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Fossil energy and nuclear energy are considered nonrenewable energy types. Nonrenewable energy is obtained from sources at a rate that exceeds the rate at which the sources are replenished. For example, if the biogenic origin of fossil fuels is correct, we could consider fossil fuels renewable over a period of millions of years, but the existing store of fossil fuels is being consumed over a period of centuries. Because we are consuming fossil fuels at a rate that exceeds the rate of replenishment, we consider fossil fuels nonrenewable. Similar comments apply to nuclear fuels such as uranium, as we observe in later chapters. Solar energy is considered a renewable energy for the following reasons.1 Renewable energy is energy obtained from sources at a rate that is less than or equal to the rate at which the source is replenished. In the case of solar energy, we can use only the amount of energy provided by the sun. Because the remaining lifetime of the sun is measured in millions of years, many people consider solar energy an inexhaustible supply of energy. In fact, solar energy from the sun is finite, but should be available for use by many generations of people. Solar energy is therefore considered renewable. Energy sources that are associated with solar energy, such as wind and biomass, are also considered renewable. Solar radiation may be converted to other forms of energy by several conversion processes. Thermal conversion relies on the absorption of solar energy to heat a cool surface. Biological conversion of solar energy relies on photosynthesis. Photovoltaic conversion generates electrical power by the generation of an electrical current as a result of a quantum mechanical process. Wind power and ocean energy conversion rely on atmospheric pressure gradients and oceanic temperature gradients to generate electrical power. In this chapter we focus on thermal conversion.We first discuss the source of available solar energy, and then consider solar energy technology in two of its three forms: passive solar, and active solar. The third form of solar energy, solar electric, is discussed in the next chapter. We end this chapter with a discussion of solar power plants.

Fossil fuels in the petroleum and natural gas is the world's major one-time energy World Energy Council, according to statistics, has proven oil and gas recoverable reserves, according to the output of countries in 1992 terms, respectively, only the exploitation of 44 years and 60 years; although they may be recoverable reserves there will be new discoveries, but also the growth needs of the community, especially taking into account the economic development of Third World countries, the exploitation of oil and gas fuel for a long time. In fossil fuels, although the most abundant coal reserves, but the serious pollution caused by coal-fired so that it can not become large the major source of energy worldwide. On the other hand, nuclear fusion reactions can provide clean energy, in the ocean contains about 42 trillion tons of the major nuclear fusion of deuterium-reactive substances; fusion reactor but it is very difficult to study, it is estimated that the next century to the late nuclear poly

substation be possible to achieve widespread commercialization. Therefore, in the 21st century, the prospects for energy, you may have to face the depletion of oil and gas resources, the commercialization of fusion power failure during the period of temporary shortage of such people. During this period in order to ensure sufficient human clean energy supply, use of solar energy for power generation is an inevitable choice.

Solar energy is the most important renewable sources of energy, the planet with all kinds of energy are closely related. In fact, the sun in Earth's evolution, biological reproduction and human development, plays a very important role, but also provides a human inexhaustible source of energy. Solar interior ongoing response to the release of a high-temperature nuclear fusion power of about 3. 8 ×1026 watts of huge radiation, of which only arrived in regard to the atmospheric level二十亿分之一; through the atmosphere, about 30% reflected, 23% be absorbed, only half (approximately 8 ×1016 watts) of energy reaching the earth's surface. Even so, as long as they can make use of the very few, will be able to meet all the needs of humanity today. However, due to its low energy density, but also by the day and night, seasons, climate, location and other factors, on the ground by the use of solar energy to power a lot of constraints. In order to avoid these shortcomings, natural to consider the use of solar power in space of the feasibility of the possibility.

Power generation in 2010 is expected to the practical use of space

Space Solar Power is the first way of Engineers first proposed by P. Glaser. The basic idea is in the earth's outer space or the moon to establish a base of solar power satellites, and then through the microwave energy transmitted to the scene to the receiving device, and then beam microwave energy into electrical energy for human use. Advantage of this program is to make full use of solar energy outside the atmosphere, the elimination of solar energy in the ground, changes in the density of small and large shortcomings, without a huge energy storage device, not only to reduce the square, but also save a lot of equipment investment. It can be expected, with the photoelectric conversion materials and delivery areas such as technology, space solar power generation costs will be greatly reduced.

The idea is proposed, subject to national attention. 1977 -1980 in the United States Department of Energy and NASA organizations to the concept of space solar power study, believe that its implementation does not exist insurmountable technical difficulties. At that time, a design known as the "reference system" of power generation systems; from 60 to solar panels, each block 10 kilometers long, five kilometers wide, generating 5,000,000 kilowatts, with a total capacity of 300 million kilowatts. With such a power generation satellites, the United States will be able to replace all of the ground station. As the system is too large, about 3,000 of the money to invest 100 billion U.S. dollars, at that time under the conditions of the Cold War can hardly be supported. With the energy of all the outstanding progress in space technology in 1995, NASA set up a study group to re-examine this issue, a more comprehensive analysis of space solar power generation technical and economic

feasibility of the program also are very different: adopted a progressive self-development model, that is, the first 100-150 to launch a 100 million U.S. dollars investment for 250,000 kilowatts of power satellites, the sale of electricity in order to recover their investment and profit, and then expand the scale of power generation satellites. The research group estimates that after 2010, space power will be practical. At present, a number of other countries and international organizations, space solar power generation is also carried out work.

Solar

Solar (Solar) generally refers to the sun's radiation energy. Carried out in the solar interior from "H" together into a "helium" the nuclear reaction, kept a huge release of energy, and continue to the space radiation energy, which is solar energy. This solar nuclear fusion reaction inside the can to maintain the hundreds of millions of百亿年first time. Solar radiation to space launch 3.8x10 ^ 23kW power of the radiation, of which 20 billionth of the Earth's atmosphere to reach. Solar energy reaching the Earth's atmosphere, 30% of the atmosphere reflectance, 23% of atmospheric absorption, and the rest to reach the Earth's surface,

Its power of 80 trillion kW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal combustion heat release. The average per square meter in the atmosphere outside the area of energy per minute to receive about 1367w. A broad sense of the solar energy on earth many sources, such as wind energy, chemical energy, potential energy of water and so on. The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.

At this stage, the world's solar energy is still the focus of the study of solar energy power plant, but the diversification of the use of the condenser, and the introduction of flat-plate collector and a low boiling point working fluid, the device gradually expanded up to maximum output power 73.64kW, Objective To compare the clear and practical, cost remains high. The construction of a typical device are as follows: 1901, California built a solar-powered pumping devices, the use of truncated cone condenser power: 7.36kW; 1902 ~ 1908 years, built in the United States five sets of double-cycle solar-powered engines, the use of flat-panel collector and a low boiling point working fluid; in 1913,

Human use of solar energy has a long history. China more than 2000 years ago, back in the Warring States period, one will find that the use of four steel mirror to focus sunlight ignition; use of solar energy to dry agricultural products. The development of modern, solar energy has become increasingly widespread use, it includes the use of solar energy solar thermal, solar photovoltaic and solar energy use, such as the photochemical use. The use of solar photochemical reaction, a passive use (photo-thermal conversion) and the photoelectric conversion in two ways.A new solar power and renewable sources of energy use.

Silicon photovoltaic cells mainly in the absorption of solar light energy emitted by silicon photocell is mainly extracted from the sand by the development of Bell Labs. Solar energy is the internal or the surface of the sun sunspot continuous process of

nuclear fusion reactions produce energy. Earth's orbit on the average solar radiation intensity for the 1367w / ㎡. Circumference of the Earth's equator to 40000km, and thus calculated the Earth's energy can be obtained 173000TW. At sea level standard for peak intensity 1kw/m2, a point on the Earth's surface 24h of the annual average radiation intensity 0.20kw / ㎡, which is equivalent to have 102000TW energy Human dependence on these energy to survive, including all other forms of renewable energy (except for geothermal energy resources), although the total amount of solar energy resources is the human equivalent of the energy used by ten thousand times, but low energy density of solar energy, and it vary from place to place, from time to time change, the development and utilization of solar energy which is facing a major problem. These features will make solar energy in the integrated energy system of the role of subject to certain restrictions.

The use of solar cells, through the photoelectric conversion to solar energy conversion is included in electricity, the use of solar water heaters, the use of solar heat hot water and use water for power generation, using solar energy for desalination. Now, the use of solar energy is not very popular, the use of solar power costs are high there, the problem of low conversion efficiency, but for satellite solar cells to provide energy has been applied.

Although the Earth's atmosphere solar radiation to the total energy only 22 billionths of a radiation energy, it has been as high as 173,000 TW, that is to say a second exposure to the sun's energy on Earth is equivalent to five million tons of coal. Earth wind energy, hydropower, ocean thermal energy, wave energy and tidal energy as well as some comes from the sun; even in the face of the earth's fossil fuels (such as coal, oil, natural gas, etc.) that is fundamentally Since ancient times the storage of solar energy down, so by including a broad range of solar energy is very large,

The narrow sense is limited to solar radiation of solar light thermal, photovoltaic and photochemical conversion of the directly.

Solar energy is the first time, but also renewable energy. It is rich in resources, can use free of charge, and without transportation, without any pollution to the environment. For mankind to create a new life, so that social and human energy into a era of reducing pollution.

Solar cells have to respond to a light and convert solar energy to power the device. Photovoltaic effect can produce many kinds of materials, such as: single crystal silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon, gallium arsenide, copper indium selenium. They are basically the same principle of power generation is now crystal as an example to describe the process of light generation. P-type crystalline silicon available after phosphorus-doped N-type silicon, the formation of P-N junction. When the surface of solar light, the silicon material to be part of photon absorption; photon energy transfer to the silicon atom, electronic transitions have taken place, as a free-electron concentration in the PN junction formed on both sides of the potential difference, when the external circuit connected when the effects of the voltage, there will be a current flowing through the external circuit have a certain amount of output power. The substance of this process are: photon energy into electrical energy conversion process.

"Si" is our planet's abundance of storage materials. Since the 19th century, scientists discovered the properties of crystalline silicon semiconductor, it almost changed everything, even human thought, end of the 20th century. Our lives can be seen everywhere, "silicon" figure and role of crystalline silicon solar cells is the formation of the past 15 years the fastest growing industry. Production process can be divided into five steps: a, purification process b, the process of pulling rod c, slicing the process of d, the process of system battery e, the course package.

Solar photovoltaic

Is a component of photovoltaic panels in the sun exposure will generate direct current power generation devices, from virtually all semiconductor materials (eg silicon) are made of thin photovoltaic cells composed of solid. Because there is no part of activity, and would thus be a long time operation would not lead to any loss. Simple photovoltaic cells for watches and computers to provide energy, and more complex PV systems to provide lighting for the housing and power supply. Photovoltaic panels can be made into components of different shapes, and components can be connected to generate more power. In recent years, the surface of the roof and building will be the use of photovoltaic panels components,

Even be used as windows, skylights or sheltered part of devices, which are often called photovoltaic facilities with PV systems in buildings.

Solar thermal

Modern technology solar thermal polymerization sunlight and use its energy produced hot water, steam and electricity. In addition to the use of appropriate technology to collect solar energy, the building can also make use of the sun's light and heat energy is added in the design of appropriate equipment, such as large windows or use of the south can absorb and slowly release the sun heat the building materials .

According to records, human use of solar energy has more than 3,000 years of history. To solar energy as an energy and power use, only 300 years of history. The real solar as "the near future to add much-needed energy," "the basis of the future energy mix" is the latest thing. Since the 20th century, 70s, solar technology has made rapid advances, solar energy use with each passing day. Solar energy utilization in modern history from the French engineers in 1615 in the Solomon and Germany Cox invented the world's first solar-powered engines run. The invention is a use of solar energy heating the air to the expansion and pumping machines acting.

In 1615 ~ 1900, between the developed world and more than one solar power plant and a number of other solar energy devices. Almost all of these power plants collect the sun means the use of condenser, engine power is not, the working fluid is water vapor, which is very expensive, not practical value, the majority of individual studies for manufacturing solar enthusiasts. 100 years of the 20th century, the history of the development of solar energy technology in general can be divided into seven stages.

化石能源和核能被认为是不可再生的能源类型。不可再生能源的来源获得的速度超过了在它的来源补充率。例如，如果化石燃料的生物起源是正确的，我们可以考虑化石燃料的可再生超过万年的时期，但现有的化石燃料被储存在一个世纪内消耗掉。因为我们的速度超过了化石燃料的消耗补充率，我们认为不可再生的化石燃料。类似的评论适用于如铀核燃料，正如我们在后面的章节中观察。太阳能被认为是以下reasons.1可再生能源可再生能源是能源的来源获得的速度，小于或等于在哪个源补充率。在太阳能的情况下，我们只能使用的能源量由太阳提供的。由于太阳的剩余寿命是在数百万年来衡量，很多人认为太阳能取之不尽，用之不竭的能源供应。事实上，来自太阳的能量是有限的，但应该是多少代的人所使用。因此，我们认为太阳能是可再生能源。能源是太阳能与风能，生物质能等，相关的来源，也被认为是可再生的。太阳辐射会被转化为其他能源形式的转换过程中的几个。热转换依赖于太阳能加热冷却表面吸收。太阳能生物转化依赖于光合作用。由光电转换产生的电流作为一个量子力学过程的结果产生电力。风力发电和海洋能源转换依靠大气压力梯度和温度梯度对海洋产生电力。在这一章中，我们重点对热conversion.We首先讨论可用太阳能源，然后考虑在其三种形式两个太阳能技术：被动式太阳能，太阳能和主动。太阳能的第三种形式，太阳能发电，是在下一章讨论。最后我们这个太阳能发电站的讨论一章。

化石燃料中的石油天然气是当今世界的主要一次性能源据世界能源委员会统计，已探明的石油、天然气可采储量，按 1992 年各国的产量计算，分别只能开采 44 年和 60 年；虽然可采储量还会有新的发现，但社会需求也有增长，特别是考虑到第三世界国家的经济发展，油气燃料可供开采的时间不会很长。在化石燃料中，尽管煤炭的储量最为丰富，但燃煤造成的严重污染使其大不可能成为世界范围的主要能源。另一方面，核聚变反应可提供清洁的能源，在海洋中蕴藏着约 42 万亿吨核聚变的主要反应物质氘；但核聚变堆研究的难度很大，估计要到下一世纪后期核聚变电站广泛出现才有可能实现商品化。因此，在展望 21 世纪能源问题的前景时，可能不得不对油气资源面临枯竭、核聚变发电又未能商品化的一段青黄不接时期。为保证这一时期内人类有充足的清洁能源供应，利用太阳能来发电是一种必然的选择。

太阳能是最重要的可再生能源，地球上各种能源无不与之密切相关。事实上，

太阳在地球的演化、生物的繁衍和人类的发展中，起了无比重要的作用，也为人类提供了取之不尽的能源。太阳内部不断进行的高温核聚变反应释放着功率约为3. 8 × 1026 瓦的巨大辐射能，其中只有二十亿分之一到达至于大气高层；经过大气时，约 30% 被反射， 23% 被吸收，仅有一半（约 8 × 1016 瓦）的能量到达地球表面。即使如此，只要能够利用其万分之几，便可满足今日人类的全部需要。但是，由于其能量密度低，还要受昼夜、季节、气候、地点等因素的影响，在地面上利用太阳能来发电受到很大限制。为了避免这些缺点，自然要考虑在空间利用太阳能发电的可能性各可行性。

2010 年空间发电可望实用化

空间太阳能发电方式最初是美国工程师 P.Glaser 首先提出的。其基本构想是在地球的外层空间或月球上建立太阳能卫星发电基地，然后通过微波将电能传输到场面的接收装置，再把微波能束转变成电能供人类使用。这一方案的优点是在大气层外充分利用太阳能，消除了在地面上太阳能密度小而变化大的缺点，无需庞大的储能装置，既减少占地，又节约大量设备投资。可以预计，随着光电转化材料和运载等方面技术的进步，太阳能空间发电的成本将大大降低。

这一设想提出后，受到了各国的重视。 1977 年—1980 年美国能源部和航天航空局组织对空间太阳发电的概念进行研究，认为其实施不存在不可克服的技术困难。当时设计了一种称为“参考系”的发电系统；由 60 地太阳能面板组成，每块长 10 公里，宽 5 公里，发电 500 万千瓦，总发电量为 3 亿千瓦。用这样一颗发电卫星，便可取代美国所有的地面电站。由于该系统过于庞大，约需3000 千亿美元的巨资投资，在当时冷战的条件下难以得到支持。随着能源问题的突出各航天技术的进步， 1995 年美国航天航空局成立研究组，重新审视这一问题，较全面地分析了空间太阳能发电的技术经济可行性，在方案上也有很大不同：采用渐进的自我发展模式，即先发射一颗投资为 100—150 亿美元的 25 万千瓦发电卫星，出售电力以回收投资并获取利润，然后再扩大发电卫星的规模。该研究组估计， 2010 年以后，空间发电将实用化。目前，其他一些国家和国际组织也在进行太阳能空间发电方面的工作。

太阳能

太阳能（Solar）一般指太阳光的辐射能量。在太阳内部进行的由“氢”聚变成“氦”的原子核反应，不停地释放出巨大的能量，并不断向宇宙空间辐射能量，这种能量就是太阳能。太阳内部的这种核聚变反应，可以维持几十亿至上百亿年的时间。太阳向宇宙空间发射的辐射功率为3.8x10^23kW的辐射值，其中20亿分之一到达地球大气层。到达地球大气层的太阳能，30%被大气层反射，23%被大气层吸收，其余的到达地球表面，其功率为800000亿kW，也就是说太阳每秒钟照射到地球上的能量就相当于燃烧500万吨煤释放的热量。平均在大气外每平米面积每分钟接受的能量大约1367w。广义上的太阳能是地球上许多能量的来源，如风能，化学能，水的势能等等。狭义的太阳能则限于太阳辐射能的光热、光电和光化学的直接转换。

人类对太阳能的利用有着悠久的历史。我国早在两千多年前的战国时期，就知道利用钢制四面镜聚焦太阳光来点火；利用太阳能来干燥农副产品。发展到现代，太阳能的利用已日益广泛，它包括太阳能的光热利用，太阳能的光电利用和太阳能的光化学利用等。太阳能的利用有光化学反应,被动式利用（光热转换）和光电转换两种方式。太阳能发电一种新兴的可再生能源利用方式。

使用太阳电池，通过光电转换把太阳光中包含的能量转化为电能，使用太阳能热水器，利用太阳光的热量加热水，并利用热水发电，利用太阳能进行海水淡化。现在，太阳能的利用还不很普及，利用太阳能发电还存在成本高、转换效率低的问题，但是太阳电池在为人造卫星提供能源方面得到了应用。

主要是硅光电池在吸收太阳所发射出来的光能，硅光电池主要是从沙子里提炼出来的，由贝尔实验室开发。太阳能是太阳内部或者表面的黑子连续不断的核聚变反应过程产生的能量。地球轨道上的平均太阳辐射强度为1367w/㎡。地球赤道的周长为40000km，从而可计算出，地球获得的能量可达173000TW。在海平面上的标准峰值强度为1kw/m2，地球表面某一点24h的年平均辐射强度为0.20kw/㎡，相当于有102000TW 的能量，人类依赖这些能量维持生存，其中包括所有其他形式的可再生能源（地热能资源除外），虽然太阳能资源总量相当于现在人类所利用的能源的一万多倍，但太阳能的能量密度低，而且它因地而异，

因时而变，这是开发利用太阳能面临的主要问题。太阳能的这些特点会使它在整个综合能源体系中的作用受到一定的限制。

尽管太阳辐射到地球大气层的能量仅为其总辐射能量的22亿分之一，但已高达173,000TW，也就是说太阳每秒钟照射到地球上的能量就相当于500万吨煤。地球上的风能、水能、海洋温差能、波浪能和生物质能以及部分潮汐能都是来源于太阳；即使是地球上的化石燃料（如煤、石油、天然气等）从根本上说也是远古以来贮存下来的太阳能，所以广义的太阳能所包括的范围非常大，狭义的太阳能则限于太阳辐射能的光热、光电和光化学的直接转换。

太阳能既是一次能源，又是可再生能源。它资源丰富，既可免费使用，又无需运输，对环境无任何污染。为人类创造了一种新的生活形态，使社会及人类进入一个节约能源减少污染的时代。

太阳电池是一对光有响应并能将光能转换成电力的器件。能产生光伏效应的材料有许多种，如：单晶硅，多晶硅，非晶硅，砷化镓，硒铟铜等。它们的发电原理基本相同，现以晶体为例描述光发电过程。P型晶体硅经过掺杂磷可得N型硅，形成P－N结。

当光线照射太阳电池表面时，一部分光子被硅材料吸收；光子的能量传递给了硅原子，使电子发生了跃迁，成为自由电子在P-N结两侧集聚形成了电位差，当外部接通电路时，在该电压的作用下，将会有电流流过外部电路产生一定的输出功率。这个过程的的实质是：光子能量转换成电能的过程。

“硅”是我们这个星球上储藏最丰量的材料之一。自从19世纪科学家们发现了晶体硅的半导体特性后，它几乎改变了一切，甚至人类的思维，20世纪末．我们的生活中处处可见“硅”的身影和作用，晶体硅太阳电池是近15年来形成产业化最快。生产过程大致可分为五个步骤：a、提纯过程b、拉棒过程c、切片过程d、制电池过程e、封装过程。

太阳能光伏

光伏板组件是一种暴露在阳光下便会产生直流电的发电装置，由几乎全部以半导体物料(例如硅)制成的薄身固体光伏电池组成。由于没有活动的部分，故可以长时间操作而不会导致任何损耗。简单的光伏电池可为手表及计算机提供能源，较复杂的光伏系统可为房屋提供照明，并为电网供电。光伏板组件可以制成不同

形状，而组件又可连接，以产生更多电力。近年，天台及建筑物表面均会使用光伏板组件，甚至被用作窗户、天窗或遮蔽装置的一部分，这些光伏设施通常被称为附设于建筑物的光伏系统。

太阳热能

现代的太阳热能科技将阳光聚合，并运用其能量产生热水、蒸气和电力。除了运用适当的科技来收集太阳能外，建筑物亦可利用太阳的光和热能，方法是在设计时加入合适的装备，例如巨型的向南窗户或使用能吸收及慢慢释放太阳热力的建筑材料。

据记载，人类利用太阳能已有3000多年的历史。将太阳能作为一种能源和动力加以利用，只有300多年的历史。真正将太阳能作为“近期急需的补充能源”，“未来能源结构的基础”，则是近来的事。20世纪70年代以来，太阳能科技突飞猛进，太阳能利用日新月异。近代太阳能利用历史可以从1615年法国工程师所罗门·德·考克斯在世界上发明第一台太阳能驱动的发动机算起。该发明是一台利用太阳能加热空气使其膨胀做功而抽水的机器。在1615年～1900年之间，世界上又研制成多台太阳能动力装置和一些其它太阳能装置。这些动力装置几乎全部采用聚光方式采集阳光，发动机功率不大，工质主要是水蒸汽，价格昂贵，实用价值不大，大部分为太阳能爱好者个人研究制造。20世纪的100年间，太阳能科技发展历史大体可分为七个阶段。