2012 美国总统大选 第二场辩论 完整版(中文字幕)
美国总统大选辩论中的身份建构与解构
美国总统大选辩论中的身份建构与解构作者：夏玉琼来源：《华侨大学学报·哲学社会科学版》2019年第01期摘要：在言语交际中，交际者不仅可以通过言语行为建构自己的身份，还可以对对方建构的身份进行解构。
文章以2016年美国总统大选三场电视辩论为语料，探讨了在辩论中希拉里自我建构的身份以及对手特朗普对希拉里身份的解构。
研究表明，希拉里在辩论中主要建构了亲民和积极进取的个人身份以及精明能干的精英政治家身份，而竞选对手特朗普则通过对希拉里人品、能力的质疑，对希拉里以往政绩的否定以及对希拉里未来从政构想的不看好，解构了希拉里自我建构的身份。
交际具有目的性和意图性，身份的建构和解构是希拉里和特朗普意在赢得更多美国选民支持进而赢得大选的手段之一。
关键词：身份建构；身份解构；总统竞选辩论作者简介：夏玉琼，金陵科技学院外国语学院副教授，研究方向：语用学、话语分析（E-mail：***********.cn；江苏南京 210001）。
基金项目：江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究项目“人际语用视阈下医生身份建构对医患关系的管理”（2016SJD740009）；江苏省高校哲学社会科学研究基金项目“人称指示语非常规用法的语用研究”（2017SJB0496）。
中图分类号：H313 文献标识码：A 文章编号：1006-1398（2019）01-0138-11一引言身份建构的研究是“社会科学的中心舞台”Bamberg，M.et al.Introduction to the volume.In Bamberg，M.et al，（eds.）.Selves and Identities in Narrative and Discourse.Amsterdam：John Benjamins，2007，pp.1-8.，并已成为语用学研究的前沿热点问题。
袁周敏：《身份的界定：问题与建议》，《外语教学》2016年第4期，第20-23页。
国内外学者主要关注不同交际场合及不同语篇中身份的动态选择与建构Hyland . H.Authority and invisibility： authorial identity in academic writing.Journal of Pragmatics，2002，（34），pp.1091-1112.Piller.I.Identity constructions in multilingual nguage in Society，2006，（30），pp.153-186.Victor Ho.Constructing identities through request e-mail discourse.Journal of Pragmatics，2010，（42），pp.2253-2261.陈新仁等：《语用学视角下的身份与交际研究》，北京：高等教育出版社，2013年版。
美国总统大选第三场辩论完整版-中文字幕
美国总统大选第三场辩论完整版（中文字幕）Transcript of the Third Presidential DebateBOB SCHIEFFER: Good evening from the campus of Lynn University here in Boca Raton, Florida. This is the fourth and last debate of the 2012 campaign, brought to you by the Commission on Presid ential Debates. This one’s on foreign policy. I’m Bob Schieffer of CBS News. The questions are mine, and I have not shared them with the candidates or their aides.The audience has taken a vow of silence — no applause, no reaction of any kind except right now when we welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Gentlemen, your campaigns have agreed to certain rules and they are simple. They have asked me to divide the evening into segments. I’ll pose a question at t he beginning of each segment. You will each have two minutes to respond, and then we will have a general discussion until we move to the next segment.Tonight’s debate, as both of your know, comes on the 50th anniversary of the night that President Kennedy told the world that the Soviet Union had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba —perhaps the closest we’ve ever come to nuclear war. And it is a sobering reminder that every president faces at some point an unexpected threat to our national security from abr oad. So let’s begin.The first segment is the challenge of a changing Middle East and the new face of terrorism. I’m going to put this into two segments, so you’ll have two topic questions within this one segment on that subject. The first question, and it concerns Libya, the controversy over what happened there continues. Four Americans are dead, including an American ambassador. Questions remain. What happened? What caused it? Was it spontaneous?Was it an intelligence failure? Was it a policy failure? Was there an attempt to mislead people about what really happened?Governor Romney, you said this was an example of an American policy in the Middle East that is unraveling before our very eye s. I’d like to hear each of you give your thoughts on that.Governor Romney, you won the toss. You go first.MITT ROMNEY: Thank you, Bob, and thank you for agreeing to moderate this debate this evening. Thank you to Lynn University for welcoming us here, and Mr. President, it’s good to be with you again. We were together at a humorous event a little earlier, and it’s nice to maybe be funny this time not on purpose. We’ll see what happens. (Laughter.)This is obviously an area of great concern to the entire world and to America in particular, which is to see a — a complete change in the — the — the structure and the — the environment in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring came a great deal of hope that there would be a change towards more moderation and opportunity for greater participation on the part of women and — and public life and in economic life in the Middle East. But instead we’ve seen in nation after nation a number of disturbing events. Of course, we see in Syria 30,000 civilians having been killed by the military there. We see in — in — in Libya an attack apparently by — well, I think we know now by terrorists of some kind against —against our people there, four people dead. Our hearts and minds go to them. Mali has been taken over, the northern part of Mali, by al-Qaida-type individuals. We have in — in Egypt a Muslim Brotherhood president.And so what we’re seeing is a — a — a pretty dramatic reversal in the kind of hopes we had for that region. Of course, the greatest threat of all is Iran, four years closer to a nuclear weapon. And —and we’re going to have to recognize that we have to do as the president has done. I congratulate him on — on taking out Osama bin Laden and going after the leadership in al-Qaida. But we can’t kill our way out of this mess. We’re —we’re going to have to put in place a very comprehensive and robust strategy to help the — the world of Islam and — and other parts of the world reject this radical violent extremism which is —it’s really not on the run. It’s certainly not hiding. This is a group that is nowinvolved in 10 or 12 countries, and it presents an enormous threat to our friends, to the world, to America long term, and we must have a comprehensive strategy to help reject this kind of extremism.MR. SCHIEFFER: Mr. President.PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, my first job as commander in chief, Bob, is to keep the American people safe, and that’s what we’ve done over the last four years. We ended the war in Iraq, refocused our attention on those who actually killed us on 9/11. And as a consequence, al-Qaida’s core leadership has been decimated.In addition, we’re now able to transition out of Afghanistan in a responsible way, making sure that Afghans take responsibility for their own security, and that allows us also to rebuild alliances and make friends around the world to combat future threats. Now, with respect to Libya, as I indicated in the last debate, when we received that phone call, I immediately made sure that, number one, we did everything we could to secure those Americans who were still in harm’s way; number two, that we would investigate exactly what happened; and number three, most importantly, that we would go after those who killed Americans, and we would bring them to justice, and that’s exactly what we’re going to do.But I think it’s important to step back and think about what happened in Libya. Now, keep in mind that I and Americans took leadership in organizing an international coalition that made sure that we were able to — without putting troops on the ground, at the cost of less than what we spent in two weeks in Iraq — liberate a country that had been under the yoke of dictatorship for 40 years, got rid of a despot who had killed Americans.And as a consequence, despite this tragedy, you had tens of thousands of Libyans after the events in Benghazi marching and saying, America’s our friend. We stand with them. Now that represents the opportunity we have to take advantage of. And you know, G overnor Romney, I’m glad that you agree thatwe have been successful in going after al-Qaida, but I have to tell you that, you know, your strategy previously has been one that has been all over the map and is not designed to keep Americans safe or to build on the opportunities that exist in the Middle East.MR. ROMNEY: Well, my strategy’s pretty straightforward, which is to go after the bad guys, to make sure we do our very best to interrupt them, to — to kill them, to take them out of the picture. But my strategy is broader than — than that. That’s —that’s important, of course, but the key that we’re going to have to pursue is a — is a pathway to — to get the Muslim world to be able to reject extremism on its own. We don’t want another Iraq. We don’t want another Afghanistan. That’s not the right course for us. The right course for us is to make sure that we go after the — the people who are leaders of these variousanti-American groups and these — these jihadists, but also help the Muslim world.And how we do that? A group of Arab scholars came together, organized by the U.N., to look at how we can help the — the world reject these — these terrorists. And the answer they came up was this.One, more economic development. We should key our foreign aid, our direct foreign investment and that of our friends — we should coordinate it to make sure that we — we push back and give them more economic development.Number two, better education.Number three, gender equality.Number four, the rule of law. We have to help these nations create civil societies.But what’s been happening over the last couple years as we watched this tumult in the Middle East, this rising tide of chaos occur, you see al-Qaida rushing in, you see other jihadist groups rushing in.And — and th ey’re throughout many nations of the Middle East.It’s wonderful that Libya seems to be making some progress, despite this terrible tragedy, but next door, of course, we have Egypt. Libya’s 6 million population, Egypt 80 million population. We want — we want to make sure that we’re seeing progress throughout the Middle East. With Mali now having North Mali taken over by al-Qaida, with Syria having Assad continuing to — or to kill —to murder his own people, this is a region in tumult. And of course Iran on the path to a nuclear weapon. We’ve got real gaps in the region.。
2012年美国总统大选 奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本
2012年美国总统大选：奥巴马罗姆尼第二场辩论完整文本2012年美国总统大选第二场辩论（字幕完整版）Transcript: Second presidential debatePresident Barack Obama and Republican presidential nominee Mitt Romney met in Hempstead, New York Tuesday evening for the second of three presidential debates, moderated by CNN Chief Political Correspondent Candy Crowley.CROWLEY: Good evening from Hofstra University in Hempstead, New York. I'm Candy Crowley from CNN's "State of the Union." We are here for the second presidential debate, a town hall, sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates.CROWLEY: The Gallup organization chose 82 uncommitted voters from the New York area. Their questions will drive the night. My goal is to give the conversation direction and to ensure questions get answered.The questions are known to me and my team only. Neither the commission, nor the candidates have seen them. I hope to get to as many questions as possible.CROWLEY: And because I am the optimistic sort, I'm sure the candidates will oblige by keeping their answers concise and on point.Each candidate has as much as two minutes to respond to a common question, and there will be a two-minute follow-up. The audience here in the hall has agreed to be polite and attentive - no cheering or booing or outbursts of any sort.We will set aside that agreement just this once to welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney.(APPLAUSE)Gentlemen, thank you both for joining us here tonight. We have a lot of folks who've been waiting all day to talk to you, so I want to get right to it.Governor Romney, as you know, you won the coin toss, so the first question will go to you. And I want to turn to a first-time voter, Jeremy Epstein, who has a question for you.QUESTION: Mr. President, Governor Romney, as a 20-year-old college student, all I hear from professors, neighbors and others is that when I graduate, I will have little chance to get employment. What can you say to reassure me, but more importantly my parents, that I will be able to sufficiently support myself after I graduate?ROMNEY: Thank you, Jeremy. I appreciate your - your question, and thank you for being here this evening and to all of those from Nassau County that have come, thank you for your time. Thank you to Hofstra University and to Candy Crowley for organizing and leading this - this event.Thank you, Mr. President, also for being part of this - this debate.College kids all over this country. I was in Pennsylvania with someone who had just graduated - this was in Philadelphia - and she said, "I've got my degree. I can't find a job. I've got three part-time jobs. They're just barely enough to pay for my food and pay for an apartment. I can't begin to pay back my student loans."So what we have to do is two things. We have to make sure that we make it easier for kids to afford college.ROMNEY: And also make sure that when they get out of college, there's a job. When I was governor of Massachusetts, to get a high school degree, you had to pass an exam. If you graduated in the top quarter of your airlines, we gave you a John and Abigail Adams scholarship, four years tuition free in the college of your choice in Massachusetts, it's a public institution.I want to make sure we keep our Pell grant program growing. We're also going to have our loan program, so that people are able to afford school. But the key thing is to make sure you can get a job when you get out of school. And what's happened over the last four years has been very, very hard for America's young people. I want you to be able to get a job.I know what it takes to get this economy going. With half of college kids graduating this year without a college - excuse me, without a job. And without a college level job, that's just unacceptable.And likewise you've got more and more debt on your back. So more debt and less jobs. I'm going to change that. I know what it takes to create good jobs again. I know what it takes to make sure that you have the kind of opportunity you deserve. And kids across this country are going to recognize, we're bringing back an economy. It's not going to be like the last four years. The middle-class has been crushed over the last four years, and jobs have been too scarce. I know what it takes to bring them back, and I'm going to do that, and make sure that when you graduate - when do you graduate?QUESTION: 2014.ROMNEY: 2014. When you come out in 2014, I presume I'm going to be president. I'm going to make sure you get a job. Thanks Jeremy. Yeah, you bet.CROWLEY: Mr. President?OBAMA: Jeremy, first of all, your future is bright. And the fact that you're making an investment in higher education is critical. Not just to you, but to the entire nation. Now, the most important thing we can do is to make sure that we are creating jobs in this country. But not just jobs, good paying jobs. Ones that can support a family.OBAMA: And what I want to do, is build on the five million jobs that we've created over the last 30 months in the private sector alone. And there are a bunch of things we can do to make sure yourfuture is bright.Number one, I want to build manufacturing jobs in this country again. Now when Governor Romney said we should let Detroit go bankrupt. I said we're going to bet on American workers and theAmerican auto industry and it's come surging back.I want to do that in industries, not just in Detroit, but all across the country and that means we change our tax code so we're giving incentives to companies that are investing here in the United States and creating jobs here.It also means we're helping them and small businesses to export all around the world to new markets.Number two, we've got to make sure that we have the best education system in the world. And the fact that you're going to college is great, but I want everybody to get a great education andwe've worked hard to make sure that student loans are available for folks like you, but I also want to make sure that community colleges are offering slots for workers to get retrained for the jobs that are out there right now and the jobs of the future.Number three, we've got to control our own energy. Now, not only oil and natural gas, which we've been investing in; but also, we've got to make sure we're building the energy source of the future, not just thinking about next year, but ten years from now, 20 years from now. That's why we've invested in solar and wind and biofuels, energy efficient cars.We've got to reduce our deficit, but we've got to do it in a balanced way. Asking the wealthy to pay a little bit more along with cuts so that we can invest in education like yours. And let's take the money that we've been spending on war over the last decade to rebuild America, roads, bridges schools. We do those things, not only is your future going to be bright but America's future is going to bright as well. CROWLEY: Let me ask you for more immediate answer and begin with Mr. Romney just quickly what - what can you do? We're looking at a situation where 40 percent of the unemployed have been unemployed have been unemployed for six months or more. They don't have the two years that Jeremy has.What about those long term unemployed who need a job right now?ROMNEY: Well what you're seeing in this country is 23 million people struggling to find a job. And a lot of them, as you say, Candy, have been out of work for a long, long, long time. The president's policies have been exercised over the last four years and they haven't put Americans back to work.We have fewer people working today than we had when the president took office. If the - the unemployment rate was 7.8 percent when he took office, it's 7.8 percent now. But if you calculated thatunemployment rate, taking back the people who dropped out of the workforce, it would be 10.7 percent.We have not made the progress we need to make to put people back to work. That's why I put out a five-point plan that gets America 12 million new jobs in four years and rising take-home pay. It's going to help Jeremy get a job when he comes out of school. It's going to help people across the country that are unemployed right now.And one thing that the president said, which I want to make sure that we understand, he said that I said we should take Detroit bankrupt. And that's right. My plan was to have the company gothrough bankruptcy like 7-Eleven did and Macy's and Condell (ph) Airlines and come out stronger.And I know he keeps saying, you want to take Detroit bankrupt. Well, the president took Detroit bankrupt. You took General Motors bankrupt. You took Chrysler bankrupt. So when you say that I wanted to take the auto industry bankrupt, you actually did.And I think it's important to know that that was a process that was necessary to get those companies back on their feet, so they could start hiring more people. That was precisely what I recommended and ultimately what happened.CROWLEY: Let me give the president a chance.Go ahead.OBAMA: Candy, what Governor Romney said just isn't true. He wanted to take them into bankruptcy without providing them any way to stay open. And we would have lost a million jobs. And that - don't take my word for it, take the executives at GM and Chrysler, some of whom are Republicans, may even support Governor Romney. But they'll tell you his prescription wasn't going to work.And Governor Romney's says he's got a five-point plan? Governor Romney doesn't have a five-point plan. He has a one-point plan. And that plan is to make sure that folks at the top play by a different set of rules. That's been his philosophy in the private sector, that's been his philosophy as governor, that's been his philosophy as a presidential candidate.You can make a lot of money and pay lower tax rates than somebody who makes a lot less. You can ship jobs overseas and get tax breaks for it. You can invest in a company, bankrupt it, lay off the workers, strip away their pensions, and you still make money. That's exactly the philosophy that we've seen in place for the last decade. That's what's been squeezing middle class families.And we have fought back for four years to get out of that mess. The last thing we need to do is to go back to the very same policies that got us there.CROWLEY: Mr. President, the next question is going to be for you here.And, Mr. Romney - Governor Romney - there'll be plenty of chances here to go on, but I want to...ROMNEY: That - that Detroit - that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: We have all these folks.ROMNEY: ... that Detroit answer...CROWLEY: I will let you absolutely...ROMNEY: ... and the rest of the answer, way off the mark.CROWLEY: OK. Will - will - you certainly will have lots of time here coming up.Because I want to move you on to something that's sort of connected to cars here, and - and go over. And we want to get a question from Phillip Tricolla.QUESTION: Your energy secretary, Steven Chu, has now been on record three times stating it's not policy of his department to help lower gas prices. Do you agree with Secretary Chu that this is not the job of the Energy Department?OBAMA: The most important thing we can do is to make sure we control our own energy. So here's what I've done since I've been president. We have increased oil production to the highest levels in16 years.Natural gas production is the highest it's been in decades. We have seen increases in coal production and coal employment. But what I've also said is we can't just produce traditional source of energy. We've also got to look to the future. That's why we doubled fuel efficiency standards on cars. That means that in the middle of the next decade, any car you buy, you're going to end up going twice as far on a gallon of gas. That's why we doubled clean - clean energy production like wind and solar and biofuels.And all these things have contributed to us lowering our oil imports to the lowest levels in 16 years. Now, I want to build on that. And that means, yes, we still continue to open up new areas fordrilling. We continue to make it a priority for us to go after natural gas. We've got potentially 600,000 jobs and 100 years worth of energy right beneath our feet with natural gas.And we can do it in an environmentally sound way. But we've also got to continue to figure out how we have efficiency energy, because ultimately that's how we're going to reduce demand and that's what's going to keep gas prices lower.Now, Governor Romney will say he's got an all-of-the-above plan, but basically his plan is to let the oil companies write the energy policies. So he's got the oil and gas part, but he doesn't have theclean energy part. And if we are only thinking about tomorrow or the next day and not thinking about 10 years from now, we're not going to control our own economic future. Because China, Germany, they're making these investments. And I'm not going to cede those jobs of the future to those countries. I expect those new energy sources to be built right here in the United States.That's going to help Jeremy get a job. It's also going to make sure that you're not paying as much for gas.CROWLEY: Governor, on the subject of gas prices?ROMNEY: Well, let's look at the president's policies, all right, as opposed to the rhetoric, because we've had four years of policies being played out. And the president's right in terms of the additional oil production, but none of it came on federal land. As a matter of fact, oil production is down 14 percent this year on federal land, and gas production was down 9 percent. Why? Because the president cut in half the number of licenses and permits for drilling on federal lands, and in federal waters.So where'd the increase come from? Well a lot of it came from the Bakken Range in North Dakota. What was his participation there? The administration brought a criminal action against the peopledrilling up there for oil, this massive new resource we have. And what was the cost?20 or 25 birds were killed and brought out a migratory bird act to go after them on a criminal basis.Look, I want to make sure we use our oil, our coal, our gas, our nuclear, our renewables. I believe very much in our renewable capabilities; ethanol, wind, solar will be an important part of our energy mix.But what we don't need is to have the president keeping us from taking advantage of oil, coal and gas. This has not been Mr. Oil, or Mr. Gas, or Mr. Coal. Talk to the people that are working in thoseindustries. I was in coal country. People grabbed my arms and said, "Please save my job." The head of the EPA said, "You can't build a coal plant. You'll virtually - it's virtually impossible given our regulations." When the president ran for office, he said if you build a coal plant, you can go ahead, but you'll go bankrupt. That's not the right course for America.Let's take advantage of the energy resources we have, as well as the energy sources for the future. And if we do that, if we do what I'm planning on doing, which is getting us energy independent, North America energy independence within eight years, you're going to see manufacturing jobs come back. Because our energy is low cost, that are already beginning to come back because of our abundant energy. I'll get America and North America energy independent. I'll do it by more drilling, more permits and licenses. We're going to bring that pipeline in from Canada. How in the world the president said no to that pipeline? I will never know.This is about bringing good jobs back for the middle class of America, and that's what I'm going to do.CROWLEY: Mr. President, let me just see if I can move you to the gist of this question, which is, are we looking at the new normal? I can tell you that tomorrow morning, a lot of people in Hempstead will wake up and fill up and they will find that the price of gas is over $4 a gallon.Is it within the purview of the government to bring those prices down, or are we looking at the new normal?OBAMA: Candy, there's no doubt that world demand's gone up, but our production is going up, and we're using oil more efficiently. And very little of what Governor Romney just said is true. We've opened up public lands. We're actually drilling more on public lands than in the previous administration and my - the previous president was an oil man.And natural gas isn't just appearing magically. We're encouraging it and working with the industry.And when I hear Governor Romney say he's a big coal guy, I mean, keep in mind, when - Governor, when you were governor of Massachusetts, you stood in front of a coal plant and pointed at itand said, "This plant kills," and took great pride in shutting it down. And now suddenly you're a big champion of coal.So what I've tried to do is be consistent. With respect to something like coal, we made the largest investment in clean coal technology, to make sure that even as we're producing more coal, we'reproducing it cleaner and smarter. Same thing with oil, same thing with natural gas.And the proof is our oil imports are down to the lowest levels in 20 years. Oil production is up, natural gas production is up, and, most importantly, we're also starting to build cars that are moreefficient.And that's creating jobs. That means those cars can be exported, 'cause that's the demand around the world, and it also means that it'll save money in your pocketbook.OBAMA: That's the strategy you need, an all-of-the-above strategy, and that's what we're going to do in the next four years.ROMNEY: But that's not what you've done in the last four years. That's the problem. In the last four years, you cut permits and licenses on federal land and federal waters in half.OBAMA: Not true, Governor Romney.ROMNEY: So how much did you cut (inaudible)?OBAMA: Not true.ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by, then?OBAMA: Governor, we have actually produced more oil –ROMNEY: No, no. How much did you cut licenses and permits onfederal land and federal waters?OBAMA: Governor Romney, here's what we did. There were a wholebunch of oil companies.(CROSSTALK)ROMNEY: No, no, I had a question and the question was how much did you cut them by?OBAMA: You want me to answer a question –ROMNEY: How much did you cut them by?OBAMA: I'm happy to answer the question.ROMNEY: All right. And it is –OBAMA: Here's what happened. You had a whole bunch of oil companies who had leases on public lands that they weren't using. So what we said was you can't just sit on this for 10, 20, 30 years,decide when you want to drill, when you want to produce, when it's most profitable for you. These are public lands. So if you want to drill on public lands, you use it or you lose it.ROMNEY: OK, (inaudible) –OBAMA: And so what we did was take away those leases. And we are now reletting them so that we can actually make a profit.ROMNEY: And production on private - on government land –OBAMA: Production is up.ROMNEY: - is down.OBAMA: No, it isn't.ROMNEY: Production on government land of oil is down 14 percent.OBAMA: Governor –ROMNEY: And production on gas –(CROSSTALK)OBAMA: It's just not true.ROMNEY: It's absolutely true. Look, there's no question but the people recognize that we have not produced more (inaudible) on federal lands and in federal waters. And coal, coal production is not up; coal jobs are not up.I was just at a coal facility, where some 1,200 people lost their jobs. The right course for America is to have a true all-of-the-above policy. I don't think anyone really believes that you're a personwho's going to be pushing for oil and gas and coal. You'll get your chance in a moment. I'm still speaking.OBAMA: Well –ROMNEY: And the answer is I don't believe people think that's the case –OBAMA: - (inaudible).ROMNEY: That wasn't the question.OBAMA: OK.ROMNEY: That was a statement. I don't think the American people believe that. I will fight for oil, coal and natural gas. And the proof, the proof of whether a strategy is working or not is what theprice is that you're paying at the pump. If you're paying less than you paid a year or two ago, why, then, the strategy is working. But you're paying more. When the president took office, the price of gasoline here in Nassau County was about $1.86 a gallon. Now, it's $4.00 a gallon. The price of electricity is up.If the president's energy policies are working, you're going to see the cost of energy come down. I will fight to create more energy in this country, to get America energy secure. And part of that isbringing in a pipeline of oil from Canada, taking advantage of the oil and coal we have here, drilling offshore in Alaska, drilling offshore in Virginia where the people want it. Those things will get us theenergy we need.CROWLEY: Mr. President, could you address, because we did finally get to gas prices here, could you address what the governor said, which is if your energy policy was working, the price of gasoline would not be $4 a gallon here. Is that true?OBAMA: Well, think about what the governor - think about what the governor just said. He said when I took office, the price of gasoline was $1.80, $1.86. Why is that? Because the economy was on the verge of collapse, because we were about to go through the worst recession since the Great Depression, as a consequence of some of the same policies that Governor Romney's now promoting.So, it's conceivable that Governor Romney could bring down gas prices because with his policies, we might be back in that same mess. What I want to do is to create an economy that is strong, and atthe same time produce energy. And with respect to this pipeline that Governor Romney keeps on talking about, we've - we've built enough pipeline to wrap around the entire earth once.So, I'm all for pipelines. I'm all for oil production. What I'm not for is us ignoring the other half of the equation. So, for example, on wind energy, when Governor Romney says "these are imaginary jobs." When you've got thousands of people right now in Iowa, right now in Colorado, who are working, creating wind power with good-paying manufacturing jobs, and the Republican senator in that – in Iowa is all for it, providing tax breaks (ph) to help this work and Governor Romney says I'm opposed. I'd get rid of it.That's not an energy strategy for the future. And we need to win that future. And I intend to win it as President of the United States.CROWLEY: I got to - I got to move you on –ROMNEY: He gets the first –CROWLEY: - and the next question –ROMNEY: He actually got –CROWLEY: - for you –ROMNEY: He actually got the first question. So I get the lastquestion - last answer –CROWLEY: (Inaudible) in the follow up, it doesn't quite work like that. But I'm going to give you a chance here. I promise you, I'm going to.And the next question is for you. So if you want to, you know, continue on - but I don't want to leave all –ROMNEY: Candy, Candy –CROWLEY: - sitting here –ROMNEY: Candy, I don't have a policy of stopping wind jobs in Iowa and that - they're not phantom jobs. They're real jobs.CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: I appreciate wind jobs in Iowa and across our country. I appreciate the jobs in coal and oil and gas. I'm going to make sure –CROWLEY: OK.ROMNEY: - we're taking advantage of our energy resources. We'll bring back manufacturing to America. We're going to get through a very aggressive energy policy, 31/2 million more jobs in thiscountry. It's critical to our future.OBAMA: Candy, it's not going to –CROWLEY: We're going to move you along –OBAMA: Used to being interrupted.CROWLEY: We're going to move you both along to taxes over here and all these folks that have been waiting.Governor, this question is for you. It comes from Mary Follano – Follano, sorry.ROMNEY: Hi, Mary.QUESTION: Governor Romney, you have stated that if you're elected president, you would plan to reduce the tax rates for all the tax brackets and that you would work with the Congress to eliminate some deductions in order to make up for the loss in revenue.Concerning the - these various deductions, the mortgage deductions, the charitable deductions, the child tax credit and also the - oh, what's that other credit? I forgot.OBAMA: You're doing great.QUESTION: Oh, I remember.The education credits, which are important to me, because I have children in college. What would be your position on those things, which are important to the middle class?ROMNEY: Thank you very much. And let me tell you, you're absolutely right about part of that, which is I want to bring the rates down, I want to simplify the tax code, and I want to get middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes.And the reason I want middle-income taxpayers to have lower taxes is because middle-income taxpayers have been buried over the past four years. You've seen, as middle-income people in this country, incomes go down $4,300 a family, even as gasoline prices have gone up $2,000. Health insurance premiums, up $2,500. Food prices up. Utility prices up.The middle-income families in America have been crushed over the last four years. So I want to get some relief to middle-income families. That's part - that's part one.Now, how about deductions? 'Cause I'm going to bring rates down across the board for everybody, but I'm going to limit deductions and exemptions and credits, particularly for people at the high end, because I am not going to have people at the high end pay less than they're paying now.The top 5 percent of taxpayers will continue to pay 60 percent of the income tax the nation collects. So that'll stay the same.Middle-income people are going to get a tax break.And so, in terms of bringing down deductions, one way of doing that would be say everybody gets - I'll pick a number - $25,000 of deductions and credits, and you can decide which ones to use. Your home mortgage interest deduction, charity, child tax credit, and so forth, you can use those as part of filling that bucket, if you will, of deductions.But your rate comes down and the burden also comes down on you for one more reason, and that is every middle-income taxpayer no longer will pay any tax on interest, dividends or capital gains. No tax on your savings. That makes life a lot easier.If you're getting interest from a bank, if you're getting a statement from a mutual fund or any other kind of investment you have, you don't have to worry about filing taxes on that, because there'llbe no taxes for anybody making $200,000.00 per year and less, on your interest, dividends and capital gains. Why am I lowering taxes on the middle-class? Because under the last four years, they've been buried. And I want to help people in the middle-class.And I will not - I will not under any circumstances, reduce the share that's being paid by the highest income taxpayers. And I will not, under any circumstances increase taxes on the middle-class. The president's spending, the president's borrowing will cost this nation to have to raise taxes on the American people. Not just at the high end.A recent study has shown the people in the middle-class will see $4,000.00 per year in higher taxes as a result of the spending and borrowing of this administration.I will not let that happen. I want to get us on track to a balanced budget, and I'm going to reduce the tax burden on middle income families. And what's that going to do? It's going to help those families, and it's going to create incentives to start growing jobs again in this country.CROWLEY: Thanks, Governor.OBAMA: My philosophy on taxes has been simple. And that is, I want to give middle-class families and folks who are striving to get into the middle-class some relief. Because they have been hit hardover the last decade. Over the last 15, over the last 20 years.So four years ago I stood on a stage just like this one. Actually it was a town hall, and I said I would cut taxes for middle- class families, and that's what I've done, by。
2012美国总统大选电视辩论中的非语言符号传播
众 提问 ， 呈现的是全 身的形象 。
１ 、 目光 朝 向
尼克松 的选举辩 论 ，在 当时共 吸引 了约
６ ６ ０ ０万 观 众 ， 占美 国 人 口 的 ３ ６ ． ８ ％。 在 电
目光的接触 、 交流是信息得 以传递 的
重 要方 式 ， 而 目光 的朝 向在 很 大 程 度 上 显
朝 向 主 持人 ， 只在 最 后 阶段 对 奥 巴马 进 行 质疑时 ， 正面朝向奥巴马。
们用发音器官说话 ， 但我们用整个 身体交
１ ０ ２ ｏ ｌ ａ ￣ ２ ｔ ＃ １
努 阉懈ｊ ｉ ｝
２ 、 表 情、 情 绪
符 号 的 意 义 ，前 者 指 的 是 符 号 的 物 质 形
了一个关于符号传递信息 的公式 ： 沟通 双 方相互理解 ＝ 语调（ ３ ８ ％） ＋表情 （ ５ ５ ％） ＋语 言 （ ７ ％） ， 表 明了非语言 符号在传 达 信息方面的作用。 借助 于大众传 媒呈现 的辩论 已经 超 越 了语言 、 逻辑 、 观点等 中心性 的内容 ， 它 集合 了人际传播与大众传播 的情境 ， 为观
奥 巴马 辩 驳 时 更 是 紧 盯 着 。 最 后 一 场 辩
息发 出者和信息 接受者 具有潜在 的信 息
价值”， 语 言符 号之外的符号 信息都可 以
被 称作 非 语 言 符 号 ，例 如 的两位候选人 分
别 是 民 主党 的奥 巴马 和共 和 党 的罗 姆 尼 ，
能 影 响 到 选 民的选 择 。 二、 ２ ０ １ ２美 国 总 统 电 视 辩 论 中 的 非 语 言 符 号 呈 现
向讲 台， 很少用 眼光做 出 回应 ； 在 第二场
回答 现 场 观众 提 问 中 ， 奥 巴马 更 多 地 面 向
【图文】2012年美国总统大选
【图文】2012年美国总统大选10-03总统候选人首场辩论10-03副总统候选人辩论10-03候选人第二场辩论10-03候选人第三场辩论11-06投票开始11-07北京时间11时投票结束2013-01-06参众两院宣布获胜者2013-01-20总统就职典礼滚动图片视频评论奥巴马成绩单谁是罗姆尼罗姆尼PK奥巴马特别报道直击大选结果统计12345看奥巴马如何被镜头“包装”新闻视频更多>>回顾：奥巴马执政的四年直击：奥巴马团队美国各州选情图更多>>11月6日，美国选民将投票选出新一届美国总统，目前大选正式进入投票阶段。
率先赢得270张选举人票者获胜。
图片万花筒更多>>时代封面上的国家表情美国总统从华盛顿到奥巴马，都是《时代周刊》封面上的常客，并形成一道独特的风景。
总统与狗| 选举中的巧合罗姆尼一家|秀场玩家奥巴马图表看大选更多>>社交媒体玩不转，大选难赢“早上起床时穿上裤子的回报是什么？我们不知道。
但我们知道，不这样做是不好的。
”2012年的竞选活动则已步入社交网站的深水区。
290票203票奥巴马获胜连任成功推特发文称“感谢” 评新华网最新快讯：美国总统奥巴马在11月6日(北京时间11月7日)举行的美国大选中获得超过270张选举人票，连任总统成定局。
[详细]策划：奥巴马的为官之道四年大考成绩单选民政治下，美国政界早已形成一套细致入微的为官“表演”之道，吃穿住行皆有讲究。
奥巴马，这个美国政界的“头号演员”有啥为官之道……[详细]奥巴马获胜消息美媒称奥巴马成功连任美总统将发表获胜演讲奥巴马笑谈《江南style》或私下给妻子跳(图)一个美国中产家庭大选投票："当然是奥巴马"奥巴马在重要摇摆州获胜奠定胜选基础(图)一路上他这样走来第一任期内总统人生经历选情消息奥罗最后一刻转战网络社交媒体抢选票6成选民称最关注经济民调存“死穴” 选情变数大罗姆尼自曝只准备胜选演说奥巴马备好两份获胜演说选民不满:奥执政很糟罗姆尼被批“最为虚弱的诺言”大选花絮独家:奥巴马的秘诀会讲故事接地气擅抓民心奥巴马结束最后竞选活动回忆往昔泣不成声(图)4岁女童痛哭称受够美国大选网民盼早日结束奥巴马减少女儿曝光率两千金缺席最后拉票(图)小男孩与奥巴马合照时强吻女同学抢总统风头(图)分析评论秦升祺：奥巴马连任中国更有利大西洋周刊:为何共和党应对罗姆尼当总统心存恐惧华媒评美大选:无论谁当选中美关系基本格局不变FBI与美总统"为敌"近百年总统常处于下风孙哲:美国大选呈现两大特点折射其国家分裂严重美国学者:美国未来对外政策应注重对话与合作290票290票201票203票选情瞭望塔更多>>奥巴马这四年都做了啥？过去四年里，美国勉强度过经济危机，却依旧深陷泥潭。
三次辩论后的美国总统大选
三次辩论后的美国总统大选■ 周 琪 齐 皓／文从2012年9月4日召开的民主党全国代表大会正式提名现任总统巴拉克·奥巴马为总统候选人起，美国总统大选的角逐正式开始。
在此之前8月27日共和党全国代表大会已经正式提名米特·罗姆尼为共和党总统候选人。
在正式竞选的过程中，奥巴马竞选连任的前景始终被人们看好。
根据盖洛普9月10日的民调，奥巴马和罗姆尼的支持率分别为49%和44%, 奥巴马超过罗姆尼5个百分点，其接受提名演讲的受欢迎程度也略高于对手。
另外，民众对奥巴马执政能力的正面评价也从民主党全国代表大会前45%升至50%。
9月24日，路透社与法国益普索民调公司联合发布的民调显示，自民主党全国代表大会以来，奥巴马的支持率稳定地领先于罗姆尼，奥巴马支持率为49%，罗姆尼为43%。
直到三次总统候选人辩论开始之前，奥巴马的民意支持仍高于罗姆尼。
从10月3日到22日，被普遍认为的最有可能决定选举结果的三次总统候选人辩论已经结束。
各种民调显示出，在三次总统候选人辩论之后，奥巴马和罗姆尼的支持率都会发生一些波动。
这些变化既与辩论中两位候选人的表现相关，也受到就业等各种因素的影响。
随着大选最终投票时间的临近，对选民支持率的调查更加具有实际意义。
这其中有两个原因：一是随着三次辩论的结束和投票时间的临近，两位候选人向最广泛的公众展示执政能力的机会已基本用尽，而且在距离投票不到一周的时间内，美国的经济状况很难发生大的变化。
二是在此次大选中，奥巴马一直未能在与挑战者罗姆尼的竞争中取得较大的优势。
尽管绝大多数民主党人仍然对奥巴马获胜充满了信心，而且不少共和党人也承认奥巴马获胜的可能性更大，但在民调支持率如此接近的情况下，奥巴马的胜出并非绝无悬念。
三次辩论的重点2012年10月3日，举行了两位总统候选人之间的第一场辩论，双方将大多数时间用于在政纲细节上的直接交锋，辩论的主题是失业、税收、财政赤字、医保，甚至是华尔街监管等问题，而且在大多数情况下直接切入主题。
2012年奥巴马胜选演讲全文(中英文对照版)
2012年奥巴马胜选演讲全文（中英文对照版）Thank you so much.非常感谢你们。
Tonight, more than 200 years after a former colony won the right to determine its own destiny,the task of perfecting our union moves forward.今夜，在当年的殖民地赢得了决定自己命运的权利200多年以后，让美利坚合众国更加完美的任务又向前推进了一步。
It moves forward because of you. It moves forward because you reaffirmed the spirit that has triumphed over war and depression, the spirit that has lifted this country from the depths of despair to the great heights of hope, the belief that while each of us will pursue our own individual dreams, we are an American family and we rise or fall together as one nation and as one people.这一进程是因为你们而向前推进的，因为你们再次确认了那种使美国胜利克服了战争和萧条的精神，那种使美国摆脱绝望的深渊并走向希望的最高点的精神，以及那种虽然我们每个人都在追求自己的个人梦想、但我们同属一个美国大家庭、并作为一个国家和民族共同进退的信仰。
Tonight, in this election, you, the American people, reminded us that while our road has been hard, while our journey has been long, we have picked ourselves up, we have fought our way back, and we know in our hearts that for the United States of America the best is yet to come.今夜，在此次选举中，你们这些美国人民提醒我们，虽然我们的道路一直艰难，虽然我们的旅程一直漫长，但我们已经让自己振作起来，我们已经发起反击，我们在自己内心深处知道，对美利坚合众国来说，最美好一切属于未来。
2012年美国大选罗姆尼败选演讲全文(中文英文对照)
2012年美国大选罗姆尼败选演讲全文（中文英文对照演说）Mitt Romney’s Concession SpeechNov. 7, 2012.美国总统大选罗姆尼败选演讲2012年11月7日Thank you. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you, my friends. Thank you so very much. Thank you. Thank you. Thank you.谢谢，谢谢，朋友们。
非常感谢你们。
谢谢。
谢谢。
十分感谢。
I have just called President Obama to congratulate him on his victory. His supporters and his campaign also deserve congratulations. I wish all of them well, but particularly the president, the first lady and their daughters. This is a time of great challenges for America, and I pray that the president will be successful in guiding our nation.我刚刚已致电奥巴马总统，祝贺他连任成功，同时也祝贺奥巴马的支持者和选举阵营，他们的辛勤努力得到了回报。
我在此祝福他们，并要特别祝福总统及总统夫人，以及他们的2个女儿。
对于美国而言，这是一个充满挑战的时代，而我希望总统先生能够引导美国获得成功。
I want to thank Paul Ryan for all that he has done for our campaign. And for our country. Besides my wife, Ann, Paul is the best choi ce I’ve ever made. And I trust that his intellect and his hard work and his commitment to principle will continue to contribute to the good of our nation.在此，我也要感谢保罗-瑞安为共和党阵营所付出的一切。
2012美国大选
*不是直接选举
很多人以为，美国人在大选年到投票站去投票， 很多人以为，美国人在大选年到投票站去投票， 是直接投总统候选人的票，这种概念是错误的。 是直接投总统候选人的票，这种概念是错误的。 其实，直接投票选举总统的不是选民， 其实，直接投票选举总统的不是选民，而是选举 全美共有五百三十八张选举人票， 人。全美共有五百三十八张选举人票，候选人若 赢得超过半数的选举人票， 赢得超过半数的选举人票，也就是二百七十张选 举人票，就能当选为总统。 举人票，就能当选为总统。这个局面是和两百多 年前美国开国先父的构思分不开的。当时， 年前美国开国先父的构思分不开的。当时，不是 每个美国人都能参与政治并参加投票的， 每个美国人都能参与政治并参加投票的，例如没 有财产的人、妇女以及黑人奴隶就不能参加投票。 有财产的人、妇女以及黑人奴隶就不能参加投票。 选举人团制度就是在这个背景下产生的。 选举人团制度就是在这个背景下产生的。
*选举团是如何组成的，共有多少名选举人呢？ 选举团是如何组成的，共有多少名选举人呢？
根据美国宪法第二条和1804年通过的第那 根据美国宪法第二条和1804年通过的第那2项宪 年通过的第那2 法修正案， 法修正案，每州的选举人数目相当于这个州选出 的议员的数目。 的议员的数目。美国首都华盛顿所在的哥伦比亚 特区拥有3位选举人的名额。 特区拥有3位选举人的名额。目前美国的选举团共 538名成员 名成员。 有538名成员。总统候选人获得的票数如果超过 这个数目的一半，也就是获得270张以上的选举 这个数目的一半，也就是获得270张以上的选举 人票，就能当选。 人票，就能当选。如果候选人中没有一人获得的 选票达到这个数目，就要由众议员的投票来决定。 选票达到这个数目，就要由众议员的投票来决定。 每州的众议员合在一起只有一张选票， 每州的众议员合在一起只有一张选票，票数超过 半数的候选人当选为总统。 半数的候选人当选为总统。
美国总统大选：奥巴马罗姆尼最后一场辩论(视频+完整文本)
Transcript of the Third Presidential DebateBOB SCHIEFFER: Good evening from the campus of Lynn University here in Boca Raton, Florida. This is the fourth and last debate of the 2012 campaign, brought to you by the Commission on Presidential Debates. This one’s on foreign policy. I’m Bob Schieffer of CBS News. The questions are mine, and I have not shared them with the candidates or their aides.The audience has taken a vow of silence — no applause, no reaction of any kind except right now when we welcome President Barack Obama and Governor Mitt Romney. (Sustained cheers, applause.) Gentlemen, your campaigns have agreed to certain rules and they are simple. They have asked me to divide the evening into segments. I’ll pose a question at the beginning of each segment. You will each have two minutes to respond, and then we will have a general discussion until we move to the next segment.Tonight’s debate, as both of your know, comes on the 50th anniversary of the night that President Kennedy told the world that the Soviet Union had installed nuclear missiles in Cuba —perhaps the closest we’ve ever come to nuclear war. And it is a sobering reminder that every president faces at some point an unexpected threat to our national security from abroad. So let’s begin.The first segment is the challenge of a changing Middle East and the new face of terrorism. I’m going to put this into two segments, so you’ll have two topic questions within this one segment on that subject. The first question, and it concerns Libya, the controversy over what happened there continues. Four Americans are dead, including an American ambassador. Questions remain. What happened? What caused it? Was it spontaneous?Was it an intelligence failure? Was it a policy failure? Was there an attempt to mis lead people about what really happened?Governor Romney, you said this was an example of an American policy in the Middle East that is unraveling before our very eyes. I’d like to hear ea ch of you give your thoughts on that.Governor Romney, you won the toss. You go first.MITT ROMNEY: Thank you, Bob, and thank you for agreeing to moderate this debate this evening. Thank you to Lynn University for welcoming us here, and Mr. Pres ident, it’s good to be with you again. We were together at a humorous event a little earlier, and it’s nice to maybe be funny this time not on purpose. We’ll see what happens. (Laughter.)This is obviously an area of great concern to the entire world and to America in particular, which is to see a — a complete change in the — the — the structure and the — the environment in the Middle East. With the Arab Spring came a great deal of hope that there would be a change towards more moderation and opportunity for greater participation on the part of women and — and public life and in economic life in the Middle East. But instead we’ve seen in nation after nation a number of disturbing events. Of course, we see in Syria 30,000 civilians having been killed by the military there. We see in — in — in Libya an attack apparently by — well, I think we know now by terrorists of some kind against —against our people there, four people dead. Our hearts and minds go to them. Mali has been taken over, the northern part of Mali, by al-Qaida-type individuals. We have in — in Egypt a Muslim Brotherhood president.And so what we’re seeing is a — a — a pretty dramatic reversal in the kind of hopes we had for that region. Of course, the greatest threat of all is Iran, four years closer to a nuclear weapon. And —and we’re going to have to recognize that we have to do as the president has done. I congratulate him on — on taking out Osama bin Laden and going after the leadership in al-Qaida. But we can’t kill our way out of this mess. We’re — we’re going to have to put in place a very comprehensive and robust strategy to help the — the world of Islam and — and other parts of the world reject this radical violent extremism which is —it’s really not on the run. It’s certainly not hiding. This is a group that is nowinvolved in 10 or 12 countries, and it presents an enormous threat to our friends, to the world, to America long term, and we must have a comprehensive strategy to help reject this kind of extremism.MR. SCHIEFFER: Mr. President.PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, my first job as commander in chief, Bob, is to keep the American people safe, and that’s what we’ve done over the last four years. We ended the war in Iraq, refocused our attention on those who actually killed us on 9/11. And as a consequence, al-Qaida’s core leadership has been decimated.In addition, we’re now able to transition out of Afghanistan in a responsible way, making sure that Afghans take responsibility for their own security, and that allows us also to rebuild alliances and make friends around the world to combat future threats. Now, with respect to Libya, as I indicated in the last debate, when we received that phone call, I immediately made sure that, number one, we did everything we could to secure those Americans who were still in harm’s way; number two, that we would investigate exactly what happened; and number three, most importantly, that we would go after those who killed Americans, and we would bring them to justice, and that’s exactly what we’re going to do.But I think it’s important to step back and think about what happened in Libya. Now, keep in mind that I and Americans took leadership in organizing an international coalition that made sure that we were able to — without putting troops on the ground, at the cost of less than what we spent in two weeks in Iraq — liberate a country that had been under the yoke of dictatorship for 40 years, got rid of a despot who had killed Americans.And as a consequence, despite this tragedy, you had tens of thousands of Libyans after the events in Benghazi marching and saying, America’s our friend. We stand with them. Now that represents the opportunity we have to take advantage of. And you know, Governor Romney, I’m glad that you agree thatwe have been successful in going after al-Qaida, but I have to tell you that, you know, your strategy previously has been one that has been all over the map and is not designed to keep Americans safe or to build on the opportunities that exist in the Middle East.MR. ROMNEY: Well, my strategy’s pretty straightforward, which is to go after the bad guys, to make sure we do our very best to interrupt them, to — to kill them, to take them out of the picture. But my strategy is broader than — than that. That’s —that’s important, of course, but the key that we’re going to have to pursue is a — is a pathway to — to get the Muslim world to be able to reject extremism on its own. We don’t want another Iraq. We don’t want another Afghanistan. Tha t’s not the right course for us. The right course for us is to make sure that we go after the — the people who are leaders of these variousanti-American groups and these — these jihadists, but also help the Muslim world.And how we do that? A group of Arab scholars came together, organized by the U.N., to look at how we can help the — the world reject these —these terrorists. And the answer they came up was this.One, more economic development. We should key our foreign aid, our direct foreign investment and that of our friends — we should coordinate it to make sure that we — we push back and give them more economic development.Number two, better education.Number three, gender equality.Number four, the rule of law. We have to help these nations create civil societies.But what’s been happening over the last couple years as we watched this tumult in the Middle East, this rising tide of chaos occur, you see al-Qaida rushing in, you see other jihadist groups rushing in.And —and they’re throughout many na tions of the Middle East.It’s wonderful that Libya seems to be making some progress, despite this terrible tragedy, but next door, of course, we have Egypt. Libya’s 6 million population, Egypt 80 million population. We want — we want to make sure that we’re seeing progress throughout the Middle East. With Mali now having North Mali taken over by al-Qaida, with Syria having Assad continuing to — or to kill —to murder his own people, this is a region in tumult. And of course Iran on the path to a nuclear weapon. We’ve got real gaps in the region.。
2021美国总统大选辩论会中文版(血泪翻译版)
2021美国总统大选辩论会中文版（血泪翻译版）（掌声）吉姆莱勒：三十秒，伙计。
让我们有一个很棒的夜晚，为你，为我国。
晚上好从麦格尼斯竞技场在丹佛丹佛大学，科罗拉多。
我是吉姆莱勒的“公共广播新闻，“我欢迎你到2021第一场总统辩论之间的巴拉克总统奥巴马，民主党提名的候选人，和前马萨诸塞州州长米特・罗姆尼，共和党提名。
这次辩论和未来三――两国总统，副总统――是一个由总统辩论委员会主办。
今晚的90分钟将国内问题，将由委员会设计的格式。
大约15分钟会有六段两分钟回答第一个问题，然后公开讨论为余下的每一部分。
成千上万的人们提供建议部分科目或问题，通过互联网和其他手段，但我作出最后的选择。
并记录，他们没有提交批准委员会或候选人。
这段我提前宣布将三的经济和一个卫生保健，政府的作用和管理，重点在不同，细节和选择。
两位候选人也将有两分钟的最后陈述。
大厅中的观众都已经承诺保持沉默――没有欢呼，掌声，嘘声，嘘声，在嘈杂的分心的事情，所以我们可能都集中在候选人都说。
有一个声音异常现在，虽然，我们欢迎奥巴马总统和罗姆尼州长。
（掌声）先生们，欢迎你们。
让我们开始经济，段，并让我们开始工作。
什么是主要的差异两国之间的你，你将如何去创造新的工作？这次辩论和未来三――两国总统，副总统――是一个由总统辩论委员会主办。
今晚的90分钟将国内问题，将由委员会设计的格式。
大约15分钟会有六段两分钟回答第一个问题，然后公开讨论为余下的每一部分。
你有2分钟。
每一个你有2分钟开始。
掷硬币决定，总统先生，你先去。
奥巴马总统：好的，谢谢你，吉姆，这个机会。
我要感谢罗姆尼州长和丹佛大学的盛情款待。
有很多分，我希望今晚能，但其中最重要的是，20年前我成为世上最幸运的人因为米歇尔奥巴马同意嫁给我。
于是我只想祝福你，亲爱的，周年快乐，让你知道，从现在开始的一年我们将不庆祝它在40000000人面前。
（笑声）你知道，四年前我们经历了大萧条以来最严重金融危机。
2012年美国总统大选第二场辩论(节选)
2012年美国总统大选第二场辩论（节选）时间：2012年10月16日地点：纽约州，亨普斯特德市，霍夫斯特拉大学主持人：坎迪·克劳利创造就业谁更能干问题：总统先生，罗姆尼州长，作为一个20岁的大学生，无论是教授、邻居，还是其他人，他们都告诉我，当我毕业，我可能就要失业。
你们如何能确保我，更重要的是让我的父母也信服，我能够在毕业后自食其力？罗姆尼：谢谢你，Jeremy。
你的问题是全国的大学生都关心的问题。
我在宾夕法尼亚州的费城时遇到一位大学毕业生，她说，“我得到了学位，但没能找到工作。
我做了三份临时工，但这不足以支付我的伙食费和房租。
我也没法开始偿还我的助学贷款。
”所以我们必须做两件事：让学生更容易上得起大学，让学生毕业后能找得到工作。
当我是马萨诸塞州州长时，你只有通过了考试，才能获得高中学位。
如果你的毕业成绩位于前25%，那么你能够得到John和AbigailAdams奖学金，并在马萨诸塞州你所选择的大学免去四年学费，它是一个公立大学。
我将确保我们能够增加佩尔助学金（编注：一项联邦助学金），我们将同时拥有我们的贷款项目以满足学生们的学费支付。
但最关键的问题是，确保你毕业后能够找到一份工作。
但过去四年发生的事情，对美国的年轻人而言，是非常非常艰难的。
我要让你们能够找到一份工作。
我知道如何能让经济运转起来。
今年有一半的大学毕业生没有找到工作，或者找不到一份能与其大学毕业生身份相配的工作，这是不可接受的。
同时，你们的债务却越来越重。
结果，更多的债务，更少的工作……克劳利：总统先生。
奥巴马：Jeremy，首先，你的未来是光明的。
你为自己投资了更高教育的事实是至关重要的，不止对你，对整个国家来说也如此。
当前我们能做的最重要的事情是，确保我们在这个国家创造工作机会，不仅仅是工作，而且是薪酬优厚的工作，这些工作足以养家糊口。
我想要做的是，在过去30个月私人部门创造的500万个工作的基础上，创造出更多的就业。
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会实录
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会实录引言美国总统大选是全球关注的焦点，每场电视辩论会都成为选民了解并评估候选人的重要途径。
第二场电视辩论会作为决定选情的关键时刻，创造了紧张激烈的氛围。
本文将以Markdown文本格式输出美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会的实录，准确记录候选人之间的交锋和观点争论。
辩论主题本场辩论会的主题包括经济、外交政策和治理方式等关键问题。
两位候选人将在主持人的引导下，针对这些议题展开辩论。
辩论实录介绍阶段主持人：欢迎各位观众来到美国总统大选第二场电视辩论会。
我们将就经济、外交政策和治理方式等问题展开讨论。
请欢迎我们的候选人，A先生和B女士。
经济问题讨论主持人：我们首先将讨论经济问题。
A先生，您认为当前美国经济面临的最大挑战是什么？请您发表看法。
A先生：感谢主持人。
我认为当前最大的挑战是失业率过高和经济不稳定。
我们需要采取一系列措施来刺激经济增长和创造就业机会。
B女士：我不同意A先生的说法。
我认为贫富差距的扩大和无法解决中产阶级的问题才是我们面临的最大挑战。
我们需要通过改革税收政策来实现更公平的经济发展。
外交政策问题讨论主持人：让我们转向外交政策问题。
B女士，您认为美国在国际事务中的角色应该是什么样的？B女士：我认为美国应该继续发挥领导作用，致力于推动全球合作解决重大问题，如气候变化和恐怖主义。
A先生：我不同意B女士的观点。
我认为我们应该更加关注国内问题，将资源用于改善国内基础设施和提升国内就业率。
治理方式问题讨论主持人：最后我们将讨论治理方式问题。
A先生，您认为政府应该如何解决党派分歧和政治僵局？A先生：我认为我们需要更多的合作和妥协。
只有通过党派之间的合作，才能解决国家面临的重要问题。
B女士：我同意合作的重要性，但我认为我们需要采取更加果断的行动来推动改革和解决分歧。
我们不能再继续拖延了。
总结阶段主持人：谢谢A先生和B女士的观点。
在我们离开之前，请您向选民表达最后的呼吁。
A先生：我希望选民能够认真考虑候选人的观点和计划，为美国的未来做出明智的选择。
2012年奥巴马竞选获胜连任演讲全文(中英文)
奥巴马演讲全文（中英文）奥巴马（美国总统当选人）：谢谢，非常感谢各位。
今晚，是在一个曾经的殖民地在赢得自己主权200多年之后，我们来到这里，不断前行，这主要是因为你们坚信这个国家能够实现永恒的希望，实现移民的梦想。
每一个人都可以独立的争取自己的未来，我们将会作为一个国家共同起落。
今晚，在选举的过程当中，你们——美国的人民，让我们记得我们的道路是非常艰辛的，我们的道路是漫长的，我们重新站了起来，我们也从内心知道，美国还没有迎来最好的时代。
我想要感谢每一个参与选举的美国人。
无论你们是第一次投票，还是(排队)等了很长的时间才投上一票——顺便说一下我会解决这个问题。
无论你是自己去投票站投的票，还是打电话投的票；无论你是投给奥巴马的人，还是投给罗姆尼的人，你都是为我们国家带来转变的力量。
我刚刚同罗姆尼通过电话，我祝贺他们这次竞选所取得的成绩。
我们的选战也许非常激烈，但这正是因为我们深爱着这个国家，并且我们十分在意它的未来。
从罗姆尼整个家庭，孙子辈，孩子辈，整个家庭都献给了美国，这种精神我们将永远铭记。
几周之后我将会同罗姆尼坐在一起，讨论我们怎么样推动国家未来的发展。
我也感谢在过去四年辛苦奉献的搭档，也是美国最好的副总统，拜登先生。
我(之所以)成为现在的我，必须要感谢20年前与我结婚的女人。
我想公开地表达：米歇尔，我从来没有像现在这样爱你！我为你感到非常非常的骄傲，我相信我们的国家也非常爱你，你是我们非常热爱的美国第一夫人。
萨莎和玛莉亚，我挚爱的女儿，你们两个是非常坚强也非常聪明的女性，就像你们的母亲一样，我对你们感到非常的骄傲，但是目前我觉得给你们养一条宠物狗就够了。
我还要感谢我的竞选团队和志愿者，他们是最好的，最棒的，而且是史上最棒的。
有些人是第一次来听我的演说，有些人四年前就听了我的获胜演说，但是每个人对我来讲都是我的一分子，不管你做了什么，不管你去了哪里，你一定会记得我们今天晚上所创的历史，你会一生都感激今晚这个时刻，而且你们会一直记得有一个心怀感激的总统，谢谢你们一路以来对我的信任，我要感谢你们所做的每一件事情。
2012美国大选副总统辩论文字稿
Vice Presidential debate2012Transcript of the Oct.11debate between Vice President Biden and his Republican challenger, Rep.Paul Ryan of Wisconsin,moderated by Martha Raddatz of ABC News.Source:Federal News ServiceMARTHA RADDATZ:Good evening,and welcome to the first and only vice presidential debate of2012,sponsored by the Commission on Presidential Debates.I'm Martha Raddatz of ABC News,and I am honored to moderate this debate between two men who have dedicated much of their lives to public service.Tonight's debate is divided between domestic and foreign policy issues.And I'm going to move back and forth between foreign and domestic since that is what a vice president or president would have to do.We will have nine different segments.At the beginning of each segment,I will ask both candidates a question,and they will each have two minutes to answer.Then I will encourage a discussion between the candidates with follow-up questions.By coin toss,it has been determined that Vice President Biden will be first to answer the opening question.We have a wonderful audience here at Centre College tonight.You will no doubt hear their enthusiasm at the end of the debate and right now as we welcome Vice President Biden and Congressman Paul Ryan.(Applause.)Very nice to see you.Very nice to see you.VICE PRESIDENT JOE BIDEN:How you doing?MS.RADDATZ:Hey,you got your little wave to the families in.That's great.Good evening,gentlemen.It really is an honor to be here with both of you.I would like to begin with Libya on a rather somber note.One month ago tonight,on the anniversary of9/11,Ambassador Chris Stevens and three other brave Americans were killed in a terrorist attack in Benghazi.The State Department has now made clear there were no protesters there.It was a pre-planned assault by heavily armed men.Wasn't this a massive intelligence failure,Vice President Biden?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:What it was,it was a tragedy,Martha.It—Chris Stevens was one of our best.We lost three other brave Americans.And I can make absolutely two commitments to you and all of the American people tonight: One,we will find and bring to justice the men who did this.And secondly,we will get to the bottom of it,and whatever—wherever the facts lead us, wherever they lead us,w will make clear to the American public,because whatever mistakes were made will not be made again.When you're looking at a president,Martha,it seems to me that you should take a look at his most important responsibility.That's carrying forward the national security of the country.And the best way to do that is take a look at how he's handled he issues of the day.On Iraq,the president said he would end the ernor Romney said that was a tragic mistake;we should have left—that he ended it—Governor Romney said that was a tragic mistake;we should have left30,000troops there.With regard to Afghanistan,he said he will end the war ernor Romney said we should not set a date,number one,and number two,with regard to2014,it depends.When it came to Osama bin Laden,the president,the first day in office—I was sitting with him in the Oval Office.He called in the CIA and signed an order saying,my highest priority is to get bin Laden.Prior to the election,prior to the—him being sworn in,Governor Romney was asked a question about how he would proceed.He said,I wouldn't move heaven and earth to get bin Laden.He didn't understand it was more than about taking a—a murderer off the battlefield;it was about restoring America's heart and letting terrorists around the world know if you do harm to America,we will track you to the gates of hell,if need be.And lastly,the—the president of the United States has—has led with a steady hand and clear ernor Romney,the opposite.The last thing we need now is another war.MS.RADDATZ:Congressman Ryan.REP.PAUL RYAN:(Sighs.)We mourn the loss of these four Americans who were murdered. When you take a look at what has happened just in the last few weeks,they sent the U.N. ambassador out to say that this was because of a protest and a YouTube video.It took the president two weeks to acknowledge that this was a terrorist attack.He went to the U.N.,and in his speech at the U.N.he said six times—he talked about the YouTube video.Look,if we are hit by terrorists,we're going to call it for what it is,a terrorist attack.Our ambassador in Paris has a Marine detachment guarding him.Shouldn't we have a Marinedetachment guarding our ambassador in Benghazi,a place where we knew that there was an al-Qaida cell with arms?This is becoming more troubling by the day.They first blamed the YouTube video;now they're trying to blame the Romney-Ryan ticket for making this an issue.And with respect to Iraq,we had the same position before the withdrawal,which was we agreed with the Obama administration:Let's have a Status of Forces Agreement to make sure that we secure our gains.The vice president was put in charge of those negotiations by President Obama,and they failed to get the agreement.We don't have a Status of Forces Agreement because they failed to get one.That's what we are talking about.And when it comes to our veterans,we owe them a great debt of gratitude for what they've done for us,including your son Beau.But we also want to make sure that we don't lose the things we fought so hard to get.And with respect to Afghanistan and the2014deadline,we agree with a2014transition.But what we also want to do is make sure that we're not projecting weakness abroad,and that's what's happening here.This Benghazi issue would be a tragedy in and of itself.But unfortunately it's indicative of a broader problem,and that is what we are watching on our TV screens is the unraveling of the Obama foreign policy,which is making the world more—more chaotic and us less safe.MS.RADDATZ:I just want to talk to you about right in the middle of the ernor Romney—and you're talking about this again tonight—talked about the weakness,talked about apologies from the Obama administration.Was that really appropriate right in the middle of the crisis?REP.RYAN:On that same day,the Obama administration had the exact same position.Let's recall that they disavowed their own statement that they had put out earlier in the day in Cairo.So we had the same position,but we will—it's never to early to speak out for our values.We should have spoken out right away when the Green Revolution was up and starting,when the mullahs in Iran were attacking their people.We should not have called Bashar Assad a reformer when he was turning his Russian-provided guns on his own people.We should always stand up for peace,for democracy,for individual rights,and we should not be imposing these devastating defense cuts,because what that does when we equivocate on our values, when we show that we're cutting our own defense—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Am I going to get to say anything here?REP.RYAN:—it makes us more weak.It projects weakness,and when we look weak,our adversaries are much more willing to test us,they're more brazen in their attacks,and our allies are less willing to—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:With all due respect,that's a bunch of malarkey.In fact—MS.RADDATZ:And why is that so?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Because not a single thing he said is accurate.First of all—MS.RADDATZ:Be specific.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:I will be very specific.Number one,the—this lecture on embassy security—the congressman here cut embassy security in his budget by$300million below what we asked for,number one.So much for the embassy security piece.Number two,Governor Romney,before he knew the facts,before he even knew that our ambassador was killed,he was out making a political statement which was panned by the media around the world.And this talk about this—this weakness,I—I don't understand what my friend's talking about here.We—this is a president who's gone out and done everything he has said he was going to do. This is the guy who's repaired our alliances so the rest of the world follows us again.This is the guy who brought the entire world,including Russia and China,to bring about the most devastating,most devastating—the most devastating efforts on Iran to make sure that they in fact stop with their—look,I—I—I just—I mean,these guys bet against America all the time.REP.RYAN:I—MS.RADDATZ:Can we talk about—let me go back to Libya.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Yeah,sure.MS.RADDATZ:What were you first told about the attack?Why were people talking about protests?When people in the consulate first saw armed men attacking with guns,there were no protesters.Why did that go on for weeks?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Because that's exactly what we were told—MS.RADDATZ:By who?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:—by the intelligence community.The intelligence community told us that.As they learned more facts about exactly what happened,they changed their assessment.That's why there's also an investigation headed by Tom Pickering,a leading diplomat in the—from the Reagan years,who is doing an investigation as to whether or not there were any lapses,what the lapses were,so that they will never happen again.But—MS.RADDATZ:And they wanted more security there.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Well,we weren't told they wanted more security again.We did not know they wanted more security again.And by the way,at the time we were told exactly—we said exactly what the intelligence community told us that they knew.That was the assessment. And as the intelligence community changed their view,we made it clear they changed their view.That's why I said,we will get to the bottom of this.You know,usually when there's a crisis,we pull together.We pull together as a nation.But as I said,even before we knew what happened to the ambassador,the governor was holding a press conference—was holding a press conference.That's not presidential leadership.MS.RADDATZ:Mr.Ryan,I want to ask you about—the Romney campaign talks a lot about no apologies.He has a book called No Apologies.Should the U.S.have apologized for Americans burning Qurans in Afghanistan?Should the U.S.apologize for U.S.Marines urinating on Taliban corpses?REP.RYAN:Oh,gosh,yes.Urinating on Taliban corpses?What we should not apologize for —MS.RADDATZ:Burning Qurans(immediately?)?REP.RYAN:What—what we should not be apologizing for are standing up for our values. What we should not be doing is saying to the Egyptian people,while Mubarak is cracking down on them,that he's a good guy and then the next week say he ought to go.What we should not be doing is rejecting claims for—calls for more security in our barracks,in our Marine—we need Marines in Benghazi when the commander on the ground says we need more forces for security.There were requests for extra security.Those requests were not honored.Look,this was the anniversary of9/11.It was Libya,a country we knew we had al-Qaida cells there.As we know,al-Qaida and its affiliates are on the rise in northern Africa.And we did not give our ambassador in Benghazi a Marine detachment?Of course there is an investigation sowe can make sure that this never happens again.But when it comes to speaking up for our values,we should not apologize for those.Here is the problem.Look at all the various issues out there and that's unraveling before our eyes.The vice president talks about sanctions on Iran.They got—we've had four—MS.RADDATZ:Let's move to Iran.I'd actually like to move to Iran because there is really no bigger national security—REP.RYAN:Absolutely.MS.RADDATZ:—this country is facing.Both President Obama and Governor Romney have said they will prevent Iran from getting a nuclear weapon,even if that means military action. Last week former Defense Secretary Bob Gates said a strike on Iran's facilities would not work and,quote,could prove catastrophic,haunting us for generations.Can the two of you be absolutely clear and specific to the American people how effective would a military strike be? Congressman Ryan.REP.RYAN:We cannot allow Iran to gain a nuclear weapons capability.Now,let's take a look at where we've gone—come from.When Barack Obama was elected, they had enough fissile material,nuclear material,to make one bomb.Now they have enough for five.They're racing toward a nuclear weapon.They're four years closer toward a nuclear weapons capability.We've had four different sanctions at the U.N.on Iran,three from the Bush administration,one here.And the only reason we got it is because Russia watered it down and prevented the—the sanctions from hitting the central bank.Mitt Romney proposed these sanctions in2007.In Congress,I've been fighting for these sanctions since2009.The administration was blocking us every step of the way.Only because we had strong bipartisan support for these tough sanctions were we able to overrule their objections and put them in spite of the administration.Imagine what would have happened if we had these sanctions in place earlier.You think Iran's not brazen?Look at what they're doing.They're stepping up their terrorist attacks.They tried a terrorist attack in the United States last year when they tried to blow up the Saudi ambassador at a restaurant in Washington,D.C.And talk about credibility.When this administration says that all options are on the table,they send out senior administration officials that send all these mixed signals.And so in order solve this peacefully,which is everybody's goal,you have to have the ayatollahs change their minds.Look at where they are.They're moving faster toward a nuclear weapon.It's because this administration has no credibility on this issue.It's because this administration watered down sanctions,delayed sanctions,tried to stop us from putting the tough sanctions in place.Now we have them in place because of Congress.They say the military option's on the table but it's not being viewed as credible,and the key is to do this peacefully,is to make sure that we have credibility.Under a Romney administration,we will have credibility on this issue.MS.RADDATZ:Vice President Biden.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Incredible.(Chuckles.)Look,imagine had we let the Republican Congress work out the sanctions.You think there's any possibility the entire world would have joined us,Russia and China,all of our allies?These are the most crippling sanctions in the history of sanctions,period,period.When Governor Romney's asked about it,he said,we got to keep these sanctions.When they said,well,you're talking about doing more,what are you—are you—you're going to go to war?Is that you want to do now?REP.RYAN:We want to prevent war!VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:(Inaudible)—and I—the interesting thing is,how they're going to prevent war.How are they going to prevent war if they say that there's nothing more that we—that they say we should do than what we've already done,number one?And number two,with regard to the ability of the United States to take action militarily,it is—it is not in my purview to talk about classified information.But we feel quite confident we could deal a serious blow to the Iranians.But number two,the Iranians are—the Israelis and the United States—our military and intelligence communities are absolutely the same exact place in terms of how close—how close the Iranians are to getting a nuclear weapon.They are a good way away.There is no difference between our view and theirs.When my friend talks about fissile material,they have to take this highly enriched uranium,get it from20percent up.Then they have to be able to have something to put it in.There is no weapon that the Iranians have at this point.Both the Israelis and we know we'll know if they start the process of building a weapon.So all this bluster I keep hearing,all this loose talk—what are they talking about?Are you talking about to be more credible?What—what morecan the president do?Stand before the United Nations,tell the whole world,directly communicate to the ayatollah:We will not let them acquire a nuclear weapon,period,unless he's talking about going to war.REP.RYAN:Martha,let's just—MS.RADDATZ:Congressman Ryan.REP.RYAN:—let's look at this from the view of the ayatollahs.What do they see?They see this administration trying to water down sanctions in Congress for over two years.They're moving faster toward a nuclear weapon;they're spinning the centrifuges faster.They see us saying,when we come into the administration,when they're sworn in,we need more space with our ally Israel.They see President Obama in New York City the same day Bibi Netanyahu is,and he's—instead of meeting with him goes on a—on a daily talk show.They see—when we say that these options are on the table,the secretary of defense walked them back. They are not changing their mind.That's what we have to do,is change their mind so they stop pursuing nuclear weapons,and they're going faster.MS.RADDATZ:How will you do it so quickly?Look,you both saw Benjamin Netanyahu hold up that picture of a bomb with the red line and talking about the red line being in spring.So can you solve this—if the Romney-Ryan ticket is elected,can you solve this in two months before spring and avoid nuclear—REP.RYAN:We—we can debate a timeline.MS.RADDATZ:(Inaudible.)REP.RYAN:We can debate the timeline,whether there's—it's that short a time or longer.I —I agree that it's probably longer.Number two,it's all about credibility.MS.RADDATZ:You don't agree with that bomb and what the Israelis—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:No,look—(inaudible)—REP.RYAN:(Inaudible)—look,we—we both—(inaudible)—MS.RADDATZ:Vice President Biden.REP.RYAN:I don't want to go into classified stuff,but we both agree that to do this peacefully, you've got to get them to change their minds.They're not changing their minds,and look at what this administration does—MS.RADDATZ:But what do you do—(inaudible)—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Let me tell you what the ayatollah sees.REP.RYAN:You have to have credibility.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:The ayatollah sees his economy being crippled.The ayatollah sees that there are50percent fewer exports of oil.He sees the currency going into the tank. He sees the economy going into free fall,and he sees the world for the first time totally united in opposition to him getting a nuclear weapon.Now,with regard to Bibi,he's been my friend for39years.The president has met with Bibi a dozen times.He's spoken to Bibi Netanyahu as much as he's spoken to anybody.The idea that we're not—I was in a—just before he went to the U.N.,I was in a conference call with the—with the president,with him talking to Bibi,for well over an hour in—in—in—in—in stark relief and detail about what was going on.This is a bunch of stuff.Look,here's the deal —MS.RADDATZ:What does that mean,"a bunch of stuff"?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Well,it means it's simply inaccurate.REP.RYAN:It's Irish.(Chuckles.)VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:It is.(Laughter.)We Irish call it malarkey.MS.RADDATZ:Thanks for the translation.OK.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:No,we Irish call it malarkey.(Laughter.)But last thing:the secretary of defense has made it absolutely clear.He didn't walk anything back.We will not allow the Iranians to get a nuclear weapon.What Bibi held up there was when they get to the point where they can enrich uranium enough to put into a weapon,they don't have a weapon to put it into.Let's all calm down a little bit here.Iran is more isolated today than when we took office.It was on the ascendancy when we took office.It is totally isolated.MS.RADDATZ:Congressman Ryan—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:I don't know what world you guys are in.MS.RADDATZ:Congressman Ryan—REP.RYAN:Thank—thank heavens we have these sanctions in place.It's in spite of their opposition.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:(Chuckles.)Oh,God.REP.RYAN:They have given20waivers to this sanction.And all I have to point to are the results.They're four years closer toward a nuclear weapon.I think that case speaks for itself.MS.RADDATZ:Can you tell the American people what's worse—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:By the way,they're—no,no,they are not four years closer to a nuclear weapon.MS.RADDATZ:—another war in the Middle East or—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:They're—they're closer to being able to get enough fissile material to put in a weapon if they had a weapon.But—MS.RADDATZ:You're acting a little bit like they don't want one,though.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Oh,I didn't say—no,I'm not saying—(look?),facts matter, Martha.You're a foreign policy expert.Facts matter.All this loose talk about them—all they have to do is get to—enrich uranium in a certain amount and they have a weapon—not true. Not true.They are more—and if we ever have to take action,unlike where we took office,we will have the world behind us,and that matters.That matters.MS.RADDATZ:What about Bob Gates'statement?Let me read that again:"Could prove catastrophic,haunting us for generations."VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:He is right.It could prove catastrophic if we do—we do it with—(inaudible)—MS.RADDATZ:Congressman Ryan?REP.RYAN:And what it does is it—and it undermines our credibility by backing up the point when we make it that all options are on the table.That's the point.The ayatollahs see thesekinds of statements,and they think,I'm going to get a nuclear weapon.When—when we see the kind of equivocation that took place because this administration wanted a precondition policy—so when the Green Revolution started up,they were silent for nine days.When they see us putting—when they see us putting daylight between ourselves and our allies in Israel, that gives them encouragement.When they see Russia watering down any further sanctions —and the only reason we got a U.N.sanction is because Russia watered it down and prevented these—(there?)from being sanctions in the first place.So when they see this kind of activity,they are encouraged to continue,and that's the problem.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Martha,let me tell you what Russia's—(inaudible)—MS.RADDATZ:What—let me ask you what's worse:war in the Middle East,another war in the Middle East,or a nuclear-armed Iran?REP.RYAN:I'll tell you what's worse.I'll tell you what's worse.MS.RADDATZ:Quickly.REP.RYAN:A nuclear-armed Iran,which triggers a nuclear arms race in the Middle East. This is the world's largest sponsor of—of terrorism.They've dedicated themselves—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:That's the only thing my—REP.RYAN:—to wiping an entire country off the map.They call us the Great Satan.And if they get nuclear weapons,other people in the neighborhood will pursue their nuclear weapons as well.MS.RADDATZ:Vice President Biden.REP.RYAN:We can't live with that.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:War should always be the absolute last resort.That's why these crippling sanctions,what Bibi Netanyahu says we should continue—which,if I'm not mistaken, Governor Romney says we—we should continue.If I—I may be mistaken;he changes his mind so often,I could be wrong.But the fact of the matter is,he says they're working.And the fact is that they are being crippled by them.And we've made it clear,big nations can't bluff. This president doesn't bluff.MS.RADDATZ:Gentlemen,I want to bring the conversation to a different kind of national security issue,the state of our economy.The number one issue here at home is jobs.Thepercentage of unemployed just fell below8percent for the first time in43months.The Obama administration had projected that it would fall below6percent now after the addition of close to a trillion dollars in stimulus money.So will both of you level with the American people?Can you get unemployment to under6percent,and how long will it take?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:I don't know how long it will take.MS.RADDATZ:Vice President Biden.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:We can and we will get it under6percent.Let's look at the—let's take a look at the facts.Let's look at where we were when we came to office.The economy was in free fall.We had—the Great Recession hit.Nine million people lost their job,1.7—$1.6trillion in wealth lost in equity in your homes,in retirement accounts from the middle class.We knew we had to act for the middle class.We immediately went out and rescued General Motors.We went ahead and made sure that we cut taxes for the middle class.And in addition to that,when that—and when that occurred,what did Romney do?Romney said,no,let Detroit go bankrupt.We moved in and helped people refinance their ernor Romney said,no,let foreclosures hit the bottom.But it shouldn't be surprising for a guy who says47percent of the American people are unwilling to take responsibility for their own lives.My friend recently,in a speech in Washington,said30%of the American people are takers.These people are my mom and dad, the people I grew up with,my neighbors.They pay more effective tax than Governor Romney pays in his federal income tax.They are elderly people who in fact are living off of Social Security.They are veterans and people fighting in Afghanistan right now who are,quote,not paying any taxes.I've had it up to here with this notion that47percent—it's about time they take some responsibility here.And instead of signing pledges to Grover Norquist not to ask the wealthiest among us to contribute to bring back the middle class,they should be signing a pledge saying to the middle class,we're going to level the playing field.We're going to give you a fair shot again.We are going to not repeat the mistakes we made in the past by having a different set of rules for Wall Street and Main Street,making sure that we continue to hemorrhage these tax cuts for the superwealthy.They're pushing the continuation of a tax cut that will give an additional$500billion in tax cuts to120,000families.And they're holding hostage the middle-class tax cut because they say,we won't pass—we won't continue the middle-class tax cut unless you give the tax cut for the superwealthy.It's about time they take some responsibility.MS.RADDATZ:Mr.Ryan.REP.RYAN:Joe and I are from similar towns.He's from Scranton,Pennsylvania.I'm from Janesville,Wisconsin.You know what the unemployment rate in Scranton is today?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:I sure do.REP.RYAN:It's10percent.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Yeah.REP.RYAN:You know what it was the day you guys came in?VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:No.REP.RYAN:Eight-point-five percent.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:Yeah.REP.RYAN:That's how it's going all around America.Look—VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:You don't read the statistics.That's not"how it's going."It's going down.MS.RADDATZ:(Inaudible)—two-minute answer,please.REP.RYAN:Look—(chuckles)—did they come in and inherit a tough situation?Absolutely.VICE PRESIDENT BIDEN:(Chuckles.)REP.RYAN:But we're going in the wrong direction!Look at where we are.The economy is barely limping along.It's growing at1.3percent.That's slower than it grew last year,and last year was slower than the year before.Job growth in September was slower than it was in August,and August was slower than it was in July.We're heading in the wrong direction.。
美国总统竞选中的电视辩论
云南社会主义学院学报 2012年第3期 NO.3,2012 云南社会主义学院学报JO UR NA L OF YU N NA NI N ST I TU T E OFS O CI A L I S M 280浅谈美国总统竞选中的电视辩论 姜晓艳 （东南大学 人文学院，江苏 南京 211189） 摘 要：随着大众传媒的兴起，电视辩论在美国迅速发展。
它为总统候选人提供了展现自我的舞台，是民主政治的一大进步，它使选民有了了解总统候选人的机会，使领导人更加注重自己的形象设计，提高了竞选的透明度。
当然，它也不可避免的带有一定的消极影响。
目前，我国的选举制度中也存在一些弊端，美国的电视辩论对我国的选举也有一定的借鉴意义。
关键词：美国总统；竞选；电视辩论；民主政治 中图分类号：D771.2 文献标志码：A 文章编号：1671-2811（2012）03-0280-2 一、引言 美国总统大选中的电视辩论产生于20世纪中叶，在美国的政治生活中发挥了重要作用。
从目前来看，其技术手段日臻成熟，影响力不断扩大。
它对美国民主政治建设产生了深远影响，对于其他国家特别是西方国家的的民主政治建设也有借鉴意义。
基于不同的文化背景和政治环境，我国选举中无法完全照搬美国的这一模式，但美国竞选中的电视辩论中反映出来的一些民主因素是可以为我们提供一些启发。
二、美国总统选举电视辩论的产生与发展 1960年9月26日，美国举行了第一次总统选举候选人的电视辩论。
这次辩论的主角分别是肯尼迪和尼克松，有七百万美国人收看了这场电视辩论直播。
在辩论之前，两位候选人的支持率相当，但辩论之后，尼克松的支持率直线下降。
原因在于，肯尼迪巧妙地运用了电视辩论，特别是把自己年轻的优势展现给观众。
可以说，尼克松并不是输给了实力，而是输给了电视这一大众传播媒介。
经过半个多世纪的实践，美国总统的电视辩论也在不断完善和发展。
这使得电视辩论的技术和技巧日益多样化，公众的关注程度也不断提高，在促进政治民主化的过程中发挥了越来越重要的作用。
总统辩论(中英对照)
Presidential DebatesDebates among candidates are rare in most countries. But they have become a staple1 of American politics, particularly during the last 25 years. Americans like debates because the candidates can be compared in an unscripted, live performance. The candidates don't know what questions will be asked, nor what their opponent might say. History indicates that a bad performance, particularly a telling gaffe2, can badly damage a candidate in the polls. The debates are a “ key test” of the st rength and abilities of the candidates, says CNN analyst Jeff Greenfield. A candidate cannot package himself in debates the way he can in party advertisements but must be quick on his feet3 to respond to unanticipated4 questions and criticisms, he adds.The unforgettable debate quip5 that can deflate6 a candidacy is the worst nightmare of any presidential hopeful.“ There you go again” , Ronald Reagan's memorable retort7 to President Jimmy Carter, was a line8 that stuck with both viewers and commentators in the l980 presidential campaign. Carter went on to lose the election, polls showed mostly because of the economy. But Carter's debate performance didn't help. Another example was Vice President Walter Mondale's deadly question to Senator Gary Hart, his main competitor in the 1984 Democratic primaries, “ Where's the beef?” Mondale borrowed the line from a hamburger commercial that had used the phrase to suggest that competing products shortchanged9 the consumer. Mondale, in effect, suggested that Hart's ideas were short on substance.The potential of debates to damage a vulnerable presidential hopeful is one reason why some candidates, particularly frontrunners10, are reluctant to risk their chances in such an uncontrolled environment--and the fewer debate rules there are,the less control the candidates have.But broadcast presidential debates,both in the primaries and in the general election,are now routine and expected by the American people.It was not always so. Face-to-face presidential debates began their broadcast history in 1948 when Republicans Thomas Dewey and Harold Stassen faced each other in a radio debate during the Oregon Republican presidential primary. The first broadcast television debates between the two major party nominees were in 1960 when Senator John F. Kennedy faced Vice President Richard Nixon.The debates were considered crucial to Kennedy’ s narrow11 victory. Interestingly, Americans who heard the debate on radio thought Nixon had won. But the far larger television audience applauded Kennedy's performance, testimony to the importance--in the television age--of image as well as substance. The point is Americans are concerned not just with a leader's policies and ideology12, but also with his character and temperament13. In the contentious14 atmosphere of a debate, such personal attributes15 are easier for voters to judge than in pre-packaged campaign commercials or formal speeches. Because television debates were deemed so crucial to the outcome of the 1960 election--dooming Richard Nixon to a narrow loss in the opinion of manyanalysts--the presidential nominees in the subsequent three presidential elections shield16 away from debates, feeling the risks were too great. Not until 1976 when Georgia Governor Jimmy Carter confronted President Gerald Ford was there another presidential debate. Since then, there have been debates in each of the presiden tial election years. The American people now expect them and it is doubtful a candidate could refuse to participate, analysts say.Since 1987, the presidential debates have been organized by the bipartisan17 organization, the Commission on Presidential Debates. Its purpose is to sponsor and produce debates for the presidential and vice presidential candidates of the two major parties. In Election 2000, the commission set a threshold18 for the participation of third party candidates in the debates. They must show they have the support--as evidenced in a number of opinion polls--of at least 15 percent of the population.Whatever the quality of the debates in Election 2000, they are unlikely to equal the most famous political debates in American history which occurred long before the invention of radio and television. In 1858, Stephen Douglas debated Abraham Lincoln for a U.S. Senate seat. The debates were held at seven sites throughout Illinois, onefor each of the seven congressional districts. Douglas, a pro-slavery Democrat,was the incumbent19.Lincoln was anti-slavery. “ Honest Abe,” as he was endearingly called, lost the Senate race, but two years later was elected the first Republican president of the United States. The Lincoln Douglas debates are still heralded20 for the quality of the discourse at a crucial time in the nation's history.总统辩论候选人之间的辩论在大多数国家都很稀奇，但它们在美国政治生活中已司空见惯，特别是在过去的25年里。
2016美国大选第二场总统候选人电视辩论文字实录
2016美国大选第二场总统候选人电视辩论文字实录第二场总统辩论：10月10日上午9：00-10：30，密苏里州的华盛顿大学主持人：ABC记者MarthaRaddatz以及CNN主播AndersonCooper。
2016年美国总统选举将于2016年11月08日星期二举行，此次是美国第58届总统选举，同时众议院全部435个席位及参议院100个议席也会进行改选以产生美国第114届国会。
选举人团将首先被选出，再由选举人团于2016年12月17日选举产生总统和副总统。
美国东部时间2016年10月9日晚间，共和党总统候选人唐纳德-特朗普和民主党总统候选人希拉里-克林顿展开第二场电视辩论。
双方就多个热点问题和政策议题进行了激烈的辩论，场面火热。
这次辩论首度纳入民众网络票选的热门议题，用“市政座谈会”（Town-Hall）形式，也就是民众提问、候选人作答。
希拉里、特朗普互相揭短，花样互黑，火药味十足。
以下为此次辩论的文字实录。
【主持人玛莎-拉达茨】晚上好，我是ABC新闻的玛莎-拉达茨【支持人安德森-库珀】我是来自CNN的安德森-库珀。
非常感谢来到这里，我们马上要开始第一个来自“市民会议”成员的问题。
你们每一个人有两分钟的时间回答这个问题。
希拉里国务卿，您先请。
【提问者】谢谢，晚上好。
请问一下您觉得您的行为是否适并为大学生作出表率?【希拉里-克林顿(以下简称希拉里)】你是一个老师吗?【提问者】是的。
【希拉里】你问的非常好，我从很多学生和老师的关切中发现我的行为表现非常关键，我们作为候选人一定要给孩子们作个表率，美国是一个了不起的国家，因为我们候选人也很优秀，我们应该要尊敬对方，同时帮助各位成功，我觉得大家都应该有理由庆祝我们的经济成功，我觉得每一个人无论青年人还是成年人，都应该为美国所奋斗，其实我是一个非常有正能量的人，我非常关注你们的一些情况，所以我的口号就是让我们一起越变越强，我们能够克服我们的一些种族的分离，达到四大目标：第一，就是经济体，能够为每个人提供资源，第二，那就是从学前到大学，整个教育体系要可支付，这些目标一旦实现了，只要美国人合力没有什么做不到，我们能够尽力的合作，我也希望大家能够把票投给我，我也希望可以获得大选最终的优势目标，因为我是美国人，我为美国人工作，我也为美国工作，不去管大家的政治理念、生活背景、宗教理念，我希望我们真正的团结起来，这是让我们能够最佳拥抱一个光明未来的唯一之道。
2012美国总统大选
导读：2008年，奥巴马创造了一个黑人的美国神话。 原本不被看好的他，击败强人希拉里成为了民主党 的总统候选人，战胜老将麦凯恩当选为美国第44任 总统。四年间，奥巴马政府实施汽车挽救行动，出 台减税政策，力推全民医疗改革，阻止了美国经济 大萧条；在外交上，结束了伊拉克战争，击毙了恐 怖大亨拉登。但是，美国的整体经济并未起色，失 业率居高不下，财政赤字也不见改善；加上，阿富 汗战场仍然陷在泥潭，中东局势突变和大使被袭身 亡，奥巴马的四年政绩表并不乐观。总之，不知是 能力太差还是期待太高，奥巴马这次并没有创造拯 救美利坚的神话。四年后的今天，美国民众还会给 他一次机会吗？
“脆弱”总统难以实现惠民承诺 在小布什政府内担任国务院高级顾问的克里斯蒂 安· 惠顿认为，连任后的奥巴马将会成为几十年来 “最脆弱”的总统，而美国人实际上需要的是一个 “强壮”的总统。 惠顿称，首先，奥巴马获得的选票比他第一次参 加大选时要少，这是1940年以来首位没有获得更 多选票的连任总统。其次，奥巴马的威信正在逐渐 走向下坡路。第三，奥巴马缺乏弥合分歧的能力， 这会使得他的第二个总统任期更加艰难。 。
美股下跌，金价走高，投资者信心不足 美国媒体援引投票站出口民调结果报道说， 60％的选民认为，经济是当前美国面临的最大 问题。而在经济议题中，最受关注的问题是就 业与物价。 奥巴马锁定胜局后，美国股市下跌，全球金 融市场上美元短线受挫，欧元、英镑等兑美元 汇率上涨、金价等贵金属逐步走高，石油期货 市场也受到了提振。分析人士称，市场之所以 会出现这种变化，是因为奥巴马连任意味着美 国经济政策不会大变，很可能将继续推行美联 储现行的宽松货币政策，这影响了投资者对美 国经济和美元的信心。
导读：威拉德· 罗姆尼，出生在美国密歇根州底特 律的一个摩门教家庭，本人是一名虔诚的摩门教徒。 其父乔治· 罗姆尼曾运营着一家美国汽车公司，后 又曾担任过三届密歇根州州长和前总统尼克松的内 阁成员。追随着父亲步伐，罗姆尼从哈佛大学毕业 后进入商界，创办并领导投资公司贝恩资本从小到 大，并担任过盐湖城冬奥会组委会主席。2002年， 罗姆尼步入政坛，当选为马萨诸塞州州长。他曾参 加2008年的美国总统大选，但在初选中落败。 2011年6月，罗姆尼再次宣布参加2012年的美国总 统大选。这次，他能否比父亲的政坛之路走得更远？ 【专题：2012年美国大选】
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2012 美国总统大选第二场辩论完整版（中文字幕）
2012 美国总统大选第二场辩论完整版（中文字幕）
美国总统大选第二场电视辩论北京时间10月17日在纽约州霍夫斯特拉大学展开。
现任总统、民主党总统候选人奥巴马和共和党总统候选人罗姆尼再一次面对面过招，现场火药味十足。
与首场辩论不同，第二场辩论采取镇民会议的模式，由美国知名民调机构盖洛普公司遴选出尚未决定投票意向的选民参加，并在现场向总统候选人提出问题，问题涵盖内外政策。