definite shape, but it has a definite volume液体没有形状，但有一定的体积but on TV everything is much more living, much more real但是在电视屏幕上，每个节目都显得更加生动，更加真实).that this is precisely where the danger lies这恰恰是危险所在that I was determined to carry out the plan决心去执行这个计划).because people engaged in changing reality are usually subject to numerous limitations因为致力于变革现实的人们常常受到许多限制that the territorial sovereignty doesn’t admit infringement国家领土主权不容侵犯that our two countries are destined to grow together for our mutual benefit and for the benefit of all mankind为了我们和全人类的共同利益，我们必须共同发展that maybe the enemy had fled the city敌人可能已经逃出城了It took him more or less a whole day他差不多花一天的时间.Whether the Internet can replace newspapers网络是否可以替代报纸The more stock prices go up, the more people want to buy股票越涨，人们越买If you really wanted to buy a house如果你当初真想买房子.His teacher has played an important role他的老师起到了重要的作用regardless of whether they need all that space不管他们是否需要那么大空间what is the answer to该如何解决;The last thing he wants to see他最不愿意看到了so far as I’m concerned 在我看来should endeavor to measure whether predetermined goals are being achieved应该尽量评测既定目标是否已经到达has been engrossed in conversation with all night整完一直专注的和他交谈draw conclusions from the results of a single survey仅凭一次调查结果就得出结论He had no friends nor acquaintances他既没有朋友，也没有熟人did she tell him about the attack她才告诉我他袭击的事as we had seen正如我们所见that he had had a family himself他自己才成家the problems you mention are inherent in the system你谈到的这些问题都是体制固有的young people conscientious in their work工作认真的年轻人deviated from her custom与以往不同at the peril of your own life/at your own peril冒着丧失自己生命的危险taken on a new dimension呈现出一片新面貌capable of looking after myself能够照顾我自己in much the same way as it was 200 years ago和200年前几乎一样的样式rescue the sailors from the sinking ship拯救沉船上的海员Portugal participated in the war葡萄牙参加了战争due to our ignorance由于我们的无知造成的Translation Practice1“一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365 天，一周7 天，一天24 小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’！这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
当代研究生英语课后习题答案(上册、下册)总结好的,供期末考试用英语复习
1. The Bill has incorporated many of the suggestions put forward by the opposition.2. New technologies are needed to invigorate the country’s economy.3. The soldier suppressed his fear and went on fighting.4. The noise of cars passing along the road is a continual disturbance to our quiet life.5. This country is suffering from its economic stagnation.6. The old man cherished the girl as if she were his daughter.7. Do not lose hope ; remember the motto“Never say die”.8. The temple is high in the mountain, and is inaccessible to the public in winter.9. The child showed defiance by refusing to eat.10. I am defending my communist ideology my ideals, the content and significance of my whole life.11. The car ran down the hill under its own impetus.12. There a canal was being built to facilitate commerce between these two cities.13. My first parachute jump was a(n) exhilarating experience.14. Is my conviction that you did not try hard enough.15. “Worldly wealth is transient; heavenly wealth lasts for ever.” said the priest.1. In order to strengthen his arguments, Toffler ( ) respectable social scientists who agree with him.A. quotesB. confirmsC. recitesD. convinces2. He could scarcely resist taking another drink of the delicious wine, but remembering the doctor’s advice, he ( ).A refrainedB withdrewC avoidedD retreated3. When people have their basic needs satisfied, they begin to think of other things to fulfill their life ( ).A necessitiesB requirementsC appreciationsD expectations4. Within seconds, the experienced instructor ( ) the situation and decided to attempt rescue.A assumedB assuredC assessedD affirmed5. Most good writers use every means at their ( ) to make the reader’s way smooth and easy.A willB disposalC requestD convenience6. The new apartment house built a few months ago is large enough to ( ) over two hundred people.A accommodateB locateC settleD reside7. A river ( ) through the narrow wooded valley below.A poursB twistsC expendsD expands8. To use a Chinese saying, this is “a punishment which they well ( )”.A desertB deserveC reserveD preserve9. The captain of the ship ( ) the passengers that there was no danger.A securedB ensuredC assuredD guaranteed10.The growth of cities and suburbs throughout the region has ( ) the residents to build houses wherever they could find open land.A convertedB appealedC justifiedD encouragedUnit 21. The kitchen was small and ( )so that the disabled woman could reach everything withoutdifficulty.A completeB complexC compositeD compact2. His authority and ( )make him an excellent teacher.A self-consciousnessB self-confidenceC self-centerednessD self-regard3. Being both spoilt and lazy he ( )everyone else for his lack of success.A accusedB chargedC criticizedD blamed4. When I learned that I had passed the exam, I felt ( )and relaxed.A carelessB trouble-freeC negligentD care-free5. A very large cat was watching us intently from the top of a ( )car.A carelessB stationeryC motionlessD stationary6. This is the ( )piano on which the composer created some of his greatest works.A actualB realC genuineD contemporary7. Your usual teacher has lost his voice and ( )I am taking his place today.A neverthelessB howeverC moreoverD accordingly8. A ( )woman is needed to take care of two small children.A confidentB reliableC trustyD faithful9. I have had a ( )of misfortunes.A continuationB repetitionC continuityD succession10. He had an ( )habit of emptying ash trays out of his upstairs window onto our doorstep.A objectionabl eB afflictingC uneducatedD offending11. The music aroused a(n) ( )feeling of homesickness in him.A inten seB hopelessC intensiveD sad12. The jury ( )him of having committed the robbery and he was then sentenced to five year’s imprisonment.A accusedB chargedC convictedD acquitted13. The book proved to be very unreliable and so was quite ( )to him in his research.A unimportantB disusedC uselessD unusable14. The plan was ( )when it was discovered just how much the scheme would cost.A resignedB abandonedC releasedD redeemed15. The blow at the end of round three knocked the champion ( ).A insensitiveB stupefiedC senselessD nonsensicalUnit 31.The Roman empire () under pressure pressure from uncivilized northern tribes.A trembledB crumbledC hurdledD smashed2.the police are () a war against crime in the city. A committingB breakingC undertakingD waging3.the sign was no longer legible because much of the lettering had () 。
研究生英语综合教程(上册)课后答案课文翻译
《研究生英语综合教程上》1-6单元练习参考答案Unit OnePlanning Your Future CareerReading Focus Traits of the Key PlayersText ExplorationTask 2 1. B 2. A 3. D4. B5. D6. B7. C8. B9. B 10. BVocabulary in ActionTask 1 1. A 2. C 3. B4. C5. D6. D7. D8. C9. A 10. D 11. A 12. BTask 2 1. public <c> 2. discipline <b>3. strength <a>4. reference<a>5. strength <d>6. public <a>7. demonstrated <b> 8. discipline<c>9. reference <c> 10. personality<a>11. disciplining <d> 12. demonstrates <a> 13. public <d> 14. reference <b>15. personality <c>Task 3 1. employment 2. paid3. adjust4. setting5. discouraged6. credit7. cite 8. demonstrate 9. teamwork10. rulesTranslation PracticeParagraph One"一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,生意始终在进行。
这意味着一年365天,一周7天,一天24小时,竞争也同样在进行。
"豪特说,"公司取胜的方法之一,就是要更快到达‘目的地’！这就是说,你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来,而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
研究生英语 上(课后习题解答+课文翻译)
Unit One An Image or a MirageIII.VocabularyA.1.unassuming2.stemmed from3.infallible4.had taken to5.prospect6.flabby7.More often than not8.devious9.tipped the scales in her favor10.rapportB.1.instinctual2.immediate3.deposit4.frail5.seedy6.magnetic7.extroverted8.book9.unwarranted10.refinedC.1.D2.C3.B4.A5.A6.C7.C8.B9.D10.BIV.Cloze1.which2.run3.concerned4.familiar5.evident6.even7.what8.Consequently9knowing10.By11.one12.how13.Once14.obtainable15.yourself 16.mind17.from18.never19.pays20.considered V.TranslationA.从更大的范围上讲，选民们往往仅因为某个政客的外表整洁清秀而对他做出有利的反应。
他的对手则因为没有生就一副令人信任的外表而常常遭到否定的评价。
这种判断是错误的，其后果可能是灾难性的。
就算许多选民投一位候选人的票完全是出于政治原因，但本不该当选的人，如果他有整洁清秀的形象，就会使他在势均力敌的选举中占有优势。
我们常常根据一个人的表达能力而做出轻率的判断。
再回到政治这一话题上来，许多选民仅仅根据候选人公开演讲的方式就对他的能力做出判断。
然而，一个候选人可能非常善于演说，但并不一定能胜任他所竞选的职位。
我认识许多才能杰出的人物，他们只是没有培养自己在公开场合演讲的能力，但在与别人一对一的交流中却表现极为出色。
研究生英语系列教材综合教程上课后答案
U nit1Reading MoreKey to ExercisesTask1１）nonmonetary2)recognizing3)due4)adhere5)considered 6)self-affirmation7)impede8)thirst9)discharging10)rendering 11)serve12)ceremonies13)a part14)commit15)attendVocabulary in ActionTask11.A.observed(v.to see and notice something)B.observed(v.to say or write what you have noticed about a situation)C.observing(v.to do what you are supposed to do according to a law or agreement)bels(n.a piece of paper or other material that is attached to something and givesinformation about it)beled(v.to attach a label onto something or write information on something)beled(v.to use a word or phrase to describe someone or something,but often unfairly orcorrectly)3.A.engage(v.to be doing or to become involved in an activity)B.was engaged(v.to employ someone to do a particular job)C.engaged(v.having agreed to marry)D.engaging(adj.pleasant and attractive)4.A.attributed(v.to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something)B.attributes(n.a quality or feature,especially one that is considered to be good or useful)C.attributed(v.to believe or say that someone was responsible for saying or writing something,i.e.painting a famous picture,etc.)5.A.Driving(v.to make a car,truck,bus,etc.move along in a desired path)B.drive(n.an effort to achieve something,especially an effort by an organization for aparticular purpose)C.drive(n.determination and energy to succeed)6.A.exercise(n.physical activities that you do in order to stay healthy and become stronger)B.exercises(n.a set of questions in a book that test a student's knowledge or skill)C.exercise(v.to use a power,right,or quality that you have)7.A.term(n.a fixed period of time during which someone does something or somethinghappens)B.term(n.one of the periods of time that the school or university year is divided into)C.termed(v.to give a name to or describe something with a particular expression)8.A.discharged(v.to officially allow someone to leave somewhere,especially the hospitalor the army,navy,etc.,or to tell them that they must leave)B.discharge(v.to do or pay what you have a duty to do or pay)C.discharges(n.something coming from with another type of substance)9.A.minor(adj.small and not very important or serious,especially compared with other things)B.minored/minors(v.to study a second main subject as part of university degree)C.minors(n.someone who is below the age at which they become legally responsible for theiractions)10.A.stage(n.a particular time or state that something reaches as it grows or develops)B.stage(n.the raised area in a theatre which actors or singers stand on when they perform)C.stage(v.to organize a public event)11.A.fostering(v.to take someone else's child into your family for a period of time but withoutbecoming their legal parent)B.fosters(v.to help a skill,feeling,idea,etc.develop over a period of time)C.foster(adj.related by or concerned with fostering)12.A.firm(n.a business or company,especially a small one)B.firm(adj.strongly fixed in position,and not likely to move)C.firm(adj.behaving in a way showing that they are not going to change their mind,or thatthey are the person taking control)Task21.due to you as a bonus2.in recognition of his contributions to psychology3.serves a purpose4.attended to in due course5.takes precedence over all the others6.calls for a celebration7.thirsted for a few new books8.with reference to the job opening in your department9.Mary has a great diversity of interestsmitted themselves to boosting profitsPRACTICAL TRANSLATIONParagraph One“一年365天，一周7天，一天24小时，生意始终在进行，那意味着一年365天，7天，一天24小时，竞争也同样在进行，”豪特说，“公司取胜的方法之一就是要更快地到达‘目的地’!这就是说，你不仅要把所有能支持公司快速运转的功能都调动起来，而且还得知道如何决定‘目的地’是哪里。
新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说第二版上册课后练习题含答案
新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说第二版上册课后练习题含答案一、听力部分1. 听力练习一题目：1.What is the woman unhappy about?2.What will the man do for the woman?3.Where is the woman going after the conversation?答案：1.The woman is unhappy about the rline changing herflight.2.The man will try to book a new flight for the woman.3.The woman is going to New York after theconversation.2. 听力练习二题目：1.What is the man’s occupation?2.How did the man learn to speak Chinese?3.Why did the man’s company send him to China?答案：1.The man works in the import and export industry.2.The man learned to speak Chinese in college.3.The man’s company sent him to China to establishnew business relationships.3. 听力练习三题目：1.What is the woman’s job?2.What will the woman do after the conversation?3.What does the man suggest about the trip to Shangh?答案：1.The woman works for a travel agency.2.The woman will book a trip for the man to Shangh.3.The man suggests that he will stay in Shangh longerto explore the city.二、口语部分1. 口语练习一题目：Role A: Tell your friend about your plans for the weekend. Role B: Ask your friend more about their plans and suggest doing something together.答案：Role A: Hi, what are you up to this weekend? Role B: Not much, what are your plans? Role A: I’m thinking about going to the beach and maybe having a picnic. Role B: That sounds fun! Can I come with you?2. 口语练习二题目：Role A: You are an international student who just arrived in a new city. Ask your roommate for recommendations on what to do and see in the city. Role B: Offer suggestions and answer any questions your roommate might have.答案：Role A: Hi, do you know the city well? Role B: Yeah, I’ve lived here for a while now. What’s up? Role A: I’m new to the city and I’m looking for fun things to do. Do you have any suggestions? Role B: Sure! You should definitely checkou t the local food scene and the museums here. There’s also a great park nearby for outdoor activities.3. 口语练习三题目：Role A: You are attending a job interview. Expln why youare the best candidate for the position. Role B: Ask follow-up questions and provide feedback on their answers.答案：Role A: I believe I am the best candidate for thisposition because I have the necessary experience and skillsto excel in this role. Role B: Can you give us some examples from your previous work experience that demonstrate your skills? Role A: Of course, in my previous job I wasresponsible for managing a team of 20 people and we were able to consistently meet and exceed our sales goals. Role B: That’s impressive. Can you also tell us about any challenges you faced in that role and how you overcame them? Role A: Yes, one challenge was managing a difficult team member, but through open communication and positive reinforcement, wewere able to improve their performance and mntn a positive team dynamic.以上为新世纪研究生公共英语教材听说第二版上册课后练习题及答案，希望帮助大家提高听说技能。
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Unit 1Text AExercises1. Reading comprehensionA. Read the text and answer the following questions.1. What, according to the author, do Americans love Cite examples to illustrate your point.Americans love new frontiers. For example, they hanker after wide-open spaces; they like to explore; they like to make rules but refuse to follow them.2. Is there a place on earth where you can go and be yourself What is the place according to the authorAccording to the author, there is a place—cyberspace, where you can go and be yourself.3. What metaphor does the author use to describe cyberspace Why does she use such a metaphorReal estate, because both real estate and cyberspace consist of different parts and each part is suitable for a particular group of people.4. Does the author approve of regulating cyberspace Why or why notYes, but first, it is fundamental to understand the nature of cyberspace.5. What does the author think is needed in cyberspace besides governmentcontrolSelf-rule.6. What are some of the main areas of cyberspace that the author defines What other areas do you know that have recently emerged in cyberspace . e-business)E-mail conversations, information and entertainment services, and cyberspace communities.7. How do cyberspace communities evolve Give examples to illustrate your point.People of similar interests and tastes form a community. For example, communities on CompuServe tend to be professional; those on America Online are affluent young singles, and so on.8. What is unique about cyberspace rules What authority do they have that rules in terrestrial environments don’t haveIt allows communities of any size and kind to flourish. Cyberspace rules have moral authority that terrestrial governments don’t have.9. In what spirit are new communities formedCommunities cater to their own members’ inclination..10. What kind of government do explorers in cyberspace needTheir own local government besides terrestrial government does explorers.11. What should be done to deal with questionable items in cyberspaceAre people already doing thatWe should be banning them and using labels and automatic filters to get rid of them. Yes.12. Is cyberspace a perfect place If not, why are people so excited about itNo, it is not. People are excited about it because it offers a lot of information and freedom.B. Global understanding and appreciation of the text.1. Analogy (比喻，类推) is a figure of speech (修辞手段) which draws a parallel between two different types of things, and uses on (usually familiar to the reader) to explain reader’s understanding of the writer’s point.Can you draw a parallel between real estate and cyberspace What point does the analogy supportThe analogy between real estate and cyberspace2. By dividing cyberspace into three parts and using similes(明喻), theauthor defines the nature of cyberspace and illustrates further her point that government regulation is not needed in cyberspace. Complete the following form to show that you understand the author’s point. Please be reminded that the underlying structure of a simile is “A is like B”.3. In what way do the rules of a terrestrial government and those of a cyberspace community differ Refer to para. 11 to answer the question.4. What is the language style of the article Is it formal and literary or informal and conversational Cite examples from the text to support your answer.This article is written in an informal and conversational style. For example, the author uses some slangy words, incomplete sentences, contractions, and addresses the reader as “you”.II. VocabularyA. Find a word or phrase from the paragraph indicated in the bracket that means the same as:1. in the past —→ formerly2. include —→ embrace3. man-made —→ artificial4. control systematically —→ regulate5. exactly —→ precisely6. undesired —→ unwanted7. irrelevant —→ extraneous8. having intense feeling —→ passionate9. aim toward —→ be targeted to10. not far away —→ at hand11. be charged for —→ be sued forB. Choose the best word to complete each of the following sentences,1. this book ____a___ all the information you need.a. containsb. embracesc. offersd. involves2. The government _____c____ the number of foreign cars that could be imported.a. refrainsb. restrainsc. restrictsd. prevents3. As a teacher you should not show _____b___ towards any of your students.a. pleasureb. favorc. preferenced. inclination4. Traffic is _____d___ by police at every intersection.a. enforcedb. imposedc. limitedd. regulated5. How much do you ____b___ for this pair of shoesa. billb. chargec. costd. afford6. We can ______b____ now and return to work in the morning.a. leave outb. leave offc. sign awayd. sign off7. That matter can be left ___b___ until our next meeting.a. onb. overc. aloned. about8. I learned that he was _____a____ sick leave from a government office.a. onb. inc. takend. spending9. It was one of the most beautiful sights that I had ever set eyes ____c_____.a. tob. inc. ond. down10. Each week he tried to set _____d____ a few dollars of his salary.a. forthb. aboutc. apartd. asideIII. ClozeChoose a proper word from the list to fill in each blank in the following passage. Change the form of the word if necessary:Born to SurfThe web From the Window contains poetry and literature from well-known writers across the global. There are thoughtful articles analyzing the state of the world we live in. There is (1)even a piece from the Secretary General of the United States, Kofi Annan. It may come (2)as some surprise to find out (3)that the editor of the magazine is a 12-year-old girl, Joy Nightingale.From the Window (4)won Joy Nightingale the first prize in the 1999 childnet Inter-national and Cable and Wireless awards. These are given (5)annually for the best use of the Internet (6)by and for young people. And (7)they highlight one of the most welcoming aspects of the (8)virtual world. Children have taken to the Internet as though they are born surfing.Perhaps this is (9)because adults have had to change their understanding of technology while children (10)simply accept it as natural. Whatever the reason, children can be found building websites and E-mailing friends (11)across the world while adults are (12)still asking: “Tell me again — where (13)exactly is cyberspace”Of course there is growing (14)concern about the fact that children can travel far away from parental supervision in cyberspace. In (15)response , many parents have installed soft-ware packages which prevent (16)access to violent or pornographic websites. Childnet is taking a more positive line. The website is a gateway (17)to a world of education and entertainment.The rapid growth in Internet culture has (18)led analysts to speculate that society will soon be divided (19)between the “information rich”and “information poor”. For Childnet it is especially important that children at the margins of society through poverty or disability have the chance to take their (20)palce as equal citizens in the virtual world.IV. TranslationTranslate the following into Chinese:The possibility of a real market-style evolution of governance is at hand. In cyberspace, we’ll be able to test and evolve rules governing what needs to be governed — intellectual property, content and access control, rules about privacy and free speech. Some communities will allow anyone in: otherswill restrict access to members who qualify on one basis or another. Those communities that prove self-sustaining will prosper (and perhaps grow and split into subsets with ever-more-particular interests and identities). Those that can’t survive-either because people lose interest or get scared off-will simply wither away.一种真正的市场型管理模式很快成为可能。