机器人外文翻译外文翻译、中英文翻译、外文文献翻译
机器人机构设计中英文对照外文翻译文献
Abstract
In optimal design for robot structures, design modelsneed to he modified and computed repeatedly. Becausemodifying usually can not automaticallyberun, itconsumes a lot of time.Thispaper gives a method thatuses APDL language of ANSYS5.5software togenerate an optimal control program, which mikeoptimal procedure run automatically and optimalefficiency be improved.
A lot of methods are used in optimization design ofstructure. Finite element method is a much effectivemethod. In general, modeling and modifying are manual,whichisfeasible when model is simple. When modeliscomplicated, optimization timeislonger. In the longeroptimization time, calculation time is usually very little,a majorityoftime is used for modeling and modifying.It is key of improving efficiency of structureoptimization how to reduce modeling and modifyingtime.
描写机械人英语作文带翻译
描写机械人英语作文带翻译With the rapid development of technology, the concept of robots has gradually become a reality. Robots, also known as mechanical men, are machines that can perform tasks automatically or with remote control. They are widely used in various fields such as industry, medicine, and even entertainment.The appearance of robots varies greatly, some are humanoid, while others are more like machines. However, they all have one thing in common, that is, they are made up of various mechanical components and electronic devices. These components and devices work together to enable the robot to move, perceive, and interact with the environment.In industry, robots are often used for tasks that are too dangerous or repetitive for humans, such as welding, painting, and assembling. They can work continuously without getting tired, and they can also work in hazardous environments such as nuclear power plants and deep sea oilrigs. This not only improves work efficiency but also reduces the risk of accidents.In medicine, robots are used in surgical procedures to assist doctors. They are able to perform precise movements that are difficult for human hands, and they can also provide doctors with a clearer view of the surgical site. This greatly reduces the risk of complications and improves the success rate of surgeries.In entertainment, robots are used to create lifelike characters in movies and TV shows. They are also used in theme parks to provide visitors with interactive experiences. For example, Disney has developed a robot that can interact with visitors in real-time, providing them with a unique and immersive experience.Despite the many benefits of robots, there are also concerns about their impact on society. Some worry that robots will replace human workers and lead to widespread unemployment. Others worry about the ethical implications of creating machines that can think and act like humans.In conclusion, robots have become an important part of our lives and will continue to play an increasingly important role in the future. While there are concernsabout their impact on society, it is important to continueto develop and improve this technology in a responsible and ethical manner.随着技术的飞速发展，机器人的概念逐渐成为现实。
步行机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献
步行机器人中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)图1 远程脑系统的硬件配置图2 两组机器人的身体结构图3 传感器的两个水银定位开关图4 层次分类图5 步行步态该输入处理器是作为参考程序块和一个图像搜索窗口形象该大小的搜索窗口取决于参考块的大小通常高达16 * 16且匹配。
该处理器计算价值块在搜索窗口，还找到最佳匹配块，这就是其中的最低当目标平移时块匹配是非常有力的。
然而，普通的块匹配方法当它旋转时无法跟踪目标。
为了克服这一困难，我们开发了一种新方法，跟随真正旋转目标的图6 双足步行图6 双足步行图7 双足步行实验图8 一系列滚动和站立运动通过集成传感器网络转型的综合为了使上述描述的基本动作成为一体，我们通过一种方法来描述一种被认为是根据传感器状况的网络转型。
图9显示了综合了基本动作机器人的状态转移图：两足行走，滚动，坐着和站立。
这种一体化提供了机器人保持行走甚至跌倒时的problems and advance the study of vision-based behaviors, we have adopted a new approach through building remote-brained robots. The body and the brain are connected by wireless links by using wireless cameras and remote-controlled actuators.As a robot body does not need computers on-board,it becomes easier to build a lightweight body with many DOFS in actuation.In this research, we developed a two-armed bipedal robot using the remote-brained robot environment and made it to perform balancing based on vision and getting up through cooperating arms and legs. The system and experimental results are described below.2 The Remote-Brained SystemThe remote-brained robot does not bring its own brain within the body. It leaves the brain in the mother environment and communicates with it by radio links. This allows us to build a robot with a free body and a heavy brain. The connection link between the body and the brain defines the interface between software and hardware. Bodies are designed to suit each research project and task. This enables us advance in performing research with a variety of real robot systems[10].A major advantage of remote-brained robots is that the robot can have a large and heavy brain based on super parallel computers. Although hardware technology for vision has advanced and produced powerful compact vision systems, the size of the hardware is still large. Wireless connection between the camera and the vision processor has been a research tool. The remote-brained approach allows us to progress in the study of a variety of experimental issues in vision-based robotics.Another advantage of remote-brained approach is that the robot bodies can be lightweight. This opens up the possibility of working with legged mobile robots. AsFigure 4 shows some of the classes in the programming environent for remote-brained robot written in Euslisp. The hierachy in the classes provides us with rich facilities for extending development of various robots.4 Vision-Based BalancingThe robot can stand up on two legs. As it can change the gravity center of its body by controling the ankle angles, it can perform static bipedal walks. During static walking the robot has to control its body balance if the ground is not flat and stable.In order to perform vision-based balancing it is re-quired to have high speed vision system to keep ob-serving moving schene. We have developed a tracking vision board using a correlation chip[l3]. The vision board consists of a transputer augmented with a special LSI chip(MEP[14] : Motion Estimation Processor) which performs local image block matching.The inputs to the processor MEP are an image as a reference block and an image for a search window.The size of the reference blsearch window depends on the size of the reference block is usually up to 32 by 32 pixels so that it can include 16 * 16 possible matches. The processor calculates 256 values of SAD (sum of absolute difference) between the reference block and 256 blocks in the search window and also finds the best matching block, that is, the one which has the minimum SAD value.Clock is up to 16 by 16 pixels.The size of the search window depends on the size of the reference block is usually up to 32 by 32 pixels so that it can include 16 * 16 possible matches. The processor calculates 256 values of SAD (sum of absolute difference) between the reference block and 256 blocks in the search window and also finds the best matching block, that is, the one which has the minimum SAD value.Block matching is very powerful when the target moves only in translation. However, the ordinary block matching method cannot track the target when it rotates. In order to overcome this difficulty, we developed a new method which follows up the candidate templates to real rotation of the target. The rotated template method first generates all the rotated target images in advance, and several adequate candidates of the reference template are selected and matched is tracking the scene in the front view. It remembers the vertical orientation of an object as the reference for visual tracking and generates several rotated images of the reference image. If the vision tracks the reference object using the rotated images, it can measures the body rotation. In order to keep the body balance, the robot feedback controls its body rotation to control the center of the body gravity. The rotational visual tracker[l5] can track the image at video rate.5 Biped WalkingIf a bipedal robot can control the center of gravity freely, it can perform biped walk. As the robot shown in Figure 2 has the degrees to left and right directions at the ankle position, it can perform bipedal walking in static way.The motion sequence of one cycle in biped walking consists of eight phases as shown in Figure 6. One step consists of four phases; move-gravity-center-on-foot,lift-leg, move-forward-leg, place-leg. As the body is described in solid model, the robot can generate a body configuration for move-gravity-center-on-foot according to the parameter of the hight of the gravity center. After this movement, the robot can lift the other leg and move it forward. In lifting leg, the robot has to control the configuration in order to keep the center of gravity above the supporting foot. As the stability in balance depends on the hight of the gravity center, the robot selects suitable angles of the knees.Figure 7 shows a sequence of experiments of the robot in biped walking6 Rolling Over and Standing UpFigure 8 shows the sequence of rolling over, sitting and standing up. This motion requires coordination between arms and legs.As the robot foot consists of a battery, the robot can make use of the weight of the battery for the roll-over motion. When the robot throws up the left leg and moves the left arm back and the right arm forward, it can get rotary moment around the body. If the body starts turning, the right leg moves back and the left foot returns its position to lie on the face. This rollover motion changes the body orientation from face up to face down. It canbe verified by the orientation sensor.After getting face down orientation, the robot moves the arms down to sit on two feet. This motion causes slip movement between hands and the ground. If the length of the arm is not enough to carry the center of gravity of the body onto feet, this sitting motion requires dynamic pushing motion by arms. The standing motion is controlled in order to keep the balance.7 Integration through Building Sensor-Based Transition NetIn order to integrate the basic actions described above, we adopted a method to describe a sensor-based transition network in which transition is considered according to sensor status. Figure 9 shows a state transition diagram of the robot which integrates basic actions: biped walking, rolling over, sitting, and standing up. This integration provides the robot with capability of keeping walking even when it falls down.The ordinary biped walk is composed by taking two states, Left-leg Fore and Right-leg Fore, successively.The poses in ‘Lie on the Back’ and ‘Lie on the Face’are as same as one in ‘Stand’. That is, the shape ofthe robot body is same but the orientation is different.The robot can detect whether the robot lies on the back or the face using the orientation sensor. When the robot detects falls down, it changes the state to ‘Lie on the Back’ or ‘Lie on the Front’ by moving to the neutral pose. If the robot gets up from ‘Lie on the Back’, the motion sequence is planned to exe cute Roll-over, Sit and Stand-up motions. If the state is ‘Lie on the Face’, it does not execute Roll-over but moves arms up to perform the sitting motion.8 Concluding RemarksThis paper has presented a two-armed bipedal robot which can perform statically biped walk, rolling over and standing up motions. The key to build such behaviors is the remote-brained approach. As the experiments have shown, wireless technologies permit robot bodies free movement. It also seems to change the way we conceptualize robotics. In our laboratory it has enabled the development of a new research environment, better suited to robotics and real-world AI.The robot presented here is a legged robot. As legged locomotion requires dynamic visual feedback control, its vision-based behaviors can prove the effectiveness of the vision system and the remote-brained system. Our vision system is based on high speed block matching function implemented with motion estimation LSI. The vision system provides the mechanical bodies with dynamic and adaptive capabilities in interaction with human. The mechanical dog has shown adaptive behaviors based on distance。
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now I have a brief account of China's robot development of the basic profiles. As our country there are many other factors that problem. Our country in robotics research of the 20th century the late 1970s. At that time, we organized at the national, a Japanese industrial automation products exhibition. In this meeting, there are two products, is a CNC machine tools, an industrial robot, this time, our country's many scholars see such a direction, has begun to make a robot research But this time, are basically confined to the theory of phase .Then the real robot research, in 7500 August 5, 1995, 15 nearly 20 years of development, The most rapid development, in 1986 we established a national plan of 863 high-technology development plan, As robot technology will be an important theme of the development of The state has invested nearly Jiganyi funds begun to make a robot, We made the robot in the field quickly and rapid development.At present, units like the CAS ShenYng Institute of Automation, the original machinery, automation of the Ministry, as of Harbin Industrial University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Qinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also includes automation of some units, and so on have done a very important study, also made a lot of achievements Meanwhile, in recent years, we end up in college, a lot of flats in robot research, Many graduate students and doctoral candidates are engaged in robotics research, we are more representative national study Industrial robots, underwater robots, space robots, robots in the nuclear industry are on the international level should be taking the lead .On the whole of our country Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, primarily manifested in the We in the robot industry, at present there is no fixed maturity product, but in theseunderwater, space, the nuclear industry, a number of special robots, we have made a lot of achievements characteristics.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue,relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign t o complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through amanipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.We regard this country excel, it should be said that the United States, Russia and France, in our nation, also to the international forefront, which is the CAS ShenYang Institute of Automation of developing successful, 6,000 meters underwater without cable autonomous underwater robot, the robot to 6,000 meters underwater, can be conducted without cable operations. His is 2000, has been obtained in our country one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements. This indicates that our country in this underwater robot, have reached the advanced international level, 863 in the current plan, the development of 7,000 meters underwater in a manned submersible to the ocean further development and operation, This is a great vote of financial and material resources.In this space robotics research has also been a lot of development. In Europe, including 16 in the United States space program, and the future of this space capsule such a scheme, One thing is for space robots, its main significance lies in the development of the universe and the benefit of mankind and the creation of new human homes, Its main function is to scientific investigation, as production and space scientific experiments, satellites and space vehicles maintenance and repair, and the construction of the space assembly. These applications, indeed necessary, for example, scientific investigation, as if to mock the ground some physical and chemical experiments do not necessarily have people sitting in the edge of space, because the space crew survival in the day the cost is nearly one million dollars. But also very dangerous, in fact, some action is very simple, through the ground, via satellite control robot, and some regularly scheduled completion of the action is actually very simple. Include the capsule as control experiments, some switches, buttons, simple flange repair maintenance, Robot can be used to be performed by robots because of a solar battery, then the robot will be able to survive, we will be able to work, We have just passed the last robot development on the application of the different areas ofapplication, and have seen the robots in industry, medical, underwater, space, mining, construction, service, entertainment and military aspects of the application .Also really see that the application is driven by the development of key technologies, a lack of demand, the robot can not, It is because people in understanding the natural transformation of the natural process, the needs of a wide range of robots, So this will promote the development of key technologies, the robot itself for the development of From another aspect, as key technology solutions, as well as the needs of the application, on the promotion of the robot itself a theme for the development of intelligent, and from teaching reappearance development of the current local perception of the second-generation robot, the ultimate goal, continuously with other disciplines and the development of advanced technology, the robot has become rich, eventually achieve such an intelligent robot mainstream.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译
工业机器人中英文翻译、外文文献翻译、外文翻译外文原文：RobotAfter more than 40 years of development, since its first appearance till now, the robot has already been widely applied in every industrial fields, and it has become the important standard of industry modernization.Robotics is the comprehensive technologies that combine with mechanics, electronics, informatics and automatic control theory. The level of the robotic technology has already been regarded as the standard of weighing a national modern electronic-mechanical manufacturing technology.Over the past two decades, the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can perform certain basic more quickly and accurately than humans, they are being increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.With the maturation and broad application of net technology, the remote control technology of robot based on net becomes more and more popular in modern society. It employs the net resources in modern society which are already three to implement the operatio of robot over distance. It also creates many of new fields, such as remote experiment, remote surgery, and remote amusement. What's more, in industry, it can have a beneficial impact upon the conversion of manufacturing means.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements. The term “reprogrammable” implies two things: The robot operates according to a written program, and this program can be rewritten to accommodate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurpose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Developed from actuating mechanism, industrial robot can imitation some actions and functions of human being, which can be used to moving all kinds of material components tools and so on, executing mission by execuatable program multifunctionmanipulator. It is extensive used in industry and agriculture production, astronavigation and military engineering.During the practical application of the industrial robot, the working efficiency and quality are important index of weighing the performance of the robot. It becomes key problems which need solving badly to raise the working efficiencies and reduce errors of industrial robot in operating actually. Time-optimal trajectory planning of robot is that optimize the path of robot according to performance guideline of minimum time of robot under all kinds of physical constraints, which can make the motion time of robot hand minimum between two points or along the special path. The purpose and practical meaning of this research lie enhance the work efficiency of robot.Due to its important role in theory and application, the motion planning of industrial robot has been given enough attention by researchers in the world. Many researchers have been investigated on the path planning for various objectives such as minimum time, minimum energy, and obstacle avoidance.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:A robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts, materials, tools, or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions, presented in the following paragraphs that give a complete picture of a robotic system.Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work. At some of these locations, the robot will stop and perform some operation, such as assembly of parts, spray painting, or welding. These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuous operation. Furthermore, these preprogrammed locations, as well as other programming feature, an industrial robot is very much like a computer, where data can be stored and later recalled and edited.The manipulator is the arm of the robot. It allows the robot to bend, reach, and twist. This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes, also called the degrees of freedom of the robot. A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes. The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.The tooling and grippers are not part of the robotic system itself: rather, they areattachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts, spot-weld, paint, arc-well, drill, deburr, and do a variety of tasks, depending on what is required of the robot.The robotic system can also control the work cell of the operating robot. The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform its task. Included within this cell may be the controller, the robot manipulator, a work table, safety features, or a conveyor. All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell. In addition, signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot in order to tell the robot when it should assemble parts, pick up parts, or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator, the controller, and the power source.ManipulatorThe manipulator, which dose the physical work of the robotic system, consists of two sections: the mechanical section and the attached appendage. The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.The base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes, though, the base may be movable. In this case, the base is attached to either a rail or a track, allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously, the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight, movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base, which, in turn, is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will remain in one location.At the end of the arm, a wrist is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.The manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. This area is called the work cell of the robot, and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator. As the robot’s physical size increases, the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuators, or drive system. The actuator, or drive system, allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric, hydraulic, or pneumatic power. The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical drive systems. The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages. These linkages, in turn, drive the different axes of the robot. The mechanical linkages may be composed of chains, gears, and ball screws.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation. The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall, controls peripheral devices, and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hand-held teach pendant. This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall. The controller stores all program data for the robotic system. It can store several different programs, and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example, the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed. When the machine cycle is completed, the input line turns on, telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part. Then, a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine. Next, the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events. This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system. The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art electronics. This is, they are microprocessor-operated. These microprocessors are either 8-bit, 16-bit, or 32-bit processors. This power allows the controller to the very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between therobot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the location and the operation of the system. The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part of a computer-assisted manufacturing (CAM) system.As the basic definition stated, the robot is a reprogrammable, multifunctional manipulator. Therefore, the controller must contain some type of memory storage. The microprocessor-based systems operate in conjunction with solid-state memory devices. These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles, random-access memory, floppy disks, or magnetic tape. Each memory storage device stores program information for later recall or for editing.Power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. Two types of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power is used for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example, if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives, control signals are sent to these devices, causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system, power is required to operate the manipulator. This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source, a pneumatic power source, or an electric power source. These power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.Classification of RobotsIndustrial robots vary widely in size, shape, number of axes, degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influences the dimensions of the robot’s working envelope or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as blew.Fixed and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are from point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously. Thevariable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be reprogrammed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servo-controlled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intellingent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by human beings. It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of production tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perform drilling operations on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed reliably and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and reducing scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concerns.Hydraulic SystemThere are only three basic methods of transmitting power: electrical, mechanical, and fluid power. Most applications actually use a combination of the three methods to obtain the most efficient overall system. To properly determine which principle method to use, it is important to know the salient features of each type. For example, fluidsystems can transmit power more economically over greater distances than can mechanical type. However, fluid systems are restricted to shorter distances than are electrical systems.Hydraulic power transmission systems are concerned with the generation, modulation, and control of pressure and flow, and in general such systems include:1.Pumps which convert available power from the prime mover to hydraulicpower at the actuator.2.Valves which control the direction of pump-flow, the level of powerproduced, and the amount of fluid-flow to the actuators. The power level isdetermined by controlling both the flow and pressure level.3.Actuators which convert hydraulic power to usable mechanical power outputat the point required.4.The medium, which is a liquid, provides rigid transmission and control aswell as lubrication of components, sealing in valves, and cooling of thesystem.5.Connectors which link the various system components, provide powerconductors for the fluid under pressure, and fluid flow return totank(reservoir).6.Fluid storage and conditioning equipment which ensure sufficient quality andquantity as well as cooling of the fluid..Hydraulic systems are used in industrial applications such as stamping presses, steel mills, and general manufacturing, agricultural machines, mining industry, aviation, space technology, deep-sea exploration, transportation, marine technology, and offshore gas and petroleum exploration. In short, very few people get through a day of their lives without somehow benefiting from the technology of hydraulics.The secret of hydraulic system’s success and widespread use is its versatility and manageability. Fluid power is not hindered by the geometry of the machine as is the case in mechanical systems. Also, power can be transmitted in almost limitless quantities because fluid systems are not so limited by the physical limitations of materials as are the electrical systems. For example, the performance of an electromagnet is limited by the saturation limit of steel. On the other hand, the powerlimit of fluid systems is limited only by the strength capacity of the material.Industry is going to depend more and more on automation in order to increase productivity. This includes remote and direct control of production operations, manufacturing processes, and materials handling. Fluid power is the muscle of automation because of advantages in the following four major categories.1.Ease and accuracy of control. By the use of simple levers and push buttons,the operator of a fluid power system can readily start, stop, speed up or slowdown, and position forces which provide any desired horsepower withtolerances as precise as one ten-thousandth of an inch. Fig. shows a fluidpower system which allows an aircraft pilot to raise and lower his landinggear. When the pilot moves a small control valve in one direction, oil underpressure flows to one end of the cylinder to lower the landing gear. To retractthe landing gear, the pilot moves the valve lever in the opposite direction,allowing oil to flow into the other end of the cylinder.2.Multiplication of force. A fluid power system (without using cumbersomegears, pulleys, and levers) can multiply forces simply and efficiently from afraction of an ounce to several hundred tons of output.3.Constant force or torque. Only fluid power systems are capable of providingconstant force or torque regardless of speed changes. This is accomplishedwhether the work output moves a few inches per hour, several hundred inchesper minute, a few revolutions per hour, or thousands of revolutions perminute.4.Simplicity, safety, economy. In general, fluid power systems use fewermoving parts than comparable mechanical or electrical systems. Thus, theyare simpler to maintain and operate. This, in turn, maximizes safety,compactness, and reliability. For example, a new power steering controldesigned has made all other kinds of power systems obsolete on manyoff-highway vehicles. The steering unit consists of a manually operateddirectional control valve and meter in a single body. Because the steering unitis fully fluid-linked, mechanical linkages, universal joints, bearings, reductiongears, etc. are eliminated. This provides a simple, compact system. Inapplications. This is important where limitations of control space require asmall steering wheel and it becomes necessary to reduce operator fatigue.Additional benefits of fluid power systems include instantly reversible motion, automatic protection against overloads, and infinitely variable speed control. Fluid power systems also have the highest horsepower per weight ratio of any known power source. In spite of all these highly desirable features of fluid power, it is not a panacea for all power transmission problems. Hydraulic systems also have some drawbacks. Hydraulic oils are messy, and leakage is impossible to completely eliminate. Also, most hydraulic oils can cause fires if an oil leak occurs in an area of hot equipment.Pneumatic SystemPneumatic system use pressurized gases to transmit and control power. As the name implies, pneumatic systems typically use air (rather than some other gas ) as the fluid medium because air is a safe, low-cost, and readily available fluid. It is particularly safe in environments where an electrical spark could ignite leaks from system components.In pneumatic systems, compressors are used to compress and supply the necessary quantities of air. Compressors are typically of the piston, vane or screw type. Basically a compressor increases the pressure of a gas by reducing its volume as described by the perfect gas laws. Pneumatic systems normally use a large centralized air compressor which is considered to be an infinite air source similar to an electrical system where you merely plug into an electrical outlet for electricity. In this way, pressurized air can be piped from one source to various locations throughout an entire industrial plant. The compressed air is piped to each circuit through an air filter to remove contaminants which might harm the closely fitting parts of pneumatic components such as valve and cylinders. The air then flows through a pressure regulator which reduces the pressure to the desired level for the particular circuit application. Because air is not a good lubricant (contains about 20% oxygen), pneumatics systems required a lubricator to inject a very fine mist of oil into the air discharging from the pressure regulator. This prevents wear of the closely fitting moving parts of pneumatic components.Free air from the atmosphere contains varying amounts of moisture. This moisture can be harmful in that it can wash away lubricants and thus cause excessive wear andcorrosion. Hence, in some applications, air driers are needed to remove this undesirable moisture. Since pneumatic systems exhaust directly into the atmosphere , they are capable of generating excessive noise. Therefore, mufflers are mounted on exhaust ports of air valves and actuators to reduce noise and prevent operating personnel from possible injury resulting not only from exposure to noise but also from high-speed airborne particles.There are several reasons for considering the use of pneumatic systems instead of hydraulic systems. Liquids exhibit greater inertia than do gases. Therefore, in hydraulic systems the weight of oil is a potential problem when accelerating and decelerating and decelerating actuators and when suddenly opening and closing valves. Due to Newton’s law of motion ( force equals mass multiplied by acceleration ), the force required to accelerate oil is many times greater than that required to accelerate an equal volume of air. Liquids also exhibit greater viscosity than do gases. This results in larger frictional pressure and power losses. Also, since hydraulic systems use a fluid foreign to the atmosphere , they require special reservoirs and no-leak system designs. Pneumatic systems use air which is exhausted directly back into the surrounding environment. Generally speaking, pneumatic systems are less expensive than hydraulic systems.However, because of the compressibility of air, it is impossible to obtain precise controlled actuator velocities with pneumatic systems. Also, precise positioning control is not obtainable. While pneumatic pressures are quite low due to compressor design limitations ( less than 250 psi ), hydraulic pressures can be as high as 10,000 psi. Thus, hydraulics can be high-power systems, whereas pneumatics are confined to low-power applications. Industrial applications of pneumatic systems are growing at a rapid pace. Typical examples include stamping, drilling, hoist, punching, clamping, assembling, riveting, materials handling, and logic controlling operations.工业机器人机器人自问世以来到现在，经过了40多年的发展，已被广泛应用于各个工业领域，已成为工业现代化的重要标志。
智能割草机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
Intelligent plant trimming robotOverview of Intelligent Lawn Mowers:With the development of economy, urban construction in various countries is gradually deepening, and the greening degree of urban areas is also improving. A large number of public green Spaces such as park lawn, football field lawn and GOLF course lawn need to be maintained.Among all kinds of lawn maintenance operations, turf mowing is the most onerous, which is not only boring, but also highly repetitive, and usually requires a large amount of manpower and material resources.In order to reduce the labor intensity and cost of lawn maintenance, China has put forward the strategy of transforming and upgrading lawn machinery industry with modern electronic technology and intelligent control technology in recent years, hoping to replace the traditional lawn mower with intelligent intelligent lawn mower robot in the near future.Intelligent lawn mowing robot belongs to the field of civil outdoor mobile robot. From the perspective of system science, it is a comprehensive robot system that integrates environment perception, path dynamic planning and decision-making, behavior control and execution, and other functions.This paper introduces a standard intelligent lawnmower robot system, which usually consists of four parts: perception system, control system, moving mechanism and lawnmower structure.The sensing system monitors the external environment variables, the moving mechanism and the operating parameters of the mower in real time, and sends the results to the control system.The control system compares the obtained data with its own database, and sends out correction instructions to the moving mechanism and the lawn mower according to the path planning, so as to obtain stable pared with thetraditional lawn mowing machine, the intelligent lawn mowing robot has the characteristics of environmental protection, low manpower consumption and high security.Research overview of intelligent lawn mower robot:Abroad in the field of intelligent mowing robot research and development, many of the companies do a lot of work, has been part of the product listed as Rboomower FrinediyMachines design company, is currently one of the most successful intelligent mowing robot products, adopt the three-wheel car agency, two rear wheel independent drive, front wheel as the universal wheel, can run on the basis of a certain strategy repeated back to within the range set in advance, after when it encounters obstacles by ultrasonic sensors and then simple detour, but it does not guarantee in addition to the obstacles of area.There is no concept of a global map and no concept of whether mowing an entire lawn has been completed.There are other similar products, each with its own features, such as Uzeehetti's Oear, a deluxe version of the A811Brigio, which even has a rain sensor that automatically hides when it rains.Auotmower, from Sweden's Eleetr-Ofux, is powered by batteries and can also be powered by solar power.Bigmow from Berlbooties, Belgium, has excellent path algorithm, large blade coverage area, high coverage.The research on lawnmowing robot carried out by foreign scientific research institutions mainly focuses on the direction of intelligent control technology, navigation technology and path planning of lawnmowing robot, while the system design for lawnmowing robot is relatively few.The United States patent US4919224 uses a battery power supply, can start at a predetermined time, with obstacles to avoid theft and automatic charging and other functions, using three wires for navigation.When encountered rain, wetlands, power shortage and other outside thesituation, back to the garage, the patent uses ultrasonic to detect obstacles, with shock detector and password to prevent illegal users to operate the machine;U.S. patent US5204814 adopted to optimize the navigation technology, comprehensive utilization of storage paths and environmental information, without magnetic current of metal wires and buried metal conductor is three ways to guide the movement of the mowing robot, the patent also choose to do the internal combustion engine power, cooperate with the generator and battery pack is used, adopts the distributed control mode.The research on lawn-mowing robot started late in China, and there are few research units involved in this field, but some achievements have been made.The mechanical school of nanjing university of science and technology designed MORO mobile mowing robot, and successfully developed MORO.I, MORO.II and other models of mowing robot.Nanjing university of science and technology to the general design of the mowing robot, path planning and obstacle avoidance, positioning system, control system and so on, a more comprehensive discussion was carried out theoretically and puts forward the general scheme of a cheap and practical, also according to the robot dynamics equation is deduced the formula for calculation of driving moment for the choice of motor, control system hardware circuit provides the calculation basis of main components parameters laid the foundation for further in-depth study mowing robot.The main navigation equipment of MORO mobile lawn mower robot is drive wheel encoder and magnetic heading sensor, which can automatically generate beacon-free boundary to realize the whole area covering walking.The volume of the robot is about 80X51X40 C m³, the weight is about 50kg, the blade speed is up to 5000r/min, suitable for large lawn mowing work.In addition, Nanjing University of Science and Technology also introduced the cutting-edge technology in the field of robotics to the lawn mower robot, such as the Internet-based robot control technology and the key technology of solar lawn mower.Different from other wheeled mowing robots, Jiangsu University developed a crawler mowing robot, which has the function of GPS positioning and navigation. It can operate efficiently and at a high speed, and is suitable for large areas of grassland.This robot is composed of two parts, one part is the AS.RF robot produced by Guangmaoda company, the other part is the self-designed lawn mower platform.In addition, Jiangsu University also provides a reasonable cutting height for different lawns, which provides an important basis for the research of lawn-mowing robot.The necessity of research on intelligent lawn mower robot:With the development of economy, lawn industry has become a new industry in wn has basically been applied in urban landscaping and sports ground construction.The lawn industry began a period of slow, steady, and gathering strength.That prompted the lawn industry began to experience a transformation process from labor-intensive to knowledge-intensive, lawn mowing maintenance, in particular, urgently needs a more efficient, lower consumption and energy consumption and personnel's lawn machinery and equipment, but automatically lawn mower of foreign equipment expensive prices and monopoly technology restricted the our country to promote progress in automation and intelligence of lawn machinery, so must depend on own strength research with independent intellectual property rights intelligent mowing robot.In today's rapid development of science and technology, people's living level gradually improve, some applications in industrial science and technology is gradually out of the factory, the study of intelligent mowing robot provides a new subject for the development of service robots, also is a kind of practical application service robots to attempt and exploration, and, more importantly, the development of the intelligent mowing robot can offer beneficial reference for the process of industrialization of humanoid robot.In addition, the study of intelligent mowing robot has certain academic value. Intelligent mowing robot belongs tooutdoor mobile robot, and it will work in the open unstructured space when mowing grass. How to realize the movement of robot in the unstructured space is an important topic of robot research today.Based on the characteristics of mowing work, intelligent mowing robot is also needed to completely cover the entire working interval in a relatively ideal way. The reflected region full path planning problem is also a research hotspot of path planning.In the manufacturing process of intelligent green plant pruning robot, if the technological process management of each link is not reasonable and scientific, it will cause the safe operation problem of the robot.The use of the robot intelligent system can effectively monitor the safety factor of the robot operation in an all-round way, find the work fault, facilitate the equipment management and technical personnel can check and repair in time, and quickly eliminate the hidden danger of safety.In particular, the use of the lawn mower has become an important guarantee for the effective working safety of mechanical energy and the premise for the safe production of enterprises.Finally, the automatic path planning function of the intelligent green plant pruning robot can effectively improve the work efficiency, gradually improve the performance of the robot, so as to continuously improve the requirements of the target equipment, and then meet the actual requirements.This is also the robot into production and quality assurance, through the use of robot intelligent system scientific and reasonable realization, constantly summarize the domestic robot short board, research methods and technology, and the actual situation of its production combined, to achieve the modernization of the manufacturing of intelligent robots, and effectively into the actual use.Of course, the actual use of robots causes noise and emission pollution.So these two things have to be taken into account in the process of making robots.Save energy and realize the sustainable use of energy;Reduce noise and do not affect residents' lives;Discharge pollution-free, protect the environment.To sum up, the research on intelligent lawnmower robot has important commercial value, positive social value and certain academic value, which can reflect the development level of automation technology and robotics in China. Therefore, it is very necessary to carry out related research work on intelligent lawnmower robot.Selection of driving scheme of intelligent mower robot:Lawn mower robot belongs to outdoor mobile robot. There are various driving schemes for this type of robot for reference.According to the working characteristics of outdoor mobile robot, the driving scheme of autonomous mobile robot platform is discussed in detail.There are many kinds of outdoor mobile robots, such as wheeled, tracked and foot.Wheel and crawler driving modes are suitable for relatively smooth road surfaces, while foot driving modes are suitable for special and relatively harsh environments. Some mobile robots mix these driving modes in order to adapt to various road surfaces.The mowing robot generally works on the lawn with good conditions. Combined with other work requirements, the mowing robot mostly chooses the wheel-driven mode.Selection of sensor parts:In order to work autonomously in unknown or time-varying environments, mobile robots should have the ability to feel the operating environment and plan their own movements.Mobile robot obstacle avoidance is the key problem of how to use sensors to perceive the environment in the process of movement and fixing the robots in the work area, any kind of sensor has its own advantages and disadvantages, choose need to carefully consider various factors, sensor system in the operation of the mobile robot, the machine is needed for mobile robot into nearby the existence of information as well as the obstacles and distance q robots, robot navigation related position information.The intelligent lawnmowing robot works in the open outdoor space. When it performs the lawnmowing task, it needs to obtain the information of the peripheral obstacles and the position of the robot itself. The sensors involved include the distance sensor and the position sensor.In addition, because the intelligent mowing robot is equipped with a high-speed rotating blade, the relevant sensors should be selected to ensure its safety.The commonly used distance sensors of mobile robots include ultrasonic sensors, infrared sensors and laser ranging sensors.Among them, the cost of laser ranging sensor is relatively high, and it is not suitable for civil service robot system, so it will not be considered in this paper.Ultrasonic sensor is a sensor developed by using the reflection characteristics of ultrasonic wave, the effective detection range is 30cm-2m;The infrared sensor is a proximity sensor, and the infrared wave length emitted is about within the range of several hundred nanometers. It belongs to short-wavelength electromagnetic, and the effective detection range is usually less than 30cm.The intelligent lawn-mowing robot needs to detect the obstacles in the LCM-1.5m outside the vehicle when it is running, so ultrasonic sensors or infrared sensors cannot be used alone.Therefore, this paper chooses the combination of ultrasonic sensor and infrared sensor to realize the obstacle distance detection of the intelligent lawn-mowing robot.In addition, the intelligent lawn-mowing robot works in the outdoor environment where the temperature changes greatly, and the measurement results of the ultrasonic sensor will be subject to temperature changes and deviations from the actual value. Therefore, in order to obtain accurate and stable data collection, a separate temperature sensor is required to collect the ambient temperature to correct the errors generated.When the intelligent mowing robot runs, the internal mowing blade will rotate at a high speed, which will cause potential harm to people and animals. Special attention should be paid to safety issues, so the intelligent mowing robot in this paper also uses contact sensors and human bodythermal release sensors.The contact sensor belongs to the tactile sensor, which is set around the robot in the form of array. When the robot collides with the object accidentally, it is used to generate the interrupt signal.Human thermal release sensor is a sensor that detects the infrared radiation emitted by human or animal body and outputs electrical signals. When the intelligent mowing robot is working, if someone or animal enters the set safe range, it will issue the corresponding alarm signal.Design of control system of intelligent mowing robot:The control system of intelligent lawnmowing robot is an important part of intelligent lawnmowing robot, which needs to carry out a series of decision control to the robot, and it even decides the advantages and disadvantages of the robot's performance to a certain extent.Therefore, the chip selection, control strategy and communication mode of the intelligent lawnmowing robot should be discussed in detail, and the best plan should be decided.Advantages of robotic lawn mowers:Robot lawn mower can work independently, whether it is a more traditional internal combustion engine as power system of the lawn mower is relatively new in lawn mower battery as a power system, both because of their simple structure and the principle of science and technology content is low, low degree of automation, must be control by people, compared with the original is to improve the efficiency of a certain human work, but not completely the liberation of human.The robot mower is automatically controlled by the intelligent system and can finish the mowing operation independently, which greatly saves human resources.The main advantages of robotic lawn mowers can be analyzed from the following points:Robot mowers have little pollution. The traditional mowers with internalcombustion engines as the power system need to consume oil. Due to the characteristics of the equipment, the energy conversion rate is low, resulting in a lot of unnecessary energy waste.In addition, the traditional lawn mower produces a lot of noise when working, and this sound pollution will cause great harm to the surrounding environment and have a certain negative impact on the mental health of workers.The robot lawnmower uses clean energy and does not require direct contact between humans and machines, which is less harmful to the environment and people.Robot mower has high efficiency, which is divided into two aspects: working efficiency and energy utilization efficiency.The traditional lawn mower with internal combustion engine as the power system is heavy, inflexible and easily subject to terrain restrictions, resulting in low working efficiency.The relatively new mowers with battery as power system are limited in power due to the influence of battery volume, so they may need to charge for many times in one operation, which will actually reduce the working efficiency.The robot mower is equipped with terrain detector and sensor, which can automatically analyze the terrain and adjust the best working route to maintain high efficiency.And the robot mower has built-in automatic return program, when the energy shortage will automatically return to the base to charge, without manual intervention.Robot lawnmower has high safety. Traditional lawnmowers are high-power machines. If a fault occurs during work, it is easy to cause harm to workers.The new lawnmower completely liberates man from such danger as well.A lawn mower robot usually works on a definite surface, which requires the robot to be able to move independently to each site in the area.Therefore, it is necessary to set up the working route or the way of traveling in the working process for the robot, such as the spiral contraction path or the return-type movement mode.In addition, after the work in one area is finished, the navigation system is also needed toguide the robot to move to another area to continue working.Sometimes, due to some unexpected or special reasons, it is necessary to intervene in the work of the lawn mower robot, so that it can change its working range or stop working.This requires the robot to be able to receive the signals sent by human beings and make corresponding responses to them. Therefore, it is necessary to place a remote control module on the robot to facilitate human control.Because of the precision of the sensor, the requirements of the robot mower for the working environment will be increased correspondingly, otherwise it may cause damage to the sensor.However, the working environment of lawn mowers is complex, and some unstable factors in the environment may have adverse effects on the accuracy of information collection.The collected information is large and vulnerable to interference.This will easily cause some uncertain errors in the process of information collection or processing, which will affect the normal work of the lawn-mowing robot.The development prospect of robot lawn mower:With the characteristics of its automated work, lawn-mowing robot can liberate people from boring labor, save a lot of human resources for the production and life of modern society, meet the trend and need of social development, and its advantages are numerous, reflecting the application prospect of enough, so its market must be very extensive.However, due to technical limitations, it is immature in many aspects.Therefore, there will be a "low price is low, high price is excellent" situation, which is a very unfavorable factor for its competition in the market.In the current market, the relatively poor performance of the traditional lawn mower with its low price to occupy the dominant position, but its low efficiency, high energy consumption, unsafe shortcomings are also criticized by users.However, as the process of urban development accelerates, the demand for greening increases, so thesocial demand for lawnmower will gradually increase. However, the disadvantage of serious pollution of traditional lawnmower is contrary to the original intention of greening construction. Therefore, it can be judged that the lawnmower with small pollution and high efficiency will gradually be favored.So the robot lawn mower is currently facing the main problem is how to improve the performance in technology, and how to reduce the cost in production to lower the price, so as to achieve greater competitiveness in the market.For example, different mowing robots can be made according to different nature of work to meet higher precision requirements or to avoid unnecessary waste of some functions. In this way, the price of robotic mowers can be reduced to a certain extent.Robot lawn mower is a very promising market project, it can bring great convenience to people's life.But at the same time, due to its advanced technology, it is also a difficult project to achieve breakthrough progress.Therefore, in this aspect of the research, we need to make more efforts to improve its shortcomings, to ensure that it can really be put into production application.智能割草机器人的概述:随着经济的发展，各国城市建设逐渐深化，城区的绿化程度也随之提高，大量的公园草坪、足球场草坪、GOLF 球场草坪等公共绿地均需要进行维护。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
Robots机器人中英文翻译Robots机器人With advancements in technology, robots have become an integral part of our daily lives. From manufacturing industries to healthcare and even our homes, robots are taking over various tasks and transforming the way we live. In this article, we will explore the significance of robots and discuss their benefits and drawbacks.机器人在科技的进步下，在我们的日常生活中变得不可或缺。
从制造业到医疗保健，甚至到我们的家庭，机器人正在接管各种任务，改变着我们的生活方式。
本文中，我们将探讨机器人的重要性，并讨论他们的利与弊。
1. The Advantages of Robots 机器人的优势Robots offer numerous benefits in various aspects of our society. Firstly, they improve productivity and efficiency in industries. With their precision and speed, robots can carry out tasks more accurately and faster compared to humans. This leads to increased production rates and reduced errors, ultimately resulting in cost savings for businesses.Secondly, robots minimize the risk to humans in dangerous and hazardous situations. They can be programmed to perform tasks in hazardous environments such as nuclear power plants, mines, or disaster-stricken areas. This reduces the chances of human injuries or fatalities.Thirdly, robots contribute to medical advancements by assisting in surgeries and healthcare. Surgical robots, for example, aid doctors inperforming intricate procedures with enhanced precision and control. Furthermore, robots can also assist with patient care, such as providing support to the elderly or individuals with disabilities.机器人在我们社会的各个方面都提供了众多的优势。
机器人的作文英文版带翻译
机器人的作文英文版带翻译Title: The Role of Robots in Modern Society。
With the rapid advancement of technology, robots have become an increasingly integral part of modern society. From manufacturing industries to household chores, robots are revolutionizing the way we live and work. In this essay, we will explore the various roles that robots play in our society and discuss their impact on different aspects ofour lives.One of the primary roles of robots is in the manufacturing industry. With their precision and efficiency, robots have significantly increased productivity in factories. They can perform repetitive tasks withconsistent accuracy, leading to higher quality products and reduced production costs. This not only benefits manufacturers but also consumers who get access to better products at lower prices.In addition to manufacturing, robots are also making strides in the field of healthcare. Surgical robots, for example, are being used in hospitals to perform minimally invasive procedures with greater precision than human surgeons. This results in shorter recovery times and reduced risk of complications for patients. Furthermore, robots are being developed to assist elderly and disabled individuals with everyday tasks, enabling them to live more independently.Furthermore, robots are playing a crucial role in disaster response and exploration. In situations where it's too dangerous for humans to intervene, robots can be deployed to search for survivors or assess the extent of damage. For instance, unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) equipped with cameras and sensors can provide valuable information to emergency responders during natural disasters or humanitarian crises.Moreover, robots are increasingly being used in agriculture to improve efficiency and sustainability. Autonomous tractors and drones equipped with advancedimaging technology can help farmers monitor crop health, optimize irrigation, and apply fertilizers with precision. This not only increases yields but also reduces the environmental impact of farming practices.Despite their numerous benefits, the widespreadadoption of robots also raises concerns about job displacement and ethical implications. As robots becomemore capable of performing tasks traditionally done by humans, there is a fear that they will replace human workers, leading to unemployment and economic inequality. Additionally, questions arise regarding the ethical use of robots, particularly in areas like warfare and surveillance.However, it's essential to recognize that robots can complement human labor rather than replace it entirely. By automating repetitive and dangerous tasks, robots free up humans to focus on more creative and complex endeavors. Furthermore, as technology advances, new job opportunities emerge in the design, maintenance, and programming of robots.In conclusion, robots play a multifaceted role in modern society, from revolutionizing manufacturing and healthcare to aiding in disaster response and agriculture. While their widespread adoption raises legitimate concerns, the benefits they offer in terms of efficiency, productivity, and safety cannot be overlooked. It's crucial to strike a balance between harnessing the potential of robots and addressing the societal challenges they pose to ensure a future where humans and robots coexist harmoniously.标题，机器人在现代社会中的角色。
机器人外文文献翻译、中英文翻译
外文资料robotThe industrial robot is a tool that is used in the manufacturing environment to increase productivity. It can be used to do routine and tedious assembly line jobs，or it can perform jobs that might be hazardous to the human worker . For example ，one of the first industrial robot was used to replace the nuclear fuel rods in nuclear power plants. A human doing this job might be exposed to harmful amounts of radiation. The industrial robot can also operate on the assembly line，putting together small components，such as placing electronic components on a printed circuit board. Thus，the human worker can be relieved of the routine operation of this tedious task. Robots can also be programmed to defuse bombs，to serve the handicapped，and to perform functions in numerous applications in our society.The robot can be thought of as a machine that will move an end-of-tool ，sensor ，and/or gripper to a preprogrammed location. When the robot arrives at this location，it will perform some sort of task .This task could be welding，sealing，machine loading ，machine unloading，or a host of assembly jobs. Generally，this work can be accomplished without the involvement of a human being，except for programming and for turning the system on and off.The basic terminology of robotic systems is introduced in the following:1. A robot is a reprogrammable ，multifunctional manipulator designed to move parts，material，tool，or special devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of different task. This basic definition leads to other definitions，presented in the following paragraphs，that give acomplete picture of a robotic system.2. Preprogrammed locations are paths that the robot must follow to accomplish work，At some of these locations，the robot will stop and perform some operation ，such as assembly of parts，spray painting ，or welding .These preprogrammed locations are stored in the robot’s memory and are recalled later for continuousoperation.Furthermore，these preprogrammed locations，as well as other program data，can be changed later as the work requirements change.Thus，with regard to this programming feature，an industrial robot is very much like a computer ，where data can be stoned and later recalled and edited.3. The manipulator is the arm of the robot .It allows the robot to bend，reach，and twist.This movement is provided by the manipulator’s axes，also called the degrees of freedom of the robot .A robot can have from 3 to 16 axes.The term degrees of freedom will always relate to the number of axes found on a robot.4. The tooling and frippers are not part the robotic system itself;rather，they are attachments that fit on the end of the robot’s arm. These attachments connected to the end of the robot’s arm allow the robot to lift parts，spot-weld ，paint，arc-weld，drill，deburr，and do a variety of tasks，depending on what is required of the robot.5. The robotic system can control the work cell of the operating robot.The work cell of the robot is the total environment in which the robot must perform itstask.Included within this cell may be the controller ，the robot manipulator ，a work table ，safety features，or a conveyor.All the equipment that is required in order for the robot to do its job is included in the work cell .In addition，signals from outside devices can communicate with the robot to tell the robot when it should parts，pick up parts，or unload parts to a conveyor.The robotic system has three basic components: the manipulator，the controller，and the power source.A.ManipulatorThe manipulator ，which does the physical work of the robotic system，consists of two sections:the mechanical section and the attached appendage.The manipulator also has a base to which the appendages are attached.Fig.1 illustrates the connectionof the base and the appendage of a robot.图1.Basic components of a robot’s manipulatorThe base of the manipulator is usually fixed to the floor of the work area. Sometimes，though，the base may be movable. In this case，the base is attached to either a rail or a track，allowing the manipulator to be moved from one location to anther.As mentioned previously ，the appendage extends from the base of the robot. The appendage is the arm of the robot. It can be either a straight ，movable arm or a jointed arm. The jointed arm is also known as an articulated arm.The appendages of the robot manipulator give the manipulator its various axes of motion. These axes are attached to a fixed base ，which，in turn，is secured to a mounting. This mounting ensures that the manipulator will in one location.At the end of the arm ，a wrist（see Fig 2）is connected. The wrist is made up of additional axes and a wrist flange. The wrist flange allows the robot user to connect different tooling to the wrist for different jobs.图2.Elements of a work cell from the topThe manipulator’s axes allow it to perform work within a certain area. The area is called the work cell of the robot ，and its size corresponds to the size of the manipulator.（Fid2）illustrates the work cell of a typical assembly ro bot.As the robot’s physical size increases，the size of the work cell must also increase.The movement of the manipulator is controlled by actuator，or drive systems.The actuator，or drive systems，allows the various axes to move within the work cell. The drive system can use electric，hydraulic，or pneumatic power.The energy developed by the drive system is converted to mechanical power by various mechanical power systems.The drive systems are coupled through mechanical linkages.These linkages，in turn，drive the different axes of the robot.The mechanical linkages may be composed of chain，gear，and ball screws.B.ControllerThe controller in the robotic system is the heart of the operation .The controller stores preprogrammed information for later recall，controls peripheral devices，and communicates with computers within the plant for constant updates in production.The controller is used to control the robot manipulator’s movements as well as to control peripheral components within the work cell. The user can program the movements of the manipulator into the controller through the use of a hard-held teach pendant.This information is stored in the memory of the controller for later recall.The controller stores all program data for the robotic system.It can store several differentprograms，and any of these programs can be edited.The controller is also required to communicate with peripheral equipment within the work cell. For example，the controller has an input line that identifies when a machining operation is completed.When the machine cycle is completed，the input line turn on telling the controller to position the manipulator so that it can pick up the finished part.Then ，a new part is picked up by the manipulator and placed into the machine.Next，the controller signals the machine to start operation.The controller can be made from mechanically operated drums that step through a sequence of events.This type of controller operates with a very simple robotic system.The controllers found on the majority of robotic systems are more complex devices and represent state-of-the-art eletronoics.That is，they are microprocessor-operated.these microprocessors are either 8-bit，16-bit，or 32-bit processors.this power allows the controller to be very flexible in its operation.The controller can send electric signals over communication lines that allow it to talk with the various axes of the manipulator. This two-way communication between the robot manipulator and the controller maintains a constant update of the end the operation of the system.The controller also controls any tooling placed on the end of the robot’s wrist.The controller also has the job of communicating with the different plant computers. The communication link establishes the robot as part a computer-assisted manufacturing （CAM）system.As the basic definition stated，the robot is a reprogrammable，multifunctional manipulator.Therefore，the controller must contain some of memory stage. The microprocessor-based systems operates in conjunction with solid-state devices.These memory devices may be magnetic bubbles，random-access memory，floppy disks，or magnetic tape.Each memory storage device stores program information fir or for editing.C.power supplyThe power supply is the unit that supplies power to the controller and the manipulator. The type of power are delivered to the robotic system. One type of power is the AC power for operation of the controller. The other type of power isused for driving the various axes of the manipulator. For example，if the robot manipulator is controlled by hydraulic or pneumatic drives，control signals are sent to these devices causing motion of the robot.For each robotic system，power is required to operate the manipulator .This power can be developed from either a hydraulic power source，a pneumatic power source，or an electric power source.There power sources are part of the total components of the robotic work cell.中文翻译机器人工业机器人是在生产环境中用以提高生产效率的工具，它能做常规乏味的装配线工作，或能做那些对于工人来说是危险的工作，例如，第一代工业机器人是用来在核电站中更换核燃料棒，如果人去做这项工作，将会遭受有害放射线的辐射。
Robots机器人 中英文翻译
RobotsA robot is an automatically controlled, reprogrammable, multipurpose, mani pulating machine with several reprogrammable axes, which may be either fixed in place or mobile for use in industrial automation applications.The key words are reprogrammable and multipurpose because most single-purpose machines do not meet these two requirements.The term”reprogrammabl e” implies two things:The robot operates according to a written program can b e rewritten to accomdate a variety of manufacturing tasks. The term “multipurp ose” means that the robot can perform many different functions, depending on the program and tooling currently in use.Over the past two decades,the robot has been introduced into industry to perform many monotonous and often unsafe operations. Because robots can per form certain basic tasks more quickly and accurately than humans, they are bei ng increasingly used in various manufacturing industries.Structures of RobotsThe typical structure of industrial robots consists of 4 major components: the manipulator, the end effector, the power supply and control syterm.The manipulator is a mechanical unite that provides motions similar to those of a human arm. It often has a shoulder joint,an elbow and a wrist. It can rotate or slide, strech out and withdraw in every possible direction with certain flexibility.The basic mechanical configurations of the robot manipulator are categorized as Cartesian, cylindrical, spherical and articulated.A robot with a Cartesian geometry can move its gripper to any position within the cube or rectangle defined as its working volum.Cylindrical coordinate robots can move the gripper within a volum that is described by a cylinder. The cylindrical coordinate robot is positioned in the work area by two linear movements in the X and Y directions and one angular rotation about the Z axis.Spherical arm geometry robots have an irregular work envelop. This type of robot has two main variants,vertically articulated and horizontally articulated.The end effector attaches itself to the end of the robot wrist, also called end-of-arm tooling.It is the device intended for performing the designed operations as a human hand can.End effectors are generally custom-made to meet special handling requirements. Mechanical grippers are the most commonly used and are equipped with two or more fingers.The selection of an appropriate end effector for a special application depends on such factors as the payload, enviyonment,reliability,and cost.The power supply is the actuator for moving the robot arm, controlling the joints and operating the end effector. The basic type of power sources include electrical,pneumatic, and hydraulic. Each source of energy and each type of motor has its own characteristics, advantages and limitations. An ac-powered motor or dc-powered motor may be used depending on the system design and applications. These motors convert electrical energy into mechanical energy to power the robot.Most new robots use electrical power supply. Pneumatic actuators have been used for high speed. Nonservo robots and are often used for powering tooling such as grippers. Hydraulic actuators have been used for heavier lift systems, typically where accuracy was not also requied.The contro system is the communications and information-processing system that gives commands for the movements of the robot. It is the brain of the robot; it sends signals to the power source to move the robot arm to a specific position and to the end effector.It is also the nerves of the robot; it is reprogrammable to send out sequences of instructions for all movements and actions to be taken by the robot.A open-loop controller is the simplest for of the control system, which controls the robot only by foolowing the predetermined step-by-step instructions.This system dose not have a self-correcting capability.A close-loop control system use feedback sensors to produce signals that reflct the current states of the controed objects. By comparing those feedback signals with the values set by the programmer, the close-loop controller can conduct the robot to move to the precise position and assume the desired attitude, and the end effector can perform with very high accuracy as the close-loop control system can minimize the discrepancy between the controlled object and the predetermined references.Classification of RobotIndustrial robots vary widely in size,shape, number of axes,degrees of freedom, and design configuration. Each factor influence the dimensions of the robot’s working envelop or the volume of space within which it can move and perform its designated task. A broader classification of robots can been described as below.Fixed-and Variable-Sequence Robots. The fixed-sequence robot (also called a pick-and place robot) is programmed for a specific sequence of operations. Its movements are form point to point, and the cycle is repeated continuously.The variable-sequence robot can be programmed for a specific sequence of operations but can be programmed to perform another sequence of operation.Playback Robot. An operator leads or walks the playback robot and its end effector through the desired path. The robot memorizes and records the path and sequence of motions and can repeat them continually without any further action or guidance by the operator.Numerically Controlled Robot. The numerically controlled robot is programmed and operated much like a numerically controlled machine. The robot is servocontrolled by digital data, and its sequence of movements can be changed with relative ease.Intelligent Robot. The intelligent robot is capable of performing some of the functions and tasks carried out by huanbeings.It is equipped with a variety of sensors with visual and tactile capabilities.Robot ApplicationsThe robot is a very special type of productin tool; as a result, the applications in which robots are used are quite broad. These applications can be grouped into three categories: material processing, material handling and assembly.In material processing, robots use tools to process the raw material. For example, the robot tools could include a drill and the robot would be able to perfor drilling operaytions on raw material.Material handling consists of the loading, unloading, and transferring of workpieces in manufacturing facilities. These operations can be performed relatively and repeatedly with robots, thereby improving quality and scrap losses.Assembly is another large application area for using robotics. An automatic assembly system can incorporate automatic testing, robot automation and mechanical handling for reducing labor costs, increasing output and eliminating manual handling concers.机器人机器人是一种自动控制的、可重复编程的、多功能的、由几个可重复编程的坐标系来操纵机器的装置，它可以被固定在某地，还可以是移动的以在工业自动化工厂中使用。
工业机器人发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
中英文资料外文翻译文献The development of industrial robotsIndustrial robot is a robot, it consists of a CaoZuoJi. Controller. Servo drive system and detection sensor device composition, it is a kind of humanoid operating automatic control, can repeat programming, can finish all kinds of assignments in three difficulties in authorship space the electromechanical integration automation production equipment, especially suitable for many varieties, become batch flexible production. It to stabilize and improve the product quality, raise efficiency in production, improve working conditions of the rapid renewal plays an extremely important role.Widely used industrial robots can gradually improve working conditions, stronger and controllable production capacity, speed up product updating and upgrading. Improve production efficiency and guarantee the quality of its products, eliminate dull work, save labor, provide a safe working environment, reduces the labor intensity, and reduce labor risk, improve themachine tool, reduce the workload and reduce process production time and inventory, enhance the competitiveness of enterprises.As technology advances, the development of industrial robot, the process can be divided into three generations -- generation, for demonstration reproduce, and it mainly consists of robot hand controller and demonstration teaching machines composed, can press advance box to record information guide action, the current industry repeated reappearance application of execution most. The second to feel robot, such as powerful sleep touch and vision, it has for some outside information feedback adjustment ability, currently has entered the application stage. Third generation of intelligent robot it has sense and understanding ability, in the external environment for the working environment changed circumstances, can also successfully complete the task, it is still in the experimental research phase.The United States is the birthplace of the robot, as early as in 1961, America's ConsolidedControlCorp and AMF companies developed the first practical demonstration emersion robot.After 40 years of development, the United States in the world of robotics has been in the lead position. Still Its technology comprehensive, advanced, adaptability is strong.Japan imported from America in 1967, the first robot in 1976 later, with the rapid development of the microelectronics and the market demand has increased dramatically, Japan was labor significant deficiencies in enterprise, industrial robots by "savior"'s welcome, make its Japanese industrial robots get fast development, the number of now whether robots or robot densities are top of the world, known as the "robot kingdom," said. The robot introduced from Germany time than Britain and Sweden about late 1956, but the Labour shortages caused by war, national technical level is higher social environment, but for the development and application of industrial robot provides favorable conditions. In addition, in Germany, for some dangerous prescribed, poisonous or harmful jobs, robot instead of ordinary people to the labor. This is the use of robots exploit a wide range of markets, and promote the development of the industrial robot technology. At present, the German industrial robots total of the world, which only behind to Japan.The French government has been more important robot technology, and through a series of research program, support established a complete science and technology system, make the development of the French robot smoothly. In government organization project, pay special attention to the robot research based technique, the focus is on the application research on in robot. And by industry support the development application and development of work, both supplement each other, make robots in France enterprises develop rapidly and popularize and make France in the international industrial machine with indispensable if position.British jamie since the late 1970s, promote and implement a department measures listed support the development of policies and make robots British industrial robots than today's robot powers started to early, and once in Japan has made the early brilliance. However, at this time the government for industrial robots implemented the constraining errors. This mistake in Britain dust, the robot industry in Western Europe was almost in the bottom of it. In recent years, Italy, Sweden, Spain, Finland, Denmark and other countries because of its owndomestic robots market in great demand, development at a very fast pace. At present, the international on industrial robot company mainly divided into Japanese and European series. In AnChuan of Japanese are mainly the ethical products, the oTC, panasonic, FANLUC, not two more, etc. The products of the company kawasaki The main Asiatic KUKA, German CLOOS, Sweden's ABB, Italy CO work pelatiah U and Austria GM company.Industrial robot in China started in early 1970s, after 30 years development, roughly experienced three stages: in the 1970s and 1980s budding transplanter and the application of the 1990s initialization period. With the 20th century 70's world technology rapid development, the application of industrial robots in world created a climax, in this context, our country in 1972 start developing their industrial robots. Enter after the 1980s, with the further reform and opening, in high technology waves pound, our research and development of robot technology from the government's attention and support, "during the seventh state funds, thanked the parts were set robot and research, completed demonstration emersion type industrial robot complete technology development, developed spray paint, welding, arc welding and handling robot. , thenational high technology research and development program begin to carry out, after several years research and made a large number of scientific research. Successfully developed a batch of special robot.From 9O 2O century since the early, China's national economy achieve two fundamental period of transformation into a a new round of economic restructuring and technological progress, China's industrial robots upsurge in practice and have made strides, and have developed spot welding, welding, assembling, paint, cutting, handling, palletizing etc various USES of industrial robot, and implement a batch of robot application engineering, formed a batch of industrial robots for our country industrialization base, the industrial robot soar laid a foundation. But compared with the developed countries, China also has the very big disparity of industrial robots.Along with the development of industrial robot depth and the breadth and raise the level of robot, industrial robots are has been applied in many fields. From the traditional automobile manufacturing sector to the manufacturing extensions. Such as mining robots, building robots and hydropower system used formaintenance robots, etc. In defense of military, medicine and health, food processing and life service areas such as the application of industrial robots will be more and more. The manufacturing of automobiles is a technology and capital intensive industry, is also the most widely used of industrial robots, accounting for almost to the industry for more than half of the industrial robots. In China, the industrial robot first is also used in automobile and engineering machinery industries. In car production of industrial robot is a major in the equipment, the brake parts and whole production of arc welding, spot welding, painting, handling, glue, stamping process used in large amounts. Our country is forecast to rise period, entered the automobile ownership in the next few years, car will still growing at around 15 percent annually. So the next few years the industrial robot demand will show high growth trend, about 50% in growth, industrial robots in our automobile industry application will get a rapid development.Industrial robot in addition to the wide application of in the automotive industry in electronic, food processing, nonmetal processing, daily consumer goods and wood furniture processing industries for industrial robots demand is growingrapidly. In Asia, 2005 72,600 sets, installation industrial robots, compared with 2004 grew by 40%, and application in electronic industry accounted for about 31%. In Europe, according to statistics, since 2004 and 2005 in l: tI industry robot in the food processing industry increased 17% the application of left and right sides, in the application of nonmetal processing industry increased 20%, and daily necessities in consumption industries increased by 32% in wood furniture processing industry, up 18% or so. Industrial robot in oil has a wide application in, such as sea oil drilling, oil platforms, pipeline detection, refinery, large oil tank and tank welding etc all can use robots to complete. In the next few years, sensing technology, laser technology, engineering network technology will be widely used in industrial robots work areas, these technologies can cause the industrial robot application more efficient, high quality, lower cost. It is predicted that future robots will in medical and health care, biological technology and industry, education, relief, ocean exploitation, machine maintenance, transportation and agriculture and aquatic products applied field.In China, the industrial robot market share are mostlyforeign industrial robots enterprise holds. Before the gunman in the international, domestic industrial robots enterprise facing great pressure of competition. Now China is from a "manufacturing power" to "manufacturing power forward," Chinese manufacturing industry faces and the international community, participate in the international division of labor in the great challenge of industrial automation increase immediate, government must can increase the funds for robots and policy support, will give the industry of industrial robots development into new momentum. With independent brand "devil robot" MoShi special technology company dedicated to providing solutions to the mainboard and robot, is willing with all my colleagues a build domestic industrial robot happy tomorrow! ReferencesElectronic Measurement and Intrumenttations,Cambridge University Press,1996工业机器人的发展工业机器人是机器人的一种，它由操作机．控制器．伺服驱动系统和检测传感器装置构成，是一种仿人操作自动控制，可重复编程，能在三难空间完成各种作业的机电一体化的自动化生产设备，特别适合于多品种，变批量柔性生产。
(完整word版)码垛机器人外文文献及翻译
外文文献：Technology status and Development trend of Stacking crane1 OverviewStacking crane is a special crane as of version of the warehouse and developed to appearSpecial crane, commonly referred to as the pile of chop machine, piling machine is three-dimensional storehouse of the most important lifting transportation equipment, represents the sign of three-dimensional warehouse characteristics. Its main use is:In the top shelf of the warehouse in orbit, will be located at the mouth of the goods in goods mesh; Or the opposite, take out loans in case the goods to the mouth of roadway, the loading and unloading finish homework. 20 the early 70 s, China began to research the type of machine of roadway when the three-dimensional warehouse, according to not complete count, up to now has been built more than three hundred seats.Stacking machine as a three-dimensional storehouse of the most important lifting transportation equipment, also obtained fast development.2 version of the present situation of stacking crane technology.According to the current machinery industry standard, the position of the stacking crane classification of ways. E.g. by supporting mode, use, the method of control, structure, operation such as classified track. But no matter what type of stacking machine, is general by the mobile mechanism, level of lifting mechanism, manifest Taiwan and goods fork institutions, frame and electrical equipment, and other basic parts.In the present application of three-dimensional warehouse, stacking machine is the most common in the form of the structure and operation track classification.2.1 version of the good way of spider crane structure From the structure form difference at present in the warehouse stacker has a double set on structure and single pillar structure.2.1.1 double pillar stacker.Double post the stacker frame structure by two root made on the beams, and to form a rectangle beam under the framework. Pillar form well pipe and pipe. Square tube and be lifting guide rail, pipe additional hoisting guide double pillar stacker the biggest advantage is the strength and the brush sex are quite good, and smooth operation. General for lifting height, weight and higher up large speed high level of three-dimensional storehouse stacker, many with double pillar structure, double pillar stackers lifting mechanism, widespread use of the chain transmission, by motor reducer drive sprockets rotation, through the chain traction machine parts made on or along the hoisting guide for lifting movement.Due to the chain transmission used more closed chain or balance by empty asked size limit device, transmission and decorate a complicated. But positioning precision.2.1.2 single pillar stacker.Single pillar of stacker frame structure by a root of the pillar and beam. Pillar used more larger h-beam or welding production, pillar additional guide. The weight of the lighter, consume little material, so manufacturing relatively low cost, but the rigid is a bit poor. Because parts of Taiwan and the goods on the eccentricity of the opposite effect, and walk, the braking force level from the effect, make single pillar stacker in used on have limitations. Not suitable for lifting weight and the running speed of the high level of stacking machine. Single pillar stackers hoisting structure, the widespread use of the wire rope transmission, by motor reducer drive drum rotating, through the wire rope traction machine parts made on or along the lifting rails for lifting movement. For wire rope transmission, transmission and decorate relatively easy, but positioning accuracy is a bit poor.Version 2.2 of stacking crane to track the performance Stacker level drive general installation in stacker next beam, through the electricityMachine speed reducer drive wheel rotation, make stacker level concerning the direction. This ground driving way most common use. General use two bearing wheel, and along the laying on the ground track (usually also called to rail) operation. Through the bottom two groups of level round orbit direction, the top two groupsin stacker guide wheel along in orbit (usually also called day rail) operation auxiliary oriented. According to the running track form difference, there is a straight line type stacker and curve operation type stacking machine.2.2. L straight lines type stacking machine.Straight line type stacker can only be in the roadway straight orbit, unable to convert roadways. Only through the other transportation equipment of transformation, such as stacker car transport. Straight line type stacker can realize the operation, and can satisfy the loading and unloading higher frequency three-dimensional storehouse homework, most widely used.2.2.2 curve operation type stacking machine.Curve operation type stacking locomotive wheels and the beam under the vertical axis of the hinged, can be in the ring or other curve orbit, can go curve, not through the other transportation equipment can then from a roadway to transfer to another roadways. Such stacker usually also called transition stacker. Curve operation type stacker in used on have limitations, only appliesto the loading and unloading frequency low three-dimensional storehouse. Because not only by the turning radius to the limit, and turning special slow speed, and can't meet the person library of frequency and high warehouse operation.3. The position of the roadway stacking crane development trend.Along with the development of modern industrial production, stacking crane technology of version continuously improved and perfected. The world's major industrial countries starting point on the development of new products and reliable performance and high on the operation on pay more attention to the practicality and safety.In stacker, we shall see and world advanced nation gap, summarizing the experience find out the deficiency, break traditional ideas, has introduced new appearance and higher performance stacker. In make stacking machine has higher precision at the same time, increase speed to get shorter operation cycle and more production ability.Believe that, through our continuous efforts more high speed, safe and reliable heapwhen the machine will continue to digest imported from abroad domestic, make the position of stacking crane development roadway to an update to the stage.中文翻译：有轨巷道堆垛机技术现状及发展趋势1 概述有轨巷道堆垛起重机是随着立体仓库的出现而发展起来的专用起重机，通常简称为堆剁机，堆垛机是立体仓库中最重要的起重运输设备，是代表立体仓库特征的标志。
工业机器人的介绍外文文献翻译、中英文翻译、外文翻译
外文原文Introduction to Industrial RobotsIndustrial robets became a reality in the early 1960’s when Joseph Engelberger and George Devol teamed up to form a robotics company they called “Unimation”.Engelberger and Devol were not the first to dream of machines that could perform the unskilled, repetitive jobs in manufacturing. The first use of the word “robots” was by the Czechoslovakian philosopher and playwright Karel Capek in his play R.U.R.(Rossum’s Universal Robot). The word “robot” in Czech means “worker” or “slave.” The play was written in 1922.In Capek’s play , Rossum and his son discover the chemical formula for artificial protoplasm. Protoplasm forms the very basis of life.With their compound,Rossum and his son set out to make a robot.Rossum and his son spend 20 years forming the protoplasm into a robot. After 20 years the Rossums look at what they have created and say, “It’s absurd to spend twenty years making a man if we can’t make him quicker than nature, you might as w ell shut up shop.”The young Rossum goes back to work eliminating organs he considers unnecessary for the ideal worker. The young Rossum says, “A man is something that feels happy , plays piano ,likes going for a walk, and in fact wants to do a whole lot of things that are unnecessary … but a working machine must not play piano, must not feel happy, must not do a whole lot of other things. Everything that doesn’t contribute directly to the progress of work should be eliminated.”A half century later, engi neers began building Rossum’s robot, not out of artificial protoplasm, but of silicon, hydraulics, pneumatics, and electric motors. Robots that were dreamed of by Capek in 1922, that work but do not feel, that perform unhuman or subhuman, jobs in manufacturing plants, are available and are in operation around the world.The modern robot lacks feeling and emotions just as Rossum’s son thought it should. It can only respond to simple “yes/no” questions. The moderrn robot is normally bolted to the floor. It has one arm and one hand. It is deaf, blind, and dumb. In spite of all of these handicaps, the modern robot performs its assigned task hour after hour without boredom or complaint.A robot is not simply another automated machine. Automation began during the industrial revolution with machines that performed jobs that formerly had been done by human workers. Such a machine, however , can do only the specific job for which it was designed, whereas a robot can perform a variety of jobs.A robot must have an arm. The arm must be able to duplicate the movements of a human worker in loading and unloading other automated machines, spraying paint, welding, and performing hundreds of other jobs that cannot be easily done with conventional automated machines.DEFINITION OF A ROBOTThe Robot Industries Association(RIA) has published a definition for robots in an attempt to clarify which machines are simply automated machines and which machines are truly robots. The RIA definition is as follows:“A robot is a reprogrammabl e multifunctional manipulator designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.”This definition, which is more extensive than the one in the RIA glossary at the end of this book, is an excellent definition of a robot. We will look at this definition, one phrase at a time, so as to understand which machines are in fact robots and which machines are little more than specialized automation.First, a robot is a “reprogrammable multifunctional manipulator.” In this phrase RIA tells us that a robot can be taught (“reprogrammed”) to do more than one job by changing the informaion stored in its memory. A robot can be reprogrammed to load and unload machines, weld, and do ma ny other jobs (“multifunctional”). A robot is a“manipulator”. A manipulator is an arm( or hand ) that can pick up or move things. At this point we know that a robot is an arm that can be taught to do different jobs.The definition goes on to say that a ro bot is “designed to move material, parts, tools, or specialized devices.” Material includes wood,steel, plastic, cardboard… anything that is used in the manufacture of a product.A robot can also handle parts that have been manufactured. For example, a robot can load a piece of steel into an automatic lathe and unload a finished part out of the lathe.In addition to handling material and parts, a robot can be fitted with tools such as grinders, buffers, screwdrivers, and welding torches to perform useful work.Robots can also be fitted with specialized instruments or devices to do special jobs in a manufacturing plant. Robots can be fitted with television cameras for inspection of parts or products. They can be fitted with lasers to accurately mearure the size of parts being manufactured.The RIA definition closes with the phrase,”…through variable programmed motions for the performance of a variety of tasks.” This phrase emphasizes the fact that a robot can do many different jobs in a manufacturing plant. The variety of jobs that a robot can do is limited only by the creativity of the application engineer.JOBS FOR ROBOTSJobs performed by robots can be divided into two major categories:hazardous jobs and repetitive jobs.Hazardous JobsMany applications of robots are in jobs that are hazardous to humans. Such jobs may be considered hazardous because of toxic fumes, the weight of the material being handled, the temperature of the material being handled, the danger of working near rotating or press machinery, or environments containing high levels of radiation. Repetitive JobsIn addition to taking over hazardous jobs, robots are well suited to doingextremely repetitive jobs that must be done in manufacturing plants.many jobs in manufacturing plants require a person to act more like a machine than like a human. The job may be to pick a piece up from here and place it there. The same job is done hundreds of times each day. The job requires little or no judgment and little or no skill. This is not said as a criticism of the person who does the job , but is intended simply to point out that many of these jobs exist in industry and must be done to complete the manufacture of products. A robot can be placed at such a work station and can perform the job admirably without complaining or experiencing the fatigue and boredom normally associated with such a job.Although robots eliminate some jobs in industry, they normally eliminate jobs that humans should never have been asked to do. Machines should perform as machines doing machine jobs, and humans should be placed in jobs that require the use of their ability,creativity, and special skills.POTENTIAL FOR INCREASED PRODUCTIVITYIn addition to removing people from jobs they should not have been placed in, robots offer companies the opportunity of achieving increased productivity. When robots are placed in repetitive jobs they continue to operate at their programmed pace without fatigue. Robots do not take either scheduled or unscheduled breaks from the job. The increase in productivity can result in at least 25% more good parts being produced in an eight-hour shift. This increase in productivity increases the company's profits, which can be reinvested in additional plants and equipment. This increase in productivity results in more jobs in other departments in the plant. With more parts being produced, additional people are needed to deliver the raw materials to the plant, to complete the assembly of the finished products, to sell the finished products, and to deliver the products to their destinations.ROBOT SPEEDAlthough robots increase productivity in a manufacturing plant, they are notexceptionally fast. At present, robots normally operate at or near the speed of a human operator. Every major move of a robot normally takes approximately one second. For a robot to pick up a piece of steel from a conveyor and load it into a lathe may require ten different moves taking as much as ten seconds. A human operator can do the same job in the same amount of time . The increase in productivity is a result of the consistency of operation. As the human operator repeats the same job over and over during the workday, he or she begins to slow down. The robot continues to operate at its programmed speed and therefore completes more parts during the workday.Custom-built automated machines can be built to do the same jobs that robots do. An automated machine can do the same loading operation in less than half the time required by a robot or a human operator. The problem with designing a special machine is that such a machine can perform only the specific job for which it was built. If any change is made in the job, the machine must be completely rebuilt, or the machine must be scrapped and a new machine designed and built. A robot, on the other hand, could be reprogrammed and could start doing the new job the same day.Custom-built automated machines still have their place in industry. If a company knows that a job will not change for many years, the faster custom-built machine is still a good choice.Other jobs in factories cannot be done easily with custom-built machinery. For these applications a robot may be a good choice. An example of such an application is spray painting. One company made cabinets for the electronics industry. They made cabinets of many different sizes, all of which needed painting. It was determined that it was not economical for the company to build special spray painting machines for each of the different sizes of enclosures that were being built. Until robots were developed, the company had no choice but to spray the various enclosures by hand.Spray painting is a hazardous job , because the fumes from many paints are both toxic and explosive. A robot is now doing the job of spraying paint on the enclosures.A robot has been “taught” to spray all the different sizes of enclosures that the company builds. In addition, the robot can operate in the toxic environment of the spray booth without any concern for the long-term effect the fumes might have on aperson working in the booth.FLEXIBLE AUTOMATIONRobots have another advantage: they can be taught to do different jobs in the manufacturing plant. If a robot was originally purchased to load and unload a punch press and the job is no longer needed due to a change in product design, the robot can be moved to another job in the plant. For example, the robot could be moved to the end of the assembly operation and be used to unload the finished enclosures from a conveyor and load them onto a pallet for shipment.ACCURACY AND REPEATABILITYOne very important characteristic of any robot is the accuracy with which it can perform its task. When the robot is programmed to perform a specific task, it is led to specific points and programmed to remember the locations of those points. After programming has been completed, the robot is switched to “run” and the program is executed. Unfortunately, the robot will not go to the exact location of any programmed point. For example, the robot may miss the exact point by 0.025 in. If 0.025 in. is the greatest error by which the robot misses any point- during the first execution of the program, the robot is said to have an accuracy of 0.025 in.In addition to accuracy , we are also concerned with the robot’s repeatability. The repeatability of a robot is a measure of how closely it returns to its programmed points every time the program is executed. Say , for example, that the robot misses a programmed point by 0.025 in. the first time the program is executed and that, during the next execution of the program, the robot misses the point it reached during the previous cycle by 0.010 in. Although the robot is a total of 0.035 in. from the original programmed point, its accuracy is 0.025 in. and its repeatability is 0.010 in.THE MAJOR PARTS OF A ROBOTThe major parts of a robot are the manipulator, the power supply, and the controller.The manipulator is used to pick up material, parts, or special tools used in manufacturing. The power supply suppplies the power to move the manipulator. The controller controls the power supply so that the manipulator can be taught to perform its task.外文翻译工业机器人的介绍20世纪60年代当约瑟夫和乔治合作创立了名为Unimation的机器公司，工业机器人便成为了一个事实。
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献
机器人技术发展中英文对照外文翻译文献(文档含英文原文和中文翻译)外文资料：RobotsFirst, I explain the background robots, robot technology development. It should be said it is a common scientific and technological development of a comprehensive results, for the socio-economic development of a significant impact on a science and technology. It attributed the development of all countries in the Second World War to strengthen the economic input on strengthening the country's economic development. But they also demand the development of the productive forces the inevitable result of human development itself is the inevitable result then with the development of humanity, people constantly discuss the natural process, in understanding and reconstructing the natural process, people need to be able to liberate a slave. So this is the slave people to be able to replace the complex and engaged in heavy manual labor, People do not realize right up to the world's understanding and transformation of this technology as well as people in the development process of an objective need.Robots are three stages of development, in other words, we are accustomed to regarding robots are divided into three categories. is a first-generation robots, also known as teach-type robot, it is through a computer, to control over one of a mechanical degrees of freedom Through teaching and information stored procedures, working hours to read out information, and then issued a directive so the robot can repeat according to the people at that time said the results show this kind of movement again, For example, the car spot welding robots, only to put this spot welding process, after teaching, and it is always a repeat of a work It has the external environment is no perception that the force manipulation of the size of the work piece there does not exist, welding 0S It does not know, then this fact from the first generation robot, it will exist this shortcoming, it in the 20th century, the late 1970s, people started to study the second-generation robot, called Robot with the feeling that This feeling with the robot is similar in function of a certain feeling, for instance, force and touch, slipping, visual, hearing and who is analogous to that with all kinds of feelings, say in a robot grasping objects, In fact, it can be the size of feeling out, it can through visual, to be able to feel and identify its shape, size, color Grasping an egg, it adopted a acumen, aware of its power and the size of the slide.Third-generation robots, we were a robotics ideal pursued by the most advanced stage, called intelligent robots, So long as tell it what to do, not how to tell it to do, it will be able to complete the campaign, thinking and perception of this man-machine communication function and function Well, this current development or relative is in a smart part of the concept and meaning But the real significance of the integrity of this intelligent robot did not actually exist, but as we continued the development of science and technology, the concept of intelligent increasingly rich, it grows ever wider connotations.Now I have a brief account of China's robot development of the basic profiles. As our country there are many other factors that problem. Our country in robotics research of the 20th century the late 1970s. At that time, we organized at the national, a Japanese industrial automation products exhibition. In this meeting, there are two products, is a CNC machine tools, an industrial robot, this time, our country's many scholars see such a direction, has begun to make a robot research But this time, are basically confined to the theory of phase .Then the real robot research, in 7500 August 5, 1995, 15 nearly 20 years of development, The most rapid development, in 1986 we established a national plan of 863 high-technology development plan, As robot technology will be an important theme of the development of The state has invested nearly Jiganyi funds begun to make a robot, We made the robot in the field quickly and rapid development.At present, units like the CAS ShenYng Institute of Automation, the original machinery, automation of the Ministry, as of Harbin Industrial University, Beijing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics, Qinghua University, Chinese Academy of Sciences, also includes automation of some units, and so on have done a very important study, also made a lot of achievements Meanwhile, in recent years, we end up in college, a lot of flats in robot research, Many graduate students and doctoral candidates are engaged in robotics research, we are more representative national study Industrial robots, underwater robots, space robots, robots in the nuclear industry are on the international level should be taking the lead .On the whole of our country Compared with developed countries, there is still a big gap, primarily manifested in the We in the robot industry, at present there is no fixed maturity product, but in theseunderwater, space, the nuclear industry, a number of special robots, we have made a lot of achievements characteristics.Now, I would like to briefly outline some of the industrial robot situation. So far, the industrial robot is the most mature and widely used category of a robot, now the world's total sales of 1.1 million Taiwan, which is the 1999 statistics, however, 1.1 million in Taiwan have been using the equipment is 75 million, this volume is not small. Overall, the Japanese industrial robots in this one, is the first of the robots to become the Kingdom, the United States have developed rapidly. Newly installed in several areas of Taiwan, which already exceeds Japan, China has only just begun to enter the stage of industrialization, has developed a variety of industrial robot prototype and small batch has been used in production.Spot welding robot is the auto production line, improve production efficiency and raise the quality of welding car, reduce the labor intensity of a robot. It is characterized by two pairs of robots for spot welding of steel plate, bearing a great need for the welding tongs, general in dozens of kilograms or more, then its speed in meters per second a 5-2 meter of such high-speed movement. So it is generally five to six degrees of freedom, load 30 to 120 kilograms, the great space, probably expected that the work of a spherical space, a high velocity, the concept of freedom, that is to say, Movement is relatively independent of the number of components, the equivalent of our body, waist is a rotary degree of freedom We have to be able to hold his arm, Arm can be bent, then this three degrees of freedom, Meanwhile there is a wrist posture adjustment to the use of the three autonomy, the general robot has six degrees of freedom. We will be able to space the three locations, three postures, the robot fully achieved, and of course we have less than six degrees of freedom. Have more than six degrees of freedom robot, in different occasions the need to configure.The second category of service robots, with the development of industrialization, especially in the past decade, Robot development in the areas of application are continuously expanding, and now a very important characteristic, as we all know, Robot has gradually shifted from manufacturing to non-manufacturing and service industries, we are talking about the car manufacturer belonging to the manufacturing industry, However, the services sector including cleaning, refueling, rescue, rescue,relief, etc. These belong to the non-manufacturing industries and service industries, so here is compared with the industrial robot, it is a very important difference. It is primarily a mobile platform, it can move to sports, there are some arms operate, also installed some as a force sensor and visual sensors, ultrasonic ranging sensors, etc. It’s surrounding environment for the conduct of identification, to determine its campaign t o complete some work, this is service robot’s one of the basic characteristics.For example, domestic robot is mainly embodied in the example of some of the carpets and flooring it to the regular cleaning and vacuuming. The robot it is very meaningful, it has sensors, it can furniture and people can identify, It automatically according to a law put to the ground under the road all cleaned up. This is also the home of some robot performance.The medical robots, nearly five years of relatively rapid development of new application areas. If people in the course of an operation, doctors surgery, is a fatigue, and the other manually operated accuracy is limited. Some universities in Germany, which, facing the spine, lumbar disc disease, the identification, can automatically use the robot-aided positioning, operation and surgery Like the United States have been more than 1,000 cases of human eyeball robot surgery, the robot, also including remote-controlled approach, the right of such gastrointestinal surgery, we see on the television inside. a manipulator, about the thickness fingers such a manipulator, inserted through the abdominal viscera, people on the screen operating the machines hand, it also used the method of laser lesion laser treatment, this is the case, people would not have a very big damage to the human body.In reality, this right as a human liberation is a very good robots, medical robots it is very complex, while it is fully automated to complete all the work, there are difficulties, and generally are people to participate. This is America, the development of such a surgery Lin Bai an example, through the screen, through a remote control operator to control another manipulator, through the realization of the right abdominal surgery A few years ago our country the exhibition, the United States has been successful in achieving the right to the heart valve surgery and bypass surgery. This robot has in the area, caused a great sensation, but also, AESOP's surgical robot, In fact, it through some equipment to some of the lesions inspections, through amanipulator can be achieved on some parts of the operation Also including remotely operated manipulator, and many doctors are able to participate in the robot under surgery Robot doctor to include doctors with pliers, tweezers or a knife to replace the nurses, while lighting automatically to the doctor's movements linked, the doctor hands off, lighting went off, This is very good, a doctor's assistant.We regard this country excel, it should be said that the United States, Russia and France, in our nation, also to the international forefront, which is the CAS ShenYang Institute of Automation of developing successful, 6,000 meters underwater without cable autonomous underwater robot, the robot to 6,000 meters underwater, can be conducted without cable operations. His is 2000, has been obtained in our country one of the top ten scientific and technological achievements. This indicates that our country in this underwater robot, have reached the advanced international level, 863 in the current plan, the development of 7,000 meters underwater in a manned submersible to the ocean further development and operation, This is a great vote of financial and material resources.In this space robotics research has also been a lot of development. In Europe, including 16 in the United States space program, and the future of this space capsule such a scheme, One thing is for space robots, its main significance lies in the development of the universe and the benefit of mankind and the creation of new human homes, Its main function is to scientific investigation, as production and space scientific experiments, satellites and space vehicles maintenance and repair, and the construction of the space assembly. These applications, indeed necessary, for example, scientific investigation, as if to mock the ground some physical and chemical experiments do not necessarily have people sitting in the edge of space, because the space crew survival in the day the cost is nearly one million dollars. But also very dangerous, in fact, some action is very simple, through the ground, via satellite control robot, and some regularly scheduled completion of the action is actually very simple. Include the capsule as control experiments, some switches, buttons, simple flange repair maintenance, Robot can be used to be performed by robots because of a solar battery, then the robot will be able to survive, we will be able to work, We have just passed the last robot development on the application of the different areas ofapplication, and have seen the robots in industry, medical, underwater, space, mining, construction, service, entertainment and military aspects of the application .Also really see that the application is driven by the development of key technologies, a lack of demand, the robot can not, It is because people in understanding the natural transformation of the natural process, the needs of a wide range of robots, So this will promote the development of key technologies, the robot itself for the development of From another aspect, as key technology solutions, as well as the needs of the application, on the promotion of the robot itself a theme for the development of intelligent, and from teaching reappearance development of the current local perception of the second-generation robot, the ultimate goal, continuously with other disciplines and the development of advanced technology, the robot has become rich, eventually achieve such an intelligent robot mainstream.Robot is mankind's right-hand man; friendly coexistence can be a reliable friend. In future, we will see and there will be a robot space inside, as a mutual aide and friend. Robots will create the jobs issue. We believe that there would not be a "robot appointment of workers being laid off" situation, because people with the development of society, In fact the people from the heavy physical and dangerous environment liberated, so that people have a better position to work, to create a better spiritual wealth and cultural wealth.译文：机器人首先我介绍一下机器人产生的背景，机器人技术的发展，它应该说是一个科学技术发展共同的一个综合性的结果，同时，为社会经济发展产生了一个重大影响的一门科学技术，它的发展归功于在第二次世界大战中各国加强了经济的投入，就加强了本国的经济的发展。
智能自动移动机器人系统研究中英文外文文献翻译
本科毕业设计（论文）中英文对照翻译(此文档为word格式,下载后您可任意修改编辑!)原文The investigation of an autonomous intelligent mobile robot systemfor indoor environment navigationS KarelinAbstractThe autonomous mobile robotics system designed and implemented for indoor environment navigation is a nonholonomic differential drive system with two driving wheels mounted on the same axis driven by two PID controlled motors and two caster wheels mounted in the front andback respectively. It is furnished with multiple kinds of sensors such as IR detectors ,ultrasonic sensors ,laser line generators and cameras,constituting a perceiving system for exploring its surroundings. Its computation source is a simultaneously running system composed of multiprocessor with multitask and multiprocessing programming. Hybrid control architecture is employed on the rmbile robot to perform complex tasks. The mobile robot system is implemented at the Center for Intelligent Design , Automation and Manufacturfing of City University of Hong Kong.Key words:mobile robot ; intelligent control ; sensors ; navigation IntroductionWith increasing interest in application of autonomous mobile robots in the factory and in service environments，many investigations have been done in areas such as design，sensing，control and navigation，etc. Autonomousreaction to the real wand，exploring the environment，follownng the planned path wnthout collisions and carrying out desired tasks are the main requirements of intelligent mobile robots. As humans，we can conduct these actions easily. For robots however，it is tremendously difficult. An autonomous mobile robot should make use of various sensors to sense the environment and interpret and organize the sensed information to plan a safe motion path using some appropriate algorithms while executing its tasks. Many different kinds of senors havebeen utilized on mobile robots，such as range sensors，light sensors，force sensors，sound sensors，shaft encoders，gyro scope s，for obstacle awidance，localizatio n，rmtion sensing，navigation and internal rmnitoring respectively. Many people use infrared and ultrasonic range sensors to detect obstacles in its reaching ser range finders are also employed in obstacle awidance behavior of mobile robots in cluttered space.Cameras are often introduced into the vision system for mobile robot navigation. Although many kinds of sensors are available，sensing doesn’t mean perceiving. The mechanical shape and driving type are commonly first taken into consideration while implementing a rmbile robot. A robot’s shape can have a strong impact on how robust it is，and DC serve rmtors or stepOper motors are often the two choices to employ as actuators. The shape of a robot may affect its configurations of components，ae sthetics，and even the movement behaviors of the robot. An improper shape can make robot run a greater risk of being trapped in a cluttered room or of failing to find its way through a narrow space. We choose an octahedral shape that has both advantages of rectangular and circular shapes，and overcomes their drawbacks. The framework of the octahedral shaped robot is easy to make，components inside are easily arrange and can pass through narrow places and rotate wrath corners and nearby objects，and is more aesthetic in appearance. The perception subsystem accomplishes the task of getting various data from thesurroundings，including distance of the robot from obstacles，landmarks，etc.Infrared and ultrasonic range sen}rs，laser rangefinders and cameras are utilized and mounted on the rmbile robot to achieve perception of the environment. These sensors are controlled independently by some synchronously running microprocessors that are arranged wrath distributive manner，and activated by the main processor on which a supervising program runs. At present，infrared and ultranic sensors，laser rangefinders are programmed to detect obstacles and measure distance of the robot from objects in the environment，and cameras are programmed for the purpose of localization and navigation.The decision-making subsystem is the most important part of an intelligent mobile robot that organizes and utilizes the information obtained from the perception subsystem. It obtains reasonable results by some intelligent control algorithm and guides the rmbile robot. On our mobile robotic system intelligence is realized based on behaviourism and classical planning principles. The decision-making system is composed of twa levels global task planning based on knowledge base and map of working enviro nment，reactive control to deal with the dynamic real world. Reaction tasks in the decision-making system are decomposed into classes of behaviors that the robot exhibits to accomplish the task. Fuzzy logic is used to implement some basic behaviors. A state machine mechanism is applied to coordinate different behaviors. Because manykinds of electronic components such as range sensors，cameras，frame grabbers，laser line generators，microprocessors，DC motors，encoders，are employed on the mobile robot，a power source must supply various voltage levels which should are stable and have sufficient power. As the most common solution to power source of mobile robots，two sealed lead acid batteries in series writh 24 V output are employed in our mobile robot for the rmtor drive components and electronic components which require 24 V，15V，士12V，+9V，士5V，variously. For the conversion and regulation of the voltage，swritching DC DC converters are used because of their high efficiency，low output ripple and noise，and wride input voltage range. Three main processors are Motorola MC68040 based single board computers on which some supervisory programs and decision-making programs run. These MC68040 boards run in parallel and share memory using a VMEbus. Three motorola MC68HC11 based controllers act as the lower level controllers of the infrared and ultranic range senors，which communicate with the main processors through serial ports. The multi-processor system is organized into a hierarchical and distributive structure to implement fast gathering of information and rapid reaction. Harmony，a multiprocessing and multitasking operating system for real-time control，runs on the main processors to implement multiprocessing and multitasking programming. Harmony is a runtime only environment and program executions are performed by downloadingcrosscompiled executable images into target processors. The hardware architecture of the mobile robot is shown in Fig. Robots control For robots，the three rmst comrmn drive systems are wheels，tracks and legs. Wheeled robots are mechanically simpler and easier to construct than legged and tracked systems that generally require more complex and heavier hardware，so our mobile robot is designed as a wheeled robot. For a wheeled robot，appropriate arrangements of driving and steering wheels should be chosen from differential，synchro，tricycle，and automotive type drive mechanisms. Differential drives use twa caster wheels and two driven wheels on a common axis driven independently，which enable the robot to move straight，in an arc and turn in place. All wheels are rotate simultaneously in the synchro drive;tricycle drive includes two driven wheels and one steering wheel;automobile type drive rotates the front twa wheels together like a car. It is obvious that differential drive is the simplest locomotion system for both programming and construction.However，a difficult problem for differentially driven robots is how to make the robot go straight，especially when the motors of the two wheels encounter different loads. To follow a desired path，the rmtor velocity must be controlled dynamically. In our mobile robot system a semv motor controller is used which implements PID control.Ibwer amplifiers that drive the motors amplify the signals from each channel of serwcontroller. Feedback is provided by shaft encoders on the wheels.The block diagram of the motor control electronic components are shown in Fig. 2，and the strategy of two wheel speed control based PID principle is illustrated in Fig.3. Top loop is for tracking the desired left motor velocity;bottom loop for tracking right motor velocity;Integral loop ensures the robot to go straight as desired and controls the steering of the robot. This is a simple PI control that can satisfy the general requirements.Sensing subsystemSensor based planning makes use of sensor information reflecting the current state of the environment，in contrast to classical planning，which assumes full knowledge of the environment prior to planning. The perceptive subsystem integrates the visual and proximity senors for the reaction of the robot. It plays an important role in the robot behavioral decision-making processes and motion control. Field of view of perceptive subsystem is the first consideration in the design of the sensing system. Fneld of view should be wide enough with sufficient depth of field to understand well the robot’s surroundings. Multiple sensors can provide information that is difficult to extract from single sensor systems. Multiple sensors are complementary to each other，providing a better understanding of the work environment. Omnidirectional sensory capability is endowed on our mobile robot. When attempting to utilize multiple senors，it must be decided how many different kinds of sensorsare to be used in order to achieve the desired motion task，both accurately and economically.Ultrasonic range sensing is an attractive sensing rmdalityfor mobile robots because it is relatively simple to implement and process，has low cost and energy consumption. In addition，high frequencies can be used to minimize interference from the surrounding environment. A special purpose built infrared ranging system operates similar to sonar，determining the obstacle’s presence or absence and also the distance to an object. For detecting smaller obstacles a laser rangefinder can be used. It can be titled down to the ground to detect the small objects near the robot. Identifying robot self position and orientation is a basic behavior that can be part of high level complex behaviors. For localizing a dead reckoning method is adopted using the output of shaft encoders. This method can have accumulated error on the position and orientation. Many external sensors can be used for identification of position and orientation. Cameras are the most popular sensor for this purpose，because of naturally occurring features of a mom as landmarks，such as air conditioning system，fluorescent lamps，and suspended ceiling frames.Any type of sensor has inherent disadvantages that need to be taken into consideration. For infrared range senors，if there is a sharply defined boundary on the target betweendifferent materials，colors，etc.，the sensor may not be able to calculate distance accurately. Some of these problemscan be avoided if due care is taken when installing and setting up the sensor. Crosstalk and specular reflection are the two main problems for ultrasonic sensors. The firing rates，blanking intervals，firing order，and timeouts of the ultrasonic sensor system can configured to improve performance. Laser ranging systems can fail to detect objects made of transparent materials or with poor light reflectivity. In this work，we have chosen range sensors and imaging sensors as the primary source of information. The range sensors employed include ultrasonic sensors and short and long range infrared sensors with features above mentioned. The imaging sensors comprise gray scale video cameras and laser rangefinders. Twenty-four ultrasonic sensors are arranged in a ring with a separation angle of 15 degrees on our mobile robot to detect the objects in a 3600 field of view. This will allow the robot to navigatearound an unstructured environment and to construct ac curate sonar maps by using environmental objects as naturally occurring beacons. With the sonar system we can detect objects from a minimum range of 15 cm to a maximum range of 10. 0 m. Infrared range sensors use triangulation，emitting an infrared spot from an emitter，and measuring the position of the imaged spot with a PSD (position sensitive detector).Since these devices use triangulation，object color，orientation，and ambient light have greater effect on sensitivity rather than accuracy. Since the transmission signal is light instead of sound，we may expect a dramatically shortercycle time for obtaining all infrared sensor measurements. A getup of 16 short and a group of 16 long infrared sensors are mounted in twa rings with equal angular Generally speaking，the robot motion closed control loops comprising sensing，planning，and acting should take very short cycle times，so a parallel computation mechanism is employed in our mobile robot based on multiprocessor. Usually we can make events run in parallel on single microprocessor or multiprocessor by twa methods，multitasking and multiprocessing. Well known multitasking OS is like Microsoft window' 95 and UNIX OS that can make multitask run in parallel on a sequential machine by giving a fraction of time to each behavior looply. In fact，multitask mechanism just simulates the effect of all events running simultaneously. Running all events on multiprocessor can realize true parallelism. In our mobile robot，using Harmony OS both multitasking and multiprocessing programming is implemented on multiprocessor (MC68040 processors) which share memories and communicate each other by VMEbus. Harmony allows creating many tasks as desired which can be map toseveral microprocesors and run in parallel .In addition，tasks written in C run on MC68040 can activate the assembly code in the MC68HC11 SBC which control infrared and ultrasonic sensors and get distances dates. These SBC run simultaneously with MC68040 processors. An instance of an implemented task structure is shown in Fng. 5.Some experiments，such as following lines，avoiding obstacles and area filling have been carried out on the rmbile system to demonstrates its real-time reactions to the working surroundings and robustness of the system. ConclusionWe have described the implementation of a intelligent mobile robot testbed for autonomous navigation in indoor environments and for investigation of relative theories and technologies of intelligent systems. The robot is furnished with range sensors，laser line generators and vision system to perceive its surroundings. Parallel computation based on multiprocessor is employed in the mobile robot to improve its power of reasoning and response. Low level processing and sensor control is carried out with low cost dedicated microcontrollers. A task based real-time operating system supports a variety of different control structures，allowing us to experiment with different approaches. The experiments indicate the effectiveness of the mobile robot system .The platform has been used for experimenu and research such as sensor data fusion，area filling，feedback control，as well as artificial intelligence.译文基于室内环境导航的智能自动移动机器人系统研究卡若琳摘要这种为室内境导航条件下设计生产的自主移动机器人系统是一个不完整的差速传动系统，它有两个安装在同一轴上通过两个PID控制的电机驱动的驱动轮和两个分别安装在前部和后部的脚轮。
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外文翻译机器人The robot性质: □毕业设计□毕业论文教学院：机电工程学院系别：机械设计制造及其自动化学生学号：学生姓名：专业班级：指导教师：职称：起止日期：机器人1.机器人的作用机器人是高级整合控制论、机械电子、计算机、材料和仿生学的产物。
在工业、医学、农业、建筑业甚至军事等领域中均有重要用途。
现在，国际上对机器人的概念已经逐渐趋近一致。
一般说来，人们都可以接受这种说法，即机器人是靠自身动力和控制能力来实现各种功能的一种机器。
联合国标准化组织采纳了美国机器人协会给机器人下的定义：“一种可编程和多功能的，用来搬运材料、零件、工具的操作机；或是为了执行不同的任务而具有可改变和可编程动作的专门系统。
2.能力评价标准机器人能力的评价标准包括：智能，指感觉和感知，包括记忆、运算、比较、鉴别、判断、决策、学习和逻辑推理等；机能，指变通性、通用性或空间占有性等；物理能，指力、速度、连续运行能力、可靠性、联用性、寿命等。
因此，可以说机器人是具有生物功能的三维空间坐标机器。
3.机器人的组成机器人一般由执行机构、驱动装置、检测装置和控制系统等组成。
执行机构即机器人本体，其臂部一般采用空间开链连杆机构，其中的运动副（转动副或移动副）常称为关节，关节个数通常即为机器人的自由度数。
根据关节配置型式和运动坐标形式的不同，机器人执行机构可分为直角坐标式、圆柱坐标式、极坐标式和关节坐标式等类型。
出于拟人化的考虑，常将机器人本体的有关部位分别称为基座、腰部、臂部、腕部、手部（夹持器或末端执行器）和行走部（对于移动机器人）等。
驱动装置是驱使执行机构运动的机构，按照控制系统发出的指令信号，借助于动力元件使机器人进行动作。
它输入的是电信号，输出的是线、角位移量。
机器人使用的驱动装置主要是电力驱动装置，如步进电机、伺服电机等，此外也有采用液压、气动等驱动装置。
检测装置的作用是实时检测机器人的运动及工作情况，根据需要反馈给控制系统，与设定信息进行比较后，对执行机构进行调整，以保证机器人的动作符合预定的要求。
作为检测装置的传感器大致可以分为两类：一类是内部信息传感器，用于检测机器人各部分的内部状况，如各关节的位置、速度、加速度等，并将所测得的信息作为反馈信号送至控制器，形成闭环控制。
另一类是外部信息传感器，用于获取有关机器人的作业对象及外界环境等方面的信息，以使机器人的动作能适应外界情况的变化，使之达到更高层次的自动化，甚至使机器人具有某种“感觉”，向智能化发展，例如视觉、声觉等外部传感器给出工作对象、工作环境的有关信息，利用这些信息构成一个大的反馈回路，从而将大大提高机器人的工作精度。
控制系统有两种方式。
一种是集中式控制，即机器人的全部控制由一台微型计算机完成。
另一种是分散（级）式控制，即采用多台微机来分担机器人的控制，如当采用上、下两级微机共同完成机器人的控制时，主机常用于负责系统的管理、通讯、运动学和动力学计算，并向下级微机发送指令信息；作为下级从机，各关节分别对应一个CPU，进行插补运算和伺服控制处理，实现给定的运动，并向主机反馈信息。
根据作业任务要求的不同，机器人的控制方式又可分为点位控制、连续轨迹控制和力（力矩）控制。
4.机器人发展史1920年捷克斯洛伐克作家卡雷尔·恰佩克在他的科幻小说《罗萨姆的机器人万能公司》中，根据Robota(捷克文，原意为“劳役、苦工”)和Robotnik(波兰文，原意为“工人”)，创造出“机器人”这个词。
1939年美国纽约世博会上展出了西屋电气公司制造的家用机器人Elektro。
它由电缆控制，可以行走，会说77个字，甚至可以抽烟，不过离真正干家务活还差得远。
但它让人们对家用机器人的憧憬变得更加具体。
1942年美国科幻巨匠阿西莫夫提出“机器人三定律”。
虽然这只是科幻小说里的创造，但后来成为学术界默认的研发原则。
1948年诺伯特·维纳出版《控制论》，阐述了机器中的通信和控制机能与人的神经、感觉机能的共同规律，率先提出以计算机为核心的自动化工厂。
1954年美国人乔治·德沃尔制造出世界上第一台可编程的机器人，并注册了专利。
这种机械手能按照不同的程序从事不同的工作，因此具有通用性和灵活性。
1956年在达特茅斯会议上，马文·明斯基提出了他对智能机器的看法：智能机器“能够创建周围环境的抽象模型，如果遇到问题，能够从抽象模型中寻找解决方法”。
这个定义影响到以后30年智能机器人的研究方向。
1959年德沃尔与美国发明家约瑟夫·英格伯格联手制造出第一台工业机器人。
随后，成立了世界上第一家机器人制造工厂——Unimation公司。
由于英格伯格对工业机器人的研发和宣传，他也被称为“工业机器人之父”。
1962年美国AMF公司生产出“VERSTRAN”(意思是万能搬运),与Unimation公司生产的Unimate一样成为真正商业化的工业机器人，并出口到世界各国，掀起了全世界对机器人和机器人研究的热潮。
1962年-1963年传感器的应用提高了机器人的可操作性。
人们试着在机器人上安装各种各样的传感器，包括1961年恩斯特采用的触觉传感器，托莫维奇和博尼1962年在世界上最早的“灵巧手”上用到了压力传感器，而麦卡锡1963年则开始在机器人中加入视觉传感系统，并在1965年，帮助MIT推出了世界上第一个带有视觉传感器，能识别并定位积木的机器人系统。
1965年约翰·霍普金斯大学应用物理实验室研制出Beast机器人。
Beast已经能通过声纳系统、光电管等装置，根据环境校正自己的位置。
20世纪60年代中期开始，美国麻省理工学院、斯坦福大学、英国爱丁堡大学等陆续成立了机器人实验室。
美国兴起研究第二代带传感器、“有感觉”的机器人，并向人工智能进发。
世界第一台智能机器人Shakey1968年美国斯坦福研究所公布他们研发成功的机器人Shakey。
它带有视觉传感器，能根据人的指令发现并抓取积木,不过控制它的计算机有一个房间那么大。
Shakey可以算是世界第一台智能机器人，拉开了第三代机器人研发的序幕。
1969年日本早稻田大学加藤一郎实验室研发出第一台以双脚走路的机器人。
加藤一郎长期致力于研究仿人机器人，被誉为“仿人机器人之父”。
日本专家一向以研发仿人机器人和娱乐机器人的技术见长，后来更进一步，催生出本田公司的ASIMO和索尼公司的QRIO。
1973年世界上第一次机器人和小型计算机携手合作，就诞生了美国Cincinnati Milacron公司的机器人T3。
1978年美国Unimation公司推出通用工业机器人PUMA，这标志着工业机器人技术已经完全成熟。
PUMA至今仍然工作在工厂第一线。
1984年英格伯格再推机器人Helpmate，这种机器人能在医院里为病人送饭、送药、送邮件。
同年，他还预言：“我要让机器人擦地板，做饭，出去帮我洗车，检查安全”。
1998年丹麦乐高公司推出机器人(Mind-storms)套件，让机器人制造变得跟搭积木一样，相对简单又能任意拼装，使机器人开始走入个人世界。
1999年日本索尼公司推出犬型机器人爱宝(AIBO)，当即销售一空，从此娱乐机器人成为目前机器人迈进普通家庭的途径之一。
2002年美国iRobot公司推出了吸尘器机器人Roomba，它能避开障碍，自动设计行进路线，还能在电量不足时，自动驶向充电座。
Roomba是目前世界上销量最大、最商业化的家用机器人。
iRobot公司北京区授权代理商：北京微网智宏科技有限公司。
2006年6月，微软公司推出Microsoft Robotics Studio，机器人模块化、平台统一化的趋势越来越明显，比尔·盖茨预言，家用机器人很快将席卷全球5.机器人分类篇诞生于科幻小说之中一样，人们对机器人充满了幻想。
也许正是由于机器人定义的模糊，才给了人们充分的想象和创造空间。
家务型机器人：能帮助人们打理生活，做简单的家务活。
操作型机器人：能自动控制，可重复编程，多功能，有几个自由度，可固定或运动，用于相关自动化系统中。
程控型机器人：按预先要求的顺序及条件，依次控制机器人的机械动作。
示教再现型机器人：通过引导或其它方式，先教会机器人动作，输入工作程序，机器人则自动重复进行作业。
数控型机器人：不必使机器人动作，通过数值、语言等对机器人进行示教，机器人根据示教后的信息进行作业。
感觉控制型机器人：利用传感器获取的信息控制机器人的动作。
适应控制型机器人：能适应环境的变化，控制其自身的行动。
学习控制型机器人：能“体会”工作的经验，具有一定的学习功能，并将所“学”的经验用于工作中。
智能机器人：以人工智能决定其行动的机器人。
我国的机器人专家从应用环境出发，将机器人分为两大类，即工业机器人和特种机器人。
所谓工业机器人就是面向工业领域的多关节机械手或多自由度机器人。
而特种机器人则是除工业机器人之外的、用于非制造业并服务于人类的各种先进机器人，包括：服务机器人、水下机器人、娱乐机器人、军用机器人、农业机器人、机器人化机器等。
在特种机器人中，有些分支发展很快，有独立成体系的趋势，如服务机器人、水下机器人、军用机器人、微操作机器人等。
目前，国际上的机器人学者，从应用环境出发将机器人也分为两类：制造环境下的工业机器人和非制造环境下的服务与仿人型机器人，这和我国的分类是一致的。
空中机器人又叫无人机器，近年来在军用机器人家族中，无人机是科研活动最活跃、技术进步最大、研究及采购经费投入最多、实战经验最丰富的领域。
80多年来，世界无人机的发展基本上是以美国为主线向前推进的，无论从技术水平还是无人机的种类和数量来看，美国均居世界之首位。
6.机器人品种篇6.1无人飞机“别动队”无人机纵观无人机发展的历史，可以说现代战争是推动无人机发展的动力。
而无人机对现代战争的影响也越来越大。
一次和二次世界大战期间，尽管出现并使用了无人机，但由于技术水平低下，无人机并未发挥重大作用。
朝鲜战争中美国使用了无人侦察机和攻击机，不过数量有限。
在随后的越南战争、中东战争中无人机已成为必不可少的武器系统。
而在海湾战争、波黑战争及科索沃战争中无人机更成了主要的侦察机种。
越南战争期间美国空军损失惨重，被击落飞机2500架，飞行员死亡5000多名，美国国内舆论哗然。
为此美国空军较多地使用了无人机。
如“水牛猎手”无人机在北越上空执行任务2500多次，超低空拍摄照片，损伤率仅4％。
AQM-34Q型147火蜂无人机飞行500多次，进行电子窃听、电台干扰、抛撒金属箔条及为有人飞机开辟通道等。
高空无人侦察机在1982年的贝卡谷地之战中，以色列军队通过空中侦察发现。
叙利亚在贝卡谷地集中了大量部队。
6月9日，以军出动美制E-2C“鹰眼”预警飞机对叙军进行监视，同时每天出动“侦察兵”及“猛犬”等无人机70多架次，对叙军的防空阵地、机场进行反复侦察，并将拍摄的图像传送给预警飞机和地面指挥部。