第2章 国际法的渊源和编纂

第二章国际法的渊源和编纂
第一节国际法的渊源
渊源的含义
A.国际法渊源是指国际法作为有效法律规范所由形成的方式。

B.国际法渊源是指国际法规范第一次出现的地方
严格意义上的法律渊源
1.国际条约
公约：covenant/convention
协议：agreement/treaties/statute
建议书：protocol
条约是国际法主体间就权利义务关系缔结的一种书面协议
两种:一般General conventions ＆特别Particular conventions
（普通,几乎所有国家）(少数国家)
↓↓
造法性条约契约性条约
Law-making treaties Treaty contracts
(normative treaties)
作为一般国际法渊源的条约只能是普遍性的造法条约：维也纳《外交关系公约》芝加哥《国际民用航空公约》
即使是大多数国家参加的造法性条约，通常也只约束其缔约国，而对非缔约国无效.
由少数国家参加的契约性条约，不能直接成为一般国际法的渊源
2.国际习惯
是各国在其实践中形成的一种有法律约束力的行为规则
Custom in international law is a practice followed by those involved because they feel legally obliged to behave in such a way.
To establish a rule of customary international law, it is necessary to demonstrate both a material element and a psychological element.
物质因素Material element
1.时间上较长的延续性Duration
A.公海自由Freedom of sea;
B.北海大陆架Continental shelf (North
C.国际海底International seabed
2.Consistency (continuity) and repetition
e.g. 庇护权案Asylum case ( Columbia vs. Peru 195)
a customary rule must be “in accordance with a constant and uniform usage practised by the States in question”
But in Nicaragua vs. US (1984)
3.普遍性Generality
A. Major powers 国际政治对国际法的影响
B. Relative importance of particular states during formation of a customary rule
如领海国家荷兰西班牙葡萄牙
心里因素Psychological element
法律确信opinio juris
The general practice must be one accepted as law and international tribunals will be require some evidence of opinio juris together with the proof of State practice.
※Customary law and treaty law have equal authority although, if there is a conflict between the two, it is the treaty which prevails. Treaties should be interpreted to avoid such conflicts wherever possible.
广泛意义上的国际法渊源
1.The general principles of law
2.Judicial decisions and the teachings学说
3.Resolutions of int’l organizations (esp. UN)
1.The general principles of law
to principles of
where treaties or use of principles of equity and has stated them to be an integral part of international law.
e.g.
Principle of estoppels ;
good faith
Equity
2.Judicial decisions and the teachings
Although there is no stare decisis in international law, the ICJ does make use of its own earlier decisions and has also referred to decisions of higher municipal courts.
Less express use has been made of publicists国际法学家, although States themselves will often make considerable use of them when arguing a particular position.
3.Resolutions of int’l organizations(esp. U.N.): soft law重要国际组织的决议Three categories of UN resolutions:
1.Decisions
2.Resolutions
3.declarations
Soft law ??
It refers to the international instruments which, while not binding on States in the manner of treaty provisions, nonetheless constitute normative claims and provide standards or aspirations of behavior.
第二节国际法的编纂
国际法编纂codification，一般是把国际法或国际法某一部门的规则（包括国际习惯和条约的规则），以类似法典的形式，更精确、系统地制定出来
History of codification
Bentham: in 18th century
Institut de Droit International and International Law Association: from 1873
Hague Peace Conference: in 1899 and 1907
The International League: in 1930
the UN: from 1947
Other international organizations: ICRC
联合国国际法委员会及其编纂活动
（一）国际法委员会的组成及职能
联合国国际法委员会，最初由15名委员组成，至1981年增加到34名，背景各异
由联合国各会员国政府提名，经联合国大会选举
职能：
1.国际法的逐渐发展encouraging the progressive development of int’l law
2.国际法的编纂codification
（二）国际法委员会的编纂程序及成就
Procedure
1.The国际法委员会ILC initiates the draft articles.
2.They are sent for comment.
3. A conference may then be convened, at which the articles are discussed.
4.After several discussion a finished convention may be produced, which can be opened for
signature.
并不是所有联合国主持的公约都是国际法委员会拟定的，联合国其他机构或会议。