水力学河流动力学词汇
流体力学专业名词
流体动力学fluid dynamics连续介质力学mechanics of continuous media介质medium流体质点fluid particle无粘性流体nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学fluid kinematics水静力学hydrostatics液体静力学hydrostatics支配方程governing equation伯努利方程Bernoulli equation伯努利定理Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律Biot-Savart law欧拉方程Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理Kelvin theorem涡片vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖d''Alembert paradox雷诺数Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数Strouhal number随体导数material derivative不可压缩流体incompressible fluid质量守恒conservation of mass动量守恒conservation of momentum能量守恒conservation of energy动量方程momentum equation能量方程energy equation控制体积control volume液体静压hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能enstrophy压差differential pressure流[动] flow流线stream line流面stream surface流管stream tube迹线path, path line流场flow field流态flow regime流动参量flow parameter流量flow rate, flow discharge涡旋vortex涡量vorticity涡丝vortex filament涡线vortex line涡面vortex surface涡层vortex layer涡环vortex ring涡对vortex pair涡管vortex tube涡街vortex street卡门涡街Karman vortex street马蹄涡horseshoe vortex对流涡胞convective cell卷筒涡胞roll cell涡eddy涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow非定常流unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流transient flow周期流periodic flow振荡流oscillatory flow分层流stratified flow无旋流irrotational flow有旋流rotational flow轴对称流axisymmetric flow不可压缩性incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream自由流线free stream line外流external flow进口entrance, inlet出口exit, outlet扰动disturbance, perturbation分布distribution传播propagation色散dispersion弥散dispersion附加质量added mass ,associated mass收缩contraction镜象法image method无量纲参数dimensionless parameter几何相似geometric similarity运动相似kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流plane flow势potential势流potential flow速度势velocity potential复势complex potential复速度complex velocity流函数stream function源source汇sink速度[水]头velocity head拐角流corner flow空泡流cavity flow超空泡supercavity超空泡流supercavity flow空气动力学aerodynamics低速空气动力学low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流conical flow楔流wedge flow叶栅流cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow 细长体slender body细长度slenderness钝头体bluff body钝体blunt body翼型airfoil翼弦chord薄翼理论thin-airfoil theory构型configuration后缘trailing edge迎角angle of attack失速stall脱体激波detached shock wave波阻wave drag诱导阻力induced drag诱导速度induced velocity临界雷诺数critical Reynolds number 前缘涡leading edge vortex附着涡bound vortex约束涡confined vortex气动中心aerodynamic center气动力aerodynamic force气动噪声aerodynamic noise气动加热aerodynamic heating离解dissociation地面效应ground effect气体动力学gas dynamics稀疏波rarefaction wave热状态方程thermal equation of state 喷管Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程equation of state量热状态方程caloric equation of state完全气体perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管Laval nozzle马赫角Mach angle马赫锥Mach cone马赫线Mach line马赫数Mach number马赫波Mach wave当地马赫数local Mach number冲击波shock wave激波shock wave正激波normal shock wave斜激波oblique shock wave头波bow wave附体激波attached shock wave激波阵面shock front激波层shock layer压缩波compression wave反射reflection折射refraction散射scattering衍射diffraction绕射diffraction出口压力exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压back pressure爆炸explosion爆轰detonation缓燃deflagration水动力学hydrodynamics液体动力学hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性Taylor instability盖斯特纳波Gerstner wave斯托克斯波Stokes wave瑞利数Rayleigh number自由面free surface波速wave speed, wave velocity波高wave height波列wave train波群wave group波能wave energy表面波surface wave表面张力波capillary wave规则波regular wave不规则波irregular wave浅水波shallow water wave深水波deep water wave重力波gravity wave椭圆余弦波cnoidal wave潮波tidal wave涌波surge wave破碎波breaking wave船波ship wave非线性波nonlinear wave孤立子soliton水动[力]噪声hydrodynamic noise水击water hammer空化cavitation空化数cavitation number空蚀cavitation damage超空化流supercavitating flow水翼hydrofoil水力学hydraulics洪水波flood wave涟漪ripple消能energy dissipation海洋水动力学marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式Chezy formula欧拉数Euler number弗劳德数Froude number水力半径hydraulic radius水力坡度hvdraulic slope高度水头elevating head水头损失head loss水位water level水跃hydraulic jump含水层aquifer排水drainage排放量discharge壅水曲线back water curve压[强水]头pressure head过水断面flow cross-section明槽流open channel flow孔流orifice flow无压流free surface flow有压流pressure flow缓流subcritical flow急流supercritical flow渐变流gradually varied flow急变流rapidly varied flow临界流critical flow异重流density current, gravity flow堰流weir flow掺气流aerated flow含沙流sediment-laden stream降水曲线dropdown curve沉积物sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积sedimentation, deposition沉降速度settling velocity流动稳定性flow stability不稳定性instability奥尔-索末菲方程Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程vorticity equation泊肃叶流Poiseuille flow奥辛流Oseen flow剪切流shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流laminar flow分离流separated flow二次流secondary flow近场流near field flow远场流far field flow滞止流stagnation flow尾流wake [flow]回流back flow反流reverse flow射流jet自由射流free jet管流pipe flow, tube flow内流internal flow拟序结构coherent structure猝发过程bursting process表观粘度apparent viscosity运动粘性kinematic viscosity动力粘性dynamic viscosity泊poise厘泊centipoise厘沱centistoke剪切层shear layer次层sublayer流动分离flow separation层流分离laminar separation湍流分离turbulent separation分离点separation point附着点attachment point再附reattachment再层流化relaminarization起动涡starting vortex驻涡standing vortex涡旋破碎vortex breakdown涡旋脱落vortex shedding压[力]降pressure drop压差阻力pressure drag压力能pressure energy型阻profile drag滑移速度slip velocity无滑移条件non-slip condition壁剪应力skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度friction velocity磨擦损失friction loss磨擦因子friction factor耗散dissipation滞后lag相似性解similar solution局域相似local similarity气体润滑gas lubrication液体动力润滑hydrodynamic lubrication浆体slurry泰勒数Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体Newtonian fluid边界层理论boundary later theory边界层方程boundary layer equation边界层boundary layer附面层boundary layer层流边界层laminar boundary layer湍流边界层turbulent boundary layer温度边界层thermal boundary layer边界层转捩boundary layer transition边界层分离boundary layer separation边界层厚度boundary layer thickness 位移厚度displacement thickness动量厚度momentum thickness能量厚度energy thickness焓厚度enthalpy thickness注入injection吸出suction泰勒涡Taylor vortex速度亏损律velocity defect law形状因子shape factor测速法anemometry粘度测定法visco[si] metry流动显示flow visualization油烟显示oil smoke visualization孔板流量计orifice meter频率响应frequency response油膜显示oil film visualization阴影法shadow method纹影法schlieren method烟丝法smoke wire method丝线法tuft method氢泡法nydrogen bubble method相似理论similarity theory相似律similarity law部分相似partial similarity定理pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准static calibration动态校准dynamic calibration风洞wind tunnel激波管shock tube激波管风洞shock tube wind tunnel 水洞water tunnel拖曳水池towing tank旋臂水池rotating arm basin扩散段diffuser测压孔pressure tap皮托管pitot tube普雷斯顿管preston tube斯坦顿管Stanton tube文丘里管Venturi tubeU形管U-tube压强计manometer微压计micromanometer多管压强计multiple manometer静压管static [pressure]tube流速计anemometer风速管Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计hot- film anemometer流量计flow meter粘度计visco[si] meter涡量计vorticity meter传感器transducer, sensor压强传感器pressure transducer热敏电阻thermistor示踪物tracer时间线time line脉线streak line尺度效应scale effect壁效应wall effect堵塞blockage堵寒效应blockage effect动态响应dynamic response响应频率response frequency底压base pressure菲克定律Fick law巴塞特力Basset force埃克特数Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数Grashof number努塞特数Nusselt number普朗特数prandtl number雷诺比拟Reynolds analogy施密特数schmidt number斯坦顿数Stanton number对流convection自由对流natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流forced convection热对流heat convection质量传递mass transfer传质系数mass transfer coefficient热量传递heat transfer传热系数heat transfer coefficient对流传热convective heat transfer辐射传热radiative heat transfer动量交换momentum transfer能量传递energy transfer传导conduction热传导conductive heat transfer热交换heat exchange临界热通量critical heat flux浓度concentration扩散diffusion扩散性diffusivity扩散率diffusivity扩散速度diffusion velocity分子扩散molecular diffusion沸腾boiling蒸发evaporation气化gasification凝结condensation成核nucleation计算流体力学computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题multiple scale problem伯格斯方程Burgers equation对流扩散方程convection diffusion equationKDU方程KDV equation修正微分方程modified differential equation拉克斯等价定理Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟numerical simulation大涡模拟large eddy simulation数值粘性numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析Hirt stability analysis相容条件consistency conditionCFL条件Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition 狄里克雷边界条件Dirichlet boundary condition熵条件entropy condition远场边界条件far field boundary condition流入边界条件inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件numerical boundary condition流出边界条件outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件von Neumann condition近似因子分解法approximate factorization method人工压缩artificial compression人工粘性artificial viscosity边界元法boundary element method配置方法collocation method能量法energy method有限体积法finite volume method流体网格法fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法flux vector splitting method伽辽金法Galerkin method积分方法integral method标记网格法marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法method of characteristics直线法method of lines矩量法moment method多重网格法multi- grid method板块法panel method质点网格法particle in cell method, PIC method质点法particle method预估校正法predictor-corrector method投影法projection method准谱法pseudo-spectral method随机选取法random choice method激波捕捉法shock-capturing method激波拟合法shock-fitting method谱方法spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法split coefficient matrix method不定常法time-dependent method时间分步法time splitting method变分法variational method涡方法vortex method隐格式implicit scheme显格式explicit scheme交替方向隐格式alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式compact difference scheme守恒差分格式conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式Godunov scheme高分辨率格式high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式leap-frog scheme单调差分格式monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme 迎风格式upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域computational domain物理区域physical domain影响域domain of influence依赖域domain of dependence区域分解domain decomposition维数分解dimensional split物理解physical solution弱解weak solution黎曼解算子Riemann solver守恒型conservation form弱守恒型weak conservation form强守恒型strong conservation form散度型divergence form贴体曲线坐标body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格[self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成adaptive grid generation自动网格生成automatic grid generation数值网格生成numerical grid generation交错网格staggered mesh网格雷诺数cell Reynolds number数植扩散numerical diffusion数值耗散numerical dissipation数值色散numerical dispersion数值通量numerical flux放大因子amplification factor放大矩阵amplification matrix阻尼误差damping error离散涡discrete vortex熵通量entropy flux熵函数entropy function分步法fractional step method。
流体力学专业英语词汇表
流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street 卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction 散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation 空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity 泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer 流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer 热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinearinstability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vectorsplitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroff scheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux放大因子 amplification factor放大矩阵 amplification matrix阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
河流动力学名词解释
河流动力学名词解释1. 紊流：液体质点做不规则运动，互相混掺，轨迹曲折混乱的形态叫做紊流。
2. 雷诺数：作用于单位水体的惯性力和粘性力之比组成一个无虽纲数。
3. 级配曲线：通过颗粒分析，求出沙样中各种粒径泥沙的里虽，算出小于各种粒径泥沙的总里虽，然后在半对数坐标纸上，将泥沙粒径D绘于横坐标上，小于该粒径的泥沙在全部沙样中的百分比P 绘于纵坐标上，绘出的D-P关系曲线即为所求的级配曲线。
4. 干容里:指去除水分后的沙样里虽与沙样体积之比。
5. 容里:泥沙颗粒实有里虽与实有体积之比。
6. 等容粒径：体积与泥沙颗粒相等的球体的直径。
7. 筛分粒径：沙粒刚好能通过的与正方形筛孔边长相等的球体直径。
8. 孔隙率:泥沙中孔隙的容积占沙洋总容积的百分比。
9. 比表面积：颗粒表面积与其体积之比。
10. 絮团与絮凝：分散的颗粒相互吸引，聚合成结构疏松、类似棉花团的较大团粒或团块，称为絮团。
而细颗粒泥沙在一定条件下彼此聚合的过程叫做絮凝。
11. 沉速:单颗粒泥沙在无限大静止清水水体中匀速下沉时的速度称为泥沙的沉降速度，简称沉速。
12. 泥沙的水下休止角：在静水中的泥沙，由于摩擦力的作用，可以形成一定的倾斜面而不至塌落，此倾斜面的角度①称为泥沙的水下休止角。
13. 推移质:在河底附近，以滚动、滑动、跳跃形势前进，其速度远小于水流速度的泥沙。
14. 悬移质:悬浮在水中，并在水流方向上与水流以几乎相同的速度前进的泥沙，就是悬移质。
15. 推移质泥沙的分类:①接触质：在运动中始终保持与床面接触的滑动或滚动的泥沙；②跃移质：在床面附近以跳跃形式前进的泥沙；③层移质：河床表面以下成层移动或滚动的泥沙。
16. 床沙（河床质）：河床上静止的泥沙。
17. 泥沙的起动：河床上静止的泥沙颗粒（床沙），随着水流条件的增强，到一定条件时开始运动的现象。
18. 泥沙的起动条件:维持泥沙颗粒静止状态的平衡条件遭到破坏，床面泥沙由静止状态转变为运动状态的临界水流条件。
流体力学专业英语词汇表
流体力学专业英语词汇表流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件Kutta-Zhoukowski condition布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line 流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow 均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynoldsnumber前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件Rankine-Hugoniot condition状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave 头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity运动粘性 kinematic viscosity动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation湍流分离 turbulent separation分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer,laser Doppler velocimeter热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equationKDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modifieddifferential equation拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity非线性不稳定性 nonlinear instability希尔特稳定性分析 Hirt stability analysis相容条件 consistency conditionCFL条件 Courant- Friedrichs- Lewy condition ,CFL condition狄里克雷边界条件 Dirichlet boundarycondition熵条件 entropy condition远场边界条件 far field boundary condition流入边界条件 inflow boundary condition无反射边界条件nonreflecting boundary condition数值边界条件 numerical boundary condition流出边界条件 outflow boundary condition冯.诺伊曼条件 von Neumann condition近似因子分解法 approximate factorization method人工压缩 artificial compression人工粘性 artificial viscosity边界元法 boundary element method配置方法 collocation method能量法 energy method有限体积法 finite volume method流体网格法 fluid in cell method, FLIC method通量校正传输法 flux-corrected transport method通量矢量分解法 flux vector splitting method伽辽金法 Galerkin method积分方法 integral method标记网格法 marker and cell method, MAC method特征线法 method of characteristics直线法 method of lines矩量法 moment method多重网格法 multi- grid method板块法 panel method质点网格法 particle in cell method, PIC method质点法 particle method预估校正法 predictor-corrector method投影法 projection method准谱法 pseudo-spectral method随机选取法 random choice method激波捕捉法 shock-capturing method激波拟合法 shock-fitting method谱方法 spectral method稀疏矩阵分解法 split coefficient matrix method不定常法 time-dependent method时间分步法 time splitting method变分法 variational method涡方法 vortex method隐格式 implicit scheme显格式 explicit scheme交替方向隐格式 alternating direction implicit scheme, ADI scheme 反扩散差分格式 anti-diffusion difference scheme紧差分格式 compact difference scheme守恒差分格式 conservation difference scheme克兰克-尼科尔森格式Crank-Nicolson scheme杜福特-弗兰克尔格式Dufort-Frankel scheme指数格式 exponential scheme戈本诺夫格式 Godunov scheme高分辨率格式 high resolution scheme拉克斯-温德罗夫格式 Lax-Wendroffscheme蛙跳格式 leap-frog scheme单调差分格式 monotone difference scheme保单调差分格式 monotonicity preserving diffe-rence scheme穆曼-科尔格式 Murman-Cole scheme半隐格式 semi-implicit scheme斜迎风格式 skew-upstream scheme全变差下降格式 total variation decreasing scheme TVD scheme迎风格式 upstream scheme , upwind scheme计算区域 computational domain物理区域 physical domain影响域 domain of influence依赖域 domain of dependence区域分解 domain decomposition维数分解 dimensional split物理解 physical solution弱解 weak solution黎曼解算子 Riemann solver守恒型 conservation form弱守恒型 weak conservation form强守恒型 strong conservation form散度型 divergence form贴体曲线坐标 body- fitted curvilinear coordi-nates[自]适应网格 [self-] adaptive mesh适应网格生成 adaptive grid generation自动网格生成 automatic grid generation数值网格生成 numerical grid generation交错网格 staggered mesh网格雷诺数 cell Reynolds number数植扩散 numerical diffusion数值耗散 numerical dissipation数值色散 numerical dispersion数值通量 numerical flux 放大因子 amplification factor 放大矩阵 amplification matrix 阻尼误差 damping error离散涡 discrete vortex熵通量 entropy flux熵函数 entropy function分步法 fractional step method。
水力学、河流动力学英语专业词汇
水力学、河流动力学、流体力学专业词汇Fundamental Glossary in HydraulicsHydrostatics 水静力学Hydrodynamics 水动力学Physical properties of water 水的物理性质Density 密度 specific gravity 比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性 absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量 surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度 isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性 uniform (ity) 均匀(性)Heterogeneous (ity) 不均匀(性)Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力 inertia force 惯性力 pressure 压力(强) drag 阻力Mass force 质量力 surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力strain 应变 deformation 变形 displacement 位移 normal 法向 tangent 切向shear 剪力acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度 convective acceleration 迁移加速度 compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量 vector 矢量 tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度 curl 旋度 gradient 梯度Source 源 sink 汇Frequency 频率 amplitude 振幅 phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒 momentum conservation 动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减 degradation降解Flow pattern流态 flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流 subcritical flow 缓流 critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流 gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流 non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流 wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流 two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流 double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流 rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流 free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流) Pipe flow 管流 pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流 plume 卷流(羽流) cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点 separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构 bursting猝发 turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层 viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场 flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流 unsubmerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数 Froude number 佛汝德数 Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数 Peclet 彼克雷特数 dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线Vortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环 vortex street涡街Flux 通量 circulation 环量 vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge , flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速 pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity 瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度 pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cross section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周 hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头 piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失 frictional loss 沿程损失 local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss 进口水头损失 exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失 Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃 hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰 broad-crested weir 宽顶堰 practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口 nozzle管嘴Dam 坝 sluice 水闸 spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管 culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽 siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device 消能工Stilling basin 消力池 roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩 plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌 vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化 cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波 water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙 bed load 床沙 suspension load 悬沙 wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速 settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变 de">Grounder water 地下水 seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则 similarity 相似性 full scale 足尺 reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测 flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器 probe探头 scale 比尺 flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元 finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式) algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点 time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数 parameter参数Explicit 显式 implicit隐式stability 稳定性 convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性 accuracy 精度Error误差 calibration 率定 verification 验证 application 应用 prediction 预测 reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波 irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐 spring tide大潮 neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮 semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧 chemical oxygen demand(COD) 化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(BOD) 生化需氧量 dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物 constituent 组分 eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水 flood routing调洪演算 flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流 precipitation降水 evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。
在水利水电工程设计中常见的水力学文献术语
在水利水电工程设计中常见的水力学文献术语水力学是研究液体在静力学和动力学条件下的运动及其相互作用的学科。
在水利水电工程设计中，水力学是一个重要的领域。
本文将介绍一些常见的水力学文献术语，以帮助读者更好地理解水利水电工程设计。
1. 水流速度（Flow velocity）水流速度是指单位时间内通过某一截面的水流量。
它通常用米/秒（m/s）来表示。
2. 水压力（Hydraulic pressure）水压力是指水对单位面积的压力。
它通常用帕斯卡（Pa）来表示。
3. 流量（Flow rate）流量是指单位时间内通过某一截面的水的体积。
它通常用立方米/秒（m³/s）来表示。
4. 水位（Water level）水位是指水面相对于某一基准面的高度。
它通常用米（m）来表示。
5. 涡旋（Vortex）涡旋是指液体在旋转时形成的旋涡。
它通常是由于流体速度的变化引起的。
6. 水力跌差（Hydraulic head）水力跌差是指水流在垂直方向上的高度差。
它通常用米（m）来表示。
7. 水头损失（Head loss）水头损失是指水在流动过程中由于摩擦、阻力等因素而损失的能量。
它通常用米（m）来表示。
8. 水力特性曲线（Hydraulic characteristic curve）水力特性曲线是指在不同流量条件下，水压力与流量之间的关系曲线。
9. 水力平衡（Hydraulic balance）水力平衡是指在水流动过程中，压力、速度、截面积等因素之间的平衡关系。
10. 水流分布（Flow distribution）水流分布是指在一个复杂的水利水电工程系统中，水流在不同部位的分布情况。
11. 水力发电（Hydropower generation）水力发电是利用水能将水流的动能转化为电能的过程。
它是一种可再生的清洁能源。
12. 水力机械（Hydraulic machinery）水力机械是指用来转换水流能量的机械设备，如水轮机、水泵等。
(完整word版)河流动力学
1。
等容粒径（假定球体)D ： 算数品均值D ： 几何品均值（椭球体）D:泥沙级配曲线（群体性)：表示天然泥沙组成特性，在采集的代表沙样中，小于某种粒径的泥沙累计百分数与该粒径在半对数纸上的关系曲线.粒配曲线反映的特性⑴可反映沙样颗粒的大小和范围;⑵可反映沙样组成的均匀程度。
沙样的特征粒径：⑴平均粒径Dm ：粒径按其所占重量的百分比为权的加权平均值。
1100n i i m i P d d =∆⋅=∑，max min 2i d d d +=⑵中值粒径50d 表示在全部沙样中,大于和小于这一粒径的泥沙重量刚好相等。
求法:粒配曲线—P=50％天然沙的平均粒径常常大于中值粒径2。
细颗粒泥沙的物理化学特征.细颗粒泥沙在含有电解质的水中，颗粒周围会形成双电层。
通常细颗粒泥沙的主要成分是粘土矿物,它们在含有电解质的水中会发生两种可能：电解质中的离子吸附在泥沙颗粒表面；泥沙颗粒表面的分子发生离解。
不论哪种情况都使泥沙颗粒表面带有负电。
由于凝絮作用，细颗粒在沉积时会连结成絮团，絮团与絮团会连接成集合体，集合体还会搭连而形成网架。
絮凝的新沉积物是一个高度蜂窝状的结构,含水量很高，密度很低，这样的淤积物具有很低的抗剪强度或粘结力。
3。
沉速概念，泥沙沉降状态.单颗粒泥沙在无边界影响的静止清水中的匀速下沉的速度。
因数值主要和粒径有关，也称水力粗度，常用ω表示,单位：cm/s.沉降的形式,泥沙颗粒在静水中下沉时的运动状态与沙粒雷诺数Re d ωνd G ==沙粒性力水流粘Z 力（式中和d 、ω分别为泥沙的粒径及沉速，ν为水的运动粘滞性系数)①层流状态下降：Re d <0。
5,颗粒基本沿垂线下沉，颗粒不发生摆动、转动、滚动，周围水体不发生紊乱现象。
颗粒沉降属于层流状态，下降速度较慢,绕流阻力以摩擦阻力为主，压差阻力相对较小，d C 与Re d 呈直线关系②紊流状态下降：Re d >1000， 泥沙颗粒脱离铅垂线，以极大的紊动状态左摇右摆下沉,附近的水体产生强烈的绕动和涡动。
流体力学英语词汇
流体力学英语词汇acceleration 加速度average velocity 平均速度Bernoulli 伯努力boundary layer 边界层calculus 微积分coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume 控制体density(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics 动力学Euler 欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method of description欧拉(拉格郎日)观点,方法field of flow 流场flow pattern 流型(谱)fluid mechanics 流体力学function 函数inertia 惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Newtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform (非)均匀one-dimensional 一维pathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强Reynolds 雷诺shear(normal) stress 剪(正)应力solution 解答statics 静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain 应变streamline(tube) 流线(管)thermal conductivity 热传导thermodynamics 热力学variable 变量vector 矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field 速度场velocity gradient 速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow 体积流量CHAPTER -2absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对(表,真空)压力area moment of inertia 惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力barometer 气压计body force 体力Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates 直角坐标(系)centroid 质心elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡horizontal 水平的hydrostatic 水静力学,流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的mercury 水银moment 矩parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平(曲)面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient) 压力分布(梯度) reservoir 水库rigid-body 刚体scalar 标量specific weight 比重surface force 表面力vertical 垂直的, 直立的CHAPTER -3Bernoulli equation 伯努力方程Boundaries 边界Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Heat transfer 热传到Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进,出口Integrand 被积函数Jet flow 射流Linear(Angular)-momentum relation 线(角)动量关系式Momentum(energy)-flux 动量(能量)流量Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Time derivative 时间导数Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积(质量)流量Volume(mass) rate of flow体积(质量)流率CHAPTER -4Soomth 平滑Laminar 层流Transition 转捩Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数(Re)Instability 不稳定性Breakdown 崩溃Mean value 平均值Drag 阻力Osborne ReynoldsDye filament 染色丝Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Cartesian 笛卡坐标Infinitesimal 无限小local acceleration 当地加速度dot product 点乘total derivative 全导数convective acceleration 对流加速度substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数operator 算子partial differential equation 偏微分方程Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S方程Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Thermal conductivity 热传导Heat flow 热流量Fourier's law 傅立叶定律Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Parallel plates 平行平板Pressure gradient 压力梯度No-slip condition 无滑移条件Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Wall shear stress 壁面剪应力Prandtl 普朗特Karman 卡门Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Displacement thickness 排移厚度Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Shape factor 形状因子Velocity profile 速度剖面流体动力学 fluid dynamics连续介质力学 mechanics of continuous media介质 medium流体质点 fluid particle无粘性流体 nonviscous fluid, inviscid fluid连续介质假设 continuous medium hypothesis流体运动学 fluid kinematics水静力学 hydrostatics液体静力学 hydrostatics支配方程 governing equation伯努利方程 Bernoulli equation伯努利定理 Bernonlli theorem毕奥-萨伐尔定律 Biot-Savart law欧拉方程 Euler equation亥姆霍兹定理 Helmholtz theorem开尔文定理 Kelvin theorem涡片 vortex sheet库塔-茹可夫斯基条件 Kutta-Zhoukowski condition 布拉休斯解 Blasius solution达朗贝尔佯廖 d'Alembert paradox雷诺数 Reynolds number施特鲁哈尔数 Strouhal number随体导数 material derivative不可压缩流体 incompressible fluid质量守恒 conservation of mass动量守恒 conservation of momentum能量守恒 conservation of energy动量方程 momentum equation能量方程 energy equation控制体积 control volume液体静压 hydrostatic pressure 涡量拟能 enstrophy压差 differential pressure流[动] flow流线 stream line流面 stream surface流管 stream tube迹线 path, path line流场 flow field流态 flow regime流动参量 flow parameter流量 flow rate, flow discharge 涡旋 vortex涡量 vorticity涡丝 vortex filament涡线 vortex line涡面 vortex surface涡层 vortex layer涡环 vortex ring涡对 vortex pair涡管 vortex tube涡街 vortex street卡门涡街 Karman vortex street 马蹄涡 horseshoe vortex对流涡胞 convective cell卷筒涡胞 roll cell涡 eddy涡粘性 eddy viscosity环流 circulation环量 circulation速度环量 velocity circulation 偶极子 doublet, dipole驻点 stagnation point总压[力] total pressure总压头 total head静压头 static head总焓 total enthalpy能量输运 energy transport速度剖面 velocity profile库埃特流 Couette flow单相流 single phase flow单组份流 single-component flow均匀流 uniform flow非均匀流 nonuniform flow二维流 two-dimensional flow三维流 three-dimensional flow准定常流 quasi-steady flow非定常流 unsteady flow, non-steady flow 暂态流 transient flow周期流 periodic flow振荡流 oscillatory flow分层流 stratified flow无旋流 irrotational flow有旋流 rotational flow轴对称流 axisymmetric flow不可压缩性 incompressibility不可压缩流[动] incompressible flow浮体 floating body定倾中心 metacenter阻力 drag, resistance减阻 drag reduction表面力 surface force表面张力 surface tension毛细[管]作用 capillarity来流 incoming flow自由流 free stream自由流线 free stream line外流 external flow进口 entrance, inlet出口 exit, outlet扰动 disturbance, perturbation分布 distribution传播 propagation色散 dispersion弥散 dispersion附加质量 added mass ,associated mass收缩 contraction镜象法 image method无量纲参数 dimensionless parameter 几何相似 geometric similarity运动相似 kinematic similarity动力相似[性] dynamic similarity平面流 plane flow势 potential势流 potential flow速度势 velocity potential复势 complex potential复速度 complex velocity流函数 stream function源 source汇 sink速度[水]头 velocity head拐角流 corner flow空泡流 cavity flow超空泡 supercavity超空泡流 supercavity flow空气动力学 aerodynamics低速空气动力学 low-speed aerodynamics 高速空气动力学 high-speed aerodynamics 气动热力学 aerothermodynamics亚声速流[动] subsonic flow跨声速流[动] transonic flow超声速流[动] supersonic flow锥形流 conical flow楔流 wedge flow叶栅流 cascade flow非平衡流[动] non-equilibrium flow细长体 slender body细长度 slenderness钝头体 bluff body钝体 blunt body翼型 airfoil翼弦 chord薄翼理论 thin-airfoil theory构型 configuration后缘 trailing edge迎角 angle of attack失速 stall脱体激波 detached shock wave波阻 wave drag诱导阻力 induced drag诱导速度 induced velocity临界雷诺数 critical Reynolds number 前缘涡 leading edge vortex附着涡 bound vortex约束涡 confined vortex气动中心 aerodynamic center气动力 aerodynamic force气动噪声 aerodynamic noise气动加热 aerodynamic heating离解 dissociation地面效应 ground effect气体动力学 gas dynamics稀疏波 rarefaction wave热状态方程 thermal equation of state喷管 Nozzle普朗特-迈耶流 Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流 Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动] compressible flow可压缩流体 compressible fluid绝热流 adiabatic flow非绝热流 diabatic flow未扰动流 undisturbed flow等熵流 isentropic flow匀熵流 homoentropic flow兰金-于戈尼奥条件 Rankine-Hugoniot condition 状态方程 equation of state量热状态方程 caloric equation of state完全气体 perfect gas拉瓦尔喷管 Laval nozzle马赫角 Mach angle马赫锥 Mach cone马赫线 Mach line马赫数 Mach number马赫波 Mach wave当地马赫数 local Mach number 冲击波 shock wave激波 shock wave正激波 normal shock wave斜激波 oblique shock wave头波 bow wave附体激波 attached shock wave 激波阵面 shock front激波层 shock layer压缩波 compression wave反射 reflection折射 refraction散射 scattering衍射 diffraction绕射 diffraction出口压力 exit pressure超压[强] over pressure反压 back pressure爆炸 explosion爆轰 detonation缓燃 deflagration水动力学 hydrodynamics液体动力学 hydrodynamics泰勒不稳定性 Taylor instability 盖斯特纳波 Gerstner wave斯托克斯波 Stokes wave瑞利数 Rayleigh number自由面 free surface波速 wave speed, wave velocity 波高 wave height波列 wave train波群 wave group波能 wave energy表面波 surface wave表面张力波 capillary wave规则波 regular wave不规则波 irregular wave浅水波 shallow water wave深水波 deep water wave重力波 gravity wave椭圆余弦波 cnoidal wave潮波 tidal wave涌波 surge wave破碎波 breaking wave船波 ship wave非线性波 nonlinear wave孤立子 soliton水动[力]噪声 hydrodynamic noise 水击 water hammer空化 cavitation空化数 cavitation number空蚀 cavitation damage超空化流 supercavitating flow 水翼 hydrofoil水力学 hydraulics洪水波 flood wave涟漪 ripple消能 energy dissipation海洋水动力学 marine hydrodynamics 谢齐公式 Chezy formula欧拉数 Euler number弗劳德数 Froude number水力半径 hydraulic radius水力坡度 hvdraulic slope高度水头 elevating head水头损失 head loss水位 water level水跃 hydraulic jump含水层 aquifer排水 drainage排放量 discharge壅水曲线 back water curve压[强水]头 pressure head过水断面 flow cross-section明槽流 open channel flow孔流 orifice flow无压流 free surface flow有压流 pressure flow缓流 subcritical flow急流 supercritical flow渐变流 gradually varied flow急变流 rapidly varied flow临界流 critical flow异重流 density current, gravity flow 堰流 weir flow掺气流 aerated flow含沙流 sediment-laden stream降水曲线 dropdown curve沉积物 sediment, deposit沉[降堆]积 sedimentation, deposition 沉降速度 settling velocity流动稳定性 flow stability不稳定性 instability奥尔-索末菲方程 Orr-Sommerfeld equation 涡量方程 vorticity equation泊肃叶流 Poiseuille flow奥辛流 Oseen flow剪切流 shear flow粘性流[动] viscous flow层流 laminar flow分离流 separated flow二次流 secondary flow近场流 near field flow远场流 far field flow滞止流 stagnation flow尾流 wake [flow]回流 back flow反流 reverse flow射流 jet自由射流 free jet管流 pipe flow, tube flow内流 internal flow拟序结构 coherent structure 猝发过程 bursting process表观粘度 apparent viscosity 运动粘性 kinematic viscosity 动力粘性 dynamic viscosity泊 poise厘泊 centipoise厘沱 centistoke剪切层 shear layer次层 sublayer流动分离 flow separation层流分离 laminar separation 湍流分离 turbulent separation 分离点 separation point附着点 attachment point再附 reattachment再层流化 relaminarization起动涡 starting vortex驻涡 standing vortex涡旋破碎 vortex breakdown涡旋脱落 vortex shedding压[力]降 pressure drop压差阻力 pressure drag压力能 pressure energy型阻 profile drag滑移速度 slip velocity无滑移条件 non-slip condition壁剪应力 skin friction, frictional drag 壁剪切速度 friction velocity磨擦损失 friction loss磨擦因子 friction factor耗散 dissipation滞后 lag相似性解 similar solution局域相似 local similarity气体润滑 gas lubrication液体动力润滑 hydrodynamic lubrication浆体 slurry泰勒数 Taylor number纳维-斯托克斯方程 Navier-Stokes equation牛顿流体 Newtonian fluid边界层理论 boundary later theory边界层方程 boundary layer equation边界层 boundary layer附面层 boundary layer层流边界层 laminar boundary layer湍流边界层 turbulent boundary layer温度边界层 thermal boundary layer边界层转捩 boundary layer transition边界层分离 boundary layer separation边界层厚度 boundary layer thickness位移厚度 displacement thickness本文来自: 恒星英语学习网() 详细出处参考：/word/sxwl/2009-01-26/66896.html动量厚度 momentum thickness能量厚度 energy thickness焓厚度 enthalpy thickness注入 injection吸出 suction泰勒涡 Taylor vortex速度亏损律 velocity defect law形状因子 shape factor测速法 anemometry粘度测定法 visco[si] metry流动显示 flow visualization油烟显示 oil smoke visualization孔板流量计 orifice meter频率响应 frequency response油膜显示 oil film visualization阴影法 shadow method纹影法 schlieren method烟丝法 smoke wire method丝线法 tuft method氢泡法 nydrogen bubble method相似理论 similarity theory相似律 similarity law部分相似 partial similarity定理 pi theorem, Buckingham theorem 静[态]校准 static calibration动态校准 dynamic calibration风洞 wind tunnel激波管 shock tube激波管风洞 shock tube wind tunnel水洞 water tunnel拖曳水池 towing tank旋臂水池 rotating arm basin扩散段 diffuser测压孔 pressure tap皮托管 pitot tube普雷斯顿管 preston tube斯坦顿管 Stanton tube文丘里管 Venturi tubeU形管 U-tube压强计 manometer微压计 micromanometer多管压强计 multiple manometer静压管 static [pressure]tube流速计 anemometer风速管 Pitot- static tube激光多普勒测速计 laser Doppler anemometer, laser Doppler velocimeter 热线流速计 hot-wire anemometer热膜流速计 hot- film anemometer流量计 flow meter粘度计 visco[si] meter涡量计 vorticity meter传感器 transducer, sensor压强传感器 pressure transducer热敏电阻 thermistor示踪物 tracer时间线 time line脉线 streak line尺度效应 scale effect壁效应 wall effect堵塞 blockage堵寒效应 blockage effect动态响应 dynamic response响应频率 response frequency底压 base pressure菲克定律 Fick law巴塞特力 Basset force埃克特数 Eckert number格拉斯霍夫数 Grashof number努塞特数 Nusselt number普朗特数 prandtl number雷诺比拟 Reynolds analogy施密特数 schmidt number斯坦顿数 Stanton number对流 convection自由对流 natural convection, free convec-tion 强迫对流 forced convection热对流 heat convection质量传递 mass transfer传质系数 mass transfer coefficient热量传递 heat transfer传热系数 heat transfer coefficient对流传热 convective heat transfer辐射传热 radiative heat transfer动量交换 momentum transfer能量传递 energy transfer传导 conduction热传导 conductive heat transfer热交换 heat exchange临界热通量 critical heat flux浓度 concentration扩散 diffusion扩散性 diffusivity扩散率 diffusivity扩散速度 diffusion velocity分子扩散 molecular diffusion沸腾 boiling蒸发 evaporation气化 gasification凝结 condensation成核 nucleation计算流体力学 computational fluid mechanics 多重尺度问题 multiple scale problem伯格斯方程 Burgers equation对流扩散方程 convection diffusion equation KDU方程 KDV equation修正微分方程 modified differential equation 拉克斯等价定理 Lax equivalence theorem数值模拟 numerical simulation大涡模拟 large eddy simulation数值粘性 numerical viscosity。
水力学单词
Grounder water 地下水
seepage渗透 permeability 渗透性
Similarity[simi’læriti] theory 相似理论
Hydraulic modeling水力模拟
Physical modeling 物理模拟
boundary element边界元
Characteristics 特征线
Scheme 方法(格式)
algorithm 算法
turbulence model 紊流模型
bed load 床沙
suspension load 悬沙
wash load 冲泻质
Incipient velocity起动流速
settling velocity沉速
Fluvial process河床演变
deposition淤积
scour冲刷
double-phase flow 两相流
multi-phase flow 多相流
Irrotational flow 无旋流
potential flow 势流
rotational flow 有旋流
Open channel flow 明渠流
free surface flow 自由表面流 (明渠流)
compressibility 压缩性
continuity连续性
Scalar 纯量
vector 矢量
tensor 张量
magnitude 模(大小)
direction 方向
Divergence 散度
curl 旋度
gradient 梯度
流体力学专业词汇
Aacceleration 加速度average velocity平均速度absolute (gage,vacuum) pressure 绝对（表，真空）压力area moment of inertia惯性面积矩atmospheric pressure 大气压力BBernoulli 伯努利boundary layer 边界层barometer气压计body force体力Bernoulli equation伯努利方程Boundaries 边界Breakdown 崩溃Blasius equation 布拉修斯方程Ccalculus 微积分Cartesian [rectangular] coordinates直角坐标（系）centroid 质心coefficient of viscosity 粘性系数compressible(incompressible) (不)可压的conservation of mass(momentum, energy) 质量(动量,能量)守恒continuum 连续介质control-volume控制体Conservation of mass 质量Control volume 控制体Cartesian 笛卡坐标convective acceleration 对流加速度Couette Flow 库塔流动Channel 槽道Coordinate transformation 坐标变换Composite dimensionless variable 组合无量纲变量Ddensity(mass per unit volume) 密度differential 微分dimension 量刚尺度dynamics动力学Drag 阻力Dye filament 染色丝dot product 点乘Displacement thickness 排移厚度EEuler欧拉eulerian (lagrangian) method ofdescription 欧拉(拉格郎日)观点，方法elliptic 椭圆的equilibrium 平衡Energy(hydraulic) grade line 能级线Ffield of flow流场flow pattern流型（谱）fluid mechanics流体力学Function函数horizontal 水平的hydrostatic水静力学，流体静力学hyperbolic 双曲线的Flux 流率Free body 隔离体Flat-plate boundary layer 平板边界层Fourier’s law 傅立叶定律fluid dynamics流体动力学GHHeat transfer 热传递Heat flow 热流量Iinertia惯性, 惯量integral 积分kinematics 运动学kinetic (potential, internal) energy 动(势,内)能Lagrange 拉格郎日liquid 流体Imaginary 假想Inlet, outlet 进、出口Integrand 被积函数Instability 不稳定性Internal (external) flow 内(外)流Infinitesimal 无限小JJet flow 射流KKarman 卡门LLinear(Angular)-momentum relation 线（角）动量关系式Laminar 层流local acceleration 当地加速度Mmercury 水银moment 矩Momentum(energy)-flux 动量（能量）流量Mean value 平均值Momentum-integral relation 动量积分关系Momentum thickness 动量厚度NNewtonian fluids 牛顿流体(non)linear (非)线性(non)uniform （非）均匀Net force 合力No slip 无滑移Nozzle 喷嘴No-slip condition 无滑移条件Newtonian fluid 牛顿流体Navier-Stokes Equations N-S 方程Nondimensionalization 无量纲化Oone-dimensional一维Osborne Reynolds奥斯鲍恩·雷诺operator 算子Ppathline 迹线perfect-gas law 理想气体定律pressure 压力压强parabolic 抛物线plane (curved) surface 平（曲）面plate 板pressure center 压力中心pressure distribution(gradient)压力分布（梯度）Pressure gradient 压力梯度Poiseuille flow 伯肖叶流动Parabola 抛物线Prandtl普朗特partial differential equation 偏微分方程Parallel plates 平行平板QRReynolds雷诺Reservoir水库rigid-body 刚体Rate of work 功率Reynolds transport theorem 雷诺输运定理Roughness 粗糙度Random fluctuations 随机脉动Reynolds number 雷诺数（Re）Sshear(normal) stress剪(正)应力solution解答statics静力学steady(unsteady) (非)定常strain应变streamline(tube)流线(管)scalar标量specific weight比重surface force表面力Shaft work 轴功Stagnation enthalpy 制止焓Surroundings 外围System 体系Soomth平滑Second-order 二阶Similarity 相似substantial(material) derivative 随体(物质)导数Skin-friction coefficient 壁面摩擦系数Shape factor 形状因子Tthermal conductivity热传导thermodynamics热力学Time derivative 时间导数Transition 过渡，转变，变迁total derivative 全导数Thermal conductivity 热传导UVvariable变量vector矢量velocity distribution 速度分布velocity field速度场velocity gradient速度梯度viscous(inviscid) (无)粘性的volume rate of flow体积流量vertical垂直的, 直立的Vector sum 矢量合Venturi tube 文图里管Volume(mass) flow 体积（质量）流量Volume(mass) rate of flow 体积（质量）流率Velocity profile 速度剖面WWall shear stress 壁面剪应力XYZ。
水力学、水动力学、水文学
水力学、水动力学、水文学英文回答：Hydraulics, hydrodynamics, and hydrology are three branches of study that are closely related to water. Although they all deal with water, they focus on different aspects and have distinct applications.Hydraulics is the study of the behavior of fluids, particularly in relation to engineering applications. It involves the study of how fluids, such as water, flow through pipes, channels, and other structures. Hydraulics is used in various fields, including civil engineering, mechanical engineering, and environmental engineering. For example, when designing a water supply system for a city, hydraulics is used to determine the flow rate, pressure, and size of pipes needed to deliver water to different locations.Hydrodynamics, on the other hand, is the study of themotion of fluids, including both liquids and gases. It focuses on understanding the forces and movements of fluids in motion. Hydrodynamics is used in fields such as naval architecture, aerospace engineering, and oceanography. For instance, when designing a ship, hydrodynamics is used to analyze the flow of water around the hull and optimize its shape to reduce drag and improve efficiency.Hydrology, as the name suggests, is the study of water in its natural state, including its distribution, movement, and properties on the Earth's surface. It involves analyzing the water cycle, rainfall patterns, river flow, groundwater, and water quality. Hydrology is essential for managing water resources, predicting floods, and assessing the impact of human activities on water systems. For example, hydrology is used to determine the water availability in a watershed and develop strategies for sustainable water management.中文回答：水力学、水动力学和水文学是与水密切相关的三个研究领域。
英文河流动力学水力学Lecture12- Non-Newtonian
CVG5162 – Advanced River HydraulicsLecture 12: Non-Newtonian Fluid Flows Viscosity Recall Dynamic (Absolute) Viscosity ( ) is a measure of the resistance of a fluid to shear stress. In liquids, the viscosity is due to cohesion between molecules. Less viscous fluids flow easier: ketchup is more viscous than water. Newton’s law of viscosity is: dy duµτ= i.e. dydu τµ=where is shear stress (N/m 2) and du/dy is the gradient of velocity in the vertical direction. In fluids, du/dy represents the strain in the fluid, thus this relation is analogous to Young’s modulus [εσE = ]. The classical experiment (performed by Newton) is to place two plates parallel to each other and separated by a distance Y with a fluid in the space between. A tangential force is applied to the top plate (from which is calculated, =F/A), which causes the upper plate to move with velocity U, which is recorded. Figure 1. Source: Daugherty et al.With the no-slip assumption, the fluid particles next to each plate will assume the velocity of the plate. For laminar steady flow, the velocity gradient in the fluid between the plates will be linear.(i.e. du/dy is constant).Fluids for which does not depend on du/dy are described as Newtonian. Most common fluids are Newtonian. However, particularly relevant for some geophysical flows, fluids with very high suspended sediment concentration can be non-Newtonian. If one assumes that a fluid has zero viscosity (and therefore zero friction), the fluid is termed an ideal fluid. Note that an ideal fluid will not undergo strain due to the applied stress, thus it would maintain zero velocity between the two plates.Figure 2. Source: Daugherty et al.Viscosity of a fluid decreases with temperature, because cohesion diminishes. The dynamic viscosity of water at 20ºC is 1.005E-3 N s/m 2. Kinematic Viscosity ( ) is the dynamic viscosity divided by density: ρµν=. The kinematic viscosity of water at 20ºC is 1.007E-6 m 2/s. Turbulent eddy viscosity We have also seen that turbulence adds an extra apparent (eddy) viscosity (νT ), which is due to the increased transfer of momentum between fluid layers as a result of the turbulent motion (i.e. the Reynolds stress): ()dy du uv dy du T νννρτ+=−= Non-Newtonian Fluid We can see from Figure 2 above, that a Non-Newtonian fluid does not have a linear relation between shear stress and strain. In other words, the viscosity coefficient µ is not a constant – it varies with the shear stress applied. Some non-Newtonian fluids are relatively straight-forward, in that the instantaneous shear depends only on du/dy (as in the figure above). These are described as ‘time independent’, ‘purely viscous’, ‘inelastic’, or ‘generalized Newtonian fluids’ (GNF) (Chabbra and Richardson 1999, p.5). In more complex time-dependent non-Newtonian fluids the instantaneous apparent viscosity also depends on the flow history and previous shear rate.An important distinction between types of time-independent non-Newtonian fluids is whether or not they display a yield strength (i.e. whether a threshold stress is required to initiate strain (deformation) of the fluid, i.e. the stress required to get the fluid moving). See Figure 3. Note that the field of rheology bridges non-Newtonian fluids, plastic solids, and soils. Typically, the viscosity of a time-independent non-Newtonian fluid is specified as a function that depends on du/dy. Secondly, a yield stress term may be included. A viscoplastic is a fluid that displays a yield stress. A Bingham-plastic is a viscoplastic with a linear relation between shear and strain once yield shear is obtained:+=dy du y ηττ where τy is the yield stress (the stress required to initiate strain), and η is the dynamic viscosity (the slope of the line after the yield stress). A shear-thinning or pseudo-plastic fluid has no yield stress, but a relatively high viscosity at low strain. A shear-thickening or dilatant fluid has no yield stress, but a relatively low viscosity at low strain (high viscosity at high strain).Figure 3. Source: Chhabra and Richardson 1999. Note that pseudo-plastic fluid and shear-thinning fluid are synonomous. Figure 1.5 applies to polymer solutions, but shows how apparent viscosity decreases with increasing strain rate for a pseuodplastic fluid.Water-Sediment Mixtures The behaviour of fluids with high suspended sediment volumetric concentration (C s ) encompasses the range from Newtonian, to pseudo-plastic, to Bingham plastic, to yield-pseudoplastic depending on sediment concentration. Furthermore, individual clays have different electrochemical properties, and therefore different rheology. The analysis of high C s flows is thus complex. Julien and Lan (1991) provided a succinct summary of research until that time. Bagnold (1954) initiated this research field, and proposed that at high C s , fluid shear would be dominated by interparticle friction and collisions. He found that under very high rates of shear (i.e. high du/dy) and high C s , the shear stress increases as a second power of du/dy. Thus, the fluid can be described as a yield-pseudo plastic with convexivity to the shear stress (see Figure 4). The increased particle interactions at higher du/dy results in increased apparent viscosity (i.e. shear thickening). An empirical power-law equation (Herschel and Bulkley 1926) can be used for the shear in high clay-water suspensions at high du/dy (Govier and Aziz 1987, cited in O’Brien and Julien 1988):n y dy du a +=ττNote that n=2 based on the Bagnold observations. Alternatively, O’Brien and Julien (1988) found that under lower du/dy, the shear stress varies linearly with du/dy, thus at low du/dy the fluid mixture can be described as a Bingham plastic. They also argued that these are more realistic shear rates (du/dy) for geophysical flows. Note that both the yield stress and the dynamic viscosity increase exponentially with sediment concentration – three orders or magnitude increase between C s = 0.1 and 0.4 (O’Brien and Julien 1988)Julien and Lan provide the following summary plots: Figure 4. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)Figure 5. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)O’Brien and Julien (1985), cited in Julien and Lan (1991), proposed the following:2 ++=dy du dy du y ζηττwhere the first term is for the yield stress, the second for viscous (dynamic) stress, and the third term for the ‘turbulent-dispersive’ stress, which accounts for both turbulence and particle-particle interactions, both of which are presumed to vary as a second power with du/dy.Note that 2212s s d a l λρρζ+=, where ρ and l are mixture density and mixing length, a 1 is Bagnold’s empirical constant, λ varies with sediment concentration, and ρs and d s are sediment density and grain size. Note that the first term works out to be the turbulent Reynolds stress, and the second term is Bagnold’s stress due to particle interactions.Julien and Lan (1991) non-dimensionalized their model (see paper) to collapse the various data sets:Figure 6. Source: Julien and Lan (1991)TemperatureCoussot and Piau (1994) found little change in mud suspension rheological behaviour for temperatures ranging from 0°C to 20°C.Thixotropic Non-Newtonian FluidChanson (2006) presented a model for 1D dam-break flow of a high C s thixotropic fluid. A thixotropic fluid is a solid gel-like substance when at rest, but liquefies when agitated. The precise definition of thixotropy is a fluid which undergoes a decreasing apparent viscosity (i.e. reduced shear stress) when exposed to a constant rate of shear (i.e. du/dy) (Chhabra and Richardson 1999). Thus, viscosity is time-dependent. Mud suspensions tend to display thixotropy (Figure 7).Figure 7. Source: Chhabra and Richardson (1999)Chanson utilized a model by Coussot et al. (2002) for the viscosity of a thixotropic fluid:()n o a λµµ+×= whereλαθλ×∂∂×−=∂∂yV t 1 and the four terms µo , n, θ, and α are constants for a given fluid. Note that the viscosity in this model is time dependent. In general , numerical modelling of non-Newtonian fluids involves defining a relation that describes the viscosity of the fluid as a function of the fluid properties and flow (particularly du/dy). This equation must then be included in the set of equations to be solved. References Chanson, H., Jarny, S., and Coussot, P. (2006). "Dam break wave of thixotropic fluid." J. Hydraulic Eng., 132(3), 280-293. Chhabra, R., and Richardson, J. (1999). Non-Newtonian Flow in the Process Industries: Fundamentals and Engineering Applications , Butterworth Heinemann, Oxford. Daugherty, R. L., Franzini, J. B., and Finnemore, E. J. (1985). Fluid Mechanics with Engineering Applications, Eighth Edition , McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York. Julien, P. Y., and Lan, Y. (1991). "Rheology of hyperconcentrations." J. Hydraulic Eng., 117(3), 346-353. O'Brien, J., and Julien, P. (1988). "Laboratory analysis of mudflow properties." J. Hydraulic Eng., 114(8), 877-887.。
水力学文献中常见的若干术语
文章编号:1007-7596(2008)03-0095-01水力学文献中常见的若干术语庄萧妹1 张春艳2基础理论与规范应用(11黑龙江省水利工程二处,哈尔滨150302;21绥化水务局防汛办公室,黑龙江绥化152062)摘 要:水力学在水利建设中的主要任务是研究水流与边界(河床、水工建筑物、水力机械、岩土孔隙等)的相互作用,分析在不同条件下所出现的各种水流现象及其与作用力的关系,为水利工程的勘测、规划、设计、施工和运行管理等方面提供科学依据。
关键词:水力学;水利建设;规划设计;常见术语中图分类号:T V135 文献标识码:B [收稿日期]2007-12-08 [作者简介]庄萧妹(1973-),女,黑龙江巴彦人,工程师;张春艳(1958-),女,河北芦县人,工程师。
水力学在防洪、灌溉、水运、水力发电、城镇供水、排水、环境水利以及交通、石油、化工等生产部门广泛应用。
因此,熟悉并从理论到实践应用一些水力学的术语,为水利工程的勘测、规划、设计、施工和运行管理等方面提供依据尤为必要。
1 流体力学中常见术语1)流体静力学(水静力学):流体力学的一部分,它研究流体的平衡,以及完全或部分浸没在流体中的固体的平衡。
2)流体动力学(水动力学):流体力学的一部分,它研究流体以及完全或部分浸没在流体中的物体因受作用力而产生的运动。
3)流体:一种连续介质,其各处皆有一定的有限的密度。
在静止状态下,这种介质彼此接触的微小部分之间相互作用的力都只指向该接触面积的内法线方向。
4)理想流体(无黏性流体):在运动状态下,其应力仍然沿法线方向的流体。
5)黏性流体:在运动状态下,其内除了法向应力之外,还产生切向应力的流体。
6)成滴流体(我国通称之“液体”):压缩性小,其体积变化在实用上不甚重要的流体。
7)不可压缩的流体:密度不受温度及压力影响的流体。
附注:凡不满足上述定义中所设条件的流体就名之为“可压缩的流体”。
8)均质流体:在条件相同时,所有点处的密度都一样的流体。
河流动力学重点归纳
研究对象：河流河流是水流与河床在地球物理诸自然因素以及人类活动影响下交互作用的产物水流与河床的交互作用中，泥沙起着纽带的作用:泥沙淤积，河床抬高,泥沙冲刷，河床下切 研究的核心：泥沙的基本运动规律研究对象：泥沙从微观来看：泥沙为散粒群体在河流动力学中，研究泥沙的运动过程，视泥沙为连续介质注意：在水流中的泥沙含量过低时，只能做散粒个体看待，不能视作连续介质。
（散粒个体泥沙是不接受紊动扩散作用的）主要理论工具力学：泥沙颗粒受力分析统计理论：无数泥沙颗粒，具有随机行，从宏观上研究，即不能不用到统计理论 解决问题的手段模型试验：分为物理模型和数学模型采用模型试验的原因：泥沙运动涉及的物理量往往较多，边界条件往往比较复杂没有较简单的公式或可求出精确数值解的模型模型研究的过程实际问题 → 简化（留取主要矛盾）→模型建立（设计、验证）→试验研究数学、物理模型都要经过类似的过程1.2河流动力学发展简史初创期：1938年，劳斯（H.Rouse ），第五次国际应用力学讨论会会刊上发表关于泥沙紊动扩散理论，标志河流动力学从水力学中分离出来；同一时期还有：1933年，奥布莱恩（M.P .O’Brien ），1931年，马卡维也夫（B.M.Makabeeb ）初期（1931~1950）泥沙紊动扩散理论的讨论；中期（1950~1970）能量平衡问题；近期（1970~至今）水沙两相流的基本问题1.自觉地努力学会掌握理论与实际结合的原则2.要认真观察和分析河流运动过程中的矛盾现象，提示客观存在着的对立与统一的规律，坚持具体情况具体分析的科学精神3.对前人的成果要批判的继承和吸收第二章 泥沙特性2.1泥沙的粒径和粒配曲线泥沙：通常把组成河床和随水流运动的小颗粒叫做泥沙。
粒径是表示泥沙颗粒大小的一个量度。
确定粒径时遇到的困难：1.泥沙形状不规则；2.泥沙的粒径不均匀等容粒径。
定义：容积与泥沙颗粒相等的球体的直径。
计算公式可简称为粒径，单位毫米（mm ）。
水力学中英文专业名词对照
中英文专业名词对照一画一维流动 One-dimensional Flow二画二维流动 Two-dimensional Flow三画大气压 Atmospheric Pressure定理 The Theorem上临界流速 Upper Critical Velocity下临界流速 Lower Critical Velocity三维流动 Three-dimensional Flow马赫数 Mach Number上举力 UpIift 上涌带 Zone of Wave Set-up四画升力 Lift升力系数 Coefficient of Lift水力半径 Hydraulic Radius水力坡度 Energy Gradient水击 Water-hammer直接水击 Rapid Closure间接水击 Slow Closure水击联锁方程 Interlocking Equation水头 Head压强水头 Pressure Head位置水头 E1evation Head作用水头 Acting Head总水头 Total Head测压管水头 Piezometric Head流速水头 Velocity Head惯性水头Acceleration Head水头线 Head Line总水头线 Total Head Line测压管水头线 Piezometric Head Line水头损失 Head Loss沿程水头损失 Frictional Head Loss沿程水头损失系数 Frictional Loss Factor局部水头损失 Local Head Loss局部水头损失系数 Local Loss Coefficient水轮机 Hydraulic Turbine水泵 Hydraulic Pump分子扩散 Mo1ecular Diffusion分子扩散系数 Coefficient of Molecular Diffusion 分离点 Point of Separation分散(离散) Dispersion内区 Inner Region内摩擦力 Internal Frictional Force比压计(压差计) Differential Gauge切应力 Shear Stress粘滞切应力 Viscous Shear Stress紊流附加切应力（雷诺应力） Reyno1ds Stress切应力系数 Coefficient of Shearing Stress毛细作用 Capillarity中性稳定曲线 Curve of Neutral Stability牛顿内摩擦定律 Newton's Law of Viscosity牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid牛顿数 Newton Number文透里管 Venturi Meter无量纲数 Dimensionless Number无滑动条件 No Slip Condition井Well完全井 Completely Penetrating Well非完全井 Partially Penetrating Well自流井 Artesian Well井群 Multiple—well水力最优断面 Best Hydraulic Cross Section水电比拟 Electro—hydrodynamic Analogue水面线分桥 Analysis of Flow Profile水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile人工渠槽水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Artificial Channel 天然河道水面线计算 Computation of Flow Profile in Natural Channel分段法 The Standard Step Method数值积分法 The Graphical —intergration Method 水力指数法 The Direct一intergration Method水流强度参数 Flow Function Intensity of Shear on Particles 水跃 Hydraulic Jump自由水跃 Free Jump远驱水跃 Remote Jump临界水跃 Undular Hydraulic Jump临界水跃 Critical Jump弱水跃 weak Jump淹没水跃 Submerged Jump斜坡水跃 Hydraulic Jump in Sloping Channels强水跃 Strong Jump稳定水跃 Steady Jump摆动水跃 Oscillating Jump水跃长度 Length of Jump水跃的共轭水深 Conjugate Depths of Hydraulic Jump水跃的表面水滚 Surface Roller of Hydraulic Jump水跃的消能效率(水跃消能系数) Efficiency of Energy dissipation byHydraulic Jump水跃的跃后水深 The Sequent Depth of Hydralic Jump水跃的跃前水深 The Initial Depth of Hydraulic Jump水跃函数 Hydraulic Jump Function水跃高度 Height of Jump水跌 Hydraulic Drop孔口出流 Orifice Flow孔隙率(度) Porosity不冲流速 Nonscouring Velocity不淤流速 Nonsilting Velocity允许流通 Permissible Velocity内在渗透率 Intrinsic Permiability毛绷管水 Capillary Water分流齿 Chute Blocks牛顿流体 Newtonian F1uid 非牛顿流体 Non—Newtonian F1uid巴赞剖面 Bazin Profile比能(断面单位能量) Specific Energy元波 E1ementary Wave无阻力的正涌浪和负涌浪Frictionless Positive and Negative Surge Waves五画汇 Sink卡门通用常数 Von Universal Constant外区 Outer Region司托克斯定律 Stokes Theorem of Vortex Motion司托克斯流动 Stokes F1ow平面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on P1ane Area平面势流 Two-dimensional Potential Flow平移 Translation边界层 Boundary Layer层流边界层 Laminar Boundary Layer紊流边界层 Turbulent Boundary Layer边界层方程 Boundary Layer Equation边界层分离 Separation of Boundary Layer边界层动量积分方程式 Momentum Integral Equation of Boundary Layer边界层厚度 Boundary layer Thickness加速度 Acceleration当地加速度 (时变加速度) Local Acceleration迁移加速度 (位变加速度) Convective Acceleration史密特数 Schmidt Number电算实例 Examples of Computer Solution管网电算 Computer Solution of Pipe Network水击电算 Computer Solution of Water-hammer包气带 Zone of Aeration司托克斯定律 Stokes Law布辛尼斯克方程 Boussinesg Equation平底梯形断面明槽中的水跃 Hydrau1ic Jump in Horizontal TrapezoidalChannels平底矩形断面扩散槽中的Hydraulic Jump in Horizontal Rectangular Diverging Channels 平底矩形明槽的水跃共轭水深关系式Equation of Conjugation Depth of Hydraulic Jump for HorizontalRectangular Channels平底棱柱形明槽中的水跃方程式Equation of Hydraulic Jump for Horizontal Prismatic Channels 平整(形态) F1at Bed(Plane Bed)平衡输沙 Equilibrium Transport of Sediment 不平衡输沙 Non-equilibrium Transport of Sediment边界条件 Boundary Condition自然边界条件 Natural Boundary Condition边界雷诺数 Boundary Reynolds Number正常水深 Normal Depth长波 Long Wave圣维南方程 Saint—Venant Equation六画压力中心 Center of Pressure压力体 Pressure Prism压力表 Pressure Gauge风箱式压力表 Bellows-type Pressure Gauge隔膜式压力表 Diaphragm-type Pressure Gauge弹黄式压力表 Spring—type Pressure Gauge管环式压力表 (布尔登压力表) Bourdon—type Pressure Gauge压力梯度 Pressure Gradient压应力 Compressive Stress压强 Pressure相对压强 (计示压强) Relative Pressure (Gauge Pressure) 绝对压强 Abso1ute Pressure真空压强 (负压) Vacuum Pressure (Negative Pressure)压强分布图 Pressure Distribution Diagram静水压强分布图 Hydrostatic Pressure Distribution Diagram压强场 Pressure Field压强系数 Pressure Coefficient压强势能 Potential Energy of Pressure压缩性 Compressibility动力水流 (摩阻流速、剪切流速) Fricion Velocity动水压强 Pressure in Flowing F1uid动态特性 Dynamic Characteristics动能 Kinetic Energy动能修正系数 Kinetic Energy Correction Factor动量方程 Momentum Equation动量矩方程 Moment of Momentum Equation动量修正系数 Momentum Correction Factor动量损失厚度 Momentum Thickness充分发展的紊流 Fully Developed Turbulence过水断面 Cross Section过渡层 Buffer Region自由出流 Free Discharge自由紊流 Free Turbulence自动记录 Automatic Recording毕托管 Pitot Tube有势力 Potential Force势流动 (无涡流动) Potential Flow (Irrotational Flow)有涡流动 (有旋流动) Rotational Flow曲面上的静水总压力 Total Hydrostatic Force on Curved Surface共振 Resonance扩散 Diffusion费克扩散定律Fick’s Law of Diffusion多普勒效应 Doppler Effect当量粗糙度 Equivalent Roughness传感器 Sensor光滑壁面 Smooth Wall收缩断面 Vena Contracta动力流速 Friction Velocity 动床 Movable Bed动床水力学 Fluvial Hydraulics地下水 Ground water地下水面 Groundwater Surface 地下水动力学 Groundwater Dynamics导水系数 Coefficient of Transmissibility 导水率 Transmissivity 多孔介质 Porous Medium自由出流 Free Outflow冲击波 Shock Wave冲刷坑最大水深 Maximum Water Depth in scour Pit冲泻质 wave Load各向同性 Isotropy各向异性 Anisotropy达西定律 Darcys Law有限元法 Finite E1ement Method有限差分法 Finite Difference Method有限振幅立波 Finite Amplitude Standing Wave 浅水立波 Standing Wave in Sha11ow Water深水立波 Standing Wave in Deep water有限振幅推进波 Finite Amplitude Progressive Wave浅水推进波 Progressive Wave in Shallow Water深水推进波 Progressive Wave in Deep Water有效溢流宽度 Effective width of The Spillway过渡(形态) Transition过渡段的急流 Supercritical Flow Through Transitions 过镀段的缓流 Subcritical Flow Through Transitions扩散法 Diffusive Scheme扩散系数 Diffusion Coefficient收缩断面 Vena Contracta收缩断面水深 Contractional Depth七画阻力 Drag压强阻力 (形状阻力) Pressure Drag(Form Drag)摩擦阻力 Frictional Drag阻力系数 Drag Coefficient应力张量 Stress Tensor均方根值 Root-mean-square均匀流 Uniform Flow纵向移流分散 Longitudinal Convective Dispersion运动方程 Equation of Motion一维非恒定流运动方程 One-dimensional Unsteady Flow Equation水击运动微分方程 Differential Equation for Water-hammer紊流时均的运动方程(雷诺方程) Reynolds Equation粘滞性液体的运动方程(纳维埃—司托克斯方程) Navier-Stokes Equation 理想液体的运动方程(欧拉方程) Euler Equation佛汝德数 Froude Number佛汝德相似准则 (重力相似准则) Froude Similarity Criterion攻角 Attack Angle时间平均法 Time-average Method时间平均流动 Mean Motion时均值 Time-average Value形状系数 Shape Factor表面力 Surface Force表面张力 Surface Tension表面张力系数Coefficient of Surface Tension角变形 Angular Deformation角变率 Rate of Angular Deformation角转速 Angular Velocity尾流 wake Flow层流 Laminar Flow层流翼型 Laminar Airfoil体积力 Body Force体积压缩系数 Coefficien of Volume （bulk）Compressibility体积弹性系数 Coefficien of Volume （bulk）Elasticity体积膨胀率 Rate of Volume Expansion连通管（U形管）U-tube连续介质 Continuum Medium连续方程 Continuity Equation一维恒定流连续方程 Continutiy Equation of One –dimentional Steady Flow一维非恒定流连续方程Continuity Equation of One –dimentional Unsteady Flow水击连续微分方程 Differential Continuity Equation of Water-hammer连续性微分方程 Differential Equation of Continuity时均流动的连续方程 Differential Continuity Mean Motion扩散物质的连续方程(费克扩散方程) Continuity Equation of Diffusion Substances连续扩散源 Source of Continuous Diffusion附着力Adhesion位置势能 Potential Energy of E1evation位移厚度 Displacement Thickness伯诺世方程 Bernoulli Equation伯诺坐积分 Bernoulli Integral扬程 Pump Head压水扬程 Discharge Head吸水扬程 Suction Head总扬程 Total Delivery Head纯数 Pure Number间歇现象 Intermittency含水层 Aquifer无压含水层 Unconfined Aquifer承压含水层 Confined Aquifer 含沙浓度（含沙量） Sediment Concentration 体积比浓度 Concentration by Volume 重量比浓度 Concentration by Weight 均匀流 Uniform Flow非均匀流 Non-uniform Flow均质土坝渗流 Seepage from Homogeneous Earth Dam 均质土壤 Homogeneous Soil 完全收缩 Complete Contraction 沙纹（形态） Ripple沙垄（形态） Dune床沙Bed Material床沙质Bed Material Load床面形态（沙波运动）Bed Forms(Sand Waves)时间步长Time Interval克里格尔剖面Creager Profile护坦Apron里兹法Rits Method初始条件Initial Condition两相流动Two-phase Flow佛汝德数Froude Number沉速（沉降流速）Fall Velocity(Terminal Settling Velocity)坎端水深Depth at The Brink吹程Fetch余波Swell余弦推进波Simple Harmonic Progressive Wave位移波的分类Classification of Translatory Wave深水波；浅水波Deep-water Wave；Sallow-water Wave连续波；不连续波Continuous Wave；Discontinuous Wave顺水波；逆水波Downstream Wave；Upstream Wave涨水波（正波）；落水波（负波）Positive Wave；Negative Wave 阻力Drag阻力系数Drag Coefficient压强阻力Pressure Drag形状阻力Form Drag床面阻力Bed Resistance沙波阻力（床面形态阻力）Bar Resistance沙粒阻力Grain Resistance表面阻力Skin Resistance岸壁阻力Bank Resistance摩擦阻力Friction Force八画空化，空穴Cavitation空穴数Cavitation Number初生空穴数Incipient Cavitation Number空蚀Cavitation Damage非均匀流Non-uniform Flow急变流Rapidly Varied F1ow渐变流Gradually Varied F1ow非恒定流Unsteady Flow波动方程Wave Equation波速Velocity of Wave Propagation表现扩散系数Coefficient of Apparent Diffusion单位Unit工程单位制Unit System of Engineering国际单位制(SI) Systéme Internationale d’Unites单位换算Conversion of Units真值Real Value线变形Linear Deformation线变率Rate of Linear Deformation拐点Point of Inflexion驻点(滞止点) Stagnation Point定倾中心Metacenter拉格朗日法Lagrangian Method拉普拉斯方程Laplace Equation势流叠加原理Superposition Principle of Potential Flow泊肃叶流动Poiseuille Flow阿基米德原理Archimedes Principe环量Circulation质量力Mass Force闸下出流Outflow under Gates闸孔非恒定出流Unsteady Outflow of Sluice Gate 闸孔恒定出流Steady Outflow of Sluice Gate闸孔净宽Clear Span of The Gate between Piers 闸前水头Approach Head before Sluice闸墩收缩系数Coefficient of Pier Contraction降水曲线Falling Curve波长Wave Length波节Wave Node波压强Wave Pressure净波压强Net Wave Pressure波谷Wave Valley波周期Period of Wave波的反射Reflection波的传播Wave Propagation波的折射Inflection波的破碎Breaking of Wave波的绕射Diffraction波的爬高Wave Run-up波陡Wave Steepness波能Wave Energy波高Wave Height波速Wave Speed波浪中线Midwater Level of Wave波浪要素Wave Elements波峰Wave Grest波锋（波额、波前）Wave Front波群 Wave Group波群速 Wave Group Velocity波腹 Wave Loop表面张力波 Capillary Wave势波 Potential Wave势波的叠加 Superposition of Potential Wave孤立波 Solitary Wave岩石河床的抗冲系数 Anti-scour Coefficient of Rock Bed承压水 Confined Water定床 Fixed Bed定床水力学 Rigid Boundary Hydraulics泥沙的起动 Initiation of Motion of Sediment 侧收缩系数 Coefficient of Side Contraction 非均质土壤 Nonhomogeneous Soil非恒定流连续方程 Equation of Continuity for Unsteady Flow 非恒定急变流 Unsteady Rapidly Varied Flow非恒定渐变流 Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow非恒定渐变流动的运动方程 Dynamic Equation for Unsteady Gradually Varied Flow非粘性泥沙 Non—cohesive Sediment非饱和带 Unsaturated Zone饱和带 Saturated Zone明槽中的非恒定流动 Unsteady FIow in open Channels 明槽急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow in Open Channels 明槽恒定非均匀渐变流基本方程 The Basic Equation of Steady Gradually Varied Flow明槽掺气水流 Self—Aerated Open Channel Flow 底流型消能 Energy Dissipation by Hydraulic Jump面流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Surface Regime拉格朗日连续方程 Lagrangian Equation of Continuity拉格朗日运动方程 Lagrangian Equation of Motion拉普拉斯方程 Laplace Equation质量系数 Coefficient of Mass 变分原理 Variational Principle 底坡（槽底纵坡） Slope of Channel Bed 陡坡（急坡） Steep Slope临界坡 Critical Slope缓坡 Mild Slope九画相 Phase相对平衡 Relative Equilibrium相对粗糙度 Relative Roughness相似条件 Similarity Condition几何相似 Geometric Similarity动力相似Dynamic Similarity运动相似 Kinematic Similarity相似原理 Theory of Similarity相似准则 Similarity Criterion压力相似准则 Pressure Force Similarity Criterion表面张力相似准则 Surface Tension Similarity Criterion 重力相似准则 Gravity Force Similarity Criterion弹性力相似准则 E1asticity Force Similarity Criterion惯性力相似准则 Inertia Force Similarity Criterion粘滞力相似准则 Viscosity Force Similarity Criterion相似准数 Similarity Criterion Number氢气泡法 Hydrogen Bubble Technique总流 Total Flow指示部分 Indicating Component脉动 F1uctuation脉动值 Fluctuating Value转动 Rotation转捩点 Transition Point诱导流速 Induced Velocity柯西数 Cauchy Number柯西一黎曼条件 Cauchy-Riemann Conditions柯埃梯流动 Couette Flow测压管 Piezometer测针 Point Gauge虹吸管 Siphon Pipe欧拉方程 Euler Equation欧拉法 Eulerian Method欧拉积分 Euler Integral欧拉数 Euler Number恒定流 Steady Flow恒定势流的能量方程 Energy Equation of Steady Potential Flow重度(容重) Specific Weight复势 Complex Potential误差 Error系统误差 Systematic Error相对误差 Relative Error绝对误差 Absolute Error偶然误差 Random Error绝壁物体 Bluff Body重力水 Gravitational Water 贮水系数 Storage Coefficient 显式网格 Network for The Explicit Method 逆行沙浪 Anti—dunes(Moving Upstream) 顺行沙浪 Anti一dunes(Moving Downstream)费克定律Fick’s Law 相角 Phase挟沙水流 Sediment—1aden Flow挟沙能力 Carrying Capacity垂直收缩系数 Coefficient of Vertical Contraction急变流 Rapidly Varied Flow急变流的断面单位能量 Specific Energy of Rapidly Varied Flow急流 Supercritical Flow急流弯段水流 Supercritical Flow in Curved Channel恒定流 Steady Flow非恒定流 Unsteady F1ow恒定渗流 Steady Seepage Flow恒定降深 Constant Drawdown重度 Specific Weight临界水深 Critical Depth临界流 Critical Flow临界流速 Critical Velocity挑流的冲刷系数 Coefficient of Scour for Jet Erosion 挑流型消能 Energy Dissipation of Ski—jump Type by Trajectory Buckets挑流射程 Horizontal Distance of the Jet Trajectory建筑物出流的流速系数 Coefficient of Velocity for Discharge from OutletWorks齿槛 Dentated Sill十画浮力 Buoyant Force浮心 Centerof Buoyancy浮体 Floating Body钽丝水位计 Tantalum-wire Level Gauge调节器 Regulator调压井 Surge Chamber(Tank)紊动扩散 Turbulent Diffusion紊动扩散系数 Coefficient of Turbulent Diffusion紊流 Turbulent F1ow紊流光滑区 Hydraulically Smooth Region Of Turbulent Flow紊流过渡区 Transition Region of Turbulent Flow紊流粗糙区 Completely Rough Region of Turbulent Flow紊流扩散基本方程 Fundamental Equation of Turbulent Diffusion 紊流的半经验理论 Semi-empirical Theories of Turbulence紊流强度 Intensity of Turbulence流场 Flow Fie1d流网 Flow Net流动型态 Type of Flow流线 Streamline流线型体 Streamline Body流函数Stream Function流速分布的相似性 Similarity of Velocity Profiles流速仪 Current Meter热丝流速仪 Hot-wire Anemometer热膜流速仪 Hot-film Amemometer )旋浆流速仪 Rotor-type Current Meter激光测速仪 Laser-Doppler Anemometer流速场 Velocity Field流速势 Velocity Potential流速系数 Coefficient Of Velocity流量 Discharge(Rate of Flow)单宽流量 Discharge per Unit Width流量系数 Coefficient of Discharge流量模数 Modulus of Discharge流管 Stream Tube圆柱绕流 Flow Around a cylinder速度 Velocity相对速度 Relative Velocity绝对速度 Abso1ute Velocity牵连速度 Velocity of Following特征线法 Method of Characteristics原型 Prototype基准面 Datum Plane射流 Jets平面射流 P1ane Jets自由射流 Free Jets紊动射流 Tubulent Jets圆形断面射流（轴对称射流) Round Jets淹没射流 Submerged Jets射流的主体段 Fully Established Zone of Jet Flow射流的扩散角 Spread Angle of the Jet射流的初始段 Initial Zone of Flow EstabliShment of Jet射流源 Source of the Jet能量方程 Energy Equation能量损失厚度 Energy Thickness流量计 F1ow Meter电磁流量计 Magnetic F1ow—meter孔板流量计 Orif ice Meter浮子流量计 F1oat-type Current Meter涡轮流量计 Turbine F1ow—meter宾汉流体 Bingham F1uid流网 Flow Net流速系数 Coefficient of Velocity流速势 Velocity Potential流量系数 Coefficient of Discharge流量模数 Modulus of Discharge紊动附加应力(雷诺应力) Turbulence (Reynolds Stresses)起动流速 Critical Velocity特征线 Characteristic Line 顺特征方向 Forward(Positive)Characteristic Direction 逆特征方向 Backward(Negative) Characteristic Direction 特征线法 Method of characteristics消能池(消力池，静水池) stilling Basins消能戽(消力戽) Roller Buckets消能墩(消力墩) Baffle Piers 消能墙 Baffle Wall浸润线 Line of Seepage(Deppresion Line) 涡街 Vortex Street 泰斯方程Theis Equation破碎带 Zone of Wave Breaking海漫 Riprap十一画剪切流动 Shear F1ow剪切变形 Shear Strain曼宁公式 Manning Formula混合长度 Mixing Length混掺 Mixing淹没出流 Submerged Discharge液体的平衡微分方程 Differential Equation of Liquid Equilibium液体振荡 Oscillation of Liquid密度 Density偶极 Doublet惯性 Inertia惯性力 Incrtia Force弹性 E1asticity弹性波 E1astic Wave断面平均流速 Mean Velocity粘性底层 Viscous Sublayer粘性底层的名义厚度 Nominal Thickness of the Viscous Sublayer粘滞性 Viscosity粘滞系数 Coefficient of Viscosity运动粘滞系数 (运动粘度) Coefficient of Kinematic Viscosity动力粘滞系数 Coefficient of Dynamic Viscosity旋涡 Vortex组合涡 Combined Vortex线涡 Line Vortex势涡 Potential Vortex强迫旋涡 Forced Vortex自由旋涡 Free Vortex移流分散系数 Coefficient of Convective Dispersion理想液体 Ideal Liquid粗糙 Roughness粗糙度 Roughness粗糙系数(糙率) Coefficient of Roughness粗糙雷诺数 Reyno1ds Number of Roughness粗糙壁面 Rough Wall掺气浓度(含气比) Air Concentration 曼宁公式 Manning Formula隐式网络 Network for the Implicit Method 混合长度 Mixing Length跃后段长度 Length of the Region for TurbulenceDissipation behind a Hydraulic Jump 偏折水流(折冲水流) Deflected Stream淹没出流 Submerged OutfIow淹没系数 Coefficient of Submergence淹没条件 Submerged Condition辅助消能工 Stilling- basin Appurtenance 粘性底层 Viscous Sublayer粘性泥沙 Cohesive Sediment弹性贮存 E1astic Storage惯性力 Inertial Force控制断面 Control Section控制水深 Control Depth涵洞过流 Flow Through Culvert 明流(无压流动) Open Flow半满流(半有压流) Partly Full Flow 满流(有压流) Full F1ow自由进流 Free Inflow淹没进流 Submerged Inflow断面环流 Secondary Flow in the Plane of Cross Section 断面突变的明流 Flow Through Sudden Transition淤积 Deposition渗流 Seepage Flow(Filtration) 急变渗流 Rapidly Varied Seepage Flow渐变渗流 Gradually Varied Seepage Flow非均匀渗流 Nonuniform Seepage Flow非位定渗流 Unsteady Seepage Flow河渠渗流 Seepage from Channel and Canal渗流的运动方程 Equation of Motion of Seepage Flow 渗流的连续方程 Equation of Continuity of Seepage Flow 渗流压力 Seepage Pressure渗透系数 Coefficient of Permeability渗透流速 Seepage Velocity推移力 Tractive Force 临界推移力 Critical Tractive Force 推移质 Bed Load推移质运动强度 Intensity of Transport 悬移质 Suspended Load粗糙系数 Coefficient of Roughness 天然河道的粗糙系数 Coefficient of Roughness of Natural River 综合粗糙系数 Coefficient of Composite Roughness十二画谢才公式 Chézy Formula谢才系数 Chézy Coefficient量水堰 Weir量水槽 Flow-measurring F1ume量纲 Dimension基本量纲 Fundamental Dimension诱导量纲 Derived Dimension量纲分析 Dimensional Analysis量纲和谐原理 Theory of Dimensional Homogeneity等压面 Equipressure Surface等势线 Equipotential Lines湿周 Wetted Perimeter涡线 Vortex Line涡环 Vortex Ring涡通量 Vortex Flux涡街 Vortex Street涡粘性系数 Coefficient of Eddy Viscosity涡量(旋度) Vorticity涡管 Vortex Tube斯特罗哈数 Stroulhal Number普朗特数 Prandtl Number散度 Divergence谢才公式 Chezy Formula谢才系数 Chezy Coefficient跃水消能池 Drop-structure Stilling Basins 溃坝波 Dam—break Wave蛙步法 Leap Frog Scheme趋近流速 Approach Velocity趋近流速水头 Approach Velocity Head缓流 Subcritical Flow缓流弯段水流 Subcritical Flow in Curved Channel 期特利克勒公式 Strickler Formula插值函数 Interpolation Function距离步长 Distance Interval短管出流 Efflex from short Tube短波 Short Wave十三画源 Source雷诺应力 Reyno1ds Stress雷诺数 Reyno1ds Number临界雷诺数 Critical Reyno1ds Number雷诺相似准则 Reyno1ds Similarity Criterion雷列法Rayleigh’s Method迹线 Path Line跟踪水位计 Tracking—type Level Gauge堰Weir 三角形薄壁堰 Triangu1ar Sharp-crested Weir薄壁堰 Sharp crested weir 低溢流堰 Low Spillway驼峰堰Camel’s Hump Weir矩形薄壁堰 Rectangular Sharp—crested Weir 梯形剖面堰 Trapezoidal Profile Weir 高溢流堰 High Spillway 宽项堰 Broad-crested WeirWES标准剖面堰 WES—Standard Spillway Shapes堰上水头 Head on Crest堰上总水头 Total Head on Crest堰顶溢流 Overflow Weir堰高 Weir Height裘布衣公式 Dupit Formula输沙率 Transport Rate 微波 Small Amplitude Wave 棱柱形槽 Prismatic Channel 非棱柱形槽 Non—Prismatic 溢流水舌 Overflow Nappe 自由溢流 Free Overflow淹没溢流 Submerged Overflow奥基剖面 Ogee Profile十四画管网 Pipe Network分枝管网 Branthing Pipes环状管网 Looping Pipes管流Pipe Flow长管 Long Pipe并联管道 Pipes in Parallel串联管道 Pipes in Series沿程均匀泄流 Pipe with Uniform管道 Discharge along the Line短管 Short Tube静水压强 Hydrostatic Pressure Intensity静止液体基本方程 Basic Equation of Hydrostatics静态特性 Static Characteristics蒸汽压强 Vapor Pressure精度 Precision稳定性 Stability数据处理 Data Processing颗粒直径(粒径) Grain Diameter 中值粒径Median Diameter 平均粒径 Mean Diameter 沉降粒径 Sedimentation Diameter 筛孔粒径 Sieve Diameter 等容粒径 Nominal Diameter 管咀出流 Nozzle Effex十五画潜体 Submerged Body模型 Model模型比尺 Model Scale长度比尺 Length Scale加速度比尺 Acceleration Scale时间比尺 Time Scale作用力比尺 Force Scale速度比尺 Velocity Sca1e流量比尺 Discharge Scale模型试验 Model Experiment壅水曲线 Backwater Curve(Rising Curve) 横向水面超高 Superelevation影响半径 Radius of Influence十六画薄膜水 Pellicular Water 薄壁小孔口 Sharp Edged Orifice十七画瞬时扩散源 Source of Instantaneous Diffition瞬时流速 Instantaneous Velocity瞬时值 Instantaneous Value翼型 Airfoil螺旋流 Spiral Flow十八画瞬态法 The Method of Finite Increments 二十画蠕动Creep Motion附录二水力学名人简介三画～四画文透里(文丘里) Abbe Giovansi Battista Venturi，1746～1822,意大利工程师、物理学家韦伯 Moritz Weber 1871～1951德国造船技师，船舶力学(Naval mecha-nics)教授切尔托乌索夫М.л.Чертоусов1892～1960苏联技术科学博士，水力学家戈达 Y．Goda厄塞尔 F．Ursell厄里瓦托斯基 E．A．Elevatorski牛顿 (Sir)Isaac Newton 1642～1727，英国数学家，物理学家，剑桥大学教授乌根秋斯А．А．Угинчус(1899～1972)苏联水力学家巴斯加(帕斯卡) Blaise Pascal l623～1662，法国数学家，物理学家，哲学家巴赞(巴青) Henri Emile Bazin 1829～1917，法国工程师巴甫洛夫斯基 HикодайНиколаевичПавдовский1884～1937,苏联科学院院士，水力学及流体力学家巴克米特夫 Boris Alexandrovitch Bakhmeteff l880～1952 俄国教授，水力学家，哥伦比亚大学教授五画～六画兰姆 Sir Horace Lamb 1849～1934，英国应用数学家，地球物理学家艾黎 Sir George Biddle Airy l801—1892，潮汐与波浪力学专家艾斯考弗 Francis F．Escoffier布拉休斯 Paul Richard Heinrich Blasius 1883～1970,德国工程师，水力学家布辛涅斯克 Joseph Valentin Boussinesq l842—1929，法国数学家，力学家及理论物理学家卡曼 Theodore von Kármán 1881～1963匈牙利工程师，德国教授，空气动力学家，美国工程师，水动力学及紊流力学专家白金汉 Edgar Buckingham 1867～1940，美国物理学家丘加耶夫 P．P．Чугаев l904—1981，苏联水力学家尼古拉兹 Johann Nikuradse 1894～，德国工程师圣·维南 Jean-Claude Barré de Saint-Venant l797～1866，法国工程师，水力学及弹性力学专家圣福鲁 G．Sainflou佛汝德 William Froude 1810～1879，英国工程师(造船技师)弗朗西斯 James Bicheno Francis l815—1892，美国工程师司处利克勒 A.Strickler汤姆逊 Professor James Thomson 英国水力学家齐恩 A．K．Jain印度流体力学家达·芬奇 Leonarde da Vinci l452—1519，意大利美术家，科学家及工程师达兰贝尔 Jean le Rond d´Alembert 1717～1783，法国数学家，哲学家达西 Henry Philibert Gaspard Darcy 1803～1858，法国工程师毕托 Menri d Pitot l695～1771，法国工程师，发明家刚吉勒 Emile Oscar Ganguillet 1818—1894, 瑞士工程师伊本 Arthur Thomas Ippen l907—1974，双亲是德国人，生于伦敦，受教育于Aachen(德国)，1932到美国Iowa市，水力学家伊兹巴什C．B．Избаш七画沙特克维奇A．A．Саткевич沙乌缅·B．A．Шаумян1908～1964沙玉清1907．4～1966．10；泥沙专家沙莫夫Г．И．Кузьмин沈学文Hsien Wen Shen 1931～美籍华人，泥沙专家库特Wilhelm Rudolph Kutter 1818～1888，瑞士工程师库兹明И．A．Кузьмин杜比Arsene Jumes Emile Juvenal Dupuit 1804～1866 法国工程师，水力学家及经济学家坎莱根Garbis Hovannes Keulegan 1890～，美泥沙专家克兰(恩) Stephen Jay Kline 1922～，美流体力学家克里格William P．Creager 美垦务局工程师克希荷夫Gustav Robert Kirchhoff 1824～1887，德国物理学家别兰格Jean-Baptiste-Charles Belanger or J．B．Belanger 1790(或1789)～1874 法国水力学家别列津斯基A．P．Верзинекий伯诺里Daniel Bernoulli 1700～1782，瑞士物理学家，数学家伽利略Galileo Galilei 1564～1642，意大利物理学家及天文学家希尔兹Albert Frank Shields 1908～1974，原为俄亥俄(美国)人，1933年作为交换学者到柏林，研究推移质运动阿基米德Archimedes 287～212 B．C., 希腊哲学家，物理学家阿格罗斯金И．И．Ароскин1900～1968，苏联水力学家，技术科学博士阿列维Lorenzo Allievi 1856～1941(或1942)，意大利水力学家阿勉Michael Amein纳维埃Louis Marie Henri Navier 1785～1836, 法国工程师纳格勒Floyd August Nagler 1892～1933，美国水力学家八画波达波夫M．B．Потапов1887～1949，苏联河流动力学及迳流调节专家泊肖(或瑟)叶Jean Louis Poiseuille 1799—1869，法国物理学家拉格朗日Joseph Louis Lagrange 1736～1813，法国数学家及天文学家拉普拉斯Pierre Simon Laplace or Marquis de Laplace l749—1827 法国数学家及天文学家拉克斯P．D．Lax拉哈曼诺夫К．И．Рахманов1900～范诺尼Vito August Vanoni 1904～，美国泥沙专家欧拉Leonhard Euler 1707～1783，瑞士数学家及物理学家欧姆Georg Simon Ohm 1787～1854，德国物理学家英格隆F．Engelund罗辛斯基К．И．Россинский金Horace Williams King (or Horace King) 1874～1951, 美国水力学家，工程师九画茹可夫斯基НиколайЕгоривичЖуковский1847～1921,苏联水力学家、流体力学家胡克Robert Hook 1635～1703，英国实验主义哲学家、物理学家柯朗Richard Courant 1888～1972，美国数学家，Gottingen教授，1934年到美国，New York大学教授柯西Baron Augustin Louis de Cauchy 1789～1857，法国数学家柯瓦兹勒L．S．G．Kovasznay柯列布鲁克C．F．Colebrook哈密顿William Rowan Hamilton 1805～1865，英数学家，物理学家哈根Gotthilf Heinrich Ludwig Hagen，德国水利工程师费克A．Fick十画～十一画高斯Karl Friedrich Gauss 1777～1855，法国数学家，物理学家及天文学家宾汉(宾厄姆) Eugene Cook Bingham 1878—1945，美国化学家，流变学(Rhelogy)的奠基人唐存本泰勒Brook Taylor 1685～1731，英国数学家栗原道德钱宁1922—1986，泥沙专家，教授爱因斯坦Hans Albert Einstein 1904～1973，河流动力学及泥沙专家爱格利Hegly梅叶—彼特Euegène Meyer-Peter 1883～，瑞士泥沙专家曼宁Robert Manning 1816～1897，爱尔兰工程师维杰尔尼可夫B．B．Ведерников1904～1980，苏联水力学家。
(完整版)流体力学常用名词中英文对照
wave speed, wave velocity
涡粘性eddy viscosity环流circulation环量circulation速度环量velocity circulation偶极子doublet, dipole驻点stagnation point总压[力]total pressure总压头total head静压头static head总焓total enthalpy能量输运energy transport速度剖面velocity profile库埃特流Couette flow单相流single phase flow单组份流single-component flow均匀流uniform flow非均匀流nonuniform flow二维流two-dimensional flow三维流three-dimensional flow准定常流quasi-steady flow
浮体floating body定倾中心metacenter阻力drag, resistance减阻drag reduction表面力surface force表面张力surface tension毛细[管]作用capillarity来流incoming flow自由流free stream
自由流线free stream line
普朗特-迈耶流Prandtl-Meyer flow瑞利流Rayleigh flow可压缩流[动]compressible flow可压缩流体compressible fluid绝热流adiabatic flow非绝热流diabatic flow未扰动流undisturbed flow等熵流isentropic flow匀熵流homoentropic flow
河流水力学中的水流动力学与水动力学模型
河流水力学中的水流动力学与水动力学模型河流水力学是研究河流中水的运动、变化和影响的学科。
水流动力学（Hydrodynamics）和水动力学 (Hydraulics) 是河流水力学中的两个重要分支。
水流动力学主要研究液体无限接近于静止状态而而不是由于静水压力而流动时的力学性质和变化规律。
它包括流体静力学、流体动力学和流体水动力学等内容。
水动力学附着于水文学的领域中，探讨流量与河床之间的互动问题，是应用力学在水文学的一个分支。
在水流动力学的研究中，常用雷诺数来描述流体的流动状态。
雷诺数（Re）是流场中惯性力与粘性力的比值，即Re=惯性力/粘性力，通俗点说，就是比较“快”和比较“慢”两种液体在运动时，惯性力和摩擦力占的比例。
雷诺数越大，惯性力越强，粘性力越弱，流体的速度分布、流线轮廓会发生很大的变化，出现旋力、涡旋、湍流等等。
水流动力学通常研究的对象是静止水体中的水流，比如飞机飞过湖面，水面随之波动形成涟漪、浪花、气泡等图案。
水流动力学的研究不仅和地球上的河流、湖泊、海洋等水域有关，同样应用在航空飞行、化工加工、水电利用、环境污染、生态保护等领域。
而水动力学则是将力学原理用于研究水在管道、水库、持滞池、水闸等设施中的流动规律和相应的物理量时进行研究。
水力学主要通过建立水动力学模型来进行研究，大多数研究通过物理实验来模拟实际情况，得到相关数据进行计算分析。
这些实验中一般会建立两种模型，即放大模型和原型模型。
放大模型将大型水力结构物缩小成比例减小的模型进行配制，以模拟实际工程中的设计。
原型模型则是尽可能地模拟实际情况所建立的模型，往往使用原材料制成，并实际测量水流运动的各种参数。
这种方法一般用于大型水利工程的实验验证，如水坝、堤防等大型设施。
通过对这些模型的实验数据进行计算处理，水动力学研究人员可以对水流动的各项参数进行分析，包括速度、流量、压力、粘度等。
水流动力学和水动力学模型的运用带来了很多好处。
比如，在水力学建模中，通常需要加入其他一些因素，比如气候和水文变化。
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Fundamental Glossary in Hydraulics 水力学及河流动力学词汇Hydrostatics水静力学Hydrodynamics水动力学Physical properties of water水的物理性质Density密度specific gravity比重Kinematic viscosity 运动粘性absolute viscosity 动力粘性Elastic modulus 弹性模量surface tension 表面张力Temperature 温度isotropic (y) 各向同性Anisotropic (y) 各向异性uniform (ity) 均匀(性) Heterogeneous (ity)不均匀(性) Main force 主要作用力Gravity 重力inertia force 惯性力pressure 压力(强)drag 阻力Mass force 质量力surface force 表面力Constitutive relationship 本构关系Stress 应力strain 应变deformation 变形displacement 位移normal 法向tangent 切向shear 剪力acceleration 加速度Angular deformation 角变形Local acceleration 当地加速度convective acceleration 迁移加速度compressibility 压缩性continuity连续性Scalar 纯量vector 矢量tensor 张量magnitude 模(大小) direction 方向Divergence 散度curl 旋度gradient 梯度Source 源sink 汇Frequency 频率amplitude 振幅phase 相位resonance共振Mass conservation 质量守恒momentum conservation动量守恒energy conservation 能量守恒Initial condition 初始条件boundary condition边界条件Ordinal differential equation 常微分方程partial differential equation 偏微分方程Convection, advection 对流diffusion 扩散dispersion 弥散decay 衰减degradation降解Flow pattern流态flow type 流型Laminar flow 层流turbulent flow 紊流Supercritical flow 急流subcritical flow 缓流critical flow临界流Rapidly varied flow急变流gradually varied flow渐变流Uniform flow 均匀流non-uniform flow 非均匀流Mainstream flow 主流wake flow 尾流Steady flow 恒定流unsteady flow 非恒定流One-dimensional flow 一维流two-dimensional flow二维流three-dimensional flow 三维流Single-phase flow 单相流double-phase flow 两相流multi-phase flow 多相流Irrotational flow 无旋流potential flow 势流rotational flow 有旋流Open channel flow 明渠流free surface flow 自由表面流(明渠流)Pipe flow 管流pressure flow 有压流Jet 射流plume 卷流(羽流)cross flow 横流Stagnation point驻点separation point分离点Coherent structure相干结构bursting猝发turbulent intensity紊动强度Boundary layer 边界层viscous sub-layer粘性底层displacement thickness排挤厚度mixing length混掺长度Flow field, current field 流场flow net 流网Submerged discharge 淹没出流un submerged discharge非淹没出流Renolds number雷诺数Froude number 佛汝德数Prandtl number普朗特数Courant number柯朗数Peclet 彼克雷特数dimensionless number无量纲数Streamline 流线path line迹线V ortex line 涡线vortex ring 涡环vortex street涡街Flux 通量circulation 环量vorticity 涡度Water level , water stage 水位discharge ,flow-rate , flow 流量Water depth 水深velocity 流速Roughness 糙率water surface profile 水面线bed slope 底坡Velocity fluctuation 脉动流速pressure fluctuation 脉动压强Instantaneous velocity瞬时流速mean velocity 平均流速time-averaged velocity时均流速Depth-averaged velocity 水深平均流速velocity gradient 流速梯度pressure gradient压强梯度Cross-section of flow , wet cro ss section 过水断面Wetted perimeter 湿周hydraulic radius水力半径Hydraulic head 水头Elevation head 位置水头piezometric head测压管水头velocity head 流速水头Head loss水头损失frictional loss 沿程损失local head loss局部损失Entrance head loss进口水头损失exit head loss 出口水头损失bend head loss弯头水头损失Abrupt expansion head loss 突扩损失contraction head loss收缩损失Transition head loss渐变段损失Hydraulic jump 水跃hydraulic drop跌水conjugate depth共轭水深Weir堰Sharp-crested weir 尖顶堰broad-crested weir 宽顶堰practical weir实用堰Orifice 孔口nozzle管嘴Dam 坝sluice 水闸spillway溢洪道Tunnel 隧洞penstock 压力水管culvert涵洞Aqueduct 渡槽siphon pipe虹吸管Energy dissipation device消能工Stilling basin 消力池roller bucket 消力戽Baffle pier 消力墩plunge pool 跌水池Energy dissipation by hydraulic jump底流消能Energy dissipation by surface regime面流消能Ski-jump energy dissipation 挑流消能Nappe 水舌vena-contracta收缩断面Cavitation 空化cavitation damage 空蚀Aeration 掺气Water wave 水波water hammer水锤Hydraulic and river dynamics 水力学及河流动力学Sediment 泥沙bed load 床沙suspension load 悬沙wash load 冲泻质Incipient velocity起动流速settling velocity沉速Fluvial process河床演变deposition淤积scour冲刷erosion侵蚀Grounder water地下水seepage渗透permeability 渗透性Similarity[simi’læriti]theory 相似理论Hydraulic modeling水力模拟Physical modeling 物理模拟Undistorted model正态模型distorted model变态模型Similitude 相似准则similarity 相似性full scale 足尺reduced scale缩尺Fluid measurement 流动量测flow visualization 流动可视化Transducer，sensor 传感器probe探头scale 比尺flume 水槽Numerical modeling数值模拟Finite element 有限元finite difference有限差finite volume 有限体积boundary element边界元Characteristics 特征线Scheme 方法(格式)algorithm 算法turbulence model 紊流模型Large-eddy simulation 大涡模拟Grid 网格node结点time step时间步长nodal spacing 结点间距Coefficient系数parameter参数Explicit 显式implicit隐式stability 稳定性convergence收敛性robustness（坚固性）健壮性sensitivity 敏感性accuracy 精度Error误差calibration 率定verification 验证application 应用prediction 预测reproduction复演Estuary hydraulics 河口动力学Coastal hydraulics 海岸动力学Open channel hydraulics明渠水力学Wave hydrodynamics 水波动力学Groundwater Hydraulics地下水水力学regular wave 规则波irregular wave 不规则波Tide潮汐spring tide大潮neap tide小潮diurnal tide全日潮semi-diurnal tide半日潮Computational Hydraulics计算水力学Environmental Hydraulics环境水力学Eco-hydraulics 生态水力学Hydro-informatics 水利信息学Dissolved oxygen (DO) 溶解氧chemical oxygen demand(COD)化学需氧量Biochemical oxygen demand(B OD) 生化需氧量Dilution 稀释度Pollutant 污染物constituent 组分eutrophication 富营养化Hydrology水文学Flood洪水flood routing调洪演算flood peak flow洪峰流量Runoff径流precipitation降水evaporation蒸发evapotranspiration 腾发, 蒸散发。