商务合同英语的词汇特征
目的论视角下商务英语翻译特点及准则探究
目的论视角下商务英语翻译特点及准则探究摘要:本文从语言、词汇、文本三方面总结商务英语的特点,并从目的论的角度探究商务翻译的规范和标准,提出商务翻译中应遵循目的准则、连贯准则和忠诚准则,对商务英语翻译、发展及跨文化交流活动具有借鉴意义。
关键词:商务英语翻译;目的论;翻译准则自2001年中国加入世界贸易组织以来,经济飞速发展,国际贸易应运而生,同时对商务领域翻译的需求也大幅提高。
较日常英语而言,商务英语更加正式,通常涵盖广泛的领域,且须遵循特定规范。
商务领域翻译人员除应基本双语知识外,还应掌握金融、商业和电子商务等不同行业的相关知识。
一、商务英语翻译特点1.语言特征首先,商务英语专业性很强,术语种类繁多。
在商务翻译中,专有名词的翻译是一大难点,包括人名、组织名称、职务和职位、品牌和各行术语。
例如,在新闻报道中,人名、地名翻译不统一,另外一个单词可能对应多种翻译。
在这种情况下,读者很难将这些词语联系起来。
很多时候,即使认识句子的每个单词,也无法理解其表达的含义。
因此,优秀商务翻译者不仅应精通双语,还应掌握商务领域的背景知识,才能真正理解文本,避免误导目标客户。
其次,商务英语通常更加正式,常使用非谓语动词与固定短语句型。
考虑到商务场合的严肃性,译者会将口语化的表达“你、我”转换为“我方,贵方”,表明了商务交流的正式,同时以示尊重。
此外,商务翻译中还需注意礼节。
如中文中“承蒙”等可表示谦虚。
第三,商务英语要求极高的准确性,这是由于商务会谈通常涉及金钱利益。
如当源文本涉及保险领域,译者须准确翻译承保险种及保险金额。
若源文本涉及运输合同,则必须注意运输方式、提货单和付款方式。
在商务翻译中,哪怕微小的错误都可能使客户蒙受巨大损失。
2.词汇特征首先,商务英语中有很多衍生词。
为了适应当前世界变化,商业领域的术语表不断更新。
例如,近年来,“反全球化、电子商务、比特币”和“ p2p”等纷纷走进我们的视野,这些词语均带着鲜明的时代特征。
从语域理论看商务合同的翻译
(1) 使用专业术语
例:Thirty percent of the total contract value, accounting for US$ 30642 ( SAY TH IRTY THOUSAND SIX HUNDRED FORTY TWO ONLY) will be paid by license to licensor. 译:合同总价30% ,计30642美元(大写:三万 零陆佰肆拾贰元) ,
5)名词重复率高, 代词使用率低
The Buyer has the right to lodge a claim against the Sellerand all t he expenses incur red therefrom shall be borne by the Seller.
6) 情态动词
概念功能(Ideational Function)
是用语言来谈论我们对世界包括自然世界 和内心世界的经历、看法和世界上所发生 的事情。 包括有及物性(Transitivity)分析, 作 格(Ergativity)分析、语态(Voice)分 析。
人际功能(Interpersonal Function)
(4)用词严密准确
例:The goods shall be shipped per M. V. “Dong Feng”on November 10 and are due to arrive at London in 40 days. (M. V.=motor vessel) 译:该货轮11月10 日由“东风”轮运出, 40天后 抵达伦敦。 “in”不能改译成“after”,因为商务合同中“多少 天之后”的时间往往是指“多少天之后”的确切 的一天,所以必须用介词“in”,而不能用“after”,因 为after指的是“多少天之后”的不确切的任何一 天。
国际货物买卖合同英文词汇特征分析
国际货物买卖合同英文词汇特征分析全文共10篇示例,供读者参考篇1Hey guys! Today I'm gonna talk to you about the characteristics of an international sale contract. It's kinda like when you buy something from another country and you need a special contract for it.First off, an international sale contract is like a super important paper that says what you're buying, when you're buying it, and how much you're gonna pay for it. It also has details about where the stuff is gonna be delivered and when it's gonna be delivered.One cool thing about international sale contracts is that you can change them to fit what you need. You can write down stuff like who's gonna pay for shipping or what happens if the stuff gets lost on the way. It's like making your own rules for buying stuff!Another thing about international sale contracts is that they usually have some special words that you might not know. Like "FOB" means who's gonna be in charge of the stuff until it getsto you. There's also stuff about insurance and what to do if the stuff isn't what you expected.So yeah, that's the basics of an international sale contract. It's like a special paper that helps make sure everything goes smoothly when you're buying stuff from another country. Pretty cool, right?篇2International goods trading contract is a very important document when we buy or sell things to other countries. It helps us to make sure everything goes smoothly and there are no misunderstandings.Firstly, this contract usually includes the names and addresses of the buyer and the seller. This is important because it helps us to know who we are dealing with and where they are located.Secondly, the contract will also state the details of the goods being bought or sold. This includes things like the quantity, quality, and price of the goods. This is important because we need to know exactly what we are getting and how much it will cost.Thirdly, the contract will also outline the terms of payment and delivery. This is important because we need to know how and when we will pay for the goods, as well as how and when they will be delivered to us.Lastly, the contract will also include any other important terms and conditions that both parties need to agree on. This is important because it helps to protect both the buyer and the seller and ensures that everything is fair and clear.In conclusion, the international goods trading contract is a very important document when buying or selling goods across countries. It helps to ensure that everything goes smoothly and that both parties are protected.篇3Hello everyone, today I'm going to talk about the features of an international sales contract.An international sales contract is like a super important agreement between two companies in different countries. It's like when you trade your toys with your friend, but on a bigger scale. In the contract, you write down all the details about what you're buying, how much it costs, and when it will be delivered.One cool feature of an international sales contract is the description of the goods. You have to be very specific about what you are buying. Just like when you trade your favorite action figure with your friend, you need to know exactly which action figure you are getting.Another important feature is the price and payment terms. You have to agree on how much money you will pay for the goods and when you will pay it. It's like making a deal with your friend to buy a new video game and deciding how much allowance money you will give them each week.Delivery terms are also super important. You need to know when and where the goods will be delivered. It's like agreeing on a time and place to meet your friend to trade toys.And last but not least, the contract should include terms about inspection and acceptance of the goods. This means that you have the right to check the goods and make sure they are what you ordered before accepting them. It's like making sure your friend's toy is in good condition before you trade with them.So there you have it, the features of an international sales contract explained in a fun and easy way. Remember, it's all about making sure both parties are happy with the deal!篇4Hey guys! Today I'm going to talk about the features of an international sales contract in English. It's super important to know these things if you're buying or selling goods to people in other countries. So let's get started!First off, an international sales contract is a legal agreement between a buyer and a seller from different countries. It's like a promise that both parties will do what they say they're going to do. This includes things like what goods are being sold, the price, delivery terms, and payment terms.One key feature of an international sales contract is the description of the goods being sold. This should be really clear and detailed so there's no confusion about what's being bought and sold. It should include things like the quantity, quality, and specifications of the goods.Another important feature is the price of the goods. The contract should include the agreed upon price and any potential fluctuations or changes in price. This helps to avoid any surprises or misunderstandings later on.Delivery terms are also a key feature of an international sales contract. This includes things like when and where the goods willbe delivered, who is responsible for shipping costs, and who is responsible if the goods are damaged during transit.Payment terms are super important too. This includes details about how and when payment will be made, whether it's through a letter of credit, bank transfer, or some other method. It's important to be clear about this so there are no issues with payment later on.So there you have it, guys! Those are some of the key features of an international sales contract in English. It's really important to understand these things when buying or selling goods internationally. Thanks for listening!篇5Title: International Purchase and Sale Contract Analysis in Simple TermsHey guys, today we’re gonna talk about a super important thing called an international purchase and sale contract. Sounds fancy, right? But don’t worry, I’ll break it down for you in simple terms.First of all, what is an international purchase and sale contract? It’s basically a fancy way of saying an agreementbetween two parties (buyers and sellers) from different countries to buy and sell goods. It’s like when you buy stuff online, bu t on a bigger scale.Now, let’s look at some key features of an international purchase and sale contract:1. Parties Involved: This is just a fancy way of saying who’s buying and who’s selling. The contract will have the names and addresses of both the buyer and the seller.2. Description of Goods: This is a list of all the stuff being bought and sold. It includes things like quantity, quality, price, and delivery dates. Just like when you make a list for your birthday party.3. Price and Payment Terms: This is where you talk about how much the goods cost and how you’re gonna pay for them. It could be in cash, by bank transfer, or even by credit card.4. Delivery Terms: This is all about how the goods will be delivered from the seller to the buyer. It includes things like who pays for shipping, how long it takes, and where the goods will be delivered to.5. Inspection and Acceptance: This is where you check to make sure the goods are in good condition and meet therequirements. Just like when you check your homework before you turn it in.Overall, an international purchase and sale contract is just a way to make sure that both parties understand the terms of the deal and are protected in case anything goes wrong. So next time you buy something from another country, remember to have a contract in place!篇6Hey guys! Today, let’s talk about the International Sales Contract in a super fun and easy way!First off, what is an International Sales Contract? It’s basically a fancy agreement between two parties who are buying and selling goods from different countries. Cool, right?Now, let’s break it down into some key features:1. Parties Involved: This part is super important! You gotta make sure to include the names and addresses of both the buyer and the seller. This way, everyone knows who’s who in the contract.2. Description of Goods: Next up, you gotta describe the goods being bought and sold. Make sure to include stuff likequantity, quality, and any specific details about the goods. This way, there’s no confusion about what’s being traded.3. Price and Payment Terms: This part is all about the moolah! You gotta clearly state the price of the goods and how and when the payment will be made. It’s like making sure everyone’s on the same page about the cash flow.4. Delivery Terms: Now, we’re talking about how the goods will be delivered. Will they be shipped, picked up, or flown in on a magic carpet? Just kidding about the magic carpet part, but you get the idea!5. Risk and Insurance: This part is all about who’s gonna be responsible if something goes wrong during the delivery process. It’s like a safety net to make sure everyone’s covered in case of any accidents.6. Governing Law: Last but not least, you gotta mention which country’s laws will govern the contract. This way, everyone knows the rules of the game and plays fair.So, there you have it – the key features of an International Sales Contract in a nutshell! Remember, it’s all about making sure everyone plays nice and fair in the world of buying andselling goods across borders. Have fun learning about contracts, guys!篇7International goods trading contract is a very important thing when you buy or sell stuff from other countries. It's like a promise between two people from different places, saying that they will trade goods and follow some rules. Let me tell you more about the features of this kind of contract!First of all, there are some key elements in an international goods trading contract. One of them is the description of the goods being traded. This is like a list of what you are buying or selling, so that both parties know exactly what they are getting. Another important thing is the price of the goods. This is like how much money you have to pay or receive for the stuff you are trading. It's really important to agree on the price before you start trading!Next, there are some terms and conditions in the contract. These are like the rules that both parties have to follow during the trade. For example, there might be a rule saying that the goods have to be delivered by a certain date, or that thepayment has to be made in a specific way. These rules are there to make sure that both parties are happy with the trade.Lastly, there are some legal terms in an international goods trading contract. These are like the legal language that explains what will happen if one party doesn't follow the contract. For example, there might be a clause saying that one party can cancel the contract if the other party doesn't deliver the goods on time. These legal terms are there to protect both parties and make sure that they can solve any problems that might come up during the trade.In conclusion, an international goods trading contract is like a promise between two people from different countries. It has key elements, terms and conditions, and legal terms that help make sure that the trade goes smoothly. So, if you ever want to buy or sell stuff from other countries, make sure to have a good contract in place to protect yourself and your trade partner!篇8Sure! Here's an example of an article on the features of an international goods sales contract in a more casual, elementary school student-like language:Hey guys, today let's talk about international goods sales contracts! When you buy or sell stuff to people in other countries, you need to have a contract to make sure everything goes smoothly. A contract is like a promise between two parties - the buyer and the seller.One important feature of an international goods sales contract is the description of the goods being sold. This includes things like the quantity, quality, and specifications of the items. It's like making a shopping list so everyone knows exactly what they're getting.Another feature is the price of the goods. This is how much the buyer is going to pay the seller for the items. The contract should also include the currency being used and how and when the payment will be made.Delivery terms are also a key part of the contract. This includes things like when and where the goods will be delivered, who is responsible for shipping costs, and what happens if there are any delays in delivery.Lastly, the contract should have provisions for things like inspections, warranties, and what happens if there are any disputes between the buyer and the seller. It's like having rules in place to make sure everything is fair for both parties.So, remember to always read and understand your international goods sales contract before buying or selling anything to people in other countries. It's important to know your rights and responsibilities!篇9Title: Analysis of Characteristics of International Sales Contract in Simple TermsHey everyone! Today, we are going to talk about the features of an international sales contract. An international sales contract is a super important document that helps people from different countries buy and sell stuff to each other. Let's dive right in and see what makes an international sales contract so special!One of the key features of an international sales contract is the identification of the parties involved. This means that the contract clearly states who is selling the goods and who is buying them. It's like making sure everyone knows who is playing which role in the game of buying and selling.Another cool thing about international sales contracts is that they describe the goods being sold in detail. This includes things like the quantity of the goods, the quality standards they mustmeet, and even the price. It's like giving a detailed description of your favorite toy to make sure you get exactly what you want.Next up, we have the delivery terms in the contract. These terms specify how and when the goods will be delivered from the seller to the buyer. It's like making sure your friend knows when and where to meet you to give you that toy you bought.Payment terms are also a big part of an international sales contract. This section explains how and when the buyer will pay for the goods. It's like deciding if you want to pay for your toy in cash or with your allowance money.Lastly, an international sales contract includes clauses that deal with things like breach of contract, disputes, and even which country's laws will apply. This helps everyone stay on the same page and know what to do if something goes wrong. It's like having rules in place to make sure everyone plays fair and gets along.So there you have it, folks! International sales contracts have some pretty cool features that help make buying and selling stuff between countries easy and fair. Remember, it's important to understand these features so you can protect yourself and make sure everything goes smoothly. Bye for now!篇10Oh! Hello everyone! Today, let's talk about the features of an international sales contract.First of all, an international sales contract is a super important document when we buy or sell things to people in other countries. It has lots of details about the goods, like the quantity, quality, price, and delivery dates. We need to be really careful when we make an international sales contract because we want to make sure everything goes smoothly.One important feature of an international sales contract is the clear description of the goods being sold. This includes details like the type of goods, size, color, and any special features. It's super important that both parties agree on these details so there are no misunderstandings later on.Another important feature is the payment terms. This means how and when the buyer will pay for the goods. It's super important to include this in the contract so everyone knows exactly what they need to do.Next, there's the delivery terms. This is how and when the goods will be delivered to the buyer. It's important to includedetails like the shipping method and who is responsible for any extra costs.Finally, there's the dispute resolution clause. This is a fancy way of saying how any disagreements will be sorted out. It's important to have this in the contract so everyone knows what to do if there's a problem.In conclusion, an international sales contract is a super important document that helps make sure everyone is on the same page when buying and selling goods across borders. It's important to include all the necessary details and make sure everyone agrees before signing. Bye for now!。
(完整word版)商务英语词汇与短语
Unit 1 Introductions and greetings 介绍和问候n。
加,加法除了.。
之外n。
广告vi。
使用计算机n. (正式)会议,讨论会n。
奶油,乳脂n。
装置,设备,机件adj. 电子的n。
电子学n. 表达,词组n. 问候,招呼n. 客人,(住旅店的)房客n。
总部,总公司n. 信息n. 介绍,引见n. 股份有限公司adv. 几乎,将近n。
企业,业务n. 拥有,有n. 人事部门,人事科(或处等)vt。
登记姓名,报到n. 回答,答复n. 周末adj。
世界范围的,全世界Unit 2 Occupations 职业n。
会计师,会计人员adj。
管理的,行政的n. 行政管理人员n. 图,图表adj. 办公室工作的,职员的n。
电子邮件n. 公司,企业n. 主管人员,行政人员n. 出口,输出n。
传真传真号vt. 安装n。
市场营销adj. 市场营销的营销部n。
职业,工作n。
百分比,百分数adj。
从事专门职业的,职业的n. 接待员n。
(复)销售额,销售工作,销售部门n. 销售经理n。
新加坡n. (计算机的)软件n. 监督(人),监工adj. 技术性(的)n. 劳动人口,劳动力工程师打字员n。
成果,产品Unit 3 companies 公司n. 广告n. 航空航天工业(技术)adj。
每年的n. (机构)分部,分号,分行n. 小册子n. 餐饮业务adj。
化学的n. (复)化学制品n。
消费者,顾客vt。
与……(建立)联系n. 说明,描写,形容vt. 描述,形容;描绘vt。
分配,分送,分发,1分销n. 雇员,雇工vt. 把…装入信封(或包裹等),装有兹附上n. 工程学,工程n. 环境,生态环境vt.;vi. 出口n. (人造)纤维adj。
金融的,财政的金融服务n. (由若干企业或公司组成的)集团n. 保险adj. 有磁性的,有吸引力的n。
(尤指大量的)制造,制造业adj. 海的,航海的n。
(medium的复数)媒介物,新闻媒介adj。
商务英语词汇的特征及翻译策略分析
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1 一词 多译及 词义 的确定 。 、 商务 英语词 汇意 义的 灵活性决 定 了商 务英语 词语 的翻译绝 不是 个简单 的一 对一 的过程 。如上 述所提 的Pe u r mim一 词 。 这 个 词 有 如 下的汉译 :a 保 险费 ;b 额 外 费用 ,附加费C .超 出平常价 ,溢 价 :奖 金 , 津 贴 。 同 一 个 词 , 由 于 语 境 不 同 , 其 词 义 可 千 差 万 别 。 请 看 句 子 :Sh r saes ln t m in股 票 溢 价 出售 。 a e r el ga p e u . i a r
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电子商务英语词汇简易化特征及其翻译规律
电子商务英语词汇简易化特征及其翻译规律随着经济全球化进程的加快,为适应日益频繁的商务活动需要,电子商务英语词汇呈现出简易化特征,总结此特征并探索其翻译规律有助于电子商务活动的开展。
关键词:电子商务英语词汇简易化特征翻译规律作为电子商务领域通用国际语言,电子商务英语已成为英语的一种社会功能变体,涉及因特网及商务活动的各个方面,和法律英语一样,通常被认为是充斥着技术性术语的典型书面语。
然而随着时代的发展,剔出繁文缛节,使用简单、快捷的语言成为电子商务英语的突出特点,其英语词汇表现出“简易化特点”,体现了现代商务交际中“简易化”趋势。
现代商务交际简易化趋势所谓简易英语,美国学者考特兰•博维(Courtland Bovee)和约翰•席尔(John Thil1)认为简易英语是用简易的文字和结构写成的语句,读者都能看懂,很接近于我们的口语。
它并不堆积词藻,而且不会不必要地使用行话、术语等难懂的词语表达,非常复杂的概念也是可以用“简易英语”加以解释的。
许多法律文书,比如合同和法令,用“简易英语”改写后仍然能做到表达精确无误。
现代商务英语的“简易化”趋势,其实与这些年在英美等国出现的英语简化趋势,尤其是在美国大张旗鼓推行的简易英语运动(Plain English Movement)有直接的联系。
这一运动要求革除商业契约上的繁文缛节,简化法律用语,从而起到方便民众,减少因繁复用语而引起不必要争端的作用。
l978年3月,当时的美国总统卡特更是签署了第12044号行政命令,要求联邦政府各部切实保证颁布的每项法令必须以简单易懂的英语撰写,以便须依照有关法令办事的人都能看懂,这一法令理所当然受到普通老百姓的欢迎。
而简易英语运动在这一法令的推动之下也得到了更为蓬勃的开展。
电子商务英语词汇简易化特征电子商务英语词汇简易化特征主要表现在词汇构成上,多见于合并词、名词连用、复合词和首字母缩写词等,言简意赅、避免冗长解释,提高工作效率,体现了现代社会“Time is money”的理念。
商务英语的翻译特点与原则
用专业的术语才能做出准确地表达, 符合这个学科的要求, 从而使得
双方在贸易活动中都能了解对方的想法。
此外,商务英语翻译
涉及的都是经贸、 法律等领域, 每个领域都是有其固定的表达和习惯
术语,这就更加需要注意专业术语翻译的准确性。
例如,就不
能按照普通英语的翻译译为提供,而应该翻译成报盘。
术语选
择的准确可以确保文章的整体性。
当然商务英语翻译要
遵循一定的翻译原则,但是商务英语本身也有其特点。
1 商务
英语翻译特点 1.1 词汇特点商务英语翻译的词汇特点主要表现在三
方面。
首先,用词具有规范性。
商务英语中的贸易活动在
商务活动中,对外贸易涉及的领域宽泛,交易双方在签订合同、订单
等过程中, 肯定会牵扯到专业内容, 这都需要用商务贸易中的专业术
[] ; 当代教育论坛学科教育研究 ;2008 年 07 期
将所辖区 域划分 成 ABC 三类 市场, 可概括 为 区别主 次,分 类管理 。它将
管理对 象分为
、 、 三 类,其 关键在
具运用的范围也越来越广泛。
商务英语适应着职场的生活,内
容涉及到商务活动的方方面面。
作为中国和世界各地的商务交
流纽带和商贸英语翻译,近年来需求与要求的矛盾也日益增加。
随着中国对外交流和合作的领域不断扩大, 商务英汉互译的任务日益
繁多,如果不掌握商务英语翻译的技巧恐怕很难迎接这个挑战, 因此
对于商务英语的翻译来说就更加的重要。
例如,
把这句话译成贵方漠视本公司的要求, 如果用这种语气, 对方看到译
文会非常失望,最终不可能达成合作。
但是要译成请贵方注意
本公司的要求, 这样的语气更加有利于维护双方的关系, 使得合作的
试析英文商务合同的词汇特征及翻译
选 词精 确 。在 商务 合 同 的翻译 实务 中 ,常常 会 出现 由于对 易混 淆 的同 、近 义词 翻译 不 当而 导致 词不 达 意或 意 思模 棱 两可 ,甚 至误 译 的现 象 。翻译 者 应在 日常学 习 和工 作实 务 中注 重 区分 合 同 中常 见 的易 混 淆词 汇 ,发掘 它 们之 间 的实 质 区别 ,以便 做到 准 确 、 自 如 地翻译 这些词 汇 。这些 易混淆 词汇 有 :
a e保证 所供应 之 货系 美国 制造 。 在 这 个 例 子 中 ,古 语 副词 hrb应 译 为 “ ” ,这 是 中 文 中 eey 兹 的 一 种 古 老 的 表 达方 式 。 同 时 ,中 文 古 老 的 表 达方 式 “ ” 和 之 “ ”也 应 被使 用来 帮助 增 加整个 句 子的正 式性 。 系
商务合同属于法律公文 ,这种文体的社会职能及所应用行业的特 殊性 决定 了其对所用词汇 的正式性和精确度要求极 高。这就要求 翻译 者在进行这类公文翻译时尽可能准确地把握这些复合的古体 公文语副词 ,以使译文结构严谨 、逻辑严密、言简意赅。下面以 实例说明如何恰当翻译古体公文语副词。
例 1 h n esg e ee yc rf a ego st esp l d 、T eu d rin dh rb etyt th od ob u pi i h t e
例2 ohp re ge oc ag et f hp n oAu ut 、B t at sa ret h n et meo ime t g s i h i s t
wrte itn.
译为:双方都应遵守合同规定 。, 双方的一切活动都应遵守合 同规定 。 这 里 ,aieb与cm l wt均表 示 “ bd y o py i h 遵守 ” 的 意思 。但 两者 在 用 法上 有 着 实质 性 区别 , 即用a ieb 时 ,句子 的主 语 应该 是 bd y 人 ;用cm lwt ,句子 的主语 是物 或某 种 活动 。 o p i 时 y h
商务英语(研究生商务信函翻译)
商务英语(研究生商务信函翻译)商务信函的翻译一、英语商务信函的词汇特征1. 英语商务信函多采用礼貌客气的措词We welcome your fax inquiry today and thank you for your interest in our products欢迎贵方今天的传真询盘并感谢贵方对我方产品感兴趣。
Much to our delight, our manufacturers have agreed to advance their delivery to you.很高兴地通知贵方,我方的供应商已经同意提前发货给贵方。
After careful consideration, we regret to say that we cannot but decline the said order.经过认真考虑,很遗憾,我方不得不谢绝贵方的上述订单。
Your compliance with our request will be highly appreciated.如贵方能满足我方要求,我们将不胜感激。
2. 英语商务信函多使用书面语,并且经常会使用一些专业术语和专业缩略词ad valorem duty 从价(关)税at sight 即期force majeure 不可抗力pro forma invoice 形式发票in view of 考虑到、鉴于prior to 在……之前as per 按照in accordance with 按照、依照With reference to Clause 18 of the contract, we hereby place our claims before you as follows.根据合同条款第18条,我方向你方提出如下索赔。
In compliance with the request in your letter dated March 7,we have much pleasure in sending you herewith our pro forma invoice in quadruplicate.应贵方3月7日来函要求,特此随函附寄形式发票一式四份。
商务英语常用词汇交易磋商合同签订
商务英语常用词汇交易磋商合同签订商务英语常用词汇:交易磋商与合同签订在当今全球化的商业环境中,商务英语作为国际商务交流的重要工具,其作用愈发凸显。
交易磋商与合同签订是商务活动中的关键环节,涉及众多专业词汇和表达方式。
掌握这些词汇对于成功进行商务谈判、达成交易并确保合同的顺利履行至关重要。
交易磋商(Business Negotiation)交易磋商是买卖双方就交易条件进行协商,以达成一致意见的过程。
这一阶段常用的词汇包括:1、 Inquiry(询盘)询盘是指买方或卖方为了获取商品、服务或交易条件的信息,向对方发出的询问。
例如:“We have sent an inquiry to your company for the latest product catalogue”(我们已向贵公司发送了询盘,索取最新的产品目录。
)2、 Offer(发盘)发盘是卖方主动向买方提供商品或服务,并明确交易条件的行为。
“This is our firm offer and it remains valid for three days”(这是我们的实盘,有效期为三天。
)3、 Counteroffer(还盘)当一方对另一方的发盘不完全满意时,提出修改交易条件的回应称为还盘。
“The buyer made a counteroffer, asking for a lower price”(买方还盘,要求更低的价格。
)4、 Quotation(报价)报价是卖方给出的商品或服务的价格及相关交易条件。
“Please provide us with a detailed quotation for the equipment”(请为我们提供该设备的详细报价。
)5、 Specification(规格)规格用于描述商品的具体特征、技术参数等。
“The product must meet the specified requirements in terms of size and performance”(产品必须在尺寸和性能方面符合规定的规格要求。
分析商务英语词汇的特征
分析商务英语词汇的特征
商务英语词汇具有以下特征:
1.专业性:商务英语词汇主要涉及商务领域的专业术语,如销售、市
场营销、财务、管理等词汇。
2.国际化:商务英语词汇通常具有全球化的特征,跨越国界,适用于
国际商务交流。
3.行业特定性:商务英语词汇存在于不同的行业领域,如银行、保险、国际贸易等,每个行业都有其特定的词汇和术语。
4.正式性和准确性:商务英语词汇通常要求正式性和准确性,因此更
注重语法的正确性以及词汇的准确用法。
5.经济性和简洁性:商务英语词汇在表达上追求经济性和简洁性,尽
量用简短的词汇表达精确的意思。
6.多样性:商务英语词汇种类繁多,涵盖了不同的商务领域和专业术语,如财务、市场、人力资源等。
7.动态性:商务英语词汇随着商务环境和市场的发展而不断更新和变化,随时适应新的商务趋势和需求。
商务英语口译词汇特点ppt课件
寒假来临,不少的高中毕业生和大学 在校生 都选择 去打工 。准备 过一个 充实而 有意义 的寒假 。但是 ,目前 社会上 寒假招 工的陷 阱很多
★要考虑词汇具有基本含义与引申含义的特点 在商务英语中,有一类词在使用时它的基本意义没有任何改
变,但因所处上下文不同或与之搭配的词组不同 ,会因句境与语 境的变化出现某种变异。这时就不能套用某个汉语对应词,以 不变应万变地去硬译。翻译这类词必须灵活处理,要根据文章 内容和相邻词组的含义来确定其译语,要对个别词和词组给予 语义上的发挥和引申。 world community (世界大家庭) the banking community (金融界人士) the Atlantic Community (大西洋集团) international community (国际社会) the European Community (欧洲共同体)
寒假来临,不少的高中毕业生和大学 在校生 都选择 去打工 。准备 过一个 充实而 有意义 的寒假 。但是 ,目前 社会上 寒假招 工的陷 阱很多
Conclusion
Part IV Discourse Feature
Part III Syntax Feature I
Introduction
Part I Lexical Feature I
关起门来搞建设是不成的,中国的发展离不开世界。 China can't develop in isolation from the rest of the world.
寒假来临,不少的高中毕业生和大学 在校生 都选择 去打工 。准备 过一个 充实而 有意义 的寒假 。但是 ,目前 社会上 寒假招 工的陷 阱很多
关键问题
the motorcycle.
目的理论与商务合同翻译
目的理论与商务合同翻译作者:王桂莲来源:《文学教育下半月》2014年第10期商务信函和商务合同的翻译在经济活动中举足轻重,合宜的翻译不仅有助于建立良好的贸易关系,还能避免或降低因不合规范而产生的误解和损害。
1.功能翻译理论及目的论德国翻译家弗米尔(Hans J. Vermeer)认为翻译是从一种语言交际符号到另一种语言交际符号的转移,这种交际符号是一种有意图、有目的、发生在一定形势下的人类行为。
翻译就是在目标语情景中为某种目的及目的受众而产生的文本(Nord, 2009:12)。
弗米尔的目的论可归纳为下面三个准则:目的论准则,一致性准则和忠信准则。
其中目的论准则决定着另外两个准则。
2.商务英语的文本特征文本是显性的,书面的,某一作品可见可感的表层结构,同时文本亦是一种交际行为,可以通过语言和非语言的途径来实现(Nord, 2006)。
莱思根据语言功能把文本划分为三种类型:信息性,表情性和操作性。
商务英语是一种涉及商务活动各个层面的职业英语,当属于信息类语篇。
对此类语篇的总体翻译策略应该是简洁明了,用词精当。
3.目的论和商务英语翻译依据目的论的三大准则,忠实地传达原语内容就应该放在首位,即原文与译文的信息对等,同时还要兼顾到原文与译文的体裁对等;背景信息对等。
前者是是“合宜”翻译的必然条件,后二者是“合宜”翻译的充分条件。
3.1内容对等语言是信息的载体,是一切交际成功的基础。
一般来说大部分商务英语的语言信息表达的都是表层信息,且具有鲜明的语言特征。
3.1.1词汇特征:专业术语和古体词的使用专业术语是用来表达某一学科领域的词,具有意义单一,排斥多义性和歧义性的特征,且国际通用。
在商务英语中许多看似普通的词汇实际都具有独特的专业术语意义。
例如:A proposal for concluding a contract addressed to one or more specific persons constitutes an offer if it is sufficiently definite and indicate the intention of the offeror to be bound in case of acceptance.上面这段信息中共有四个专业术语。
从语域理论看商务英语合同的词汇文体特征
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奈达功能对等理论指导下商务合同中的词汇翻译
奈达功能对等理论指导下商务合同中的词汇翻译作者:姚晶黄缘伊琪琪来源:《文教资料》2019年第25期摘; ; 要:随着世界经济全球化程度进一步提升,各国商务往来更密切,由此,商务合同的重要性得以大大提升,对商务合同的翻译工作提出更高的要求。
本文聚焦商务合同的词汇翻译,阐述商务合同的语言特点与奈达功能对等理论,通过案例分析归纳总结出国际商务合同的词汇翻译之道。
关键词:商务合同; ; 词汇对等; ; 翻译研究; ; 奈达功能对等理论世界经济全球化进程的加快使各国之间的交流变得更加频繁,商务合同的重要性大大提升,对商务合同的翻译工作提出了更多要求。
商务合同翻译需要从语义、风格、文体等层面出发实现同等的刺激效应。
奈达的功能对等翻译理论不论是专业性还是实效性均较强,对于指导国际商务合同的翻译具有较大的指导意义。
1.商务合同简述1.1商务合同的定义相较于英美国家,中国对国际商务合同有着略微不同的定义。
《中华人民共和国合同法》规定“本法所称合同是平等主体的自然人、法人、其他组织之间设立、变更、终止民事权利义务关系的协议”。
英美国家认为:“在各种贸易合作中,数个当事人出于贸易目的而签订的协议就是商务合同。
”英美国家更注重判例法的作用,主要由法官创制、发展合同法的相关理论。
1.2商务合同的语言特征商务合同是一种具有法律性质的文体,因此商务合同在语言使用方面有自身特点。
通过研究商务合同的这些语言特点,有助于更好地选择适当的翻译策略进行商务合同的翻译。
1.2.1词汇特征1.2.1.1古体词:古体词运用在商务合同和法律英语中,使合同语言更严肃和正式。
例如,hereafter=after this被翻译为“今后,此后”。
1.2.1.2外来语:在商务合同英语中,拉丁语、法律专业术语,由词根派生、合成的术语等大量存在。
外来语的使用可以帮助合同起草人更准确地表达合同意义。
例如,拉丁语中的ad valorem duty从价税等。
1.2.1.3累赘词:此类词汇主要有:secret and confidential(保密), terms and conditions (条款)等。
商务英语词汇特征
商务英语词汇特征
商务英语词汇的特征主要表现在以下几个方面:
1. 行业特化:商务领域因其高度专业化和细分化,因此商务英语词汇涵盖了广泛的行业领域,如市场营销、金融、销售、会计、贸易等。
其中,每一个领域都有其独特的术语和表达方式。
2. 外来词汇:由于商务领域的国际化和多元化,因此商务英语中大量使用了外来词汇。
这些词汇多来自于英语、法语、德语等语言,也有些来自于翻译出版专业用语、新兴技术和商业模式。
3. 专业术语:商务英语作为一门专业语言,自然涵盖大量的专业术语。
这些术语在商业领域中扮演着重要的角色,如金融领域的"bull market"和"bear market",财务领域的"balance sheet"和"income statement"等。
4. 动态变化:商务英语是一个动态变化的语言。
商业行为、贸易形式、商业模式和商业规范的不断变化都反映在商务英语的词汇中。
比如现今的电子商务、人工智能、区块链等词汇都是最近几年才出现的。
综上所述,商务英语词汇的特征体现在广泛涵盖的行业领域、外来词汇的使用、专业术语的运用和动态变化。
在学习商务英语时,要注重掌握这些特征,并结合实际商业实践,不断地更新学习内容,才能使自己的商务英语水平得到不断提高。
商务合同英语的文体特征
商务合同英语的文体特征The business contract is a document with legal position, which is signed in business activities. Therefore, English for business contract is the language that formed and used in business activities, on the basis of the English language with the characteristics of business English and law English. It is also the language function changing style with special use and self-regulation in the long-term using according to some language factors. English for business contract is not the special language material and private grammar system but the language area with special use in business. The American linguist Martin Joes offers the five classification methods of the regular degree of language in his writing “The Five Clocks” according to the some factors that reflected the formal degree in language using. That is frozen style, formal style, consultative style, casual or informal style and intimate style. It is generally think that the business contract belongs to the frozen style, which is a kind of the highest formal degree in the literary style. So it has the clearly stylistic characteristics in the phrase, sentence construction and passage.1.词汇特征(Vocabulary Characteristics)1.1 Use technical terms of business, literary words and juxtaposed words in Business:The technical terms have the feature of international generally use, accurate meaning, clarity stylistic characteristic, have no private affection. In order to describe the variety documents of each dealing step within business activity, the English for business contract used a great deal of clearly expressed technical terms of business.e.g Within the validity period of Contract, Licensee shall not disclose or divulge know-how to any third party without prior written consent of Licensor. The meaning of know- how is very accurate, especially means all the technical information, design, technical specification, production process and other information of the production, the usage and the sales of the concerning products, it can’t confuse with other phrases.1.2 Use technical terms of law: The law terms include the common phrases 3 in law. Such as: action (lawsuit which refers to a legal proceeding instituted by one party against another), party (a person or group involved in a legal proceeding), decision, final etc.e.g In cases of losses caused by a breach of contract, the financial responsibility shall be borne by the party who has breached the contract. “The economic responsibility” in law is the responsibility of breaking one’s promise, especially means the “compensating loss”, “paying penalty” and “paying the interest of money”, this professional phrases have the feature of law.1.3 The application of clarity expressed literary words: The English forbusiness contracts should have the clearly stylistic characteristic, have no private affection. In order to describe the variety documents of each dealing step within business activity. The English for business contracts usually use the Latinate words instead of some English vocabularies with the same meaning, which is the literary words or learned words, which are the so-called big words.e.g For example: The Agreement shall commence on this day and automatically terminate 5 upon the bankruptcy or insolvency of either of the parties hereto. (Use the words commence and terminate instead of the words begins and end).In addition, in order to reflect its formally and strictly style characteristic, the English for business contract used some complicated preposition phrases to replace the simple prepositions and conjunctions.1.4Juxtaposition of words and phrases In business contracts some wordsand phrases are juxtaposed, i.e., synonym, opposites and related words and phrases are connected with “and” or “or”. The following four forms are commonly used in business contracts.2句法特征(Syntax Characteristics)2.1 More declarative sentences: The function of English sentence type is different; there is obvious tendency and particular emphasis in choosing the sentence types of business contracts. Because we need to explain and require the related right and obligation of both party in the contract accurately, be accurate to illustrate objectively to get with the related power of the contract the party concerned of provision with the duty, therefore, the frequency of declaration sentences used in the business contracts is much higher than in any other literary styles.2.2 More long sentences: Compare with common English, the sentence structure in the business contract is more complicate. The use of the complete long sentence in the business contract style can define the relevant right and obligation of both parties accurately. Thus makes no mistakes in the business contract to support the both parties’ legal benefits.2.3 Juxtaposition of periodic sentences: loose sentences and balanced sentences From the arrangement of information, we can divide the sentences into three classes: that is periodic sentence, loose sentence and balanced sentence. In business contracts, the use of periodic sentence is frequent. We can 10 express with the formula for subordinate clause + main clause = periodic sentence = emphatic sentence.3. 文体特征(The Text Characteristics)What the characteristic of a whole text is the compound body that the 11 article should have, is a certain linguistic object that refracts in society and the social supervision. Generally speaking, the society and the social supervision can be reflecting in the language structure of the text.4.Conclusion: the purpose of study the stylistic features of the English contracts is to help people or parties to use the English for Business Contractsproperly, gracefully and accurately.同时 , 商务合同英语词汇的总体原则在具体合同文件的表述中并不具有完全等同的地位和重要性。
商务英语翻译之合同翻译
商务英语翻译之合同翻译第一节商务合同的基础知识第二节合同英语的词汇特点及翻译要点第三节合同英语的句法特点及翻译要点第四节合同内容的翻译第五节商务合同的翻译标准第一节商务合同的基础知识一、概念与文体虽然国内外对合同的定义各不相同,但都有一个共同点:A contract is an agreement, which legally binds the parties concerned。
比如,99年中国《合同法》规定,Contacts referred to in this Law are agreements establishing, modifying and terminating the civil rights and obligations between subjects of equal footing, that is, between natural persons, legal persons or other organizations。
在由Steven H. Gifts编著的“Law Dictionary”中,contract被定义为“a promise, or a set of promises, for breach of which the law gives remedy, or the performance of the which the law in some way recognize as a duty.”根据这一定义,合同是一种承诺,违反承诺可以得到法律救助,在某种意义上,法律将履行该承诺看作是一种补偿。
综上可见,合同是平等主体之间设立的确定民事权利和义务的法律协议。
商务合同是依法成立的法律性文件,自有其特殊的文体特征。
通常所谓的“文体(style)”是指人们运用语言时,总是根据一定的交际内容、交际目的和交际场合,来选取一定的表达形式,即所谓的语言风格;这种风格,既要适应交际对象,又受到特定语言环境的制约。
国际商务合同的语言特点及翻译策略研究
国际商务合同的语言特点及翻译策略研究摘要:“一带一路”的提出为中国的对外贸易带来了更多的机遇,也使中国与其他xx国家和地区的交流日益频繁。
英语商务合同在国际贸易和交流中起着重要的作用。
在贸易发展过程中,英语商务合同的翻译是目前所有译者面临的一个紧迫问题。
本文从文体学的角度,对国际贸易中英语商务合同的特点进行了详细而深入的研究。
本文在发现英语商务合同翻译中存在诸多问题的同时,提出了相应的翻译策略和解决方案,从而使签订国际商务合同的双方利益最大化,实现互利共赢,通过完善商务英语合同,为国际贸易的发展构筑美好未来。
关键词:文体学;英语商务合同;语言特征;翻译策略随着经济全球化的逐步深入,xx的贸易往来更加频繁,国际商务合同有了更大的使用空间。
但xx疫情等不可抗力因素也给国际贸易及其合同履行带来更多不确定因素,需要采取更可靠的方式来保障国际贸易的顺利进行。
在对外贸易过程中,签订合同是保证贸易顺利进行的X-safe方式。
双方都可以用英文商务合同来规范自己的贸易行为。
在英语商务合同使用越来越频繁、越来越广泛的同时,英语商务合同翻译过程中仍存在诸多问题,需要译者准确、严谨地把握商务合同的语言特点,掌握英语商务合同的翻译策略,使贸易双方了解并突破文化差异,缩小文化差异,相互理解,实现互利共赢。
一、文体学在商务合同中的体现通常,我们将文体学分为五种形式:谈判、庄重、亲密、正式和随意,每种形式都适应国际贸易中不同的文化背景。
基于文体学研究英语商务合同翻译策略的目的是研究商务合同的语言特点,从而实现语言转换,达到一定的翻译水平,顺利表达合同双方的思想,使不同文化背景的人都能理解。
然而,合同不同于普通的物品。
从商务合同的用法来看,不难得出结论,商务合同的翻译应遵循不同文化背景下的文体差异原则。
不同的交流环境、不同的交流方式、对象和目的,要求人们使用不同的“语言”,但这种“语言”实际上是不同风格的使用。
在国际贸易中,双方都用商务英语合同来规范双方的责任、义务和权利,从而达到互利共赢的目的。
浅析商务合同英语的词汇特征
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商务合同是在商务活动中签署的具有法律地位的文件,因此,商务合同英语是以英语共同语为基础,在商务活动中形成和使用的,既有商务英语特点又具有法律英语特点的语言。
它是人们根据社会文化环境、交际目的和交际对象等语用因素,在长期使用中形成的一种具有特殊用途和自身规律的语言功能变体。
商务合同英语是在法律语境和商务语境中的~个具有某种特殊用途的语言变体或语域,不具有特殊的语言材料或独立的语法体系。
美国语言学家裘斯(Martin Joes)按照言语交际双方的身份、性别、年龄、社会关系等因素所反映的语言使用的正式程度,在著作The Five Clocks中提出了语言正规程度的五级分类法(five levels off or mality),即庄重文体(frozen style)、慎重或正式文体(formal style)、请求或商议文体(consultative style)、随便或非正式文体(casual style)和亲密文体(intimate style)。
从语言正式程度判断,商务合同英语属于庄重文体,而且,商务合同英语具有鲜明的词汇特征。
商务合同作为商务应用文的一种,用词正式,遣词造句力求准确。
在逻辑的精确性与严密性、表达的专业性与规范性以及思维的清晰和条理性等方面都有很高的要求,所以在词汇方面呈现出明显的文体色彩。
外来词、古体词、专业术语、模糊限制词等在商务合同英语中的使用充分体现了商务合同英语在词汇层面上所具有的文体特征。
1 外来词(1oanwords)出现频率高商务合同英语中使用的商务类专业术语有不少来源于拉丁语、法语、德语和西班牙语,有些则是由词根派生或合成,许多术语都有相同的前缀或后缀。
这些词语意义比较稳定,利于精确表达概念。
英国法律英语为了显示法律语言的神圣性、权威性和严密性,大量沿用中古英语,以区别普通英语,而美罔法律英语倾向用简单明了的常用词汇来表达法律意思。
例如:null andvoid(拉丁语)无效,nota bene(拉丁语)注意、留心,ad valorem du—ty(拉丁语)从价税,bona fide holder(拉丁语)汇票的善意持票人,del~Federe agent(意大利语)货价保付代理,force majeure(法语)不可抗力。
商务合同英语中的法律类专业术语也主要来源于拉丁语和法语。
拉丁语词汇进入英语主要采取两种方式:间接方式(有些拉丁语词汇进入法语,再由法语转入英语l1】)和直接方式(有些拉丁语词汇直接进入英语)。
例如:crimen falsi(伪证罪),de facto fort(事实上侵权行为),de facto agreement(未经合法手续或正式承认的事实上的协议),action in persinam(债权诉讼),proviso(限制性条款),void ab initio(由最初开始即属无效)。
由于历史的原因,英语中许多法律术语由法语借用或转化而来,例如:complaint,statute,verdict,warrant,bail等o2 古体词(archaism)大量使用商务合同语言的一个主要特点是古体词语的大量使用。
古体词是一种具有鲜明文体色彩的词汇成分。
古体词在商务合同与法律文体的大量使用,充分体现出其庄重严肃的文体风格,这与商务合同英语文体的社会职能和国际商务的行业特殊性有关。
商务合同英语中最常使用的古体词多为复合副词,即由here,there和where 分别加上after,at,by,from,in,of,to,ander,upon,with等一个或几个介词共同构成的复合副词,如herewith(与此一道),therein(在其中),thereinafter(在下文中),thereof(其),thereto(附随),whereas(鉴于)等。
这些复合词中的“here”指的是“this”,即“本文件(合同,协定等)”,“there”指的是“that”,即“另外的文件(合同,协定等)”,“where”指的是“what”或“which”。
古体词语的使用除了体现其庄重严肃以外,还可避免不必要的重复,使意义更加清楚、简明。
例如“依照本合同相关规定”在英文商务合同中几乎看不到“according to relevantterms and conditions in the contract”这种表达方式,常用的表达方式是“pursuant to provisions contained herein”或“as provided herein”等。
对“合同任何一方当事人不得转让本合同”,西方工商界一般会选择使用“Neither party hereto may assign this contract.”而较少使用“Neither party to the contract may assign this contract.”这正是古体词语精炼准确的体现。
3 专业术语(technical term )表意清楚为了准确描述商务活动中的各个交易环节和相关的各类单据,商务英语中使用了大量表意清楚的商务类专业术语。
专业术语意义精确,不带有个人感情色彩,具有国际通用性和鲜明的文体特征。
例如:“Within the validity period of Contract,Licenseeshall not disclose or divulge know —how to any third party withoutprior written consent of Licensor.”其中know—how(专有技术)的意义十分精确,专指有关特许产品的生产、使用和销售,不能用其它的词代替。
再如“The seHer shall present the following documents required for negotiation or collection to the banks”o这句中negotiation和collection都是合同专业词汇,分别表示“议付”和“托收”,而不是我们日常理解的“谈判”和“收取”。
同时,商务合同英语中也使用了较多的法律类专业术语,包括狭义的法律术语和广义的法律术语。
狭义的法律术语指那些仅出现在或大多数情况下出现在法律文件中的法律专业的特有术语,这些法律术语在商务合同文体中的数量不多,如imputed negligence(转嫁的过失责任)特指可向与行为人有利害关系的人或有合同关系的另一方追究责任的过失。
而广义的法律术语则包括在法律文体中被赋予特定法律意义的常用词语,如:pany(当事人),decision(裁决),action(诉讼),final(终局裁决)等。
在理解这些词语时,我们不能望文生义。
4 模糊限制词(1inguistic hedges)增强表达灵活性模糊限制词不是指含糊不清的语言,而是指词语所指范围边界的不确定性。
这种不确定性通常是不能或无须通过上下文加以排除的,它源于本体的模糊性(ontological fuzziness)和认识的模糊性(epistemological fuzziness)。
这种模糊性语言融词汇内涵的可塑性、有限性与外延的模糊性、无限性为一体。
因此,在合同英语中,为了实现一定的语用Et的,可以有条件地、有限制地使用模糊限制语。
并且,使用模糊词语可以增强语言表达的灵活性,避免把话说得太绝对拴住自己的手脚或使自己处于被动地位。
恰当运用模糊词语能给日后产生纠纷留有回旋的余地,有效地保护自己。
例如:If the Supplier fails to commence the work necessary to remedy such defect or any damage to the Equip—ment caused by such defect within a reasonable time,the Buyer may carry out such work in a reasonable manner.and the reasonable di—rect costs incu~ed by the Buyer in connection therewith shall be paid to the Buyer by the Supplier,providing that the labor costs included in such costs shall be calculated based on the local costs incurred in the count~in which the Contract Plant is to be constructed.这里有3处出现模糊措词。
within a reasonable time(在合理的期限之内)没有确切的时间长短,in a reasonable manner(以合理的方式)也没有指出确切的方式,以及the reasonable direct costs(合理的直接成本)也没有具体的量化。
但在合同中运用得恰到好处,比用精确的数字表达更有说服力,体现了合同条款的预见性及适用性。
商务合同英语具有语体庄重、行文规范、措词严谨、语言正式程度高等语言特点,而且具有国际通用性。
商务英语合同的措词必须严谨、精确、庄重、正式,这样才能对交易各方的权利、义务和行为准则的准确含义和范围进行直接而明确的规定。
研究商务合同英语的词汇特征,其最终目的就是为了做到恰当、得体、准确地使用商务合同英语。
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